. ATOMIC STRUCTURE ENERGY LEVELS Electrons possess energies to counteract the nuclear pull.

Energies not of any amounts however but quantized energies, (energy levels) . ) 1 K ) 2 L ) 3 M ) 4 N ) 5 O ) 6 P ) 7 Q

Ordering of energy levels : 1< 2<

3<

4 ..

Electrons tend to occupy energy level of low energy state 2n2 = maximum number of electrons in an energy level . 2) 8) 18) 32) 50) 72) 98)

Example Kr 36 Ca20 2) 2) 8) 8) 18) 8) 8) 2) Why ?

SUBLEVELS OF ENERGY Electrons are not only restricted to certain energy levels, 1.7 but they are also restricted to certain sublevels of energy called orbitals.

Kinds of orbitals

Kinds s p d f

Types 1 3 5 7

Designations s Px Py Pz D d d d d

Maximum number of es 2 6 10 14

F f f f f f f

S orbital starts on the 1st and present at all higher energy levels P orbital starts on the 2nd and present at all higher energy levels D orbital starts on the 3rd and at all higher energy levels F orbital starts on the 4th and present at all higher energy levels. . s) s p) s, p, d) s, p, d, f ) ..

Ordering of Orbitals s < p < d < f

Ca 20 s2)

s2 p6)

s2p6)

s2)

Orbital space or region in the atom where an electron is probably located.

Properties of an Electron
ELECTRON charged repel each other maximally to be stable spins around produces magnetic field whose polarity depends upon direction of spin; thus as they spin in opposite directions, they atrract each other

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION Distribution of the electrons of a given atom into their respective energy levels and orbitals.
electron

n l

energy level

type of orbital

Rules : 1. Aufbau Building Up Principle Aufbau Guide : 1 s 2 S p 3 S P d 4 s p d f 5 s p d f 6 s p d 7 s p

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p Electrons tend to occupy energy level and orbital of low energy states. 2. Pauli Exclusion Principle Two electrons can occupy a given orbital at the same time provided they are of opposite spins. 3. Hunds Rule Degenerated orbitals (types of orbitals) within the same energy level are of equal energies. Electrons occupy them one at a time before they would pair. Example: Ca 20 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px2 3py2 3pz2 4s2

QUANTUM NUMBERS An electron of a given atom can be described by four quantum numbers 1. Principal Quantum Number (n)- describes the relative distance of the electron from the nucleus N= 1,2,3,4.,5,6,7, 2. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)- describes the kind of orbital where the electron occupies L= 0..(n-1) 3. Magnetic Quantum Number (m)= describes the type of orbital where the electron is. M= l (l-1) 0.(l-1) l 4. Spin Quantum number (s)= describes the direction of the spin of an electron S= +1/2 = clockwise direction -1/2=counterclockwise direction