Introduction to Educational ducational Management anagement

Unit One - Introduction to Educational Management

Definition - Process of working with and through people to achieve organizational goals. Basic resources of management Man Material Machines Methods Money Markets Levels of Management Top Middle First Managerial Skills Technical Human Conceptual Management Vs Administration Science or Art Organization Definition- Social inventions for completing goal through group efforts. Important aspects Social inventions (relatively permanent) Goal orientation Group effort and division of labor Structured Production or rendering service Types Formal Informal

Unit Two - Educational Organization and Management

MeaningUnique features of educational management (Campbell et.al) Cruciality to society Visibility and sensitivity Complexity of function Intimacy of necessary relationship Staff professionalization Difficulty in appraisal Objective (welfare enterprise) Inputs (human being) Training of manager and staff (similar)

3 Evaluation of results- no concrete mechanism Factors Influencing the Practice of educational Management Growing complexity Rising cost of educational Increasing politicization Technological development- knowledge explosion

Unit Three - Schools of Management Thought

1. The classical school Early theories Bureaucracy Rules and regulation Impersonality Division of labor Hierarchical structure Career orientation Authority Rationality (Maximize organization's goal accomplishment) Rigid rules and red tape Slow decision Trained or learned incapacity Impartiality Predictability Efficiency Scientific Management Time study Piece rate Separation of planning from performance Scientific method of work Managerial control Functional management Administrative management Its concern was organizational concepts not production technique Identified common elements of managerial process o Planning o Organizing o Commanding o Coordinating o Controlling Developed 14 management principles Human relations -the Hawthorne study Behavioral Important features

4 o Concept of organization - pluralist o Extended scope- beyond industrial organization o Existence of formal and informal organization- balanced view o Reward system - more than economic and social o Reliance on system theory Emerging modern perspective Post modernism- accept no standardization Critical theory Feminist theory General systems theory Contingency

Unit Four - Process of Management

1.

Planning Definition - is a process moving from a certain point of beginning to a definite end. Levels Strategic Administrative Operational Sequential steps
Formulate goal - Environmental analysis - Situational analysis Identify current - Formulate objectives - identify need objective& strategy (Mission or purpose) Analyze environment - Develop strategic - Derive goals &objectives Analyze resource - Develop policies - Delineates alternatives Identify opportunity and threat - Develop implementation plan -Choose strategies and actions Strategic decision making -Develop controlling mechanisms -Implement Strategy implementation -Implementation -Evaluate Measurement and control - Review

Benefits of planning Facilitate professionalization growth Provide framework of operation Aids delegation of authority Motivate people Foster communication flow Help to shape the future Facilitate controlling and monitoring Build confidence Improve efficiency Characteristics of Good Planning Objective Future oriented Flexibility Stability Comprehensiveness Clear

5 Simple Barriers in Planning Lack of knowledge Absence of commitment Time limitation (planning by its nature is time consuming) Pressure of work load Inherent inflexibility of plan Resource limitation Instability circumstances Types of plans Long range, medium range, short range Standing, single use Strategic, tactical plans, operational

2.

Organizing
Definition- Bringing together and coordinating human and physical resources to accomplish organizational objectives. Steps in organizing Identify tasks /activities Group tasks/activities Assign responsibility Delegate authority Ways of Departmentalization Functional Service/product Territory Client Process Time Subject matter Span of control Executive /Top and middle Operative /first line and middle Flat and tall structure Designation of line and staff authority Delegation of authority Organization of Instruction a. Vertical organization i. Non grading ii. Grading iii. Multi grading b. Horizontal organization i. Self contained ii. Departmentalized iii. Team teaching

3.

Coordination
Definition- is the process of unifying the contribution of people material and other resources towards accomplishments of common goal. Techniques of coordinating By hierarchy By leadership- not by command By communities- using representatives By effective communication By central information Voluntary Characteristics of well-coordinated organization Harmony Common/mutual understanding Flexibility in working schedules

4.

Staffing

Definition- Process of filling various positions in the organization structure with personnel who have the knowledge, skills and motivation to perform effectively and efficiently. Personnel process Human resource planning Job analysis o Identify tasks of the job o Identify procedure o Personnel attributes (specification) o Responsibility o Develop job identification o Determine purpose o Duties o Necessary supervision o Relation to other jobs o Working conditions o Personality and temperament requirement Skills inventory Personnel forecasting Personnel transition- how to obtain Recruitment (Internal or External) Selection Induction Appraisal (Diagnostic/Prognostic) o Elements of evaluation Planning Communicating Measurement Comparison

7 Reporting Corrective action Setting standards at strategic plan Checking and reporting on performance Personnel Development- sum total activities designed for the purpose of improving, expending, and renewing the knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes of employees. o Exploration o Establishment o Maintenance stage o Decline stage

5. Decision making
Definition- is an activity or action of selecting and implementing alternative course of action. Types of decision Individual or group o Advantages Involve more resource and experience Stimulate creativity Facilitate acceptance and democratic exercise o Disadvantages Time consuming Effect of group think Tyranny of the majority Low sense of responsibility o Techniques of improving group decision Brainstorming Nominal group Delphi technique Devil's advocacy Dialectical inquiry Personal or organizational Programmed or non programmed Intermediary, appellate or creative Rational or non rational Process of decision-making Defining the problem Identify the limiting or critical factors Developing potential alternatives Analyzing the alternatives Selecting the best alternatives Implement the decision

8 Establish a control and evaluation system Factors influencing decision-making Organization factors Personality factors The concept of leadership Definition- is the art of influencing people to direct their will, abilities and efforts towards the accomplishment of common goal. Leadership styles Autocratic Participative Free-reign Facilitative leadership- when a leader uses each of the styles appropriately we call that effective facilitative leadership.

6.

Sources of leader influence Legitimate power Reward power Coercive power Expert power Referent power Factors affect leadership style Managers own value, attitude and personality Followers ability, experience and motivation Situational factors (environmental pressure, group effectiveness, complexity of the problem itself, time pressure etc) OCDQ (64 items) 42 items into 6 subsets Characteristics of teachers Disengagement collegial Hindrance intimacy Esprit disengaged Intimacy Characteristics of principals Aloof supportive Production emphasis directive Thrust restrictive Consideration

School climate
Open (O) Engaged (E) Disengaged (D) Closed (C)

9 Principal Behavior Open Closed Open O D Closed E C Teachers Behavior

Climate Dimension O Supportive Directive Restrictive Collegial Intimate Disengaged

E H L L H H L

Climate type D C L H H H L H H L H H L L H L L L H H

Instructional Leadership
Requires: Clarity with needs and problems of instruction Posses vision Strong need for development and improvement Posses high energy level Willing to take risk Ability to work with people

8. Communication
Definition- is any interchange of ideas, information, feelings and emotions among persons Process Thought formation Encoding Transmission of message Receiving of message decoding Feedback Types of communication 1. Verbal Oral (personal, group, impersonal) Written (personal, organizational) 2. Non verbal Body language Physical or symbolic

10 3. Directional Vertical (Up, down) Horizontal Diagonal 4. Channels of communication Formal Centralized Shape (hierarchical) Technology Informal (Grapevine) Barriers of communication Noise Semantic Feedback Cultural Perception difference Sender credibility

Evaluation
Definition- Judgment of the worth of particular performance accomplishment or object according to set of appropriate criteria. Functions/ Purpose Formative- for improvement Summative for bolection and accountability Rocks biotical to motivate and gain support Administrative to exercise authority Approach System evaluation Individual Types of information Goals and objectives System and plan Implementation process Outcome and impact