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tl,lDEX
The following pages contain information about the folLowing hydraulic valves found in Caterpillar hydraulic systems:
PAGE
S{IBJECT
PACE
SUBJECT
5 7 9 13 15 19 ZL 23 25 27 29 33
Spool Valve
35 37 39
Orifice
Check Valve
Sinple l{echanical Protective Device tlechanical Protective Device with Spool Valve
Valve 43 47 51 55 57 59 5L 63 65
Make-Up
Combiaation VaLve
Diffetential-
PrioritY
Valve
l{odifLed Pilot-Operated
Relief Valve
Modulatlng Relief
Valve
in Valve Station)
**
* * * * * * *
INTROBUCTION
The
illustrations in this book will help you to recognize the type of valve, its purpose, how it operates, and where it is used. It is
suggested that you use a set of colored pencils to show oil flow through the valve diagrams.
Befqre cwrmencing the review of hydraulic valves, consider the following points, vhich will allow you to solve most problems:
t.
SPRINGS:
- Their
purpose
in hydraulic ci-rcuits.
A. B. 2.
Before pump commences oil flow, the springs will be fully expanded to the lfulit of the housing or compartment r*rere they are located.
They can be ccmpressed or expanded by oil pressure, but will return to t.heir original length r^rhen the system is depressurized.
VALVES:
3. 4.
PRESSURE: Comes
HYDRAT'LIC CIRCUITS:
Read them
f ]-ow.
5.
TROI'BLESHOOTING:
A. B.
Get a clear pieture of the problem; write down factors concerned if it helps.
Try to understand what must be done. A few minutes of thought can save hours of labor.
C- Like any journey, start at the beginning and follor* through to the source of the problem.
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SPOOL VALVE
I. 2.
PURPOSE:
ll-ftoo
B. C.
TY PES:
Reverse)
3.
CONSTRUCTION:
A. B. C.
(i.e.,
l, 2 ot
3)
Throttling slots machined in lands to allow Partial flow, (i.e., close blade control)
Ilachine grooves around the valve land to assist in lubricating, sealing and centering the spool in the bore
:
4.
\",IIIERE USED
TR(IUBLESHOOTING
I{ALFUNCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE
CORRECTION
in bore
A. Leakage between spool land and valve bodY B. Worn seals A. Foreign material B. Valve body improperly torqued at assembly C. ]lounting face not flat
jamming spool
Replacement
c omponent s
of
danaged
Replace Clean
NgTii: High pressure applj-cation spool is not available without a matched body.
Low pressure application spooJ- (such as power is many ti$es individually available.
Parts Books, in some instances, list .020tt oversize bore and spool. Re;rson -- to s;rl vilge body machj.ned oversize in utattufacture.
TANK
BODY
VALVE
OPEN
\,
+
CLOSED
S
EAT
<b
PUI,P
T6-T*TI
ffi,
PURPOSE:
maximum pressure
CONSTRUCIION:
OPEMTION:
initially held closed by spri.ng force. Pressure oil acts valve. Excessj.ve pressure (always sensed on upstream side of circuit) wlll overccne the spri-ng force and open the valve to allow the oil to be bypassed.
4.
WHERE USED:
B. '
C.
TftOUBLESHOOTING
}TALFUNCTION
POSSIELE CAUSE
CORRECTION
Pressure
A. Broken or weak spring B. Faulty seat C. Foreign matertal under valve seat D. Incorrect
shi.ms
jammed
Replaee
Adjust
Warped body;
High pressure
A. Poppet
jammed
in valve
ust
dirt
B. Incorrect
shims
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protect the hydraulie system from pressure created by excessive load or blocked line "alv%
two springs and unloading valve with orifice
CONS?RUCTTON:
Oil.nt"rs the relief valve housing and flows through the unloading valve orifice to contact the piJ-ot val-ve.
lihen oil pressure rises to the relief valve settj-ng, the pilot valve opers and dumps oi1 from the unloading valve spring charnber.
Since more oil can flow past the pilot valve than through the unloading valve orifice, the pressure lesseas in the unloading valve spring chamber. The unloading valve then moves up, allowi-ng full purnp flow to be dumped into the taak.
OPEMTION:
{QIE: Throttling holes in the base of, the unloading valve allow for
smooth dumping.
4.
WHERE USED:
A.
B. C, 5. A. B.
WIIY USED:
TTOUBLESHOOTING
I{AT,FUNCTTON
POSST}LE CAUSIi
CORRECTION
A
B
C
Iixcess number
pilot valve
Pump
Incorrect spring
of
shi:ns
on
Remove
and reset
pump
Replace
Pressure
settlng
10$
Insufficient
shims
flow excessive
number of
tlatch valve to
Add and reset
valve
D E
frsn
unl"oading
Unloading valve
chamber
correctly
Erratlc operation
material in oil
Replace
10
NOTES
11
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12
maxi-mum
pressure
B. 2, 3.
Protect. the lines, cyllnders and vaLve fron pressure created by an external force on the bucket
ffiGIE",
CONSTRUCTION:
OPERATION:
OiT tr.pped in the hydraulic lines by the main control. valve can be pressurized by an external force on the track loader bucket cr by blocked bucket linkage, and is isolated fron the main relief valve.
enter the valve and act on the piston. hthen sufficient force is available, the valve will move against the spring and dump some oil until overpressure is relieved.
The pressr"lre oil will
4.
WHERT] USED:
i6iii-!l3Er "f rlier tilt circuit of botir the wheel and track-type loa<lers. ln some cases, two pistons are used to sense pressures irr diffcrlnt circults" Thc valve is then called "dual sensing.r'
TR0U BLE$H00Tll-lS
I{ALFUNCTlON
POSSISLE CAUSE
CORRiic'TION
dauage due to
Rernove
and repair
exeessive pressure
Relief valve
inoperative
A
t)
Piston seized in
horrs
lle;r
lace
ing
Buckr:t drift
Hydraulie lock in spring charnber Ilurnp valve scized l,eakage of O-rlrrg seals, 0r pa$t, valve
geat llei ief valve opcning bclor,'r pr(}s$ur(} sctting of nrain reli-ef valve
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I. 2. 3.
ffi-ffially
CONSTRUCTION:
PURPOSE:
restrict
purnp
system pressure
Valve with an orifice and chanber open to pump pressure flow and spring. Some have a piston (slug) in orifice chamber.
OPEMTION:
purnp
As the system fllls, pressure rises through the orifice into the ehamber and moves the valve against the spring until tEe outlet is
0i1 ean then flow past the valve to limit pressure rise.
A pistou
(or slug) used in the orifice chamber will allow a light spring to control the actlon of the valve because the pressure oil will be acting on a reduced area.
closing rate.
to
dampen
4,
\JHER.E USED:
Transmission hydraulic controls for some traek-type type loaders, small and large wheel loaders
tractor$, track-
TROUBLE$HOOTING
I,lALFUNCTION
POSSIiLE
CAUS}J
CORRHCTION
Low pressure
Insufflclent number of
shims
and
Incorrect or broken
tligtr pressure
slug blocked
Reruove
olrstruction
A
B
L
D
orifice Valve scizcd in bore Slug ( if used) seized in valve Incsrrect sprlng
in ;rntl
f 1 trsh
Erratic cond{tion
RelieI valve larrd worn frtm iiue abraslves in oil Interrnittent st ic.l<irrg
sys t cm
Deterrnine source of abrasives Replace vorn parts Hree valve irr bore
15
CHECK VALVE
TAPERED SEAT
16
CHECK VALVE
1. 2.
To control
PURPOSE:
oil to flow in
one
direct.ion only
valve.
Sprfng a"a;lve with a tapered seat; a round ball is sometimes used instead of the valve shown here. In other ci-rcuits, the check valve is free floating (has no sprJ-ngs) or has an orifice in the
OPEMTION:
CONSTR.UCTION:
3. .
The valve
spring force is
4 W}TERE USED:
will lift
vrhen
the slight
exceeded.
In dozer, ripper, tilt cylinder and track loader bucket circuits to seParate two circui-ts. In steering clutch clrcuits to prevent pressure loss during transmisslon range selection on power strift machines.
THOU BLE$HOOTII'IG
I{ALT'UNCTION
POSSISLE CAUSE
CORRECTIOI'I
Bucket
A.
Worrr seat
Recrrt
or replace
B, Worn valve
C. Broken spring
17
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18
MAKE.UP VALVE
I. 2. 3. ilf6"iloil ro bypass tire pump and flow directly to tle cylinder lines whenever reservoir pressure is greater than line pressure
m-egffiT;a-and light spring. Valve will ah+ays be located reservoir oil level. There will be one for each circuitCONSTRUCTION: PURPOSE;
below
ffi;
OPERATION:
oil pressure in lines is approximately 2 psi less than reservoir pressure, the make-up valve unseats, allowing oil to flow to lines. (Example: quick dropping blade or bucket.) This prevents cavitation in cylinders and lines.
US
r{ilERts
ED:
TROUBLESHOOTING
I1ALI.'TJNCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE
COITR[C'I'ION
A. Valve
C. V:rlve
jammed opcn
Clean Clean
0k:"irrr
or or or
replirce replace
rep.Lacc
Blade lacks
pr essu re
down
1g
20
tloffiiae
PURPOSE:
and
An
oriEic" designed to pass a certain flow at a specified. pressure differenti,al, and a valve to bypass or restrict excess oil. The valve is loaded by a light spring and sometimes the orifice is contained in the valve.
OPERATION:
CON$TRUCTION:
3.
TE'[Tif?fce, beeause of its size, creates a pressure drop across it in.the direction of fl-ow. The force from tire higher pressure acts on the upstream side of the valve. The force frorn tire lower pressure plus the spring force act on the downstream side of the valve. When the force differential between the t\,/o pressures rises above the desired level (r+hen fl:r+ rises above de*ignecl amount), the valve will then move towards the low pressure side, overeoming spring force.
This action will either bypass cxcess oil ar restrict ttre flow of oil to the valve (dependlrrg on the constructton of the valve). Tl-re flow through thc orif ice will rhen be rnirintaincd ;lt a retluired value.
4.
\,iIi{ERE USEJ]:
TROUBLESHOt}TING
}IAL!'UNCTION
POSSIBLU CAUSE
COITITIiCTION
Clean
lleplace 6prlng
Cle:rn or replace
Rcpl;rce with higher flow rate plug
21
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22
2.
Sprol-A;ill.d tc-r atlmit o11 to center, then cross-dritled' to direct oil to each separate outLet '!{TTI'Toi[ outlets providing gqual restriction to the oil leavi.ng the outiet passaBes 1n the body, the flow dj-vider spool will be balanced in the center of the body"
I'Jhen
OPERAIION:
3.
the operator restricts oae outlet by applying one brake or steering clutch and upsetting the balanced flow, a pressure rise will cause the spool to move to tire low pressure side.
The spool itself r*ill then restrict the oil flow from the pump and cause a pressure rise equal to the restrj-ction caused by the action of the brake or steering clutch.
The oil flow fron the two outlets will
then be equal.
4.
lil{uitE
garty -oA;i track loader steering clutcli circuits and track-type traetor brake booster circuits
IJSED:
TNOUELESHOOTIHG
IlAL}'UNCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE
CORRECTIOT.I
oil pressure when one brake is applied, correc t rril pressure t+hen both br:akes are
Lotu
Clean or replace
A.
bra ltt:
Va
crrrd
oue
Clean or rttpl;rct:
Srake pressure is
lor.r
A. lr{ain roliel
l.ow
vslve
sel:
23
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24
I. 2. 3.
6*ie-dice
pressure (established by the nain relief valve), to the requirements of the system
pump
CONSTRUCTION:
PURPOSE:
ffildth;lug
OPEMTION:
cfflpartment orifice open to downstream pressure' The sprlng determines dovmstream system pressure.
the valve is held open to flow by the spring. ITEiiGtty, B. Pressure must build up in the gownstream side and in the
slug
ehamber.
sufficient force in chamber, the valve the spring, reducing the pump flow and maintaining against
hydraulic controls - D6C, 600 Series, 769, 824 and 834. TROUBLESHOOTING
4.
\{HERE USED:
ffiiEsi"n
ITALFUNCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE
CORRECTIOI.I
Reduced pressure
not to
A. Incorrect
shimming
speciflcation
Determi-ne if low
restriction
on
L
D
Pressure by valve
not reduced
A.
Orifice blocked
Valve jammed open Slug seized in valve Valve jammed closed seized in valve holding valvt: closed Oil drain passage bettind slug blocked Orif ice open to irutnP Irre$sure f1ow, lroldlrrg valve closed
Clear blockage
F'ree valve
B.
C.
in
bore
A.
of valve
B. Slug
t,
-
or
replaec
trydraulic lock
te
D.
De
posslbly caused by pressure surgc from valve orifice into pump flow chamber
down.s t
rrnine
re& son ,
reanr pusirlrrg
25
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26
t.
t
PURPOSE:
Valve with passages leading to spring compartrTrent and to the second circui-t
3.
OPEMTION:
The-a;TEerential val-ve initlally blocks oil flow until pressure rises. This Pressure rise moves the valve against the spring and allows oil flow into the secondary circuit. As the pressure rises in tlre secondary cj-rcuit, oil will flow into the spripg comPartment aad this will" be at the same pressure,as the oil in the secondary circuit. The pressure of the oil in the spri-ng compartment cornbines with the action of the spring to move the valve back agalnst the presPure of the oil in the primary circuit. The valve rorill tlren f ind a position wirere the pressure in the pri:lary circuit equals the comtrined effect of the pressure in the secondary circuit and the spring force. Regardless of inlet pressure, the difference in pressure bet,n/een the primary and secondary circuits is always equal to the equivalent pressure of the spring and is called the "pressure tlifferential". It can only be altered by changing the spring rate. This can be <lone by changing the spring itself.
IJtr1EI{E US ED:
Sme power shift transmissi-on control circui"ts; 600 lJlreel Tractor torque divider transririssions
5. irlltY USIiD: a. Power shift engagelnenf
TIlLE CAUSE
CORi{ECTION
Replace spring
Determi-ne cause of lcakage
Pressure dillerential greatcr than speeified Pressure not dropping in secon,lary circirit on transrnission whcn shift
Irrsuf ficient
restri{:t
i iln
Blimiu;rte
Le
akage
jarmmed open
is
rnadc
27
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28
e.
.Get
maxj-mum
Ltad pGt"n, load piston orifice, load piston chamber, two springs, pilot valve and unloading valve with orifice
OPEMTION:
3.
Oil enters the relief valve housing and flows through the unloading valve orifice to the face of the pilot valve and through a passage and orifice to the load piston.
As pressure rises and is sensed in the load piston chamber, the load piston moves to the right, eompressing pilot valve spring; this increases the pilot valve pressure setting.
The load piston moves before the pilot valve because the area of the load piston is larger than the face of the pilot valve.
When
the load piston is hard against the stop, the pilot valve setting is at the normal operating value.
The reroainder of the operation is identical to the operation of the pilot-operated relief valve.
B. Pressure Surges ffie1iefvalvehousingan<lflowsthroughtheun1oarl1ng valve orifice to the face of the pi-lot valve and to the ori"fice of the load piston chamber.
Because of the size of the orifice
ln the load piston chamber, flow ls restricted, creatlng a delay in pressure to the load plston and resulting in a build-up of pressure along the passage to the faee of the pilot valve.
Consequently, when a pressure surge exlsts, the pilot valve will always open first.
The pilot valve opens and dumps oll frt-rn the unloading valve sprlng charnlrer. The remainder of the operatlon 1s ldentical to the operation of the pilotoperated rellef valve.
4,
WHERE USED:
il?ITEie";
B.
9BB
main pressure
29
TROUBLE$HOOTING
ITALFUI{CTTON
POSSIB
I-U CAUSE
CORRTCTION
A.
B.
valve
D
0-ring
Unloadlng valve
open
Free valve
lleplace
Replace
ln
bore
llatch valve to
pLmp
Erratic operation
Unloadlng valve
Check
sticki.ng
!.loru
pilot
valve
30
NOTES
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32
l.
2. 3.
BasiEa
in the case of the nornal relief valve, it creates restriction to flow by closing the outlet. If there is no pressure acting on the load plston it relieves at a low pressure (usually called primary pressure). When the load piston is charged with oil, the relief pressure inereases. The maximum pressure is reached when the load piston is against the stop.
As
pump
OPEMTION:
If used in conjunction with an orifice check valve, the pressure buildup will be slo',r, yet the pressure drop will be rapid'' 4.
WHERE USED:
ffiE'ift
LESH O()TING
POSSIBLE CAUSE
IlALFUNCTION
Pressure remains
at initial setting
No modulation
B. Orifice
NOTE:
see "Restriction-Type
33
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34
1. 2. 3.
PURPOSE:
an
orifiee
the supply side moves the valve over and clgses the drain port. Only a metered amount can pass through the orifice. When the flow reverses, the valve i-s moved to the left and uncovers the draj-n port. The discharge through the drain will be rapid.
WHERE USED:
0ffro"
4.
Frdeffi'Ift
TROUBLESHOOTING
ITALFUNCTION
POSSIBLE
CAI.'SE
No pressure buildup
Slow pressure
relief
35
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36
ldffi;er pressure in a system drops below a minimum value for a length of time, the selector is moved to a safe or neutral posi-tion.
CONSTRUCTION:
2. 3.
OPERATION:
Ttle oj-lrthat cornes in through the rod fills the space between the piston and the cylinder. As it compresses the spring, it allows free movement of the selector spool valve. Ilhen the oil pressure is lost or the engine is stopped, the spring moves the seleetor lever to neutral. A check valve in the piston allovs quick charging during pressure increases, but the oil in the cylinder can onl"y leak out at a controlled rate when the sensing pressure decreases. Therefore, the control does not act upon a short pressure drop (as could happen, for instance, r*hen a gear is changed).
I'IH8RE
USED :
4.
TR0U BLESH00TII'lG
IIALFUNCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE
relief valve
r:f
A. Transmission
output
37
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38
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2. 3.
i,ihen there is no oil pressure, the piston is extended, making it inpossible for the speed selector to be placed in any gear which also means tlrat the passage (A) to (B) will be closed.
llhen the devi-ce is charged, it cnmpresses the spring whieh now gets shorter, so that a speed may be selected if desired.
Should the engi-ne be stopped with the selector lever in any gear' or the oll pressure be lost for any reason, the device pushes tire spool valve to the left to Neutral position, which interrupts the passage (A) to (B).
A check valve in the piston allows quick charging during pressure lncreases, but the oil in the cylinder can only leak out at a controlled rate when the sensing pressure is lower. Therefore, the control does not act upon a short pressure drop (as eould happen, for instance, when a gear is changed).
4.
I'IHERE USED
39
TROUBLESHOOTING
ITALFUNCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE
reli-ef
valve
D. Plstorr
arrcl
eyllnder seized
E. F.
Selector ls not returned to Neutral when the engine is
stopped
Passage Leaki"ng
protective device
B. Piston
and cylinder
of protective
device seized
C. Spring broken
Sel-ector lever juurps to lower gear on decelerating the engine
A. Transmission
pump
40
NOTES
41
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1Il lll
Id
Z'r
3H z
t-
F: of
Fu ttd en ia
JI
tr nc trt
o:3 E IIJ
CJ
l-J -
FF
a-=
I
JF
;g
Ecr cr ur ==
qr-
JrEtl
C3 = CJ
64
6P
42
A. B.
To prevent the rnachine from rnoving when the engine is started vith the selector lever in a gear position To neutralize the transmission when tire left brake pedal is depressed, in conjunction with the neutralizer valve
CONSTRUCTIOI{:
Spo6T
;ive*with various lands; in reset position, held by a spring to close the passage to the directional clut.ches
't^Jh""
5.
A.
OPERATIOII:
the machine is started r*ith the selector lever not in lleutral , oil witl not be able t.o get from passage (A) to (B) which eventually leads to the directional clut.ches.
Placing the selector lever in Neutral provides pressure frotn passage In reaction' (C) which can reach cavity (E) through the orifice (l). puehed to the left, opening the passage (A) to (B). If the valve 1s now the selector lever i-s moved to }.'orward or Reverse, the increasirrg pressure at (A) can open the valve completely and we have pressure at (B) and pressure in a directionaL clutch.
B.
There is a connection from the neutralizer valve to passage (D). In nornal operation, the valve closes tl'ris passage, but if the Left brake pedal is applied, (D) is connected to drain' Because more oil can drain out than gets int{) cavity (E) , the valve rnoves to the ::iglrt separating passages (A) and (B) but not so far that the orifices (2) are covered by the land, This interrupts the po\rer flora tltrough tire transrnission. l.lhen the neutraLieer valve i.s released ' passage (D) will t:e blockeii and the oil that enters the hole's (2) shifts tlre valve open again.
4.
WIIERE USED:
ffie?=Ei?t
980
0n scraper transrnissions, s similar type of valve is used, but without the neutraLtzer function.
ReviseiJ 2184
43
TROUBLESHOOTING
IIALFUNCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE
llachine rnoves when the engine is started with the seleetor lever in a gear position
A. Direction clutch, binding B. Spool valve rnisadjusted C. Combination valve sticking that holes (2) communicat,e with (A) D. Spring of protective valve
broken
A. Linkage
probleru
B. Wrong spool valve adjustment C. Leak in the directional clutch or in the llne to it
I
J
reset position
44
HOTES
45
ul
lrl J
z F
llj i
(J
Pd o-)
a
ur
H* F>
z lll u 3> al J
E< ea)
CJt
rrr
lll
z,;! U,J
J(n
[fJ
F 6 IU
OH UJo
U)F
I l=
n
(t
U)
(t) o-
a E o
e lrl
EN
z,
(e = CJ
& E
c
o-
lrl J
o E
TJ
= o E
lt
r{
F lI
o
NC
z o (J
UJ
l,Il
CJ
E
cr) q
3
UJ
e
J I
lrJ
E to F
NE
tr-
(J
J
Etr
6?
CP
c6P
a
I
t'
6F 6f EF 6F 6F 6F 6F 6P
.I46
A. B.
)
To prevent the machine from moving wiren the engine is started rsith
gear
CONSTRUC?1OII:
TroE;ing-loaded spool valves. In reset posit.ion, the sequence valve closes the passage to the pressure control group and clutches.
J. OPER!{TION:
E.
The protective valve rernains at reset position and the oil coming in at {B) goes to drain at the protective valve. There is not enough force createcl in the slug cav j.ty ( 1) to inove the sequence valve to the 1eft.
lJhen the selector lever is moved to lieutral, i-zed oil to enter parisage This moves the protective valve to tlie left and closes the drain
si"ug
(A), port.
Tiie oil entering passage (ll) builds up pressure and the reactitrn in cavity ( 1) moves the sequence v;rlve to tlie lef t.
The oil now has tire prissage open and oil can f lor+ from {B) to (C).
If the enginr: is stopped or if the oil pressure drops below a safe level, tire protective valve spring iorces tire valve spool over to tire right, relievlng tire pressure in tire slug cavity (l) to drain. The seqirence valve is then forced to tlle right by its spring and separates the passaCe (B) to (C).
lihen the engine is stiirted or tire l)ressurc reBititred, the selector Iever must be moved to l{eutral position first in order te reset the protective v;:lve and open tire passaSe {B) to (C) by tite sequence valve.
4. $ltERH Utiiio: Power -irilt transntlss j-r:n trycl rar;llc 8?_4, Bl4)
47
TROUBLESHOOTING
IIALFUNCTION
PROBA.BLE CAUSE
ilachine moves when the englne is started with the selector lever in gear
A. ilirectional clutch binding B. Reset valve mlsadjusted C. Protective valve seized at the Left positiorr D. Protective valve sPring broken E. F.
Sequence Sequence
valve stuek
oPen
A. Reset valve misadjusted B. Spool valves misadjusted C. Leak in the directional clutch or line to it D. Clutch fai-lure E. Protective valve sticking in reset position F. Sequence valve sticking in reset
posit.ion
Forward
open
J. Load piston of modulating relief valve stuck in reset Position K. NeutraLizer val-ve stuck in' applied position L. Transrnission
11. Torque
PumP
failure
converter failure
48
NOTES
49
u z
F
f
o
Id I
L o
o F g
&
o o Jg1
lrT
s) 3u OJ
<LJ
oi l-<
rJ
z
a g o
CI
LJ
(n
bl
0-tr
tr
I
I
z, e
I-
3 J
U
t o
UJ
lI I
z,
atr = e (J
J
J z o F u
lrj
o z
ll-
I F
o
IL
CI
fr
z
E
e ilE 3 fr$
=
rLtlA
o I
tn
o
F
td =
rr Pd ., o
H H6
(r(n
F JhJ
1\ ri / r\ilr,
'i$(
,)ff,
=tr
o+E
o t L
J
ee
6
50
COMBINATION VALVE
1.
PURPOSE:
2.
*etering orifices loaded by two springs of which only Vafi;;ith one is in contact in reset position. Passagas to or from the modulating relief valve, the directional spool valve, the load piston of the directional spool valve, directional clutches and drains.
OPflRATION:
CONSTRUCTIOI'I:
3.
A.
Prtt.ctive Valve ffiiSStartedwiththetransmissionseIectorlever to the selector lever position, will (B) where it can pass through the holes (2). erter passage I{aving equal pressure on both sides of the spool' the spring will keep it in the reset position and passage (C) cannot receive oil. The machine cantt move. llovj-ns, the selector lever to Neutral connects passage (B) to drain the selector valve gio"p. Oil entering Passage (A) now moves the valve until 1t relieves into passage (B). The load piston of the modulating relief valve is connected to drain via (C) or (F) depending upon the application. This establishes the primary pressure in Neutral. Differential Valve is taken out of the Neutral position' ffier passage (B) is again connected to pump flow and system pressure. This same pressure enters passage (A). llora the valve can move tu the right to sequence the clutch engagement. The difference between tire speed and directional clutch pressures is controlled by the eombined force of the two springs. Flow Control Valve ices (l) allows only a speeific arnount of oil ffiir pass through into the directional clutches during filling' to
P"ss"ge CT is blocked when the valve works, as explained under B. This allows pressure buildup behind the load piston of tile modulating relief valve In Neutral position of the spool valve, and tlhen gears are changed, passage (3) is connected to drain (C) or (F) (depending on the application) which quickly lowers the system pressure.
L2
B.
C.
D.
Check Valve
4.
L.iI{EITE USED:
14
llotor Graders,
NOTE:
llo oil can pass through orlfj-ees (1) in the Neutral position.
51
TROUBLESHOOTING
I{ALFIJNCIION
POSSIBLE CAUSE
A
B
C
l{achine moves when engine is started with selector lever in a gear position
in
to
passage (C)
Machlne does noE move when the selector is moved lo fonrard or revelse or from
A
B
C
Linkage problem
Wrong spool valve adjustrnent
Neutral to a
speed
cLutch
reset position
broken
_r
Rough
shifting
A
B
52
NOTES
53
lrl
J llll v)
LLI
L
:) = o. = o
G lt.
E
lII
CJ
UJ C=
F G
o-
tc
LrJ
z
q)
uJ
F o (r
o
F-
G-pr"".nt the machine from moving when the engine is started with the selector lever in a gear
CONSTRUCTION:
2.
Normal spo"1 valvel meehanically connected to the speed control spool valve
3.
OPERATION:
pump
4.
ED:
Po"d;hlTt
834)
TROUBLESHOOTIHG
MALFUNCTION PROBASLE CAUSE
llachine moves when the engine is started with the selector in a gear position llachine does not move when the selector lever is moved to Forward or Reverse out of Neutral
A.
A.
ted
NOTE:
!'or further troubleshooting hintsi see Protective Valve combined Sequence Valve (page 47).
r^ritir
55
L.
$F
H
oil
5E
l(n
J {
sf <sl
tlr J
CE,
3B o J 5
(n
& &
IJJ
N r
J
q
G F
4
c2
d*4"
tg o tr
62
td
u
F
lII
z
.a
6f
J o J
64
z o
U
bJ
e-
x,
dP EP 62 GP
-
e 6p
o o
c? G2
{9
z
&
56
IIIEUTRAIIZEil VALVE
I. 2. ffiI*otf
PURPOSE:
the oil flor.i to the directional clutches in a power shift transmission when the left brake pedal is depressed
Cpoof A1'v-e is held by spri-ag force in such a position that the oil golng to the clutches has a direct passage through to the directional
clutches.
CONSTRUCTION:
3.
G-G reset position, the oil can pass straight thro$gh to the directional clutches. When the left brake is appl-ied, oi!- or air pressure shifts the valve over and, in so doing, blocks the passage to the directional clutches and opens the cluteh to drain. This will interrupt the power flow through
the transnission.
WHSRE USED:
OPEMTIoN;
4.
Por{d;fri3t transmissions of
wtreel loaders
TRBUBLESHOOTIHG
MALFUNCTION
POSSISLE
CAUSE
air line of
Transmission does
Power
not transmit
B.
fallure
spring
57
o
E ul
=
CD
rd
2e p 6= o
t--
cgt
Hg q E3 A
LH
I-!Z-
]-
g!
v) CJ J J J-
o 6
E
I
a
.I-
H:
58
Iffiaing upon transmj-ssion output shaft rpm, variable pressures are created -- working against the reference pressures.
COI{STRUCTION:
2.
R"t"ti"gT;sing with 3 reducing val-ve spools of different weights. Two of the valve spools contain slugs which are different in size.
OPERATION:
3.
Basicalit, each of the 3 reducing valve spools represents a normal reducing valve. Since the whole governor rotates, the reducing valve spools are subject to centrlfugal force" The centrifugal force replaces the spring action in a normal reducing valve because it is trying to open the incoming pressure to the outlet side.
The outlet pressure, as in a normal reducing valve, is acting to close off the inlet. yhen it has reached a certai_n value.
to the design of the reducing valve spools, there are various outlet Pressures produced at. any given speed, The pressures are not adjustable. These pressures work against a fixed reference pressure in the selector valve spool group (not shown).
Due
4.
WHERE USED:
uya;;m;controls
TR()UBLESHOOTING
I{ALFUNCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE
at 4th or 6th
A.
One
incoming pressure
Transmission selects 4th, 5th or Bth speed as soon as the shift lever is placed lnto the second gear
A.
of the 3 reducing valve spools is stuck in a position so that the incorni"ng pressure goes directly to the outlet
One
side
59
oo-
f tJ)
5 C)
E E
lII J lG G -
= E
o-
e
CL
ttl.l
oo-
o o(9
.a
a CL
E.
za o6
$<-l a
o:l
60
PRIORITY VALVE
I.
PURPOSE;
To mak. sure that o!1 ls supplied to a particular circuit pennitted to flor^T to a second circuit
CONSTRUCTION:
before it is
2.
Th" *"st b""ic priority valve group has one inlet and two outlet. passages. There are several varlalions of this design, but the results of valve operation are the same for all types.
0.P9MTrON:
3.
Supply oil enters the inlet passage and flows to the prJmary circuit. At the same time, the oil opens the poppet valve and fills the slug chamber. lJhen the pressure of the oil in the prlrnary circuit and in the slug chamber increases to a specific value, the spool moves against the spring force and permits oil to flow to the secondary circuit. A pressure desrease (during a shift for example) will cause the valve to close and block flow to the secondary circuit,
WHERE USED:
4.
Tra"smis.sion hydraulic controls -- L Series Tractors, 8-speed semiautomatic transmissions, and 7-speed automatic transmisslons
WHY USED:
5.
alEeries Tractor transmissions -- to make sure that oil is available for operation of the steering clutches and brakes before any transmission clutches are engaged B, B-speed semiautomatic and 7*speed automatic transmissions -- to make sure that oil is ;:vailable for operation of the automatic eomponents (autornatic pressure control group, hydraulic governor, and automatic sel-ector group) before any transmission clutches are engaged
TROUB LESHOOTING
]IALFUNCTION
POSSIILE
Ci\USE
CORI{.ECTION
do not
Trarrsmission c-Lutches
engage
, Opening pressure
il J-8il
lr->o
Transmission clutches
slip during
A, Valve stuck
low
opcn
Adjust pressure setting (remove shims) ur replace s1:rlrrg l'rue v;r'l ve in l:ore
At-l;ust pressure st: [, t ing (.rdd shirns) or repLace spring Detennine cause of
eilgageulent
Brakes release
restricti()rl
()r
61
a
E ()
t--
o
(9
z
F UJ
I,IJ
E P c o ()
0l
c]
F
cc
o
EL
6-
o) L
0 jt,
7 a E o
lt
g o L
U)
c o a
J (3
z
CE
a
(r
ul
co
(]
cn
CL
co
E (3 F CJ
IIJ
)au
lpo
OM
= ()
(} : o
(J
= .l)
u.t
UJ
z lll
E
(J
U)
R:"
E L c o ()
(u
L U' 0, L CL
v,
lrl vt
etr
!c GI
E
a.u
t--
G
co
o oF UJ J F
F E
E I
J
c)
6 F o
E F
J L L
o &
:) a
E,
62
Direct" the flow of pilot oil to inltiate clutch engagement; provides drain ports to initj-ate clutch decay and prevent clut.ch engagement ffi rotary selector spool j-s basically a rotating shaft. lrith a hollow center. A plug and screen assembly divides the cent.er cavity into two separate charnbers. A detent cam is lnstalled in one end of the spool.
OPEMTIOI'I:
CONSTRUCTION:
PI]RPOSE:
2.
3.
The ce"ter chamber which houses the screen is normally filled with pilot oil. The chamber which does not contain the screen is always open to drain. i'lhen the spool is rotated to a gear position, pilot oi1 from the outlet ports is directed to a pressure control valve group to inj-t.iate engagement of the appropriate clutches.. At the same tirne, the drain ports cause the clutches which uere engaged in the preceding gear range to decay. The detent cam helps to locate each gear position of the spool.
I.]HERE
US
ED;
clutch
TROUBLESHOOTING
I1ALFUNCTlON
POSSIBLE CAUSE
CORRECTION
Transmission reroains
in a particular
A. Spool stuck in
position
Screen in pilot
chamber plugged
one
Free valve
gear
in
bore
Pilot chamber outlet ports plugged llore than two clutches try to engage
One
63
Az bP Ul ijr,
J; ut acn
g t-L 6a o
()
UJ
gJ
z oa Fo vt o- z
<y ot
t'o-
^Z
*<1.
.2 E9
lr^l
o (r iL
-t(E
ow J
(, o
J e.
z o ltl laI
o-
(5
LL
C5S
z,|n E,,r
C5
rI
zo 6 :)
CL TJ'
o t-
oa o o J
7g zz
t
sJ
FO(n
aE
U)
o ul
UJ
d=
Hs
z
lJ = c gr
= = .II
v (J
uJ ul
I> (JJ
co
J< J>
I L) F f -) (J
= z,
C3)
Itr
(?
f J
cr)
\rt
o co
J L
o-
I
3E qE9
-roo -Lo) or.r_
(n
,- =o
64
ffitrofs the pressure rise, maximum pressure, and rate of decay for a specific transmission clutch The;A;T?irng reducing valve consists of a spool , a ball check valve, a slug, a load pistont two load plston springs, and a load piston orifice. In the application shown, the modulatlng reducing valve is part of a "valve station.tr The additional components in a va,l-ve station include: an outer Some modulating reducing cover, a select.or piston, and a decay orifice. as shown with a pin in the center of the load piston valves are equipped springs; other valve groups do not have the pin.
l-
CONSTRUCTION:
mer start-rp, supply oil is always avall-able at the reducj-ng valve spool. Valve movement and clutch engagement cannot begin, however, until p1lot oi1 frorn the rotary selector spool moves the selector piston to the left. llovement of the selector piston accomplishes tvo purposes: (l) the drain passage at the decay orifi.ce is blocked, and (2) the load piston springs are eompressed.
Compressing the load pi-ston spr ings rnoves the reducing valve spoo-l to the left against the force of the j-nner spring. This opens the supply passage (fron the pump) and permits pressure oil to flow to the clutch. As the clutcir fil1s, pressure oil opens the ball check valve and fills the slug cnanber at the left end of the reducing valve spool. At the sane *.ine, oil flows through the load piston orj.fice and fills the chamber betneen ihe end of tire load pi-ston and the selector piston. The load
OPERATION:
piston oriflce provides a pressure drop and time delay in the flow of oil to tlte ioad pistc-rn chamber. This helps control the rate of modulatlon. l'ril-i-ng the Load piston chamber is made possible wiren tire selector piston coL'ers tire irain p;rssagc at ti-re decay orifice.
Tite ciuicir pressure ancl the pri-.ssurc in the slug chanber increase at the the pressure irr the sLug s.r::re rrrte. Just atter t.he clutch j-s filled, This novernent restricts cita:.',:er ::ioves tlre rerlucing v;ilve spr:rol to the right. t:re.i.-;; of 1.lressurt', qil to ti-re clutch and briefly limits the irrcrease of cLutc:: pressure. The pressure in the load piston ch;lrnber tllell moves tite Loau.;l-ston iurtirer to thrr 1eft. This increases tl're spring force and reopens tlte suppil' passage perntit ling tlre clrrLt:[r pres;r;ur(: to agai"n incrcase. Iliis c_!,cle continuesi until thc load piston iras rnoved courpleteLy lo Llre l.eIt( aga in:; I tire stop) , Thc cltrtch pressllre is then at its nsxiululn se t titlg. Drrrir: :rodulatlon, t1:e retluciug valve spooL riloves lcl L ;tnd riiltrt wht.tc thrr Ioatt pi-sLort rnLlves srntlotlrly tr; tittt Lcft,
,\s Liie - irrtt:ir prcssrlrr.l incrcases to naxinunt, the operation of valve $fatiolrs titat are equipped with;1. pin in the center of their load piston springs is sli.;;iLi_r il i l ii:rent th;rn thc opr:r.ation of statiorrs that do rrot have p,irts. lleirr the enci oi the modtrlation cyclc, the pin corrtacts the reducirrg valve spool , noves tire spool completely to the lef t, and opens the clutch passage tr.r supply oi-l. At this point, modulation ends and the clutch pressure
->
65
immediately increases to the maximurn, During the time that the clutch is engaged, the reduclng valve spool remains conpletely to the left (as shown) and the clutch pressure ls equal to the system Pressure. Valve stations.that do not have pins in the cent.er of thelr load piston spri-ngs control" clutch pressure settings that are lower than the system pressure. At 1he end of the modulation cycle, the pressure in the slug chamber moves the reducing valve spool a small distance to the right to restrict the flolt of supply oll to the clutch. This is the "metering positiontt of the redueing valve spool. In this positicn, the valve naintairrs precise eontrol of the clutch Pressure.
shtft, the pressure of a clutch being dlsengaged does rrot imrnecliatety drOp to uero, Instead, ttre clutch pressure decreases at a controlled rate, Clutch release (decay) is lnitlated when the pilot oil chamber at the rl-ght end of the selector piston is draincd' This permlts t.tre selector piston and the load pJ-ston to move to ttre right' CLutch pressure starts to decrease, but cannot drop to zeto until the ehamber between the load piston and the selector piston is drained' The only way that oil can flow out of thls chamber is through the deeay orifice wtrich waa uncovered when the selector piston moved to the right. As the load piston springs force the oll frorn the load piston chamber,
During a
the clutch pressure gradually decreases. lJhen the load piston moved conpletely to the rtght, the clutch Pressufe is zero.
has
4.
WHERE USED:
An
(rGr)
modulation
66
TROUELESHOOTING
}IAI,FUNCTION
POSSI3LN CAUSE
CORRECTION
Lortr
or replace
Clean
do not
or more clutehes
engage
at
Chbck operation 0f
zero
orifice
Free spool
in valve body
in
bore
selector plston
settLng
Transmlsslon harshly
shifts
in valve body
stuck
open
87
NOTES
68
fATERPILIAR'
SEBVO526
November, '19i{l