Soil Sampling Soil samples were taken from soil profile up to 1m depth for deep soil and up to the

bed rock for shallow soils at five different levels (0-20cm, 20-40cm, 4060cm, 60-80cm, 80-100cm). A profile was dug at least six places in each aspect and soil samples was collected at above stated intervals and transported to laboratory for analysis.

Bulk density (BD): Soil cores of 4 cm in diameter and 10 cm long was used for collecting the bulk density data of each soil layer. The weight of soil samples were measured after oven drying 24 hours at constant temperature of 105 0C in the laboratory.

Soil organic carbon (SOC): The Walkey-Black method (Jackson, 1958) was applied to measure the soil organic carbon percent. Total soil organic carbon was calculated using the formula given below. (Chabbra et.al, 2002): SOC = Organic carbon content%*soil bulk density (kg/m3)*thickness of horizon (m) Further, it was expressed in t/ha ....................................

Soil sampling Soil profiles were dug down to the bedrock from different land uses, and samples were collected from 0_ 15, 15_ 30, 30_ 50, 50_ 70, and 70_ 80 cm depths.
/ / / / /

Five, six, six and four profiles in upland maize and millet, irrigated rice, forest, and grazed systems, respectively were dug during spring 2002. The total number of soil samples collected from the profiles of respective land uses was 21, 25, 20 and 18, respectively. No profile was found more than 80 cm deep. About 1.0_ 1.5 kg of soil samples was collected for each depth and stored in polythene bags. Simultaneously, soil samples for determining bulk density were also collected using brass cores of 50 mm diameter and 60 mm in length (volume 118 cm_3). In addition to profile samples, surface soil samples (0_ 15 cm) were collected along a 5 km horizontal stretch representing different vegetation, slope, aspect, and slope positions. Slope at the sampling point was measured by Abenys level, and aspect was determined by handheld Silva compass. Qualitative information of ground cover was noted as dense, medium and sparse. Surface soil (0_ 15 cm) data were also collected from vertical transects from 1000 to 3200 m a.s.l. at random elevations and later grouped at vertical intervals of 200 m. Handheld GPS along with 1:25,000 scale topographic maps (20 m counter interval) were used to locate and cross-check the elevation of sampling points.
/ / /

Soil analysis Bulk density (BD). Soil BD was determined using a core sampling method (Blake & Hartge, 1986). Oven dry weight of soil samples was determined for moisture correction. The dried soil was passed through a 2 mm sieve and weighed, and volume of stones recorded for stone correction. Bulk density and SOC data of the surface 0_ 15 cm soil from the watershed were plotted and a regression line between BD (Mg m_3) and SOC was calculated. Soil organic carbon, nutrients and pH. Among soil chemical properties, SOC, major nutrients and pH were determined as key parameters. The SOC in the soil samples was determined by a colorimetric method (Anderson & Ingram, 1993) and pH was determined with a pH meter in 1:2.5 soil:water ratio (McLean, 1982). Total nitrogen was determined using Kjeldahl method (Bremner & Mulvaney, 1986), available P by Olsen and Sommers (1982) method, and available K by Thomas (1986) method. SOC calculation . The SOC was calculated using the following equation (Morisada et al., 2004; Tan et al., 2004).
/

Carbon stock (kg m_2) in each depth of dominant land uses of the watershed was estimated by multiplying the BD and the depth of soil. Summation of SOC stock at each depth gave SOC stock in each land use type in the watershed. The same procedure was used to calculate the major nutrient stock (kg m_2) in the soil profile. The average SOC and nutrient stocks per unit area up to 0_ 80 cm soil depth were computed for upland maize and millet, irrigated rice, and grazed systems, and 0_ 70 cm for forestland.
/ /

Soil sampling Soil samples were collected in four replicates from all major land-use types, namely Bari, Khet, managed dense Shorea forest (DS), degraded forest (DF), pine mixed forest (PS), and SchimaCastanopsis (SC) forest. Soil samples were collected from 010, 1020, 2040, and 4070 cm soil depths. Pits of 40 cm 40 cm were excavated and core soil samples for bulk density were collected with core ring samplers (5 cm in diameter and 6 cm high) from each depth. At each site, soil sub-samples were collected from five different points, arranged in an S-shape, maintaining about 2550 m distance between the sampling points. These sub-samples were mixed together to make bulk samples of about 2 kg. The soil samples were air-dried in the shade, and a part of the air-dried soils was ground manually with wooden blocks and passed through a 2-mm mesh, prior to determination of physical and chemical properties. All the soil samples were taken to the laboratory at Kathmandu University, Nepal, for further processing and analysis. Soil analysis Soil bulk density was determined using the soil core samples (Blake and Harte 1986). Soil pH (soil:water ratio 1:1) was determined using a pH electrode (McLean 1982). The SOC concentration was determined by dry combustion of oven-dry soil samples (Nelson and Sommers 1982). Soil texture was determined using the hydrometer method (Gee and

Bauder 1986). Total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl digestiondistillation method (Bremner and Mulvaney 1982), available phosphorus with a modified version of Olsens method (Olsen and Sommer 1982), and available potassium and cation exchange capacity (CEC) by extraction with ammonia acetate (Thomas 1982). Calculation of carbon stocks Carbon stocks were calculated using the following equation (Wairiu and Lal 2003); C-stock d _ BD _ C-content 1 where, the units of C-stock are kg m2, d is the soil layer thickness (m), BD is the bulk density (kg m3), and the units of C-content are g g1. The carbon stock in each soil depth of each of the dominant land-use types of the watershed was estimated by multiplying the C stock in each unit area (kg C m2) by the total area covered by a particular land use. Summation of C stocks in each horizon gave the C stock in each land-use type of the watershed.