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T.Kartheeswaran Vavuniya Campus

Outline
What is GSM GSM History GSM System Architecture GSM Call Operations Features of GSM What is Handoff Hand of Features GSM Handoff Handoff Architecture Type of Handoff Performance of Handoff
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Ready !!! To Handover

What is GSM?
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation

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GSM History
1982 Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) GSM (Group Special Mobile) group was formed to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system GSM Criteria
Good subjective speech quality, Low terminal and service cost Support for international roaming ,one system for all of Europe Ability to support handheld terminals, Support for range of new services and facilities, Enhanced Features, ISDN compatibility Enhance privacy, Security against fraud

GSM History Cont...

1980-GSM transferred to European Telecom 1991-Comerciallized 1992-First Customer 1993-36 GSM networks -22 Countries 1994-1.3 Million Subscribers 1996-25 Million Subscribers 1997-55 Million Subscribers
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System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Base Station Subsystem (BBS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC)

Network Subsystem
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AUC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

System Architecture Cont...

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GSM Operations
Speech Speech

Speech coding 13 Kbps Channel Coding 22.8 Kbps Interleaving 22.8 Kbps Burst Formatting 33.6 Kbps Ciphering 33.6 Kbps Modulation 270.83 Kbps Radio Interface

Speech decoding

Channel decoding

De-interleaving

Burst Formatting

De-ciphering

Demodulation
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Basic Features of GSM

Call Waiting Call Hold Call Barring Call Forwarding Multi Party Call Conferencing

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Advanced Features Of GSM

Calling Line ID Alternate Line Service Closed User Group Advice of Charge Fax & Data Roaming

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What is Hand off

What happens when mobile move to one area to another??? In a cellular telephone network, handoff is the transition for any given user of signal transmission from one base station to a geographically adjacent base station as the user moves around

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Hand Off
BSC

BS1

BS2

BS3

2. Moving to of BS1s still conversation 1. Connectout BS1 and startwithin connect to BS2 4. 3. Conversation ended coverage BS3s coverage BS2s BS3
Tor K Moseng, Handoff in Wireless Internet Access

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Hand Off

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BTS Signal Distribution

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Hand Off Must be!!!!

Perform Quickly Perform infrequently Imperceptible for users Perform Successfully

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Hand Off Features

Maximize
Performance Reliability

Maintain
Seamless Load Balancing

Minimize
Interference No of Handoff
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When hand off occur??

Initiated when received signal level drops below a certain threshold value. Not as simple as it seems Actually consider a time average of the received signal instead of the instantaneous level.

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When hand off occur??

Define
PMIN_USABLE as the minimum usable signal level PHANDOFF as the threshold received signal level at which a handoff will be initiated = PHANDOFF PMIN_USABLE

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Handoff - Successful

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Handoff - Unsuccessful

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Why Handoff Fails?

Too small (i.e. PHANDOFF too low) High mobile speeds Excessive delay at MSC
High traffic level Unavailability of channels

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When hand off occur??...

Must optimize . Too large => too many handoffs Too small => too many lost calls Value of depends on Environment Expected mobile speeds Time required to perform a handoff
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GSM Hand off

Within the GSM system there are four types of handover that can be performed for GSM only systems: Intra-BTS handover
Changing frequency /slot due to the traffic same BS

Inter-BTS Intra BSC handover

Different BTS same BSE switch frequency and slot before release old

Inter-BSC handover
From one BSC to Another BSC controlled by MSC

Inter-MSC handover
between networks. Two MSCs control.

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GSM Hand off

Three types of handover Intra-BSC handover Inter-BSC handover Inter-MSC handover

BSC

MSC

MSC BSC

BSC

Tor K Moseng, Handoff in Wireless Internet Access

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Handoff

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Type of Hand Off

Soft Hand off
Hand off where a new connection is established before the old one is released

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Type of Hand Off

Hard Hand off
Hard handoff is one where an existing connection must be broken before the new one is established

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Type of Hand Off

Softer Hand off
It may also occur when a signal is replaced by a stronger signal from a different sector under the same base station

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Type of Hand Off

Vertical Handoff Horizontal Handoff

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Vertical Hand Off

This handoff process of a mobile terminal takes place among access points supporting different network technologies. For example, the changeover of signal transmission from an IEEE 802.16 WiMax base station to a cellular GPRS network is considered as a vertical handoff process

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Vertical Hand Off

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Horizontal Hand Off

In this handoff process, the handoff of a mobile terminal takes place between base stations supporting the same network technology. For example, the changeover of signal transmission due to the mobility of the mobile terminal from an IEEE 802.11bbase station to a neighbouring IEEE 802.11b base station is considered as a horizontal handoff process
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Horizontal Hand Off

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Performance
Priority Schemes for Handoffs
Goal is to minimize rate of handoff failure

Guard Channel Concept

reserve set of channels for handoffs only

Queuing of Handoffs
queue Serves handoffs on a FCFS basis

Giving handoffs priority over call requests

reduces rate of handoff failure desirable from users point of view
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Sri Lankan GSM Network

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Shall We Discuss????

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References(web)
3GPP, [Online]: www.3gpp.org Jacques De Kegel, IBM & Wireless 2004, Presentation WIreless e-business EBO, [Online]: http://www.ti.kviv.be/Ittelecom/EBO_overview.pdf Charles Perkins, Presentation at an IEEE 802 Handoff Tutorial, November 2002, [Online]: http://ieee802.org/16/tutorial/T80216-02_04.zip Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, [Online]: http://en.wikipedia.org GSM Handoff http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/gsm_technical/han dover-handoff.php Handoff http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/belide1343819-my-tech-semivar/ 39

Thank You

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