Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Updating the Geometry of a 2 Bar Truss

CHAPTER 3

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Updating the Geometry of a 2 Bar Truss

Lets examine the two bar truss below, and update the deformation as the truss deforms because of the load applied.

2a

a d L f P f

L U = ------- f 2 AE

PL d = U = ------- g ( ) AE P

The purpose of this chapter is to focus on the nonlinearities associated with the geometry of large displacements that can arise because the original and deformed geometry is no longer assumed to be the same.

2 d [1 + (1 + ) ] = -- ; g ( ) = --------------------------------2 a 2(1 + )

We see that the displacement under the load P depends upon the current configuration. Iterating for the final displacement, d, for various applied loads shows the affect of updating the geometry. Note that accounting for large displacement shows a stiffer structure.

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Linear Strain-displacement relation

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Nonlinear Strain-displacement Relation

Linear Strain-displacement relation

v1 L u1 2

v2 u2

Nonlinear Strain-displacement Relation

2D truss element (Green-Lagrange strain definition):

1 u1 u2 v u 1 = ----- = 1 0 -- 0 1 = -------x L L u2 L v2
Small rigid body rotation:

u 1 u 2 1 v 2 - = ----- + -- ----- + -- ---- x 2 x 2 x

with:

u v2 v u 2 ----- = ---- and ---- = ---L x L x

Arbitrary rigid body rotation:

u2 0 , v2 L
hence:
0

1 2 1 2 = cos 1 + -- ( cos 1 ) + -- ( sin ) = 0 2 2

Geometrically nonlinear strain-displacement relation 3D continuum:

Arbitrary rigid body rotation:

u2 = L ( cos 1 ) , v2 = L sin
hence:
= cos 1 0

2 1 w 2 u 1 u 2 1 - v xx = ----- + -- ----- + -- ---- + -- ------ 2 x 2 x x 2 x

..........

u v u u v v w w - xy = ----- + ---- + ----- ----- + ---- ---- + ------ -----y x x y x y x y

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Nonlinear Strain-displacement Relation

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Follower Forces

Green-Lagrange Strain Definition is Activated using the LARGE DISP Parameter Option The stress tensor corresponding to the Green-Lagrange strain tensor is the Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor:

Follower Forces

Parameter option Engineering large disp Green-Lagrange 2nd PiolaKirchhoff Engineering

Strain tensor Stress tensor

Distributed loads are taken into account by means of equivalent nodal loads; changes in direction and area can be taken into account using the parameter option FOLLOW FOR

Total Lagrange versus Updated Lagrange Geometrically linear and nonlinear response 2D truss assembly:

F F v

geometrically linear geometrically nonlinear v

0 Total 1 Lagrange

0 Updated 1 Lagrange

Updated Lagrange is especially useful for beam and shell structures with large rotations and for large strain plasticity problems. Updated Lagrange is activated using the UPDATE parameter option

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Load Incrementation

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Load Incrementation

Load Incrementation

Constant Load Increments

F constant or variable load increments F snap-through u

i F F = ---------

N inc

with:
i

F : incremental load during increment i

F : total load to be applied

N inc : total number of increments u snap-back variable load increments

Variable load increments (equilibrium):

F = F with:
i i1

: factor depending on equilibrium during increment

i1 ;i2 ,>0

Initial load increment must be defined by user

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Load Incrementation

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Bucking Analyses

Variable Load Increments (Arc Length Method):

F = F with: : factor following from requirement that the length of the incremental displacement vector (arc length) remains constant during one step; may be positive or negative Initial load increment must be defined by user The arc length may be changed based on number of iterations (increase if necessary number is smaller than desired number, decrease if necessary number is larger than desired number) Be careful with initially nearly linear response (limit maximum arc length multiplier):
i

Bucking Analyses

Linear pre-buckling state:

F F cr F1

e.g. buckling of Euler column

The buckling load F

cr

is given by:

Fcr = 1 F1

where 1 is the smallest value following from the

eigenvalue problem:

det ( K L + K ) = 0
with

K based on the stresses corresponding to F 1

u

Perform buckling analysis immediately after increment 0

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Bucking Analyses

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis

Bucking Analyses

Nonlinear Pre-buckling State:

cr F1 cr F2

F F cr F2 F1 u
The buckling loads are given by:
cr F1 = 1 F1 cr F2 = F1 + 2 ( F2 F 1 ) , etc.

where 2 is the smallest value following from an eigenvalue problem similar to the linear buckling analysis, but with the complete tangent matrix taken into account

K L + K NL + K

Perform buckling analysis after increment 1, etc. Usually, a complete incremental analysis is preferable
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