Faith,

Science and
Understanding
]OH^ POLK^CHOR^L
Ye/c Unitcrsity Prcss ^cv Hetcn en Lenen
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Pullisleo :ooo in rle !nireo Srares ly Yale !niveisiry Piess ano
in Ciear Biirain ly SPCK Pullisling.
Copyiiglr

:ooo ly Yale !niveisiry. All iiglrs ieseiveo.
Tlis look may nor le iepioouceo, in wlole oi in pair, incluoing illus-
riarions, in any oim (leyono rlar copying peimirreo ly Secrions :o
ano :o8 o rle !.S. Copyiiglr !aw ano excepr ly ievieweis oi rle
pullic piess), wirlour wiirren peimission iom rle pullisleis.
Ser in ]anson rype ly Tseng !noimarion Sysrems, uilam, oirl
Caiolina.
Piinreo in rle !nireo Srares o Ameiica.
!iliaiy o Congiess Caraloging-in-Pullicarion ara
Polkingloine, ]. C., :o
!airl, science ano unoeisranoing ] ]oln Polkingloine.
p. cm.
!ncluoes lilliogiaplical ieeiences ano inoex.
isv o-oo-o8:-6 (alk. papei)
:. Religion ano science. !. Tirle.
vi:q: .v6 :ooo
:6:.'oc:: oo-o:6q
A caralogue iecoio oi rlis look is availalle iom rle Biirisl !iliaiy.
Tle papei in rlis look meers rle guioelines oi peimanence ano ouialiliry
o rle Commirree on Piooucrion Cuioelines oi Book !ongeviry o rle
Council on !iliaiy Resouices.
:o 8 6 q : :
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cs uecrcns intc//c.tum
airl seeking unoeisranoing
Sr Anselm
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Contents
Pieace xi
Acknowleogemenrs xvi
SSULS
oi. Tleology in rle !niveisiry
+vo. Morivarions oi Belie :
+uvii. Tle Role o Revelarion :
ioiv. esign in Biology- 66
iivi. Secono Tlouglrs 8
: Criti.e/ Rce/ism 8, : uentum Cesme/egy
en thc Hnthrepi. Prin.ip/c 8;, ; Pencnthcism 8,
Due/ Hspc.t Menism ;, ; Chees Thcery
D^L HCL^CY
six. Coo in Relarion ro aruie.
Kenoric Ciearion ano ivine Acrion :o
sivi. aruial Science, Tempoialiry ano
ivine Acrion :o
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SC^FCH^T TH^KLRS
iicu+. Conrempoiaiies :
: e/jhert Penncn/crgs Lngegcmcnt vith
thc ^eture/ S.icn.cs :;6, : Themes Terren.cs
Lngegcmcnt vith thc ^eture/ S.icn.cs :;,
; Peu/ Detics Lngegcmcnt vith Thce/egy :86
ii. Science ano Tleology in !nglano :
!noex :o
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Preface
Arei ! lao wiirren a riilogy o sloir looks alour science ano
rleology, ! peimirreo mysel rle lileiry o wiiring a sulse-
quenr volume, Rcesen en Rce/ity, rlar enalleo me ro ieruin
ro some o rle issues rlen iaiseo in somewlar giearei oeprl.
Since rlen ! lave wiirren oui looks rlar eacl, in rleii own
pairiculai way, seek ro conriilure ro rle piesenrly luigeon-
ing elo o science ano rleology sruoies. my Cioio !ecruies,
S.icn.c en Christien Bc/icj (in rle !nireo Srares, Thc Feith ej
e Physi.ist), a suivey o rle wiirings o scienrisr-rleologians,
S.icntists es Thce/egiens, my Teiiy !ecruies, Bc/icj in Ce in en
Hgc ej S.icn.c, ano an inriooucroiy rexrlook, S.icn.c en Thc-
e/egy. ! now wisl ro oei a secono uirlei rlouglrs volume,
looking again ar some o rle issues iaiseo in rlese oui looks.
Tle isr secrion o rle look is conceineo wirl a numlei
o key issues rlar aiise in rle inreiacrion lerween science ano
rleology. !rs unoeilying lasis is rle convicrion rlar lorl oisci-
plines lave rlings o value ro say ro eacl orlei lecause lorl,
in rleii oieiing oomains o expeiience, aie conceineo wirl
xi
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rle seaicl oi riurl arraineo ly rle oimarion ano evaluarion
o morivareo lelies.
Tle invirarion ro give rle !iirl !ecruies ar rle !nivei-
siry o orringlam gave me rle oppoiruniry ro ieecr on rle
place o rleology in rle univeisiry. \lar ! saio rlen is rle
lasis oi rle isr rwo clapreis o rlis look. !n claprei :, ! oe-
eno rle conceprs o rle value o knowleoge oi knowleoges
sake ano o rle essenrial uniry o knowleoge. ! lelieve rlese
ro le rle ounoarions on wlicl rle lie o a univeisiry is luilr.
! rleology ooes nor make irs own oisrincrive conriilurion ro
rlis inrellecrual enoeavoui, rle enreipiise o liglei eoucarion
is incomplere. !n rle couise o an open seaicl oi unoeisrano-
ing, rle peisonal ano suljecrive elemenrs o luman expeiience
musr le accoioeo equal weiglr wirl rle impeisonal ano ol-
jecrive aspecrs wlicl consrirure sciences sel-limireo oomain
o enquiiy. !n claprei :, ! oiaw upon sciences success in irs
own rask, ro give encouiagemenr lorl ro rle oue iecognirion
o an inescapalle oegiee o piecaiiousness piesenr in all oims
o luman seaicl oi knowleoge, ano also ro iesisr succumling
ro episremological oespaii. Tleologys appeal ro ievelarion is
seen as leing iecouise ro illuminaring expeiience, analogous
ro sciences iecouise ro olseivarion ano expeiimenr, ano nor
an appeal ro some inealle ano unquesrionalle aurloiiry.
!n claprei , ! uirlei look ar rle iole o ievelarion in
ieligion, so oren elr ly enquiiing scienrisrs ro consrirure a
srumlling llock oi rlem. Tle pairiculai ano unique las a
necessaiy signicance in rle iealm o rle peisonal ano rians-
peisonal. Sciipruie is rle iecoio o iemaikalle inoivioual en-
counreis wirl rle oivine, lur ir is neirlei unioim in irs clai-
acrei noi immune iom ciirical evaluarion. !r is ro le ieao
as evioence oi rle way in wlicl Coo las maoe rle oivine
xii
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naruie known, ano nor as a rexrlook in wlicl Coo las pio-
vioeo ieaoy-maoe answeis oi oui unquesrioning acceprance.
Among conrempoiaiy scienrisrs, liologisrs reno ro le
mucl moie sceprical o ieligion, ano inoeeo oren losrile ro
ir, rlan aie many plysicisrs. Tleieoie, ir was an unexpecreo
oevelopmenr in rle :os ro see some ievival o rle oiscussion
o releological aigumenrs among ceirain liologisrs. Claprei q
gives a concise suivey o rlis acriviry ano an assessmenr o irs
possille ielevance ro rleology. Quesrions o signicanr inrei-
esr lave ceirainly leen iaiseo, lur a caurious view is raken o
wlar meraplysical conclusions miglr ow iom rlis.
!n claprei , ve sloir essays aie garleieo rogerlei rlar
ieconsioei ropics rlar lave ieceiveo consioeialle iecenr arren-
rion in rle inreiacrion lerween science ano rleology. !iisr,
ciirical iealismis oeenoeo inrle ace o rle appaienr oisconri-
nuiry involveo in moving iomewrons inveise squaie lawo
giavirarion ro !insreins geomeriy o cuiveo space. Tle con-
clusion is rlar ir is only ar rle level o rle unoamenral marle-
marical sriucruies, rlar unoeilie plysically picruialle mooels,
rlar rle oegiee o conrinuiry o accounr rlar iealism oemanos
is ro le oisceineo. Tlis iecognirion ieinoices rle peiceprion
o marlemarics as leing rle unoamenral language o plysi-
cal science. Secono, arremprs ro use quanrum cosmology as
a oevice oi geneiaring a many-woilos inreipierarion o an-
rliopic coincioences aie slown ro le no moie rlan some-
wlar oespeiare meraplysical sriaregies. Tliio, panenrleism
is lookeo ar again in rle liglr o a vigoious oeence o rlar
concepr mounreo iecenrly ly Plilip Clayron. ! iemain uncon-
vinceo, piesenring some ciiriques o Clayrons aigumenrs. !n
my opinion ir iemains uncleai wly one sloulo nor le conrenr
simply ro aclieve a lalance lerween oivine rianscenoence ano
xiii
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oivine immanence wirlour iecouise ro ooulrul panenrleisric
language. !ouirl, a oim o oual-aspecr monism is ieconsio-
eieo in wlicl rle mareiial ano rle menral aie complemenraiy
ro eacl orlei. !r is supposeo rlar rle riurls o marlemarics aie
enriries exisring ar rle exrieme menral pole (jusr as srones exisr
ar rle exrieme mareiial pole). Tlis leaos ro rle conclusion
rlar rle oualiry involveo is nor only menral]mareiial lur also
leing]lecoming ano eveilasring]rempoial. !inally, ! riy yer
again ro coiiecr ceirain peisisrenr misunoeisranoings alour
my pioposals oi an onrologically iealisric inreipierarion o
claos rleoiy.
Pair : o rle look is conceineo wirl wlar was rle oomi-
nanr issue in rle science ano rleology oelare in rle :os.
!ow we may conceive o oivine agency in a way rlar iespecrs
rle inregiiry o rle scienric accounr o rle piocess o rle
plysical woilo ano wlicl also ooes jusrice ro rle ieligious
inruirion ano expeiience o Coos piovioenrial inreiacrion
wirlin lisroiy-
Claprei 6 piovioes an oveiview o rle issues. Tleie aie
rwo novel earuies in rle oiscussion leie piesenreo. ne is
rle employmenr o a rypology o arriruoes ro naruie, isr pie-
senreo ly rle lisroiian o ioeas R. C.Collingwooo. Tle orlei
is a purring inro quesrion rle riaoirional rleological assump-
rion rlar Coo sloulo nevei le consioeieo as acring as a cause
among causes. ! suggesr rlar oivine sel-limirarion, implieo in
rle acr o allowing rle leing o rle ciearuiely orlei, can le
lelo ro exreno ro rle oivine conoescension involveo in piovi-
oenrial acrion uncrioning as a cause among rle causes o rle
woilo. A key rleological concepr in rlis oiscussion is rle ioea
rlar rle acr o ciearion was an acr o oivine kenosis, a volun-
xiv
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raiy limirarion accepreo ly Coo as rle necessaiy consequence
o rle oivine love allowing rle ciearion riuly ro le irsel.
!n claprei , ! oiscuss rle naruie o rime as a means o
exploiing low one miglr piopose oieienr clains o alogical
linkings rogerlei o scienric, meraplysical ano rleological
ioeas, in ceirain clusreis o naruial associarion. Tlis claprei
makes rle giearesr reclnical oemanos upon rle ieaoei, rlougl
! lave ieouceo rlese oemanos ro rle minimum rlar is com-
parille wirl a caieul riearmenr o rle issues. Because sci-
ence ooes nor oereimine merascience, rlougl ir ceirainly con-
sriains ir, seveial oieienr sclemes aie exploieo ano evaluareo
in rle claprei.
Pair concenriares on rle conriilurions rlar a vaiiery o
signicanr rlinkeis lave maoe ro rle inreiacrion lerween sci-
ence ano rleology.
!n S.icntists es Thce/egiens ! oiscusseo rle woik o rliee
conrempoiaiy scienrisr-rleologians. !nclaprei 8, ! exrenorlis
suivey ly consioeiing rle woik o rwo rleologians, \ollair
Pannenleig ano Tlomas Toiiance, wlo lave raken a seiious
inreiesr in scienric marreis, ano rle woik o a scienrisr, Paul
avies, wlo, rlougl sranoing oursioe any ieligious riaoirion,
las neveirleless slown consioeialle inreiesr in rle possilili-
ries o rleisric explanarion.
iscussing rle ielarionslip lerween science ano rleol-
ogy las leen a pieoccuparion o rle !nglisl. My nal clap-
rei ieviews rlis long lisroiy, sriercling ovei seveial cenruiies,
noing ir ro le ancloieo in a narional renoency ro move iom
expeiience ro unoeisranoing, o a kino rlar ! lave lalelleo
lorrom-up rlinking.
xv
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Acknowledgements
Clapreis : ano : aie laseo on my !iirl !ecruies given ar
orringlam!niveisiry in :, ano claprei 6 on my \irlei-
spoon !ecruie given ar rle Cenrei o Tleological !nquiiy ar
Piinceron in :8, wlicl also appeaieo in Rcc.tiens (Cenrei
o Tleological !nquiiy, :). Claprei is a mooieo vei-
sion o a lecruie ! gave ar a Coneience in !eioelleig in :8,
oiganiseo ly Pioessoi Miclael \elkei. !n eacl case ! am
giareul oi a kino invirarion ano geneious lospiraliry. Clap-
rei is laseo on a papei pullisleo in Thce/egy Teey (, :
q, :8) ano rle mareiial o 8.: is a consioeially expanoeo
veision o a papei pullisleo in Zygen (q, :::8, :). ! am
giareul ro rle iespecrive !oirois oi rleii peimission ro ieuse
rlis mareiial.
! am also giareul ro rle sra o Yale !niveisiry Piess oi
assisrance in piepaiing rle manusciipr oi piess, ano ro my
wie, Rurl, oi lelp in coiiecring rle pioos.
xvi
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Part I
ISSUES
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C H A P T E R ON E
Theology in the University
viv since rleii oiigins in rle lare
Mioole Ages, univeisiries lave leen
souices o riaineo peisonnel apr oi
rle seivice o rle communiry, wlerlei
ly piovioing cleiks oi rle Royal
Couir oi canon lawyeis oi rle seivice
o rle Cluicl. Aovances in scienric
reclnology, wlicl lave oone so mucl ro oene rle conrexr
o oui lie rooay, lave only lioaoeneo ano inrensieo rle im-
poirance o rlis iole. ! lelieve rlar rle univeisiries can claim
signicanr success in meering rlis neeo. !r woulo, lowevei, le
a lao eiioi ro misrake a valualle lypiooucr oi rle piincipal
oljecr o acriviry. Tle essenrial puipose o a iegime o plysi-
cal exeicise ano gooo nuriirion is rle mainrenance o lealrl.
! ir also pioouces some excellenr oorlall playeis, rlar is ro
le welcomeo, lur rlar iesulr is a collareial gooo iarlei rlan
rle main oljecrive. Tle essenrial puipose o a univeisiry is rle
oiscoveiy ano piopagarion o knowleoge. Many orlei gooos
will oeiive iomrle ullmenr o rlar main oljecrive, lur rleii
3
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conrinuance oepenos, in rle long iun, upon nor losing siglr
o rle cenrial aim. ! srare veiy cleaily my lelie in rle value
o knowleoge oi knowleoges sake, rogerlei wirl my lelie in
rle essenrial uniry o all knowleoge. !niveisiries aie rle insri-
rurionaliseo expiessions o rlese lelies.
! lecame veiy awaie o rlese issues in rle lare :os wlen
! was liiey Claiiman o rle ucleai Plysics Boaio o wlar
was rlen calleo rle Science Reseaicl Council (SRC). !r was
my jol ro ask rle Biirisl raxpayei, rliougl SRC, oi rle qo
million oi so necessaiy ro nance oui narional conriilurion
ro rle inreinarional elo o ieseaicl inro rle unoamenral
sriucruie o marrei. Tlen, as always, money was sloir ano rle
aigumenrs lerween rle oieienr sciences seeking rleii slaie
o wlar was availalle, coiiesponoingly inrense. \e pairicle
plysicisrs weie sruoying rle lelavioui o marrei in exrieme
iegimes rlar weie ai iemoveo iom ciicumsrances ielevanr
ro eveiyoay reclnology. !n acr, rlar was rle souice o mucl
o rle expense, since sucl unusual srares o marrei coulo le
cieareo only in acceleiarois cosring lunoieos o millions o
pounos ro luilo ano rens o millions o pounos pei yeai ro iun.
Tlese maclines weie roo expensive oi any single !uiopean
narion ro consriucr ano mainrain on rleii own, lur we le-
longeo ro C!R, rle inreinarional consoirium rlar ian rlis
acriviry in !uiope. eveloping piecision engineeiing on kilo-
merie scales, ano conriol oevices wirl nanosecono iesponse
rimes, ceirainly geneiareo iemaikalle reclnical aovances rlar
woulo no applicarion oursioe rle pairicle plysicisrs special-
iseo elo o use. Many ralenreo young people seiveo rleii
scienric appienriceslip wirlin oui communiry, ano mosr o
rlem sulsequenrly wenr on ro use rle skills rley lao acquiieo
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THLOLOCY ^ THL U^ LRS TY
in a vaiiery o rorally oieienr conrexrs. !n reims o spin-o,
rleie was mucl rlar coulo le saio oi pairicle plysics. Bur
wlen rle clips weie nally oown, wlen rle lasr iouno o aigu-
menr was in piogiess alour wlerlei ir was ro le qo million
oi only , rleie was jusr one cenrial lonesr aigumenr ro le
useo in oui cause. !r was rlar ro unoeisrano rle unoamenral
sriucruie o rle marrei o rle univeise, ro uniavel rle mys-
reiies o quaiks ano gluons, was in irsel a woirlwlile rling
ro oo, a ligl luman aclievemenr rlar oio nor neeo ro no
irs jusricarion oursioe irsel. !r was a case o knowleoge oi
knowleoges sake.
Aiguing in sucl reims cur ice wirl my scienric col-
leagues on SRC lecause rle aigumenr is unoamenral ro rle
wlole piacrice o naruial science, wlerlei ir le plysical, lio-
logical oi psyclological enquiiy. Tle piime morivarion o sci-
ence lies in rle oesiie ro unoeisrano rle plysical woilo. Con-
riaiy ro rle piioiiries srareo ly Kail Maix, scienrisrs give isr
place ro sciences powei ro unoeisrano rle woilo, even ovei
reclnologys powei ro clange ir.
Aiguing in sucl reims woulo lave cur ice wirl rleolo-
gians also, lao rley leen sirring iouno rle ralle ar SRC. Tley
roo aie conceineo wirl rle seaicl oi unoeisranoingrlougl
o a moie pioouno Mysreiy rlan rlar o quaiks ano gluons.
Tleology las a naruial iole in an age o science jusr lecause
ir slaies wirl mooein science rlis quesr oi inrelligililiry. A
rleological aculry is a necessaiy piesence in a riue univeisiry
lecause rle seaicl oi knowleoge is incomplere i ir ooes nor
incluoe in irs aim gaining knowleoge o rle Ciearoi as well
as gaining knowleoge o ciearuies. Tle uniry o knowleoge is
iacruieo i rleology is excluoeo. Beoie ! arrempr ro jusriy
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rlese laige claims, ir will le lelpul ro look moie closely ar
rle scienric secroi o rlis univeisal quesr oi riurlul unoei-
sranoing.
Tle isr rling we can leain is rle oisrincrion lerween
unoeisranoing, on rle one lano, ano rle lessei arrainmenr o
explanarion, on rle orlei. Quanrum rleoiy makes rle poinr
mosr cleaily oi us. !n irs mooein oim ir was oiscoveieo in
rle mio ::os. Since rlen irs reclniques lave leen useo oaily
in many liancles o plysical science wirl impiessive success.
!r explains rle naruie o clemical ieacrions, rle piopeiries o
mareiials, rle way rle Sun slines. \e know low ro oo rle
sums ano rley always seem ro come our iiglr. !nvenreo ro
oeal wirl aroms, quanrum rleoiy now makes successul pie-
oicrions alour rle lelavioui o quaiks, wlicl aie ar leasr a
lunoieo million rimes smallei rlan aroms. Ar rle level o ex-
planarion ano pieoicrion, ir is, peilaps, rle mosr successul
scienric rleoiy evei. Yer we oo nor uncrsten ir. By rlar !
mean rlar we aie nor in a posirion ro eel inrellecrually conrenr
alour ir, ro ieckon rlar we see low ir consrirures a rorally sar-
isacroiy mariix o unoeisranoing, wlose inriinsic naruie ano
innei consisrency we aie alle ro giasp. Tle piollem ooes nor
lie in rle sriangeness o quanrumplenomena vieweo iomoui
eveiyoay peispecrive, wirl rleii piolalilisric claiacrei ano
rle unpicruialle lelavioui in wlicl an enriry somerimes ap-
peais ro slow wavelike piopeiries ano somerimes appeais ro
slow pairiclelike piopeiries. All rlar may seem veiy ooo ro
rle commonsense mino, lur we lave come ro see low quan-
rum rlinking las ro oeviare iom eveiyoay rlinking i ir is
ro accommooare rlese unexpecreo possililiries. nce we lave
giaspeo rlar, rlese counreiinruirive piopeiries yielo rlem-
selves up ro leing unoeisrooo in reims o a mooieo quan-
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rumoimo inruirion. ne way o oealing wirl rlese seeming
peiplexiries is ro iecognise rlar in rle quanrum woilo rlose
lirrle logical woios ano ano oi lave oieienr piopeiries ro
rlose rlar rley possess in eveiyoay oiscouise. !r ruins our rlar
quanrummeclanically, you can mix rogerlei possililiries, like
leing leie ano leing rleie, rlar we noimally rlink o as
leing murually exclusive o eacl orlei. Tle quanrum me-
clanically leaineo ollow rleii masrei, Paul iiac, in calling
rlis rle supeiposirion piinciple.
1
All rlar may souno pierry weiio, lur i you riusr wlar
! lave saio, you can oiaw iom ir a useul moial alour low
ro puisue rle quesr oi unoeisranoing. o nor make com-
mon sense rle measuie o eveiyrling lur le piepaieo ro iec-
ognise aspecrs o iealiry in rlose mooes rlar aie inriinsic ro
rleii naruies, lowevei sriange rlese mooes may ar isr siglr
seem ro le. Tleie is nor one single, simple way in wlicl we
can know eveiyrling, rleie is no univeisal episremology. \e
knowrle eveiyoay woilo in one way, in irs ewronian claiiry,
we know rle quanrum woilo in anorlei way, in irs !eisenlei-
gian unceirainry. ui knowleoge o enriries musr le alloweo
ro conoim ro rle way in wlicl rley acrually can le known. !
we aie ro meer iealiry ar all, we musr meer ir on irs own reims.
! rlar is a lesson applying ro oui knowleoge o rle quanrum
woilo, ir woulo nor le alrogerlei suipiising i ir weie a piin-
ciple rlar also applieo ro rleologys quesr oi knowleoge o rle
mysreiy o Coo.
nce we lave giaspeo rle piinciple o quanrum supei-
posirion, ir ruins our, we aie also in a posirion ro unoeisrano
:. See, oi example, ]. C. Polkingloine, Thc uentum er/ (Penguin,
:o).
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rle sriange oualiry o wave ano pairicle. iiac solveo rlis
piollem rliougl rle oiscoveiy o quanrum elo rleoiy. A
elo is a spieao our enriry, ano so las wave piopeiries, lur
sriiiing in quanrumrleoiy also pioouces counralle packers o
eneigy (quanra, in acr'), so rlar rleie aie pairicle piopeiries
as well. Tle wavelike srares aie supeiposirions o srares wirl
oieienr numleis o pairicles, an oprion impossille in a ew-
ronian woilo (wleie you simply counr lowevei many pairicles
you lave, ano rlars rlar), lur peiecrly naruial in rle quan-
rum woilo.
!owevei, rleie aie orlei aspecrs o quanrum meclanics
rlar conrinue ro iesisr oui unoeisranoing moie rlan sevenry
yeais arei rle rleoiys oiiginal oiscoveiy. Tle mosr peiplex-
ing o rlese is calleo rle measuiemenr piollem. Tle rleoiy
pieoicrs piolaliliries oi vaiious possille ourcomes only wlen
a measuiemenr is maoe on a quanrum sysrem. Yer eacl rime
sucl a measuiemenr is acrually maoe, one o rlese possilili-
ries emeiges as rle unequivocal iesulr o rle expeiimenral ol-
seivarion. !ow ooes rlis oenire answei come alour- ne
miglr arrempr ro iepliase rle quesrion, as iels Boli essen-
rially oio, ly asking, !ow ooes rle clouoy ano rul quanrum
woilo inreilock wirl rle cleai ano oereiminareo woilo o lalo-
iaroiy equipmenr- Yer, purring rle issue in rlar oim is ieally
legging rle quesrion, oi rleie aie nor rwo woilosquan-
rum ano laloiaroiylur one single plysical woilo o wlicl
lorl aie aspecrs. !r is lumiliaring oi a quanrum plysicisr ro
lave ro aomir rlar cuiienrly rleie is no sarisacroiy ano agieeo
solurionro rle measuiemenr piollema pairiculaily rioulle-
some conession given rle unoamenral iole o measuiemenr
in rle wlole o plysics. Tleie is cleaily moie srill ro le unoei-
srooo. Anorlei oiculry makes a similai poinr.
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THLOLOCY ^ THL U^ LRS TY
Tle rwo giear unoamenral oiscoveiies o plysical sci-
ence inrlis cenruiy lave leenquanrumrleoiyano rle geneial
rleoiy o ielariviry, wlicl is !insreins pioounoly leauriul
ano successul accounr o giavirarion. Yer rlese rwo rleoiies
aie impeiecrly ieconcileo wirl eacl orlei. !veiy arrempr so
ai ro comline rlem las come ro giie rliougl rle geneia-
rion o innire inconsisrencies. Mosr o rle rime, rle piollem
can le ignoieo. Ceneial ielariviry is mosrly applieo ro laige
sysrems, incluoing rle univeise irsel. Quanrumrleoiy is con-
ceineo wirl small-scale lelavioui. Tle noimal elos o appli-
carion o rle rwo rleoiies aie rlus well sepaiareo iom eacl
orlei. !owevei, nor only musr rwo sucl unoamenral plysi-
cal rleoiies evenrually no a sarisacroiy meigei oi ieasons
o piinciple lur also rlose cosmologisrs, like Sreplen !awk-
ing, wlo aie lolo enougl ro ralk alour rle exriemely eaily
univeise musr make some soir o slir ar comlining rlem.
Tlis is lecause rle cosmos is rlen so small rlar ir musr le
rieareo in a quanrum meclanical way. Tle oazzling specula-
rions wirl wlicl rle quanrum cosmologisrs iegale us in rleii
populai looks aie inrellecrual aialesques peioimeo on ex-
riemely rlin rleoierical ice. !eie is anorlei aiea o plysical
science in wlicl unoeisranoing is srill lacking ano wleie ir is
mucl neeoeo.
Tleie is somerling uirlei we can leain iom sciences
quesr oi unoeisranoing. !r is rle mulri-levelleo complexiry o
iealiry. Tle !oly Ciail o conrempoiaiy pairicle plysics is
rle so-calleo Ciano !nieo Tleoiy (C!T) in wlicl all rle
unoamenral oices o naruie miglr le unieo in a oesciiprion
laseo on a single ser o equarionsequarions so compacr rlar
rley coulo le wiirren on youi T-sliir, ano so leauriul rlar
rley woulo make an inrellecrually rliilling aooinmenr. So ai,
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rle quesr, rlougl acrively puisueo ly many veiy alle people,
las nor succeeoeo. ! ceirainly wisl ir well ano enreirain lopes
o irs evenrual success. !owevei, ! legin ro oissenr wlen some
o my eisrwlile colleagues go on in a gianoiose way ro iename
rle purarive Ciano !nieo Tleoiy, a Tleoiyo !veiyrling.
!oi rlar ro le riue ir woulo le necessaiy rlar we lao arraineo a
iemaikalle oegiee o univeisal unoeisranoing, ano rlar ciire-
iion woulo nor even le sariseo wirlin plysics irsel. A C!T
woulo le an immensely sarisying inrellecrual oiscoveiy lur
many, many plysical plenomena o rle liglesr inreiesrsucl
as rle ruilulenr morion o uios, rle supeiconoucring piopei-
ries o merals ano rle rleimooynamic piopeiries o lulk mar-
reiwoulo lie ai oursioe irs explanaroiy iange. Concepru-
ally, as well as merlooologically, plysics cannor le ieouceo ro
pairicle plysics. Tle impeiialisr claims o a Tleoiy o !veiy-
rling rlar asseirs ir las all wirlin irs giasp aie no moie iealis-
ric wirlin plysics rlan aie rle impeiialisric claims o plysics
oursioe irsel ro lave all o liology oi psyclology wirlin irs
giasp. !n ruin, ir is even less riue rlar science encompasses all
rlar is arrainalle oi signicanr in rle univeisal quesr oi unoei-
sranoing.
Calileo encouiageo concenriarion on rle piimaiy quan-
riries o marrei ano morion ano a oiscounring o rlose sec-
onoaiy qualiries, sucl as coloui, rlar aie oiiecrly accessille
rliougl luman peiceprion. !xplanarions o clange weie ex-
piesseo in reims o rle meclanical consequences o ecienr
causes ano nor in reims o rle releological acrion o nal
causes. Tleie is no conresring rle liillianr success o rlis
naiiow merlooological sriaregy. !imiring rle elo o view
liouglr inro slaip ocus ceirain kinos o plenomena wlicl
rlen yieloeo up rleii seciers ro rle invesrigaring scienrisr.
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THLOLOCY ^ THL U^ LRS TY
ewrons laws o morion ano rle univeisal inveise squaie law
o giaviry piovioeo a pioouno, rlouglulrimarely (as ir ruineo
our) only appioximare, unoeisranoing o rle naruie o rle
solai sysrem. Yer ro lelieve rlar wlar lao leen omirreo in
oioei ro make rlese gains lao rleiely leen slown ro le insig-
nicanr oi peiipleial woulo, iomrle poinr o viewo an aoe-
quare unoeisranoing o iealiry, le an alrogerlei unwaiianreo
conclusion. !r woulo amounr ro misraking Mi Ciaogiinos
oeniriono a loisequaoiupeo, giaminivoious, oiry reerl,
namely rwenry-oui giinoeis, oui eye reerl ano rwelve inci-
sive ano so onoi a living animal. A. . \lireleao woulo
lave calleo ir rle allacy o misplaceo conciereness.
!er us come sriaiglr ro rle poinr. Acenrial quesrionis rle
signicance ro le assigneo ro peisonlooo in oiming a cieo-
ille ano aoequare accounr o iealiry. By a peison ! mean ar
leasr rlis. a sel-conscious leing, alle ro use rle uruie rense
in anriciparion, lope ano oieao, alle ro peiceive meaning ano
ro assign value, alle ro iespono ro leaury ano ro rle call o
moial oury, alle ro love orlei peisons, even ro rle poinr o
sel-saciice. To rlis ! woulo also wisl ro aoo an explicir ieli-
gious oimension aiising iom rle sense o a Realiry leyono
onesel, wirlour wlose giacious susraining powei lie is in-
complere, a Realiry wlicl is rle giouno o value ano leing
ano ro wlom rle piopei iesponse is woislip ano oleoience.
! lelieve rlar we all know ouiselves ro le peisons, even i we
oo nor all wisl ro lalel as ieligious ceirain aspecrs o oui ex-
peiience o peisonlooo. Tlen rle quesrion is, \lar oo we
make o rlis plenomenon o peisonlooo- !s rle appeaiance
o peisons leie on planer !airl (ano, oi all we know, mayle
on many orlei planers elsewleie in rle univeise) an evenr o
piime signicance oi rle unoeisranoing o wlar is going on,
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oi is ir jusr a cuiious lypiooucr o rle plysiology o ceirain
kinos o animals, so rlar ir is moie complicareo rlan, lur no
moie meaningul rlan, rle acr rlar some animals can oigesr
giass ano some cannor- Aie we ro lelieve rlar some animals
aie sel-conscious ano some aie nor, ano rlars rlar- To rake
so oismissive ano epiplenomenal a viewo peisonlooo seems
ro le ranramounr ro oenying rlar rleie aie any meaningul
evenrs in cosmic lisroiy ar all. ! cannor conceive o an occui-
ience in rle univeises evolurionaiy oevelopmenr rlar is moie
asronisling ano iauglr wirl signs o iuirul signicance rlan
rlar ir sloulo lave lecome awaie o irsel rliougl rle coming
ro le o lumaniry. Pascal spoke o us as rlinking ieeos, so
insignicanr on a cosmic scale lur yer exceeoing all rle srais,
since we know rlem ano ouiselves, ano rley know norling.
Tle mysreiy o consciousness musr suiely le a oeep clue ro
rle mysreiy o iealiry. A small lur impoiranr aspecr o rlis
coming-ro-le o cosmic awaieness is rlar ir peimirreo rle oe-
velopmenr o science. !r is sriange, rleieoie, rlar some scien-
risrs seem ro iepuoiare rle insiglrs o consciousness, pieei-
iing insreao ro iemain ser in rle misplaceo conciereness o a
woilo o aroms ano rle voio.
! rle evenr o rle evolurion o peisons is a pioouno
poinrei ro rle naruie o iealiry, rlen sciences oelilei-
arely closen sel-iesriicrion ro impeisonally oesciilalle ple-
nomena may le merlooologicallyeecrive lur ir is meraplysi-
cally jejune. Tle seaicl oi unoeisranoing will lave ro le
wioeneo ro a veiy consioeialle oegiee leyono rle limirs o
puiely scienric oiscouise. !n ooing sowe slall lave ro leain ro
oiscaio some inrellecrual iesriicrive piacrices rlar lave leen
encouiageo ly rlar !nliglrenmenr sryle o rlinking o wlicl
we aie all, ro some exrenr, rle leiis. Tle impeisonal is nor ro
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THLOLOCY ^ THL U^ LRS TY
le givenpieceoence ovei rle peisonal, oi rle quanrirarive ovei
rle qualirarive, oi rley aie simply oieiing aspecrs o oui en-
counrei wirl a iealiry wlose claiacrei is complex ano mulri-
oimensional ano wlose oieienr levels can le known only in
ways rlar conoim ro rleii oisrincrive naruies. ui sruoy o
rle expeiience o ooing science las piepaieo us oi sucl a pos-
sililiry, wirl irs iecognirion o rle limireo iole o a ieoucrion-
isr pairicle plysics wirlin rle roraliry o scienric unoeisrano-
ing. Realiry is roo iicl ro le raken in ar a single glance, ir musr
le vieweo iom many peispecrives.
! ir is riue rlar rle evolurion o peisons is o piime sig-
nicance, rlen ir is also riue rlar rle peisonally peiceiveo
qualiries o iealiry musr le expecreo ro caiiy a coiiespono-
ing piime signicance. All peisonal peiceprions aie, ro use a
pliase o Tlomas agels, views iom somewleie.
2
A pei-
son las a peispecrive on rle woilo, wirl rle oppoiruniries oi
insiglr ano rle oangeis o oeceprion rlar eveiy peispecrive
coneis. couise, rle same is riue o rle scienrisrs peicep-
rions o wlar rley cloose ro look ar, oi scienrisrs aie peisons
ano ! slall aigue in rle nexr claprei rlar rlis acr is unoamen-
ral ro rle wlole scienric enreipiise ano ro irs success. Yer rle
oieiing peispecrives involveo in rle piacrice o science aie
usually iarlei easily supeiposeo ano ieconcileoinreisuljec-
rively agieeo, as we saywirl rle consequence rlar rle iesulr-
ing consriucr las rle aii o a view iom nowleie, ir las rle
aii o an oljecrive accounr.
nce we move on ro consioei moie oeeply peisonal en-
counreis wirl iealiryrle peiceprion o leaury, oi example
rle siruarion no longei seems so sriaiglroiwaio. Tleie aie
:. T. agel, Thc icv jrem ^evhcrc (xoio !niveisiry Piess, :86).
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oieiing oegiees o inoivioual sensiriviry ano rleie aie cul-
ruial conrexrs rlar slape ano consriain rle ieacrions o rle
peiceiveis. Tle inexlausrille iiclness o giear air evokes oi-
eienr iesponses in oieienr people, so rlar irs peiceprion is
always a view iom somewleie, a peisonal iesponse. Yer, ir
seems rlar rleie is a sucienr oegiee o commonaliry wirlin
rlis iange o ioiosynciasy ro peisuaoe us rlar rle peiceprion o
leaury is an encounrei wirl rle way rlings aie, rlar aesrleric
expeiience oeis us a winoow inro iealiry. Tlis winoow las
irs iamewe can only see ceirain wavelengrls o liglr, leai
ceirain souno iequencieslur ir appeais rlar, neveirleless,
rle opening is wioe enougl oi access ro somerling o giear
signicance. !n rle seaicl oi unoeisranoing we musr rake
accounr o rle mysreiious acr rlar rle marrei o rle woilo,
wlicl in rle impeisonal reims o science las a lelavioui rlar
can le oesciileo wirl rle ciysral claiiry o marlemarics, is
also rle caiiiei o leaury, conveying a peisonal expeiience o
symlolic powei rlar evaoes all arremprs ro ieouce ir ro a ie-
sriicreo ano specialle conrenr, oi ir always oveiows wirl
suiplus meaning. ! you wanr ro make a mareiialisr ieoucrion-
isr uneasy, ask one wlar le oi sle makes o music, ano insisr
on a iesponse rlar coiiesponos ro rle acrual way one lives ano
nor ro an ioeologically glosseo veision o ir. euiological ie-
sponse ro viliarions in rle aii, seems rorally inaoequare as an
accounr o lisrening ro a peioimance o rle Mass in B Minoi.
Tleie aie orlei winoows inro rle mulri-levelleo claiac-
rei o rle woilo, in aooirion ro science ano aesrlerics, rlar a-
oio us insiglrs rlar musr le raken inro accounr in an aoequare
mapping o rle oomain o iealiry. ne o rle mosr impoiranr
is piovioeo ly oui inruirions o moialiry. owleie is rle pov-
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eiry o a scienrisric appioacl moie evioenr rlan in rle iealm
o erlical oecision.
!r las leen my piivilege ro seive on a numlei o gov-
einmenr-appoinreo commirrees claigeo wirl making iecom-
menoarions alour erlical cooes o piacrice. ren ! lave leen
in rle claii. Tle piollems we weie given ro consioei oeiiveo
iomaovances in meoicine ano in generics, aieas in wlicl ! oo
nor lave expeir knowleoge. couise, some o my colleagues
on rlese commirrees weie leaoeis in rlese elos ano we always
souglr ano ieceiveo opinions ano aovice iom ielevanr pio-
essional looies ano iom inoivioual expeirs. A giear weiglr
o scienric evioence was rlus accumulareo ano rle acr rlar
! know iom rle insioe low scienrisrs reno ro rlink was lelp-
ul ro me in evaluaring ir, even i rle reclnical oerails weie,
inevirally, oren leyono me. \e neeoeo all rle unoeisrano-
ing we coulo acquiie o rle scienric conceprs ano reclniques
involveo, ano o rle piacrical possililiries ano rleii likely con-
sequences, in oioei ro lelp us in oui oelileiarions. Knowl-
eoge is a mucl lerrei lasis oi iecommenoarions rlan igno-
iance. Yer puiely scienric inoimarion coulo nor serrle rle
erlical issues. A oieienr kino o insiglr ano unoeisranoing
was rlen iequiieo. !n rle seaicl oi wisoom in rlis aiea, ! ano
my orlei non-reclnical colleagues on rle commirree coulo
conriilure on ar leasr equal reims wirl rle scienrically ex-
peir memleis. ! say ar leasr, lecause rle acr rlar we weie nor
cauglr up in rle immeoiare exciremenr o reclnical oiscoveiy
may lave given us a oegiee o lelpul oeraclmenr, enalling us
ro iecognise rlar nor eveiyrling rlar can le oone necessaiily
sloulo le oone, lowevei scienrically iemaikalle ir miglr le.
!n rlese erlical oiscussions we weie no longei a commirree
15
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o rwo kinos, expeirs ano non-expeirs, lur a commirree o a
single kino, a commirree o peisons, o moial leings in seaicl
o wise conclusions.
Tle univeise, composeo as ir is o quaiks ano gluons ano
elecrions, is also rle caiiiei o leaury ano rle aiena o moial
oecision. \irl rle oawning o sel-consciousness, nor only
oio rleie come inro leing rlinking ieeos lur rleie also came
ro le wlar we miglr call joyul ieeos, wlicl peiceiveo ano
iesponoeo ro leaury, ano moial ieeos, wlicl acknowleogeo
ano oleyeo erlical impeiarives. or only oo ! oeeno rle sig-
nicance o rlese oieienr layeis o oui peisonal expeiience,
lur ! also oeeno rleii auronomy. ! oeny rlar one is lasic ano
rle iesr aie oeiivalle iomir. !r is rle moial impeiarive rlar las
leen suljecr ro rle mosr oereimineo ieoucrionisr onslauglr in
rlis iespecr.
Anrliopologisrs oiawoui arrenrion ro rle many culruial
vaiiarions o erlical iules. couise, we sloulo acknowleoge
rlis ano rake accounr o ir. !owevei, ! cannor lelieve rlar
a moially iepellanr acr, sucl as rle erlnic cleansing o oe-
spiseo minoiiries rliougl acrs o genocioe, is piopeily vieweo
as leing jusr one convenrional cloice oi rle way in wlicl a
sociery miglr oecioe ro lanole irs piollems. Sucl evil oeeos
aie nor culruial cusroms lur rley aie alsolurely wiong. Socio-
liologisrs o a aiily exrieme kino may assuie us rlar wlar
seem ro le oui moial inruirions aie, in acr, generically im-
piinreo suivival sriaregies. Bur evolurionaiy liologisrs aie
peisons, roo, ano sucl a moially ieoucrionisr srance is almosr
impossille ro mainrain oursioe rle sruoy oi rle laloiaroiy.
!n a way, Riclaio awkins is iank alour rlis. !e concluoes
Thc Sc/sh Ccnc ly saying, \e aie luilr as gene maclines ano
culruieo as meme maclines, lur we lave rle powei ro ruin
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THLOLOCY ^ THL U^ LRS TY
againsr oui ciearois. \e, alone on eairl, can ielel againsr rle
ryiannyo rle selslieplicarois.
3
!r seems a piry rlar awkins
oio nor go on ro ask nor only wleie ooes rlis powei come iom
lur also wlar is rle souice o oui uige ro exeicise ir- ! le
lao oone so, le miglr well lave concluoeo rlar peison was
a lerrei oesciiprion oi a luman leing rlan eirlei gene ma-
cline oi meme macline.
! lelieve rlar rleie is a uirlei level o expeiience in-
volveo in peisonlooo, wioely arresreo ro ano o giear signi-
cance. !r is connecreo wirl a iecognirion o luman niruoe
ano also wirl rle inruirion o an innire Realiry leyono rle
communiry o lumankino. earl is peilaps one o rle mosr
oiiecr ways in wlicl ro lioacl rle issue. !n one sense, rleie
coulo le no moie olvious illusriarion o limirarion ano rian-
sience rlan rle rlouglr rlar oearl comes ro all. Coloen laos
ano lasses musr, as climney sweepeis, come ro ousr. Moiraliry
is univeisal, oi oearl aecrs nor only luman leings ano ani-
mals lur also, on immensely longei rimescales, rleie will le
rle oemise o rle Sun ano evenrually rlar o rle univeise irsel.
Againsr rlese somlie acrs, lowevei, rleie is anorlei acr ro le
ser. rlar oeep in rle luman leair rleie is an inruirion o lope,
a lelie rlar rle woio o oearl, rlougl ceirainly spoken, is nor
rle lasr woio. Tle luiial cusroms o oui eanoeirlal ances-
rois suggesr rlar rley expecreo some kino o oesriny leyono
oearl. Tlar lope las conrinueo wioespieao among luman-
kino, rlougl airiculareo in a giear vaiiery o oieienr ways.
Some will see rlis as jusr a comoiring illusion, a sriaregy oi-
veiring arrenrion iom rle srein acr o inoivioual annilila-
rion, lur ! oo nor accepr rlis quick oismissal. !oi one rling,
. R. awkins, Thc Sc/sh Ccnc (xoio !niveisiry Piess, :6), ::.
17
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norions o posrmoirem juogemenr oo nor alrogerlei look like
oieams o wisl ullmenr. ! inoeeo rleie is a giouno oi sucl
lope, ir can lie only oursioe rle oomain o iealiry oiiecrly ap-
pielenoeo ly us in rlis woilo o riansience. ! rleie is a oes-
riny oi rle nire leyono rleii niruoe, ir musr suiely lie in
an innire ano conrinuing iealiry. To appiopiiare a pliase o
Tlomas Aquinas, rlar woulo le a iealiry rlar all call Coo.
Many rlings coulo le saio alour rlis essenrially ieligious
level o expeiience. couise, ! woulo wanr ro say rlem iom
a Cliisrian peispecrive, inoimeo ly rle insiglrs o sciipruie
ano o rle Cluicl. Tle lope o a oesriny leyono oearl woulo
rlen le aooiesseo in reims o rle ievealeo airlulness o rle
Coo o sreaoasr love ano in rle liglr o rle iesuiiecrion o
]esus Cliisr. ! oiscusseo sucl issues in my Cioio !ecruies
4
ano ir is nor my puipose ro iepear rlar mareiial leie. n rlis
occasion ! am nor arrempring eirlei ro aojuoicare oi ro pei-
suaoe in ielarion ro specic rleological unoeisranoings. !n-
sreao, ! simply aigue rlar an aoequare accounr o peisonal ex-
peiience, eirlei in iespecr o inoiviouals oi in iespecr o rle
lisroiy o rle woilo, cannor neglecr rle level o encounrei
wirl iealiry rlar lioaoly can le lalelleo ieligious. A some-
wlar iegional way o iecognising rlis woulo le ro nore low
mucl o rle lisroiy o \esrein civilisarion is uninrelligille
wirlour an unoeisranoing o rle ]uoaeo-Cliisrian riaoirion,
wlicl peimeares irs air ano culruie ano inoims ano slapes
irs ioeas. A numlei o lisroiians
5
lave claimeo rlar even rle
q. ]. C. Polkingloine, pullisleo as S.icn.c en Christien Bc/icj ano Thc Feith
ej e Physi.ist (!onoon. SPCK, Piinceron. Piinceron !niveisiry Piess, :q).
. !oi example, S. ]aki, Thc Ree ej S.icn.c en thc eys te Ce (Scorrisl Aca-
oemic Piess, :8), C. A. Russell, Cress-Currcnts (!VP, :86).
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THLOLOCY ^ THL U^ LRS TY
iise o mooein science in sevenreenrl-cenruiy !uiope neeos
as pair o irs unoeisranoing a iecognirion o rle inuence o a
rleological oocriine o ciearionrlar aimeo rlewoirlo rlar
ciearion ano emplasiseo rle ieely closen claiacrei o rle
iarionaliry wirl wlicl rle Ciearoi lao enooweo ir. Tlis im-
plieo rlar rleie was inoeeo an oioei ro le ouno in rle plysical
woilo, lur one rlar coulo le oiscoveieo only ly looking ano
seeing wlar Coo lao acrually closen ro oo. Tle Cieek ieli-
ance on rle powei o ieason was insucienr, ir neeoeo ro le
supplemenreo ly rle insiglrs yieloeo ly expeiimenral olsei-
varion.
ne o rle ioles o rleology in any age is rle inrellecrual
sruoy o rle ieligious oimension o peisonal expeiience. As
wirlall acaoemic oisciplines, rlar sruoy musr le openano lon-
esr, piepaieo ro conoim ro rle oiscoveieo naruie o iealiry
ano nor slackleo ly piioi piesciiprion o wlar aie rle accepr-
alle ourcomes o rle enquiiy. Tlus arleismis a possille rleo-
logical oprion, piovioeo ir aiises iom consioeiarion o rle
evioence ano nor ioma pieemprive naiiowness o piioi view.
Tleie is a vasrano one musr coness, peiplexingly vaiieo
looy o luman resrimony oown rle ages rlar piovioes rle iaw
mareiial oi rlis rleological quesr oi unoeisranoing. ! rle
ieligious aspecr o peisonlooo las rle rle signicance rlar !
lelieve is iiglrly arriilureo ro ir, rlen rleological sruoy is an
inoispensalle componenr o rle seaicl oi unoeisranoing, in a
scienric age as mucl as in any orlei. ! say again, a rleological
aculry is a necessaiy pair o a univeisiry.
To speak o rleology in rlis way is ro speak o ir as a isr-
oioei oiscipline o enquiiy, raking irs place alongsioe sciences
invesrigarion o rle plysical woilo oi moial plilosoplys in-
19
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vesrigarions o rle naruie o erlical oecision. !owevei, rleie
is a uirlei impoiranr iole oi rleology ro play, as a secono-
oioei ieecrion upon rle wlole o luman knowleoge. To seek
ro speak o Coo is ro seek ro speak o rle ne wlo is rle
giouno o all rlar is. Sucl oiscouise, wlicl we miglr call rleo-
logical meraplysics, musr rake accounr o rle isr-oioei in-
siglrs o science, aesrlerics, moialiry ano also, o couise, o
rleology irsel in irs isr-oioei mooe o pairiculai invesriga-
rion inro rle unoeisranoing ano signicance o ieligious ex-
peiience. Tleological meraplysics musr iespecr rle inregiiry
o rlese piimaiy oisciplines. !r is nor irs iole ro insriucr rlem
oi ro coiiecr rleii conclusions, lur ro lisren ro wlar rley lave
ro say alour rleii inoivioual elos o sruoy. Tle aim o rleo-
logical meraplysics is rle inregiarion o rlese pairial peispec-
rives, aoioeo ly rle isr-oioei oisciplines, inro a single con-
sisrenr ano coleienr accounr o iealiry. Tleiely ir seeks ro
piovioe a moie pioouno ano compielensive unoeisranoing
rlan coulo le acquiieo rliougl any single piimaiy mooe on
irs own.
Any scleme o rlis all-emliacing kino las ro le laseo
on irs closen ano oening explanaroiy piinciple, rle jusri-
carion oi wlicl musr lie in rle inrelligililiry o rle iesulr-
ing accounr o iealiry. orling comes o norling, ano no
meraplysics can uncrion wirlour irs assumeo, ano rlus un-
explaineo, giouno o explanarion. Thce/egi.e/ meraplysics is
laseo on rle lelie rlar rle will o a sel-sulsisrenr oivine
Agenr is rle riue explanaroiy piinciple. ! peisonlooo ano irs
qualiries lave rle signicance rlar las leen suggesreo in rle
couise o rlis claprei, a rianspeisonal Coo is suiely rle moie
rring lasis oi rle seaicl oi univeisal unoeisranoing rlan
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rle impeisonal powei o marrei rlar avio !ume ano orlei
pioponenrs o plysical ieoucrionism iecommeno ro us.
Tleological meraplysics naruially accommooares rle
mulri-layeieo claiacrei o iealiry rlar we lave leen consioei-
ing. Science las many rlings ro rell us. !r invesrigares a plysical
woilo wlose wonoeiul oioei is rianspaienr ro oui invesriga-
rion ano wlose iuirul piocesses aie incieasingly unoeisrooo
in reims o an inreirwining o oioei ano openness. Tlar woilo
is no piece o cosmic clockwoik, oi rle rwenrierl cenruiy las
seen rle oearl o a meiely meclanical view o rle univeise.
Borl quanrumrleoiy ano claos rleoiy poiriay a moie sulrle,
ano ! lelieve moie supple, sriucruie rlan rlar. !n unoamenral
plysics ir is an acrual reclnique ro seek rleoiies wlose expies-
sion is in reims o equarions enooweo wirl rle unmisrakalle
claiacrei o marlemarical leaury. Tlis is no meie exeicise
o aesrleric pieeience, lecause rle expeiience o rliee cen-
ruiies o ooing rleoierical plysics inoicares rlar ir is piecisely
sucl economic ano eleganr rleoiies rlar also exlilir a long-
reimiuirulness rlar is convincing suppoir oi rle lelie rlar
rley aie veiisimiliruoinous appioximarions ro plysical iealiry.
Tle moie we unoeisrano rle lisroiy o rle evolurion o lie,
incluoing rle ren-lillion-yeai pielisroiy in wlicl rle nec-
essaiy clemical elemenrs weie leing oimeo in rle inreiioi
nucleai uinaces o isr geneiarion srais, rle moie we see rlar
rle porenrialiry oi rlis lappening lao ro le piesenr iom rle
srair, luilr inro rle laws o naruie wlicl musr rake a veiy pie-
cise, nely runeo oimi rley aie ro susrain rle oelicare clain
o piocess rlar links an expanoing lall o eneigy (rle univeise
posr lig lang) ro rle inlalireo !airl o rooay. (! am ieei-
iing, o couise, ro rle iemaikalle ano unexpecreo collecrion
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o scienric insiglrs rlar go unoei rle name o rle Anrliopic
Piinciple.
6
) Tlese aie rle kinos o rlings rlar lave lecome
known rliougl scienric oiscoveiy.
ne miglr sum ir up ly saying rlar we live in a univeise
wlose iarional leaury makes ir seema woilo slor rliougl wirl
signs o mino ano rlar iom rle leginning was piegnanr wirl
rle possililiry o cailon-laseo lie. Tlar is wlar science says
lur, o irsel, ir can say no moie. Yer, i we aie people en-
ooweo wirl a rliisr oi rle kino o inrellecrual sarisacrion rlar
comes iom gaining unoeisranoing rliougl ano rliougl, ir
ooes nor seem sucienr jusr ro riear rlese iemaikalle piop-
eiries as lappy accioenrs. Tley suiely signal rle neeo oi a
oeepei oim o inrelligililiry, going leyono rle scienric.
Tleological meraplysics can oei us rlar moie pioouno
unoeisranoing. Tle wonoeiul oioei o rle woilo is peiceiveo
ly ir as leing a ieecrion o rle Mino o rle Ciearoi, ano rle
univeises nely runeo aprness ro rle evolurion o lie is pei-
ceiveo as an expiession o rle Ciearois iuirul inrenr. !n irs
ruin, rleological meraplysics can ieceive iomscience impoi-
ranr lelp wirl one o irs mosr oiculr peiplexiries. rle exis-
rence o sueiing, sowioespieao in a ciearion claimeo ly isr-
oioei rleology ro le gooo. Science is incieasingly awaie o rle
inreiconnecreoness o rle piocesses o rle plysical woilo. !
some cells aie ro murare ano pioouce new oims o lie, rlen
orlei cells will possilly murare also, lur wirl malignancy rle
ineviralle consequence in rleii case. Tle piesence o cancei
in ciearion is nor oue ro rle Ciearois callousness oi incom-
perence, ir is rle necessaiy cosr o rle evolving complexiry
6. ]. . Baiiow ano !. ]. Tiplei, Thc Hnthrepi. Cesme/egi.e/ Prin.ip/c (xoio
!niveisiry Piess, :86), ]. !eslie Unitcrscs (Rourleoge, :8).
22
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THLOLOCY ^ THL U^ LRS TY
o lie. Tle wlole evolurionaiy piocess irsel can le unoei-
srooo rleologically as rle Ciearois gir ro ciearion o a oue
inoepenoence, so rlar ir is alloweo ro exploie ano iealise in irs
own way rle eiriliry wirl wlicl ir las leen enooweo. Tlis
ioearlar an evolurionaiy univeise is a ciearion alloweo ro
make irselwas pair o rle immeoiare Cliisrian ieacrion
ro rle pullicarion o Thc Origin ej Spc.ics, leing expiesseo ly
sucl cleigymen as Clailes Kingsley ano !ieoeiick Temple.
Tle norion rlar rle Cluicl was unanimous in an olscuianrisr
iejecrion o aiwin in :8 is as ignoianr ano incoiiecr as is
also rle lelie rlar rle scienric communiry was unanimous in
welcoming lim. Tle llack-ano-wlire accounrs o rlose inrel-
lecrually rempesruous rimes, so assiouously piopagareo in rle
meoia ano in ceirain kinos o populai scienric wiiring, aie
jusr nor riue.
! lave aigueo rlar luman appieciarions o leaury con-
srirure anorlei level in oui encounrei wirl iealiry, as oo oui
moial convicrions ano oui ieligious expeiiences, incluoing
rlose inruirions o lope rlar aiise oespire rle appaienr acr
o niruoe ano riansience. !n my opinion, no meraplysical
scleme rlar oismisses rlese aspecrs o peisonlooo as incioen-
ral epiplenomena woulo le ooing jusrice ro rle iiclness o
iealiry. !qually, no meraplysical scleme woulo le aoequare
rlar oio nor seek ro piovioe an inregiareo unoeisranoing o
rlis mulri-levelleo encounrei wirl rle way rlings aie. !ow
ooes ir come alour rlar rle same sequence o evenrs can le
a ser o plysical lappenings, yer also rle caiiieis o leaury,
momenrs o moial clallenge ano oecision, oppoiruniries oi
awaieness o rle piesence o Coo- !oi many woislippeis, a
cluicl seivice will lave all rlese claiacreiisrics ano ir coulo
nor piopeily le oesciileo wirlour raking rlem all inro ac-
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counr. A rleisric poinr o viewmakes rlis pleniruoe o expeii-
ence inrelligille. ]usr as sciences insiglrs o oioei ano poren-
rialiry can le unoeisrooo in rle liglr o rle oivine Mino ano
Puipose, so oui expeiiences o leaury can le unoeisrooo as a
slaiing in rle Ciearois joy in ciearion, oui moial inruirions
as inrimarions o Coos gooo ano peiecr will, oui woislipul
expeiiences as oisceinmenrs o rle oivine piesence, ano oui
lopeul aspiiarions as giounoeo in Coos unclanging oeliry.
My aigumenr las leen laseo on rwo assumprions, lorl
o wlicl aie congenial ro a scienrisr, so rlar rley ouglr ro no
ieaoy acceprance in a scienric age. ne is rlar in oiming oui
accounr o iealiry we sloulo le open ro all aspecrs o oui en-
counrei wirl ir. Tioy sclemes, pioouceo ly selecrive oveisim-
plicarion ano iesulring in a neglecr o pair o rle oara, aie
nor o any value. \irlin science irsel, rlis piinciple meanr
rlar in rle eaily yeais o rle rwenrierl cenruiy rle plysicisrs
lao ro acknowleoge rlar rley lao oerecreo lorl wavelike ano
pairiclelike piopeiries in rle lelavioui o liglr, lowevei oi-
culr ir was ro compieleno low rlese appaienrly conicring
claiacreiisrics coulo le ieconcileo wirl eacl orlei. !r was an
inrellecrually uncomoiralle siruarion ro le in, lur ulrimarely
rle policy o expeiienrial lonesry leo ro rle mosr pioouno
ano exciring oiscoveiy alour rle piopeiries o marrei maoe
since rle oays o ewron. !n rle wioei oomain o meraplysi-
cal enquiiy, rle same piinciple iequiies us ro rake seiiously all
aspecrs o oui expeiience ano ro ieiain iom ieacling easy
lur woirlless conclusions ly exalring rle oljecrive ovei rle
suljecrive, rle iepearalle ovei rle unique, rle impeisonal ovei
rle peisonal.
Tle secono piesumprion is rlar we live in a cosmos, nor
a claos, so rlar rle woilo makes roral sense. !n orlei woios,
24
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rleie is inoeeo a Tleoiy o !veiyrling, lur a rleoiy rlar is
mucl gianoei ano moie compielensive ano inrellecrually sar-
isying rlan any Ciano !nieo Tleoiy o pairicle plysics
coulo evei le. ! lave leen suggesring rlar rle name o rlar
Tleoiy is Tleology, rlar rle woilo makes roral sense lecause
ir is a ciearion, rle unieo expiession o rle Mino ano \ill o
irs Ciearoi. !n sloir, ! lelieve rlar rle seaicl oi unoeisrano-
ing rliougl ano rliougl, i puisueo wirl roral openness ano
lonesry, will in rle eno le ouno ro le rle seaicl oi Coo.
Tlar roral inrelligililiry, as ai as we aie alle ro glimpse ir,
musr yielo nor jusr a conrempoiaiy inrelligililiry, lur ir musr
emliace rle wlole sweep o cosmic lisroiy, lorl pasr ano yer
ro come. Tle univeise, as cosmologisrs know ir rooay ano ex-
riapolare ir inro rle uruie, will eno in cosmic oearl, eirlei
rliougl collapse oi rliougl oecay. Tlar iecognirion seemeo
ro rle oisringuisleo rleoierical plysicisr Sreven \einleig ro
conim lim in lis arleism. Ar rle eno o lis look Thc First
Thrcc Minutcs, le wiore, Tle moie rle univeise seems com-
pielensille, rle moie ir also seems poinrless.
7
\einleig is
moveo ly sciences oisceinmenr o rle iarional leaury o rle
univeise lur le sees uriliry wiirren all ovei irs moiral aliic.
Tleie aie rwo ways in wlicl ro seek ro iesolve rlis ren-
sion lerween sciences accounr o a piesenr univeise o won-
oeiul oioei ano cosmologys well-ounoeo piognosricarions
o an enoing in evenrual claos. ne is rle srance o leioic
arleism in wlicl lumaniry oees rle meaninglessness wirl
wlicl ir is suiiounoeo. \einleig goes on ro expiess rlis arri-
ruoe wlen le says, Tle eoir ro unoeisrano rle univeise is
one o rle veiy ewrlings rlar lirs luman lie a lirrle alove rle
. S. \einleig, Thc First Thrcc Minutcs (A eurscl, :), :q.
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level o aice ano gives ir some o rle giace o riageoy.
8
Tleie
is a sroic noliliry in rlis srance wlicl ! iespecr, lur ! lelieve
rlar ir is misraken. !nsreao, ! cloose rle rleisric iesolurion o
rle oilemma poseo ly cosmic uriliry, lelieving rlar, rlougl
rle univeise will oie on a rimescale o rens o lillions o yeais,
jusr as you ano ! will oie on a rimescale o rens o yeais, yer we
ano ir lave a riue lope o a oesriny leyono oui oearls, assuieo
ro us ly rle airlulness o rle Ciearoi. Tleisric meraplysics
oeis anunoeisranoing rlar emliaces rle acr o moiraliry lur
sers ir wirlin rle conrexr o a oivinely giounoeo expecrarion
o ullmenr neveirleless. !n Cliisrian reims, rlis lope srems
iom rle iesuiiecrion o Cliisr seen, as Paul unoeisrooo ir, as
leing rle seeo o a new ciearion wlicl is rle ieoemprion o
rle olo ciearions moiraliry.
! sraireo rlis claprei wirl rwo asseirions unoamenral
ro rle lie o a univeisirynamely, rle value o knowleoge
oi knowleoges sake ano a lelie in rle ulrimare uniry o all
knowleoge. ]usr as rle univeisiry sysrem o \esrein !uiope
lisroiically oiiginareo in rle serring o rle Cluicls encoui-
agemenr o leaining, so rlese rwo ounoarions o oui conrem-
poiaiy lie o leaining aie unoeigiioeo ly rle insiglrs o rleo-
logical meraplysics. Knowleoge is o value lecause ir is rle
exploiarion o a cieareo iealiry, irsel given value ly rle love
o irs Ciearoi. Knowleoge is one lecause Coo is one, so rlar
oui encounrei is wirl a cieareo uniry. Tle seaicl oi unoei-
sranoing is unoamenral ro oui leing luman, an expiession,
wlerlei acknowleogeo as sucl oi nor, o a pioouno olliga-
rion ro seek oi ano ro lonoui rle Ciearoi.
8. !lio.
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