APA Reference Style

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Download a Printable PDF version What is the APA style? How to reference/cite a material Library Tutorial (Tutorial PPT)

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What is the APA style?

The American Psychological Association reference style is one of the Author-Date reference styles. When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author name, year of publication and location reference. If quoting directly, a location reference such as page numbers and paragraph numbers is also required. Direct quotation Perrin (2004) argues that "the research process is a complex combination of thinking, searching, reading, evaluating, writing and revising" (p. 1). Indirect quotation It is crucial to evaluate the sources when you quote from the Internet in your research paper (Perrin, 2004). N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to include them Citations from a secondary source Samovar and Porter (as cited in Peterson, 2002, para.3) discuss that language must be first understood as symbols. At the end of your essay, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source. References must be listed in alphabetical order. Each reference should include four elements: (1) Author/Editor, (2) Date, (3) Title, and (4) Publication Information. Move your mouse over different part of the reference to see explanations. Perrin, R. (2004). Pocket guide to APA style. Boston: Hughton Miffin Company.

How to reference/cite a material?

How do I cite...

Books
o o o o o o o o o o
Book with a single author Book with two authors Book with a corporate author An edited book A chapter/article in an edited book Dictionary or Encyclopaedia Entry in an encyclopaedia A thesis Conference Paper Report

Articles from Journals (academic/scholarly)

Articles from Magazines

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Popular Trade Interest

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Print version PDF version - subscription database HTML fulltext version World Wide Web version - not subscription database

o o

Newspaper Articles
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Print version Electronic version - subscription database World Wide Web version Newspaper Article with no author.

Webpages
o o o
Website Webpage

Personal Communication
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Email Interview

Webpage (page author & host organisation not the same)

DVD / Video / CD-Rom

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Video/DVD CD-Rom

Others
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Course handout Statutes/Acts Standards Patents

Books
A book with one author REF LIST Chunn, M. (1997). Seven voices: Tales of madness and mirth. Auckland, New Zealand.: PEP. (Chunn, 1997). IN TEXT

A book with two or authors REF LIST IN TEXT

McElroy, A., & Townsend, P. K. (2003). Medical anthropology in (McElroy & Townsend, 2003). ecological perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview.

A book by a corporate author REF LIST Waikato Regional Council. (1993). Clean water: Waikato River and Lake Taupo. Hamilton, New Zealand: Author. IN TEXT (Waikato Regional Council, 1993).

An edited book REF LIST Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader (8th ed.). Belmont, CA.: Wadsworth Publishing Company. (Samovar & Porter, 1997). IN TEXT

A chapter or article in an edited book REF LIST Williams, M. (2003). William B. Todd. Nonsense and cosmic exile: the austere reading of the Tractatus. In M. Klbel & B. Weiss (Eds.). Wittgenstein's lasting significance. London: Routledge. (Williams, 2001). IN TEXT

Dictionary or Encyclopaedia REF LIST Marshall, G. (Ed.) (1998). A dictionary of sociology. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. (Marshall, 1998). IN TEXT

An entry in an Encyclopaedia REF LIST Eui-Gak, H. (2002). North Korea- economic system. In D. Levinson & K. Christenson (Ed.) Encyclopedia of modern Asia (Vol.4, pp.350-353). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. (Eui-Gak, 2002). IN TEXT

A thesis REF LIST Begg, M. M. (2001). Dairy farm women in the Waikato 19461996: Fifty years of social and structural change. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, the University of Waikato, Hamilton, NZ. (Begg, 2001). IN TEXT

Conference Paper REF LIST New Zealand Council for Educational Research. (2002). Teachers make a difference: What is the research evidence?, Conference proceedings, October, 2002. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. IN TEXT (New Zealand Council for Educational Research, 2002).

Report

REF LIST Smith, P. (2001). Waikato River water quality monitoring programme: Data report 2001. Hamilton, New Zealand: Environment Waikato. (Smith, 2002).

IN TEXT

Journals (Academic & Scholarly)

Print Version REF LIST Wartmann, S. (2000). The transition from kindergarten to school for children with special needs. SET: Research Information for Teachers, 1, 11-15. (Wartmann, 2000). IN TEXT

from a Subscription Database - PDF version REF LIST Cornelio, A. (2003). Promoting information literacy through information architecture. [Electronic version]. Library Media Connection, 21(6), 24-26. (Cornelio, 1997). IN TEXT

from a Subscription Database - HTML fulltext version REF LIST Cornelio, A. (2003). Promoting information literacy through information architecture. Library Media Connection, 21(6), Retrieved May 29, 2003, from Academic Search Premier Database. N.B para. = paragraph. (Cornelio, 1997, para.8). IN TEXT

World Wide Web version - not subscription database

REF LIST Luvmour, B. (n.d.). Being with children during times of crisis: developmental appropriateness. Pathsoflearning. Retrieved May 29, 2003, from http://www.pathsoflearning.net/library.cfm N.B. n.d.=no date (Luvmour, n.d.).

IN TEXT

Magazines
REF LIST Pirisi, A. (2003, May/June). Jobs, lies and videotape. Psychology (Pirisi, 1997). Today, 36(3), 12. IN TEXT

Newspaper Articles
Print version REF LIST Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. New Zealand Herald. p.B4. (Cumming, 2003). IN TEXT

Electronic version - subscription database REF LIST Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. New Zealand Herald. Retrieved June 9, 2003 from Newztext Plus database. (Cumming, 2003). IN TEXT

Online version - from WWW REF LIST Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. New Zealand Herald. Retrieved December 14, 2004 from (Cumming, 2003). IN TEXT

www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?ObjectID=3350885

Article with no author REF LIST Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). The Timaru Herald. p.1. IN TEXT ("Drivers reject fuel prices driven", 2003).

DVD/Video/CD-Rom
Film (Video/DVD) When you acknowldege audiovisual media such as a source of citations, reference contents of the audiomedia (Although there are many different versions of videos or DVDs of a classical motion picture, for instance, "Gone with the Wind," what needs to be referenced is not which version of videos or DVDs). 1. 2. 3. As Author, identify primary contributors (i.e. the director or producer or both) but not distributors who make videos or DVDs. Publication date is the original date of release of the motion picture (A video of "Gone with the Wind" may be published in 2003, but the film was first released in 1939. Use 1939 as Publication Date For publication information, give the motion picture's country of origin and the name of the movie studio (The example below was made by Columbia Industry, which is an American company, however this motion picture was primarily made in China and released there first, so the country of origin listed for that film would be China. REF LIST Zhang, Y. (Producer/Director). (2000). Not one less [Motion Picture].China: Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. (Zhang, 2000). IN TEXT

CD-ROM REF LIST Craig, E. (Ed.). (1998). Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy CD-ROM [CD-ROM]. London: Routledge. (Craig, 1998). IN TEXT

Webpages
Website (multiple pages - reference the homepage!) REF LIST American Psychological Association. (2003). APA style: Electronic references. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html N.B. Do not write URLs in the text IN TEXT (American Psychological Association, 2003).

Webpage (When author is different from the host organisation) REF LIST IN TEXT

Hamilton City Council. (2001). Hamilton Zoo. Retrieved October (Hamilton City Council, 1997). 7, 2004, from the Hamilton Zoo Website: http://www.hamiltonzoo.co.nz/

Others
Course Handouts/Printed Lecture notes REF LIST Brown, P. (2004). Marketing [Handout]. Hamilton, New Zealand.: University of Waikato: Diploma in Marketing. (Brown, 2004). IN TEXT

Statutes/Acts Country codes such UK and NZ are used for author & publication information of legal materials. REF LIST IN TEXT

Holiday Act 2003. (2003). The statutes of New Zealand, 2003, No. 129

(Holiday Act 2003, NZ).

Standards REF LIST Standards Association of Australia. (1997). Australian standard: Pressure equipment manufacture. AS4458-1997. North Sydney, NSW: Author. IN TEXT (Standards Association of Australia, 1997).

Patents REF LIST Smith, I. M. (1988). U.S. Patent No. 123,445. Washington DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. IN TEXT (U.S. Patent, No.123,445, 1988).

Personal Communication (Letters, Telephone conversation, Emails, Interviews, Lecture notes etc.)
REF LIST No information is required in the reference list, Data is not recoverable so do not include in reference list. In his lecture on 19 March 2004, Professor Clarke commented that... IN TEXT (H. Clarke, personal communication, March 19, 2004).

Library Tutorial
A tutorial for "APA Reference Style for University Assignments" (45 minutes long) has been offered by Liaison & Information Literacy Team of the Library regularly throughout the academic year. Please check the library tutorial timetable at the Library

Homepage. If you prefer, you can try our online tutorial WISE - "Avoiding Plagiarism module" & "Internet & World Wide Web" modules. For more information about the tutorial, please contact Takashi Aota, Social Sciences Librarian at the Information desk on Level 2 of the Central Library or Email: takashi@waikato.ac.nz / Telephone: 07-8384466 ext.6224. It is the best for you to learn how to use APA reference style for university assignments if you attend a library tutorial for APA reference style, however if you cannot attend a tutorial, APA reference tutorial PowerPoint Slide. (Save it first to print out in a handout layout - 6 slides in A4 paper.) For further information please refer to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.) (BF11.A69 2001) or the Pocket Guide to APA Style (BF76.7.P426 2004). Check the Library Catalogue for collection locations.

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