and baseband circuits, this parameter is dramatically reduced, as compared to the conventional six-port receivers.

This paper has proven that the direct demodulation of an 8PSK signal can be performed over three frequency bands with excellent precision and without any multiport calibration in the presence of a stable reference signal (LO). Therefore, we conclude that the proposed receiver can be very suitable for multiband direct conversion.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

microwave integrator. A microstrip circuit is implemented to verify the feasibility of the technique. Except for the lower-frequency band, the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical values of the trapezoidal-rule integrator. 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 822 825, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop. 21485 Key words: equal-length line; microwave integrator; Z transforms; trapezoidal rule 1. INTRODUCTION

The nancial support of the National Science Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada is gratefully accepted. The authors would like to acknowledge the Poly-Grames Research Center of the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal for the multiport circuit fabrication.
REFERENCES 1. A.A. Abidi, Direct-conversion radio transceivers for digital communications, J Solid-State Circ 30 (1985), 1399 1410. 2. J. Li, R.G. Bosisio, and K. Wu, Computer and measurement simulation of a new digital receiver operating directly at millimeter-wave frequencies, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 43 (1995), 2766 2772. 3. G.F. Engen, The six-port reectometer: An alternative network analyzer, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 25 (1977), 10751080. 4. S.O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, K. Wu, and R.G. Bosisio, A new direct millimeter-wave six-port receiver, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 49 (2001), 25172522. 5. S.O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, G. Brehm, K. Wu, and R.G. Bosisio, Ka-band direct digital receiver, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 50 (2002), 2436 2442. 6. S.O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, K. Wu, R.G. Bosisio, and T.A. Denidni, Ka-band analog front-end for software-dened direct conversion receiver, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 53 (2005), 2768 2776. 7. F. Sousa and B. Huyart, A novel RF front-end architecture for multiband transceivers, Int Microwave Symp Dig, Fort Worth, TX, (2004), pp. 12811284. 8. S.O. Tatu and T.A. Denidni, Analysis of a new multiband multiport circuit for phase detection applications, IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 15 (2005), 389 391. 9. W.C. Jakes, Microwave mobile communications, IEEE Press, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1974. 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A serial R-C circuit, in conjunction with an operational amplier, has been widely employed to form an integrator [13]. However, the conguration of such a circuit is good only for low-speed applications. Many other techniques have been developed to design integrators using nite impulse response (FIR) or innite impulse response (IIR) methods in the study of discrete-time signal processing (DSP) [4 7]. Among various techniques, the trapezoidal rule and Simpsons rule in the Z domain are two popular methods used for integrators. A Simpsons rule yields a more complicated formula. In this paper, we use a simple trapezoidal rule to implement a microwave integrator. It has been shown that the scattering characteristics of equal electrical-length serial or coupled transmission lines can be represented with the z variable in the discrete-time domain [8]. Therefore, the transmission-line conguration can emulate the characteristics of an integrator developed in the discrete-time study and the operating frequency band of the integrator is extended further into the microwave range. To verify the theoretical study, we implement a trapezoidal-rule integrator in the microstrip format that has an operating frequency up to 10 GHz. The experimental results, except for the lower-frequency band, are in good agreement with the theoretical values.
2. TRAPEZOIDAL-RULE INTEGRATOR IN THE Z DOMAIN

The trapezoidal-rule integrator in the Z domain is related to the complex-frequency variable s 1 as follows [4, 7]: s
1

H z

1 1

z z

1 1

(1)

IMPLEMENTATION OF A TRAPEZOIDAL-RULE MICROWAVE INTEGRATOR

Ching-Wen Hsue,1 Lin-Chuan Tsai,2 and Shih-Tsung Kan1 1 Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology 43 Keelung Road, Section 4 Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 2 Department of Electrical Engineering Lunghwa University of Science and Technology 300, Wanshou Road, Section 1 Guishan Shiang, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan R.O.C. Received 14 October 2005 ABSTRACT: The bilinear transformation is employed to represent the trapezoidal-rule integrator in the Z domain. This formulation, in conjunction with the representations of transmission-line elements in the Z domain, leads to the transmission-line conguration that is eligible for a This work was supported by the National Science Council, R.O.C., under Grant NSC94-2213-E-011-024.

where is the signal angular frequency, d is a constant, and z 1 represents a unit of time delay [4]. The transformation in Eq. (1) is called a bilinear transformation, which is widely used in converting analog prototypes to discrete-time prototypes [4]. When the frequency response of the integrator is concerned, the parameter z in (1) is replaced with the following relation: z ej , (2)

where is the frequency angle and 0 . Figure 1 shows the amplitude response of (1) as a function of with different values of d. Notice that H( z) becomes innite when 0 (or 0). This reveals that an integrator is very difcult to implement if amplitude response is to be met in the very low-frequency band. Therefore, we limit our consideration to the frequency range 0.1 . In particular, we select d 0.18 in the following discussion. As shown in Figure 1, when d 0.18 and 0.1 , the magnitude of H( z) is unity which is the maximum value of the transmission coefcient of a transmission-line network. Of course, a wider operating frequency band may be obtained if d 0.1 is chosen. However, with such a selection, the attenuation rate in the lower-frequency band (from 0.08 to 0.3 ) is large and no proper

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the overall chain-scattering parameter T 11,overall ( z) of such a circuit is obtained by the sequential multiplication of chain-scattering parameter matrices of all transmission-line elements [8]. We have
M K

b iz T 11,overall z 1 z
1 K m 1 i 0 M

, z
1/ 2

(3)

2 m

where all b i are real and are determined by the characteristic impedances of all transmission-line elements. If the output of the transmission-line circuit is loaded with a matched termination, the transfer function of the overall circuit, denoted as s 21 ( z), is given by
Figure 1 Amplitude responses of a trapezoidal-rule integrator as a function of normalized frequency for different values of d

S 21 z

1 T 11,overall z

M/ 2

1
M K

1 K

,
i

(4)

B iz
i 0

transmission-line structure can be obtained. Therefore, we elaborate on the implementation of an integrator with d 0.18 in (1) in the following discussion.
3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTEGRATOR

Table 1 shows the chain-scattering parameter matrices of two transmission-line congurations [8], namely, the serial transmission line and the shunt-open stub in the Z domain, where i (i a, c), l i , and Z i are the propagation constant, physical length, and characteristic impedance, respectively. Note that Z 0 is the reference characteristic impedance, which is assumed to be 50 unless mentioned otherwise. If a transmission-line conguration consists of M serial sections and K shunt-open stubs (M and K are positive integers), then
TABLE 1 Basic Transmission-Line Elements

M 2 where B i b i /( m 1 (1 m )) is a function of characteristic impedances of all shunted and serial transmission-line elements. The term (1 z 1 ) K in the numerator of Eq. (4) is due to K shunt-open stubs, and the term z M/ 2 represents the delay factor of M serial transmission-line sections. If we set S 21 ( z) to approximate the system function H( z) in Eq. (1) (with d 0.18) and neglect the propagation delay factor, we obtain

0.18

1 1

z z

1 1

1
M K

1 K

.
i

(5)

B iz
i 0

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Figure 2

Physical layout of the integrator

1 K

If we divide both sides of (5) with (1 0.18 1 1

) , we obtain 1 .
i

1 K 1

M K

(6)

B iz
i 0

The next step is to compare the coefcients of denominators on both sides of Eq. (6) so that S 21 ( z) is as close to H( z) as possible. Upon using the optimization method [8] in the sense of minimum square error for the denominators in (6), we obtain the characteristic impedances of the transmission lines. To implement an integrator with transmission lines, the electrical length of each transmission-line section is set to 90 at the normalizing frequency or . We have l 0 /4, where l represents the physical length of each transmission line section and 0 is the wavelength at the normalizing frequency.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Figure 4 Time-domain responses of both trapezoidal-rule integrator and 1st-order Butterworth low-pass lters

Microstrips are used to implement a trapezoidal-rule integrator. Figure 2 shows the physical layout of microstrips, which is built on a RT/Duroid RO4000 substrate with dielectric constant r 2.4, 0.0025 and thickness 30 mil (0.762 mm). The loss tangent tan characteristic impedances of twelve serial lines from the left to the right are 106.3 , 45 , 150 , 117.4 , 39.4 , 20 , 21.5 , 36.2 , 58 , 70.2 , 64.5 , and 56 . We use a parallel conguration to implement the shunted stubs. The characteristic impedances of two equivalent shunt-open stubs are 48.83 and 35 and they are placed on both sides of the serial lines. Note that the characteristic impedances of the transmission lines are obtained by using an optimization process [8] that involves the comparison between two autoregression (AR) processes on both sides of (6). The propaga-

tion-delay time of each nite line is 25 picosec, which produces the normalizing frequency of 10 GHz. Figure 3 shows the experimental results S 21 ( f ) as well as the theoretical trapezoidal-rule integrator in (1). For convenience, Figure 3 also shows the experimental values of the reection coefcient S 11 ( f ) of the integrator. Apparently, the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical values of the trapezoidal-rule integrator for f 1 GHz. The magnitude of S 21 ( f ) has a value of 1 for 0 f 1 GHz. As a result, this integrator is an all-through device and has no characteristics of an integrator for 0 f 1 GHz. Note that the trapezoidal-rule integrator is a low-pass lter with a tailored frequency dependence. To illustrate the difference between the integrator and the conventional low-pass lter, in Figure 4 we show the responses of these two lters with a square wave as the input signal. The low-pass lter is a Butterworth 1st-order low-pass lter. In particular, both lters have the 3-dB point at the same frequency in the attenuation band. Figure 4 shows that the trapezoidal-rule integrator turns the square wave into a triangular wave, while the Butterworth 1st-order low-pass lter distorts the square-wave signal.
5. CONCLUSION

Bilinear transformation has been employed to represent the trapezoidal-rule integrator in the Z domain. In particular, an equallength microstrip network was implemented to emulate the characteristics of the integrator. Except for the lower-frequency band, the experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the theoretical values of the trapezoidal-rule integrator.
REFERENCES 1. D.D. Cohen and R.A. Zakarevivius, Operational amplier integrators for the measurement of the delay times of microwave transistors, IEEE J Solid-State Circ Sc-10 (1975), 19 27. 2. R.L. Geiger and G.R. Bailey, Integrator design for high-frequency active lter applications, IEEE Trans Circ Syst cas-29 (1982), 595 603. 3. A.S. Sedra and K.C. Smith, Microelectronic circuits, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998, pp. 7378. 4. A.V. Oppenheim and R.W. Shafer, Discrete-time signal processing, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1989. 5. W.J. Tompkins and J.G. Webster, Design of microcomputer-based medical instrumentation, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1981.

Figure 3

S 21 ( f ) and S 11 ( f ) of the integrator

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6. J. Le Bihan, Novel class of digital integrators and differentiators, Electron Lett 28 (1992), 1376 1378. 7. M.A. Al-Alaoui, A class of second-order integrators and low-pass differentiators, IEEE Trans Circ Syst I 42 (1995), 220 223. 8. D.-C. Chang and C.-W. Hsue, Design and implementation of lters using transfer functions in the Z domain, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech 49 (2001), 979 985. 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

CAPACITANCE OF AXIALLY SLOTTED COAXIAL CABLE

Dong H. Kim1 and Hyo J. Eom2 1 Electromagnetics Research Team Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute 305-700, Gajeong Dong Yuseong Gu, Daejeon, Korea 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 373-1, Guseong Dong Yuseong Gu, Daejeon, Korea Received 11 October 2005 ABSTRACT: The electrostatic potential problem of an axially slotted coaxial cable is solved. A mode-matching technique is used to obtain a set of simultaneous equations for the modal coefcients. The behavior of electrostatic potential distribution and capacitance is presented in terms of slotted coaxial cable geometries. 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 825 827, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop. 21486 Key words: electrostatic potential distribution; axially slotted coaxial cable; capacitance; mode-matching

Figure 1 Cross section of an axially slotted coaxial waveguide with multiple slots on its outer conductor

V0

A 0ln

a
m 1

Am

cos m . (1)

In regions II and III, their respective potentials are

II

,
n 1

B nq

rnq

B nq

rnq

sin rnq

(2)

III

,
m 0

Dm

cos m ,

(3)

1. INTRODUCTION

An accurate prediction of eld distribution through a slotted coaxial cable is an important subject in electromagnetic interference and communication applications [1 4]. The problem of electromagnetic wave guidance along a slotted coaxial cable has been studied in [5, 6]. However, the problem of electrostatic potential distribution on an axially slotted coaxial cable has not been studied to our knowledge. The evaluation of capacitance of an axially slotted coaxial cable is of practical interest to communication applications. In this paper, we will investigate the electrostatic potential distribution and capacitance of a longitudinally slotted coaxial cable by solving the electrostatic boundary-value problem based on the mode-matching technique.

where r nq n /( b gives
I

). The Dirichlet boundary condition at

b,

II

b,

2 .

(4) with

Multiplying (4) by cos p respect to gives a A b 0 a b

p

and integrating from 0 to 2

ln

b a

Ap

mp q 1 n 1

Bnq br nq
r nq s Lnq p

Bnq b where

V0 ,

(5)

2. POTENTIAL REPRESENTATIONS

Consider a coaxial cable having innite axial slots on its thick outer conductor, as shown in Figure 1. The slots are located symmetrically with respect to the azimuthal angle of 0. Assume that the inner conductor is at the potential of V 0 , and the outer conductor is grounded. Region I is the area (a b) between the inner and outer conductors, and its permittivity is 1. Region II is a slot area (b c and q q ) with permittivity 2. Region III is the outside ( c) of the outer conductor. In region I, the total potential is represented as the summation of the applied and scattered potentials as

s nq

1 ( sin(rnq q ) ( 1)n q sin(rnq q )), p 2 q rnq (cos( p q ) ( 1)n cos( p q )) p , 2 rnq p2 2 , 0, p p 0 0

rnq (6) rnq

(7)

and mp is the Kronecker delta function. The Neumann boundary condition at b can be written as

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