1. Difference between RIPv1 and RIPv2? 2. How many number of routes carried by RIP packet? 3.

Is OSPF link state or distance vector or path vector protocol? 4. What is the difference between OSPF and IS-IS and which one is preferred? 5. Can we use BGP instead of any IGP? 6. How many network types available in OSPF? 7. Different type of Link State Advertisements aka LSA? 8. LSA 3 and LSA 4 are generated by which router? 9. When to use Stub and Not So Stubby Area? 10. How to get the external routes without making area Not So Stubby? 11. What is the different type of route summarization available in OSPF? 12. What is the requirement of doing summarization? 13. A major network is advertised as summary in one area and few of the routes f rom that network is configured in another area. What will happen in that case? 14. If any of the OSPF area is not stabilized, does it impact another area? 15. What is the use of forwarding address in LSA 5 and LSA 7? 16. External routes are available in OSPF database but not installing in routing table? 17. If loopback is not configured, what will be the router-id selected by OSPF p rocess? 18. Can we run multiple OSPF process in single router and what is the advantage of using it? 19. What are timers of OSPF? 20. Multicast address of used by OSPF. 21. OSPF works on which layer? 22. What is backbone area in OSPF? 23. Can we use OSPF without backbone area? 24. Is it required that OSPF router-id must reachable in IGP cloud? 25. After configuring new router-id, automatically it will be used or do we need to use some type of command to get it operational. 26. Why the secondary ip address of interface is not advertising in IGP cloud? 27. OSPF neighbourship is not coming up. Please tell the various steps to troubl eshoot it. 28. One side MTU is 1500 and another side MTU is 1600. Does it affect neighbours hip? 29. Provide process of DR and BDR election. 30. If DR is down and no BDR is configured what will happen? 31. What is the difference between a neighbor and adjacent neighbor? 32. My OSPF neighbourship is showing 2-way, what does it mean? 33. Define different type of OSPF neighbor states? 34. OSPF external routes are not redistributing? 35. What is Layer 3 routing loop?

After IGP interview questions, I am posting BGP interview questions for CCNA and CCNP engineers. These questions are very basic and easy but during interview ti me no one knows how these will be asked by interviewer. So a good practice is to read it as much as we can so that we could provide the best answer to interview er. Next post will cover about the basic questions of ip access-lists and prefix list. Read the questions below and in case any problem feel free to contact me. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. BGP is IGP or EGP? BGP is link state or distance vector protocol? BGP uses which port? When to use BGP? Can I use BGP instead of any IGP? Can I run two BGP process on single router?

7. What is Autonomous System? 8. Types of BGP routing table? 9. What is the BGP path selection criteria? 10. Define various BGP path attributes. 11. Why weight doesn t fall under path attribute category? 12. What is confederation? 13. What is route reflector and why it is required? 14. What is no-synchronization rule? 15. Default BGP timers. 16. When does BGP use 0.0.0.0 router id? 17. Does route reflector come in actual path during traffic forwarding? 18. What is Site of origin aka SOO? 19. What is the cost of external and internal BGP routes? 20. Can we use local preference outside the autonomous system? 21. Does it require that BGP router-id should reachable in cloud? 22. What is recursive lookup in BGP and how it works? 23. What is the meaning of update source loopback? 24. If a static route is advertised in BGP without using update source what will be the next hop address in update? 25. Define various types of communities and why they are used? 26. If BGP neighbor state is showing idle what does it mean? 27. In Multihoming scenario if primary link gets fail, after how long traffic wi ll be shifted to secondary link. 28. I am having two routes for remote destination but only single route is insta lling in routing table, what s the reason for this? 29. How many links can be assigned for load balancing or sharing? 30. In eBGP I am establishing my neighbourship with loopback address but it s not coming up. Please specify different reasons for not coming up. 31. Can we redistribute BGP in IGP? Please explain your answers. 32. What is cluster id? 33. I am receiving updates from eBGP peer, will the next hop change or not? 34. I am receiving updates from iBGP peer, will the next hop change or not? 35. A router is receiving same route from two different eBGP peers. The AS infor mation contains in peer 1 is {65500, 65550, 65555} and in peer 2 is {65501, 6550 1}. But I want to make peer 1 preferred. 36. What is the difference between next-hop-self and update source loopback? 37. Define loop prevention mechanism in BGP. 38. What will happen if route reflector is not getting proper updates? 39. What will happen if route reflectors does not synchronize? 40. What is the advantage of using BGP AS Prepend? 41. Can we use BGP as backdoor link for customers instead of OSPF? If yes, pleas e let us know what could the issues BGP create? 42. What is BGP PIC? 43. Use BGP as Link Protection in case of Dual PoP?

1. What is a wildcard mask, and how is it different from a netmask? 2. How do you configure a Cisco switch or router? What are the steps needed? 3. How would I place an interface into trunking mode? 4. How do you shutdown an interface on a router or switch? 5. What is VTP? 6. What is VMPS?

7. What is SPAN/RSPAN? 8. What is flow/netflow? 9. What is TACACS? Radius? Few interview MPLS questions I have added in my post MPLS Interview Questions fo r CCNA and CCNP Engineers. In this I am adding the quick answers to all the ques tions. If someone knows the best than the answers, please comment it. 1. VPN is generally Virtual Private Network which could be configured by using G RE tunnels. In that if you want a full mesh than administrator need to setup n*n -1 tunnels. But in case of MPLS VPN, by default CPE works in full mesh form beca use of route target. 2. MPLS is multi protocol label switching mechanism which uses the label to forw ard the traffic to the next hop address. It is popular because it must be used f or CPN (Converge Packet Network). 3. MPLS uses TDP or LDP. 4. It works between layer 2 and layer 3. 5. P router doesn t have Customer network routes where in PE router is having cust omer network routes. Another reason is P router doesn t require MP-iBGP but for PE it is must. 6. To make your PE router as P, you need to remove the BGP configurations and af ter that it will not participate with customer network. 7. One session 8. LDP router id and BGP router-id should be same if SP is using labels only for loopbacks. If labels are generated for each and every route then no problem at all. 9. Second last router performs the Penultimate Hop Popping function to remove th e top most label. 10. See Aggregate Labels for this answer 11. Very easy 12. By adding route distinguisher 13. RD is not an extended community where as RT is an extended community. 14. RD is unique and local to router. 15. No 16. Yes 17. See this post (downstream on demand) 18. By using acl 19. 16 100000 is default range 20. Yes, need to develop full mesh BGP 21. See this post (Difference between VPNv4 and IPv4) 22. No, MP-iBGP is used because of the support of multi protocol which normal BG P doesn t support 23. See MPLS Fundamentals 24. CEF is mandatory in Cisco routers for MPLS. 25. LDP is not configured in the path. 26. See this post (Implicit Null) 27. Refer MPLS Fundamental 28. IGP is required for IP Reachability 29. At another end MPLS IP is not configured. 30. Route id is transport address 31. 3031 32. Because it supports almost each and every protocol. 33. Very Easy 34. TDP is Cisco proprietary 35. Yes it supports 36. Yes we can use 37. Answer already given

38. Answer already given 39. Answer already given 40. No, IGP will work as it is but MPLS customer traffic forwarding will stop

A interview always start with the question called "Advantages of MPLS" and most of the time students don't know much about it and start fumbling with not good a nswers. I am giving few quick answers about MPLS advantages, if some is having o ther than that please share. 1. 2. SP 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. No propagation of routes in the core of service provider. In legacy GRE customer is responsible for the management but in case of MPLS is responsible. Customers can use the same ip address which is not possible in case of GRE. MPLS saves cost as compared to ATM or frame relay network. MPLS increase the response time. Customers can have the QOS according to their requirements. Fast reroute features by using traffic engineering. MVPN support which saves lot of bandwidth.

Split Horizon and Route Poisoning - Layer 3 Routing Loops

Most of the time, I always be a part of layer 2 routing loop discussion but neve r heard about the engineers talking about layer 3 routing loop problem. This is being experienced during my recent visit in some company where all engineers kno ws why to use Spanning Tree Protocol but none of them knew why to use split hori zon and route poisoning. In layer 3 networks, there might chance of routing loops and split horizon, hold down timers and route poisoning are the techniques which help to prevent the la yer 3 routing loop. Below depicted Figure 1 is showing the converge network. Let s assume in case of failure of 10.4.0.0 network, router C will forward the update to router B and router B will forward the update to router A and router C as we ll. By doing this the same kind of the update which is being generated by C is r eceived and C might think that he is getting the information of 10.4.0.0 network from B but In fact, 10.4.0.0 network is directly attached to router C. This sit uation can arise in smaller networks too.

The first work around is the split horizon technique which says not to send the updates to the interfaces from it has been received. It looks like send update i nformation (Number of interfaces Receiving Interface Updates). Next one is route poisoning, when the router detects link down, the attached rou ter sends the update to its neighbors. But in this case, the receiving router ca n send back the received information to the same interface from where it receive d by setting the route metric to maximum. Definitely this is the violation of sp lit horizon rule but it helps router to understand about that particular network is down or inaccessible which actually help the convergence of routing. Now 10. 4.0.0 is poisoned route which is having the maximum metric assigned as the route is not reachable. When the neighbor send the route back to the originator, it b ecomes reverse poisoned. What does route poisoning do?

1. Set the hop count to an unreachable state as soon as the failed network is de tected 2. Route remains poisoned until the hold-down timer expires. 3. Hold timer depends on the routing protocol; Every protocol is having differen t hold-down timer. 4. Only uni direction traffic flow. 5. If the route is not back up during the hold down time period expires, that ro ute is removed from the routing table and added in the garbage table. The last one is Hold Down timers. What does hold-timers do? 1. A router receives an update from a neighbor indicating that a network that pr eviously was accessible is now no longer accessible. 2. The receiving router marks that route possibly down and starts the hold-down timer. 3. If an update with a better metric for that network is received from any neigh boring router during the hold-down period, the network is reinstated and the hol d-down timer is removed. 4. If an update from any other neighbor is received during the hold-down period with the same or worse metric for that network, that update is ignored. Thus, mo re time is allowed for the information about the change to be propagated. 5. Routers still forward packets to destination networks that are marked as poss ibly down. This allows the router to overcome any issues associated with intermi ttent connectivity. If the destination network truly is unavailable and the pack ets are forwarded, black hole routing is created and lasts until the hold-down t imer expires. (Very Important Point). This could be the reason, administrators l ook forward to reduce the hold-down timers to increase the convergence time. Def initely if the network is not stable these timers generates lot of messages. As per section 2.2.2, RFC 1058 explicitly says that Split horizon with poisoned r everse will prevent any routing loops that involve only two gateways. However, i t is still possible to end up with patterns in which three gateways are engaged in mutual deception. Definitely this could be the case of broadcast of multi-acce ss networks.

1. What is QOS and why it is required? 2. What is layer2 qos and layer3 qos? 3. What is tail drop? 4. Describe methods of QOS? 5. What is hardware QOS and Software QOS? 6. Difference between a policer and a shaper? 7. What is token bucket algorithm? 8. Where to define the markings? 9. Does QOS increase the load of the equipment? 10. What is TOS and IP DSCP? 11. what are the different classes available? 12. How to calculate the decimal value of classess? 13. What is the difference between priority and bandwidth command? 14. What is low latecy queueing? 15. what is class based weighted fair queuing? 16. What is first in first out queue (FIFO)? 17. What is fair queue? 18. If I give teh ip precendence five to data traffic, what will happen?

What do you know about memory leaks in C? Write code to see if a string is a sub string of anothe (After learning more information about the role) Tell me a little about how your background would help the team achieve the goals we described. Describe the OSI model Answer Question Explain SMPT Answer Question What major ports are used on a computer Name a time where you took the initiative and successfully led a change in the o rganization How MPLS label distribution works View Answers (1) Explain the entire process of a new device coming up on a switched LAN with outs ide access through gateway router Answer Question What would you do in a situation when one of your coworkers is not doing his wor k?

What is a wildcard mask, and how is How do you configure a Cisco switch How would I place an interface into How do you shutdown an interface on What is VTP? What is VMPS? What is SPAN/RSPAN? What is flow/netflow? What is TACACS? Radius?

it different from a netmask? or router? What are the steps needed? trunking mode? a router or switch?

1)convert prefix to postfix.. 2)a questions on os based on page faults for N processes residing in memory..was very easy.. 3)diff. betn semaphores and spinlocks.. 4)double *p[5] what is da size of dis array calulatd..ans was sizeof(5*(double *)) ..i.e 10.. 5)order in which parameters r passed 2 a function in c is..ans right 2 left.. 6) a question on hashing was a difficult 1..hardly any 1 of us were able 2 solve i t.. 7)85 was wrritten as 11000101 which type of code it is..ans 4421.. 8)a question on k map..was easy one.. 9) propagation delay is maximum in..options were cmos ,ttl,,and 2 oders i didn n o da ans..:( 10)qpsk, bit rate was given calculate da baud rate.. 11)Given an undirected graph which of da following wiill take max. time..something like dat..ans which i gave was..estimating all spanning trees of dat graph. 12)prob of page hit is 95% and no page hits were 100..while dat of page miss was 40..calculate acces time.. i hope u got da ans 13)wen a packet comes 2 a router da router chks which of da foollowing.. a.sources mac b.destination mac. C.source ip

d.destination ip 14.a question on mean time failure something like dat.. 15.a producer consumer problem was given and and some options were dere ..we wer e 2 choose which among dose were most appropriate..it was easy one.. 16.how will u reduce da noise in signal ans band pass filter.. 17.something based on fast switching..i cudnt even guess da.. as it was tronix b ased question. 18.8086 UP,which pins r used 2 connect 2 a peripheral device..Ans s3,s2..

What is MUTEX ? What isthe difference between a thread and a What is INODE? Explain the working of Virtual Memory. How does Windows NT supports Multitasking?

process ?

Explain the Unix Kernel. What is Concurrency? Expain with example Deadlock and Starvation. What are your solution strategies for Dining Philosophers Problem Explain Memory Partitioning, Paging, Segmentation. Explain Scheduling. Operating System Security. What is Semaphore? Explain the following file systems : NTFS, Macintosh(HPFS), FAT . What are the different process states? What is Marshalling? Define and explain COM? What is Marshalling? Difference - Loading and Linking ?