Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Suzanne Craig
Boise State University Department of Mathematics Faculty Advisor: Dr. Liljana Babinkostova

BoiseCrypt Boise State University May 11, 2012

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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Acknowledgements

Thanks go to Dr. Liljana Babinkostova, for being the mentor for this project and to both the Idaho STEP program and the Department of Mathematics at Boise State University for partially funding this project.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Elliptic Curve

Denition Elliptic Curves: a curve dened by the equation y 2 = x 3 + Ax + B which also meets the requirement that 4A3 + 27B 2 is nonzero

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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Elliptic Curve Group

A given elliptic curve denes a group E (Fp ) when an additional point called the point at innity is added to it. The reasons for will be explained later.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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Elliptic Curve Group

A given elliptic curve denes a group E (Fp ) when an additional point called the point at innity is added to it. The reasons for will be explained later. An elliptic curve group over the eld Fp , is dened as the set: E (Fp ) = {(x, y ) : y 2 = x 3 + Ax + B (mod p)} {} with the operation modular addition.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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Addition on elliptic curves

The operation over Fp is modular addition. This is done over an elliptic curve as follows:

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

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Addition on elliptic curves

The operation over Fp is modular addition. This is done over an elliptic curve as follows:

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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Addition on elliptic curves

Doubling a point on an elliptic curve geometrically translates to drawing the tangent line.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Addition on elliptic curves

Doubling a point on an elliptic curve geometrically translates to drawing the tangent line.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

The point at innity

When the intersection line is vertical, we run into a problem.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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The End

The point at innity

When the intersection line is vertical, we run into a problem.

It is now necessary to add another point to the group. This is where , the point at innity, comes in.
Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes Boise State University Department of Mathematics

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Elliptic Curve Group

Theorem The addition law on E (Fp ) has the following properties:

1 2 3 4

K + = K = + K for all K E (Fp ) K + (K ) = for all K E (Fp ) K + (L + P) = (K + L) + P for all K,L,P E (Fp ) P + Q = Q + P for all P,Q E (Fp )

Corollary E (Fp ) is a group.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Elliptic Pairs

Denition Two primes p and q are called an elliptic pair1 if for two curves E (Fp ) and E (Fq ), the following is true |E (Fp )| = q |E (Fq )| = p

1 J. Silverman and K. Stange, Amicable Pairs and Aliquot Cycles in Elliptic Curves, Experimental Mathematics vol. 20, no. 3 (2011), pp. 329-357 Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes Boise State University Department of Mathematics

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Motivation

Elliptic curves are used in cryptography and these systems security is aected by the order of the group. We are interested in seeing if using curves with these primes will aect security.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Motivation

Elliptic curves are used in cryptography and these systems security is aected by the order of the group. We are interested in seeing if using curves with these primes will aect security. Questions:

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Motivation

Elliptic curves are used in cryptography and these systems security is aected by the order of the group. We are interested in seeing if using curves with these primes will aect security. Questions: Can properties of these pairs aect the security of the cryptosystems?

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Motivation

Elliptic curves are used in cryptography and these systems security is aected by the order of the group. We are interested in seeing if using curves with these primes will aect security. Questions: Can properties of these pairs aect the security of the cryptosystems? What properties do these pairs have?

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Motivation

Elliptic curves are used in cryptography and these systems security is aected by the order of the group. We are interested in seeing if using curves with these primes will aect security. Questions: Can properties of these pairs aect the security of the cryptosystems? What properties do these pairs have? What is the distribution of these elliptic pairs?

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Project Methods

Created MAPLE software to collect information on E (Fp ) for curves of the form y2 = x3 + B

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Project Methods

Created MAPLE software to collect information on E (Fp ) for curves of the form y2 = x3 + B We collected over 120,000 such pairs.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Project Methods

Created MAPLE software to collect information on E (Fp ) for curves of the form y2 = x3 + B We collected over 120,000 such pairs. There were two types of pairs we collected
1 2

|E (Fp )| = q where q = p |E (Fp )| = q where q = p

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

The presence of elliptic pairs in 10 digit primes.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

The presence of elliptic pairs in 20 digit primes

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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Denitions
Denition The totient function, (n) = {m : gcd(m, n) = 1 and m n where m, n Z}

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

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Denitions
Denition The totient function, (n) = {m : gcd(m, n) = 1 and m n where m, n Z} Denition An integer r is said to be the order of a modulo n if it is the smallest positive integer where ar = 1 mod n is true.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Denitions
Denition The totient function, (n) = {m : gcd(m, n) = 1 and m n where m, n Z} Denition An integer r is said to be the order of a modulo n if it is the smallest positive integer where ar = 1 mod n is true. Denition An integer a is a primitive root modulo n if the order of a mod n = (n).

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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Conjectures

Conjecture If each integer B < p which produces a prime order is a primitive root of p, then exactly two such prime orders are produced for the prime p.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

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Conjectures

Conjecture If each integer B < p which produces a prime order is a primitive root of p, then exactly two such prime orders are produced for the prime p. Conjecture If (p, q) is an elliptic pair of prime numbers, then p q mod 4.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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Background

Theorem Suppose q is odd and q 2 mod 3. Let B Fq . Then the curve given by y 2 = x 3 + B is supersingular

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Background

Theorem Suppose q is odd and q 2 mod 3. Let B Fq . Then the curve given by y 2 = x 3 + B is supersingular Theorem Suppose p 5 is prime and E (Fp ) exists. Then E (Fp ) is supersingular if and only if |E (Fp )| = p + 1.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Theorem 1

Theorem If p, q is an elliptic pair then p mod 3 = 1 and q mod 3 = 1.

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

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The End

Theorem 2

Theorem For every prime number p with p mod 3 1 there exist unique integers x, y > 0 such that p = x 2 + xy + y 2 .

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Further Questions

Is there a discernable pattern for the pairs of primes which are congruent to 1 or 3 modulo 4? Is there an explicit way of representing the distribution of elliptic pairs?

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Current Work

Currently our research is focused on: Proving the conjectures Gathering and analyzing more data to support these conjectures and possibly develop more Seeing if our data supports others conclusions regarding elliptic pairs

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

References
Neal Koblitz, Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems, Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 48, No. 177 (1987), pp. 203-209 Neal Koblitz, Introduction to Elliptic Curves and Modular Forms, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, (1993). V. Miller, Use of elliptic curves in cryptography, Advances in CryptologyCRYPTO 85, Springer-Verlag, (1986), pp. 417-426. J. Silverman and K. Stange, Amicable Pairs and Aliquot Cycles in Elliptic Curves, Experimental Mathematics, Vol. 20, No. 3 (2011), pp. 329-357. Lawrence C. Washington, Elliptic Curves: Number Theory and Cryptography, 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall, (2008).

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics

Elliptic Curve Background

Elliptic Pairs

Results

The End

Thank you!

Suzanne Craig Elliptic Pairs of Primes

Boise State University Department of Mathematics