TACTICAL AND MISSION OPERATIONS

Terrain Flight Mission Planning - Analyze the Mission (METT-TS) - Map or photo recon - Select terrain flight modes - Primary and alternate routes - Extract nav data - Weather brief - Conduct crew brief Aerial Observation D etect- determine object or activity exist thru visual search I dentify- friendly or enemy, by shape and type of armament L ocate- laser, map, eye, exact location and tgt boundries R eport- spot report, ATHS or voice (SALUTE) Combat Position Selection B ackground: a/c should not be silhouetted R ange: last 1/3 of weapon/observation range Visual Search Techniques Motive- used when at terrain flt altitudes at a/s 10 kts or faster Nonobservation sector Observation work sector - acquisition sector: forward 45 degree area - recognition sector: remainder Stationary- Noe altitudes when hovering quick overall search 50m and outward from a/c MMS search modes - Forward-manual search - Area track - Prepoint mode - Search mode MFD sensor techniques - Single screen: TIS is best to detect heat - Dual screen day: TVS and TIS - Dual screen night: both screens in TIS mode Factors affecting visual search: Altitude Airspeed Terrain and Meteorological conditions Cues Movement Smoke Color Shadows Light Trails Obvious sightings Texture Heat A ltitude: level or higher than engagement area S un or full moon: not behind or to the side of a/c S hadow: should be covered by shadow C oncealment: a/c should remain masked R otor wash: location should reduce effect of rotor wash A rea to manuever: easy ingress and egress routes F ields of fire: mutually supporting fields of view, designation, and fire * Crew must consider seperation angle, ceiling, visibility and obstacles for Hellfire engagements when selecting position Recommend a Holding Area Consider the following when choosing a holding area: C over and concealment O bstacles K ey terrain A venues of approach S ecurity Techniques of Movement Traveling: enemy contact not likely, continuous movement Traveling Overwatch: enemy contact possible, continuous movement with trail a/c watching lead Bounding Overwatch: enemy contact likely, leap frog movement watch lead element as cover a/c Actions on Contact D eploy to cover L ocate: use tgt locate C ontinue to observe: use MMS and sight R eport: according to SOP D evelope the situation as require C hoose a course of action: Cdr determines based on mission If fired upon, employ supressive fires

TACTICAL AND MISSION OPERATIONS contd

Fundementals of Reconnaissance G ain and maintain enemy contact O rient on the Recon Objective R eport all information rapidly and accurately R etain the freedom to maneuver D evelop the situation E nsure max recon force forward Route Reconaissance A route reconaissance is conducted to obtain detailed information about specific route and all adjacent terrain where the enemy could influence movement along the route To perform a route recon, crew must know the following: - Designation of route - Limits of route - Time of day route will be used - Type and number of vehicles Road classifications X Y Z - X All-weather: passible throughout the year only slightly affected by bad weather - Y Limited all-weather: passible with reasonable maint. in bad weather - Z Fair weather: becomes quicly impassible with bad weather Bypass criteria - Bypass easy: 2 1/2 ton or 6x6 truck can cross easily within immediate vicinity - Bypass difficult: obstacle can be crossed within immediate vicinity but some work is required - Bypass impossible: obstacle can only be crossed by repairing existing structure or major detour is needed 15 min or 6 1/2 km detour Zone Recon A detailed recon of all natural and man-made features within a specified area. May be used to locate suitable routes of advance or to find the enemy(movement to contact) Critical tasks include: Accomplish all route recon tasks Find all enemy units, determine composition Locate suitable bypass routes Find suitable cover and concealment to flank Determine cross-country movement areas Identify enemy obstacles Typical objectives are: PZs and LZs Key Terrain Choke Points Assembly Areas LZ/PZ Recon Tactical Considerations: M ission - ability to accomplish mission L ocation - close to objective S ecurity - varies depending on location Technical considerations: L anding formation O bstacles N umber of A/C G round slope L oads A pproach departure directions S urface conditions S ize of LZ/PZ Meteorological considerations: Ceiling Visibility Density Altitude Winds NBC Areas FARRPs Danger Areas Area Recon An area recon is conducted when the commander wants detailed information about a town, ridgeline, wooded area or other feature. Area is designated by a boundry. Differs from zone by the manner of ingress and egress.

Air Route Recon The principles of an air route recon are the same as a route recon except the areas of intrest are different. Primary concerns are : Location of enemy forces Ease of navigation Suitability of landing sites Hazards to flight Perform a Security Mission The aeroscout mission in all security operations is reconaissance. Fundamentals os Security: M aintain enemy contact O rient on the main body P erform continuous recon P rovide early and accurate warning P rovide reaction time and maneuver space Types of Security missions Screen- maintain surveillance and provide early warning by maintaining contact with enemy forces. A screening force impedes, harasses enemy with organic and supporting fires and, within its capability, destroys or repels enemy patrols

TACTICAL AND MISSION OPERATIONS contd

Security operations contd Guard- conducted to gain early warning, reaction time, and maneuver space to the front, flank, or rear of a moving or stationary force. A guard force recons, screens, attacks, and defends Cover- tactically self-contained security force that operates at a great distance from main body. Mission is to give main body information, reaction time, and maneuver space, and to defeat enemy. If it cannot defeat the enemy, it will impede, harass, and delay Tactical communication procedures Voice communications: used when only absolutely necessary best to operate in secure mode use clear, concise, short, slow transmissions (under 10 sec.) never give away identity Digital communications: lowest FM power setting single block, high baud- 1200 Communication considerations: -Authentication: proper SOI usage when entering net, calls-for-fire, change in msn -MIJI procedures: keep accurate records of all suspected MIJI incidents Meaconing - using false navaids to lure Intrusion - any unauthorized person on net Jamming - using energy to disrupt commo Spot: concentrated on single freq Sweep: rapid changes of jamming on selected freqs Barrage: spread of jamming power over wide band Interference - any energy which affects commo - SIF/IFF usage: using correct transponder mode 1,2,4 monitor SIF/IFF reply indications - Antijamming: changing freqs, power settings or secure modes as appropriate - Radio silence: should be incorporated into SOP and practiced frequently for proficiency light signals, hand & arm etc.. Transmit tactical report Spot Report: S ize A ctivity L ocation U nit (if known) T ime E quipment Target handover Alert and target description: type, number and activity Target location: grid, heading, distance Method of attack: scheme of maneuver, distribution of fire Execution: At my command, when ready Post attack method: ingress and egress routes, next engagement Evasive Maneuvers Helicopters: use air combat maneuvers to break contact or evade Heat seaking missile: turn heat source away from missile, mask A/C Artillery: depart area and determine NBC requirements Tanks and small arms: turn away making sharp unequal turns, mask Jets: try to mask, if jet enters dive turn toward attacker and descend turn sharply away after jet is committed, watch for wingman ATGM: if you cant mask, remain oriented on missile, change altitude prior to impact ADA: execute immediate 90 deg. turn away from burst or strobe initiate another 90 deg. turn within 10 sec. mask If hit by fire assess the situation, maintain control, and land when in safe area to determine extent of damage In all cases employ suppressive fires if time permits Downed aircraft procedures Low threat environment: - Zeroize freqs, nav data, laser codes and IFF information, clear ATHS data entries - Remove, secure, or destroy all critical items such as classified material/equipment - Administer first aid to injured personnel - Use fastest means available to report sit. a) ID b) Location c) Personnel injured and uninjured d) Condition of A/C e) Evidence of NBC contamination f) Enemy situation g) Accessibility h) Intentions High threat environment: accomplish above steps and in addition to - Secure immediate area - Prepare A/C for destruction IAW SOP - Move to rendezvous point, E & E IAW SOP

References: TC 1-209 ATM FM 1-112

FM 1-116

THERMAL IMAGING SYSTEM

TIS Passive system Sensitive solely to IR Detect 2 degree C difference Heat differential referred to as Delta T TIS window made of germanium (Allows only IR energy to pass) LRF/D TV TIS SENSOR SUPPORT IR crossover At certain times of the day, objects and their surroundings reach the same temperature Soil and vegatation do not crossover Soil and vegatation do crossover with water Crossover varies with: Location Season Year Effects of weather Terrain Infared Properties TCU HELICOPTER INTERFACE TIS Components Focal lens assembly collects IR energy FOV lens is moved in and out along the optical path to change FOV Scanner mirror scans target area directing energy to the detectors 120 detectors- turn IR energy to electrical signal Cryogenic cooler maintains operating temp at -190 C Electronic multiplexer combines output of the detectors with scan position sensor information into a signal MMS System Processor- processes signal which is compared line by line for necessary corrections or compensations MMS PROCESSOR Absorptance Object absorbs IR energy Reflectance Object reflects IR energy Transmittance Object allows energy to pass thru it Emissivity Object emits certain amt of energy TIS Performance Performance of TIS in specific enviroments is variable Total TIS obscuration of a scene rarely occurs The effect of atmospheric obscurants on TIS performance varies proportionately withQuantity of obscurant Density of obscurant Distance between sensor and scene

AGC/AUTO LEVEL

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

REFORMATTER

VIDEO FORMATTER

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

P/CPO VIDEO

TRACKER

TIS image processing modes Automatic Low Frequency Gain Limiting (ALFGL) - Detail increases in target area with high temp variation - Overall brightness may be controlled with level TIS Integrate - Improve video in low contrast scenes - Will overlay image with each press of incr - Total of 63 images max - Scene will blur when LOS is moved Automatic Leveling Equaliztion (ALE) - Controlled by Digital Scan Converter - Equalizes output of TIS detectors - Eliminates unwanted lines on scenes with low contrast - Will not work for first 50 secs after sight is powered up REFERENCES: -10 Operators Manual MMS Student Handout TC 1-204

LASER LIMITATIONS AND TECHNIQUES

Laser Definition - light amplification by stimulation of emission of radiation - produces high intensity beam of energy used for: Rangefinding Locating Designating Updating - Coherent , invisible light beam - Neodymium laser, operates at 1.064 microns (infared spectrum) Characteristics of Laser light Relectance - reflects off objects like visible light
BEAM SPLITTER SIMPLIFIED TVS/LASER OPTICS

Operating Characteristics Pulsed beam- determines range , can be coded - Time elapsed between transmission and reception determines range - Tri-service code, compatible with laser guided munitions Optical assembly on TVS is designed to be shared with LRF/D
FOV COMMON LENSE LASER

HI-RES TV CAMERA

- different types of reflections may give inaccurate ranging data Backscatter - obscurants such as rain, smoke, fog, dust and other particles cause inaccurate return and false data Divergance - does not disperse in all directions like ordinary light , some dispersion does occur as distance increases

Laser controls - ARM/STBY/OFF switch - First/Last switch- first, range dtermined by first echo last, when target area is cluttered - Code list- pulls up code list A - H - Laser fire switch CPO cyclic - Designate, update switch CPO cyclic Laser Advisories IMPEND LSR INHBT- when MMS is pointed within 5 deg. of tail LSR INHBT- when LOS is 3 deg. of tail, laser will not fire MMS or CDS BIT failure- laser stays in STBY when trying to arm - if already armed laser will not give range LSR HOT WNG- when internal components reach 160 deg. F may be overidden LSR HOT- when internal 190 deg. F, may be overidden but damage will occur LASER ENERGY LOW- when laser energy is low, valid data may not be received for long-range tgts

Attenuation - scattering of energy by obscurants i.e. dust, trees , various obstacles Underspill -caused by placing laser too low on tgt causes false foreground targets Overspill - caused by placing laser too high on tgt causes intermittent false background tgt

LASER FAIL- indicates internal bit failure has occured Laser will not fire when: TIS integrate is used Freeze frame is used CPO MFD fails Internal temp. exceeds 160 deg. F

NIGHT VISION LIMITATIONS AND TECHNIQUES

Night use of lights Flash Light Landing Light Anti-collision Light Position Lights Interior Lighting IR Light Supplemental Lighting Additional Lighting Requirements per 95-1 Flash Light Landing Light Attitude Indicator Position and Instrument Lights Interior Lighting IR Light Visual Illusions Fixation Fascination Flicker Vertigo False Horizons Ground light misinterpretation Relative Motion Altered Planes of Reference Structural Illusion Height-Depth Perception Size-Distance Autokenesis Reversible Perspective
Types of Vision Photopic Mesopic Scotopic Light Level high medium-low low Technique of Viewing central both scan tech.

Distance Estimation & Depth Perception Binocular Vision Monocular Vision Geometric Perspective Linear perspective Apparent Foreshortening Vertical position in the Field Retinal Image size Known size Increasing/decreasing size Terrestrial association Overlapping contours Aerial Perspective Fading of colors Loss of detail/texture Position of light source Direction of shadow Motion Parallax Night Vision Techniques Scanning Off-center Viewing Shapes and Silhouettes Night Visual Problems Hyperopia Astigmatism Myopia/Night myopia Presbyopia
Color Perception good some none Receptors Used cones cones/rods rods Acuity 20/20 varies 20/200 Blind Spot(s) day day & night day & night

Types of Vision Photopic Mesopic Scotopic Night Vision Protection Red lens goggles Oxygen Sunglasses PRECAUTIONS Lanes for hovering Airfield lighting Maint. personnel Position of A/C Select departure rte HIGH INTENSITY LIGHTING Close one eye Alter course Automatic weapons fire Turn away from lights NVG Considerations Color discrimination Air/ground speed limits Lights Performance relations Effects of bright lights Tunnel vision Magnification Weather Aircraft lighting Depth perc. & Dist. est Scanning techniques Obstruction detection Spatial disorientation

Physiology of the Eye

REFERENCES: TC 1-204 FM 1-301 PARAFOVEA LENS OPTIC DISC RETINA OPTIC NERVE FOVEA

CORNEA

PUPIL IRIS CILIARY MUSCLE

HELLFIRE MISSILE SYSTEM

Hellfire Launch Modes STBY: Enables performing the BIT (30-47 sec to complete) BIT sequence is RHE, Launcher and Missiles -Enables coding the Missiles MAN: -1 Missile 1 code. -All Missiles coded primary laser code -1 missile selected, spun-up and readied at a time -Min 15 sec interval between firing multiple missiles due to time required to select, spin-up and ready next missile. -Only mode enabling missile step. NORM: - Multiple Missiles, 1 code(PRI) -Missiles coded as programmed -All missiles selected, spun-up and PRI are readied -Only Primary coded missiles can be fired -Min 8 sec interval between firing multiple missiles due to the time required to slew laser hit spot from initial target to subsequent target. RIPL: - Multiple Missiles, Multiple codes - Missiles coded as programmed - All missiles selected, spun-up and readied - RHE automatically toggles PRI and ALT codes upon missile firing. - 1.5 sec interval between firing multiple missiles due to time to press fire switch and missile to leave launcher. HI: Lock on after launch HI (remote only) - Enables missile to clear a 1000 obstacle when launched from 1500m standoff. - @ 8km = 1800 with 4 sec delay / 1500 with 15 sec delay - Min ceiling @ max range = 2000 - Min engagement range = 3.5km (0 offset) - Max engagement range = 8km (0 offset) LOAL min range adjustment ( ALL LOAL ) - 50 to 400 above target elevation = ADD 500m to min rng. - 401 to 800 above target elevation = ADD 1000m to min rng. Hellfire missile Seeker orientation CAGE: - Missiles are incapable of being fired - Missiles are inactive -Launch mode = STBY or ACP = OFF - Missiles are capable of being coded and programmed STARE: - Seeker stares down the centerline of the missile body - Delivery Mode = LOAL - ALL LOAL = missile will stare while on the launcher - LOBL does not stare. SEARCH: - Seeker scans in a pre-determined pattern to acquire PCLE - LOBL - Laser switch OFF or STBY( missile expect a remote because your laser is not up, therefore it is looking for PCLE - LOAL - Immediately after launch a LOAL will begin its search for PCLE SLAVE: - Missile seeker is slaved to the MMS LOS. - LOBL only with the laser switch in the ARM position. Missile expects autonomous because laser is ready to fire TRACK: - Anytime the missile seeker acquires PCLE the seeker will track to that laser energy to the target. Missile seeker sequence before and after firing: - LOBL: - Autonomous: SLAVE then TRACK - Remote: Search(scan) then TRACK - LOAL: - STARE then SEARCH then TRACK LOBL seeker search time limit: - Temperature 90F and above = 30 min limit - Temperature below 90F = unlimited - Allow 2 min seeker cool down before re-initiating search

Hellfire Delivery Modes LOBL: Lock on before launch - Highest trajectory of all delivery modes - 500@ 3km / 1100 @ 5km / 1800 @ 7km - Min ceiling @ Max range is 2000 - Min engagement range = 800m - Max engagement range = 7km Auton / 8km Remote - Constraint drive = Properly coded laser energy (PCLE) * All MSLS except K model will default to LOBL upon seeing PCLE DIR: Lock on after launch - Direct - Lowest trajectory with max laser designation delay - @ 7km = 1200 with 4 sec delay / 500 with 12 sec delay - Min ceiling @ maximum range with max delay = 750 - Min engagement range = 2km - Max engagement range = 7km - Constraints drivers: - Nav system = DirWPT with MMS switch in FWD/SRCH- DIR box and range followed by N - PPNT using MMS LOS with MMS switch in PPNT -MMS LOS and range followed by P - Laser = laser may be used while current (5 sec) * Missile flies a modified LOAL trajectory which is slightly higher than a true LOAL, but lower than a LOBL LO: Lock on after launch LO (remote only) - Enables missile to clear a 260 obstacle when launched from 600m standoff. -@ 8km = 1500 with 4 sec delay / 900 with 15 sec delay - Min ceiling @ max range with max delay = 750 - Min engagement range = 2km (0 offset) - Max engagement range = 8km (0 offset)

FADEC SYSTEM
THROTTLE NG DRIVERS 28VDC BATTERY/ A/C PWR PROVIDES ECU PWR BELOW 85% NP OR PMA PERMANENT MAGNET ALTENATOR (PMA) PROVIDES ALL ELECTRICAL PWR TO ECU ABOVE 85% NP CIT MEASURES COMPRESSOR INLET AIR TEMPERATURE NR SENSOR LOCATED ON XMSN (RIGHT SIDE) SENDS DISCREET NR SIGNAL TO ECU NG GOVERNING AUTO ONLY MECH THRESHOLD = 105% MECH OVERIDE = 106% NP GOVERNING SYSTEM - AUTO ONLY NP TRIM RANGE = 95% - 105% NP OVERSPEED PROTECTION (AUTO AND MAN MODES) ACTIVATES AT 124% NP. WILL THEN FLUCTUATE BETWEEN 118% AND 124% TGT OVERTEMP PROTECTION AUTO START = 843 C ( IF ABOVE 10,000PA OR TGT AT START IS 82.2 C THEN 913 C) RUN = THRESHOLD IS 815 C OVERRIDE IS 1093 C (SEE BELOW) ENGINE TORQUE AUTO ONLY MECH THRESHOLD = 131% MECH OVERRIDE = 167% (SEE BELOW) ENGINE SURGE DETECTION/AVOIDANCE FLAMEOUT DETECTION / RELIGHT FADEC incorporates logic to automatically override engine threshold operating limits based on the engine operating condition and when NR droop exceeds 7%. FEEDBACK

PLA POWER LEVER ANGLE FUEL TO ENGINE

HMU
PUMP

FILTER

FUEL IN

AUTO

MANUAL
TMOP TORQUE METER OIL PRESSURE DISCREET ENGINE TQ TO ECU NG DUAL MONOPOLE PICKUP TO ECU AND CDS NP DUAL MONOPOLE PICKUP TO ECU AND CDS TGT THERMOCOUPLE COCKPIT DISPLAY

ECU
ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT

INTERNAL AMBIENT AIR PRESSURE TRANSDUCER

FADEC COMPONENTS 1. ECU 2. HMU (PUMP & METERING UNIT) 3. PMA 4. CIT 5. TMOP 6. NR SENSOR FADEC DEGRADE
1. DEGRADE OS (OVERSPEED) 2. DEGRADE DROOP (NR) 3. TQ LIMITING LOSS 4. TGT LIMITING LOSS 5. DEGRADE ARINC OVERSPEED TEST INHIBIT 1. PLA >40 DEGREES 2. NP > 75% 3. NG >60% OR <66% 4. COLLECTIVE PITCH >10%

PLA 30 DEG TO 40 DEG = IDLE HMU SCHEDULES IDLE AT 65% TO 75% NG

FAIL DIRECT TO MANUAL

FADEC FAILURE

FAIL TO FIXED FLOW

FADEC FAIL WARNING & AUDIO AND SWITCH = MAN CAUSES: 1. TOTAL LOSS OF ELECTRICAL POWER (BATT/AC/DC GEN AND PMA) 2. OPEN OR SHORT FAILURE OF AUTO/MAN SWITCH 3. FAILURE OF AUTO/MAN SOLENOID VALVE IN HMU WHAT HAPPENS: FUEL FLOW WILL GO TO MAXIMUM FLOW RATE WITHIN APPROX. 4 SEC FROM ONSET OF FAILURE ** APPROX TIME REQUIRED FOR PISTONS IN HMU TO PARK

FADEC FAIL WARNING & AUDIO AND SWITCH =AUTO CAUSES: AN INTERNAL FAILURE OF THE ECU WHAT HAPPENS: FUEL WILL FLOW AT THE SAME RATE AS AT THE TIME OF FAILURE