Publisher Help

XML Help for PubMed Data Providers
Publishers of journals indexed in MEDLINE are encouraged to submit citation and abstract data electronically for inclusion in PubMed. Electronic submissions ensure that citations and abstracts are available to the public within 48 hours of uploading a properly formatted XML file, and meets one of the requirements to add an icon on PubMed citations via participation in LinkOut. LinkOut is a service that allows you to link directly from a PubMed citation to the journal website. PubMed only accepts citation & abstract data uploaded by File Transfer Protocol (FTP) that is in the PubMed XML tagged format. FTP accounts are provided for publishers to send data in a confidential and reliable manner. These citations are then added to PubMed and PubMed Unique Identifiers (PMIDs) are returned to the publisher. Interested in uploading citation & abstract data to PubMed for your journal? Get started at the Data Provider Quick Start. Have questions about the process? Then please contact the Data Provider Support Team [publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
PubMed Help PubMed Help PubMed Help PubMed Help
Data Provider Quick Start

XML How do I know if my journal is indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed? How do I supply XML tagged citation & abstract data to PubMed? How do I submit XML tagged citation and abstract data for Online-only articles? Can an ESSN be supplied instead of an ISSN? What is an Article Identifier? How do I submit tags for Volume and Issue Supplements? How should the Publication Date be submitted? How should I submit citations to articles in languages other than English? Can Collective Author Names be supplied to PubMed? Can Collaborators Names be supplied to PubMed? Can Single Personal Author Names be supplied to PubMed? Should I submit author initials or full author names in my XML file? What information should be included in the Affiliation tag? Can I include position, degree, or honorific title in the <FirstName>, <LastName>, <Middlename>, or <Suffix> tags? How should abstract section headings be submitted? How should I submit mathematical or chemical formulas or tables in the Abstract tag? How should I submit characters in Greek and other languages? How do I use the <History> tag? How do I validate my XML file before uploading it?
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Does PubMed provide a citation matching service?
FTP and File Submission What is File Transfer Protocol (FTP)? How do I submit files via FTP? How should filenames be constructed? How do I submit a sample XML file with my citation data? How do I use the Citation Validator? What is the archive subdirectory for? May I submit an incomplete issue and then send the additional issue citations at a later date? What types of articles are accepted for PubMed?
PubMed Help PubMed Help

LinkOut
Corrections and Loader Reports How do I determine if a PMID has been deleted? How do I correct an error in electronically submitted data? I received the Loader Reports, but I cannot find my citations in PubMed. How do I interpret the PubMed Loader Report? Can the PubMed Loader Report be sent via FTP instead of email?
How do I create links to the issues of my journal?
Frequently Asked Questions from Publishers How do I get my journal into PubMed? What should I do if my journal title or ISSN changes? Why didnt my data from a supplement load? Why are my author replies not in PubMed? Requirements for online-only journals indexed for MEDLINE What is NLMs policy? When does the policy take effect? When should the PDF/A files be submitted? How should the PDF/A files be submitted? Is any new XML tagging required? XML How do I know if my journal is indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed? There are a number of ways to determine if your journal is indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed. You could search for it in the NLM Catalog if your journal is found then select the Journal or Full display and look for the "Indexed in" field. Journals that are currently indexed will have an open date range. NLM also provides the following journal lists that are available by FTP:
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Journals included in PubMed:
Journals included in the Entrez molecular biology databases such as Nucleotide, Protein, and Genome: Uncompressed GNU zip UNIX Compress PKZIP
Journals in PubMed and the molecular biology databases:
Uncompressed GNU zip UNIX Compress PKZIP
Uncompressed GNU zip UNIX Compress PKZIP
If you cannot find your journal in the NLM Catalog or if your journal does not have an "Indexed in" field then it probably needs to apply for selection. The Journal Selection for MEDLINE fact sheet describes the journal selection policy and criteria. The fact sheet includes information about the application process. How do I supply XML tagged citation & abstract data to PubMed? The simplest way to get started is to copy the Example of a Standard XML file into a plain text editor and edit the text within each tag to fit your journal. If a tag is not used by your journal simply delete it from your file. To access an editable plain-text template of the Standard XML file, click here. Once you have finished editing the tags then validate the file; save the file (click here for tips on file names) and submit the sample XML file for review. How do I submit citation and abstract data for Online-only articles? Citation and abstract data for an Online-only article should appear very similar to a printed article. The following are common differences: Sometimes online-only articles do not have page numbers; instead they have a doi. If this is the case the correct tag to use is <ELocationID> instead of the <FirstPage> tag. NOTE: NLM strongly recommends the use of the letter "E" or e when paginating Online Only articles. (For example, pages E1-E12.) The E-pagination should appear in the <FirstPage> and <LastPage> tags in the XML files. We see using the "E" as a service to the users of PubMed, as many associate "E" page numbers with this special class of journals. Online Only articles that are paginated with a single page number per article (article 1, article 2), whether in the <FirstPage> or the new <ELocationID EIdType=pii> tag, are often mistaken by users as single page articles, not research articles of greater substance. Online-only articles may also have individual publication dates instead of a publication date for the complete Issue or Volume. In this case the <PubDate PubStatus="epublish"> should be used with the Year, Month and Day of online publication. If an online-only article has two publications dates, individual & Issue/Volume, then the <PubDate> tag should NOT have a PubStatus attribute & the <History> tag should be used. The following are examples of the PubMed display for Online-only articles: AAPS J. 2008 Mar 23;10(1):E1-17. This Online-only article has a Year & Month & Day of publication (2008 Mar 23); a Volume (10); Issue (1) and has chosen to use the FirstPage tag (E1) & LastPage tag (E17). If the XML file also included the ELocationID tags, then the doi would be displayed like so:
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AAPS J. 2008 Mar 23;10(1):E1-17. doi: 10.1208/aapsj1001001. If the XML file did NOT include the FirstPage & LastPage tags, but had the ELocationID tags, the PubMed display would be like so (if both ELocationID tags are sent, both will display in the absence of the page tags):
AAPS J. 2008 Mar 23;10(1). pii: aapsj1001001. doi: 10.1208/aapsj1001001. Here is an example of the XML: <FirstPage></FirstPage> <LastPage></LastPage> <ELocationID EIdType=doi>10.1208/aapsj1001001</ELocationID> <ELocationID EIdType=pii>aapsj1001001</ELocationID> Also if this is the first time Online-only articles have been released for the title please contact us at publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov with the following information: Full Journal title: Electronic ISSN: URL: First volume/issue to contain Online-only articles: Provider: If you already have an account at NCBI enter it here. If not, enter the name of your organization. Can an ESSN be supplied instead of an ISSN? An ESSN, or electronic ISSN number, can be supplied in the <Issn> tags if the ESSN exists in our NLM Catalog. If you do not see the ESSN number in the catalog, please write to publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and we will have the number added to our records. Note that the ESSN must be a registered number. What is an Article Identifier? All Article Identifiers are optional. An Article Identifier can take one of two forms; a PII or a DOI. A PII, or Publisher Item Identifier, is any internal reference identifier used in the publishing process. This identifier is assigned by the publisher. A DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, is a number assigned by an international organization. The DOI System is a system for identifying and exchanging intellectual property in the digital environment. DOIs are issued to registrants by the DOI Registration Agency. More information about this standardized format can be obtained at http://www.doi.org/. Article Identifiers (PII and DOI) are available for use in LinkOut which allows providers to create links from article citations in PubMed to the full-text article hosted on the publisher websites. How do I submit tags for Volume and Issue Supplements? Use the following guidelines for Supplements: Supplement 1 for Volume 6:
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<Volume>6 Suppl 1</Volume> <Issue></Issue> Issue 4, Supplement 2 for Volume 7:
<Volume>7</Volume> <Issue>4 Suppl 2</Issue> Issue 4 Pt 1 for Volume 7: <Volume>7</Volume> <Issue>4 Pt 1</Issue> Issue Part 3 for Volume 7 (it has Volume 7 Part 3 on the cover): <Volume>7</Volume> <Issue>Pt 3</Issue> How should the Publication Date be submitted? The Publication Date of a printed or electronic journal should be submitted in exactly the same format as appears on the cover of the printed issue or on the Table of Contents (ToC) page of journal website. Here are some examples: Issue cover/ToC display: 2008 May Submit: <PubDate> <Year>2008</Year> <Month>May</Month> </PubDate> Issue cover/ToC display: Fall 2008 Submit: <PubDate> <Year>2008</Year> <Season>Fall</Season> </PubDate> Issue cover/ToC display: Dec 21 2008 Submit: <PubDate> <Year>2008</Year> <Month>Dec</Month> <Day>21</Day> </PubDate> Issue cover/ToC display: 2008 Submit: <PubDate> <Year>2008</Year> </PubDate> Issue cover/ToC display: Nov-Dec OR November/December OR November-December 2008
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Submit: <PubDate> <Year>2008</Year> <Month>Nov-Dec</Month> </PubDate> How should I submit citations to articles in languages other than English? Citations to non-English articles should include the vernacular title and/or a translated English title. Only English abstracts are included in PubMed. Do not submit an abstract if an English language abstract is not published with the journal article. See our Instructions for Non-English Languages. Can Collective Author Names be supplied to PubMed? Yes. A Collective Author Name, the name of the authoring committee or organization, should be included by using the <CollectiveName> tag within an <Author> tag. Here is an example of a PubMed citation with a Collective Author Name (as well as an individual Author name): Lawrence WT; Plastic Surgery Educational Fourndation DATA Committee. . Arnica. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003 Sep 15;112(4):1164-6. No abstract available. PMID: 12973238 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] This is the tagging for the same citation as it appears in the XML file: <AuthorList> <Author> <FirstName>W.</FirstName> <MiddleName>Thomas</MiddleName> <LastName>Lawrence</LastName> </Author> <Author> <CollectiveName>Plastic Surgery Educational Foundation DATA Committee</ CollectiveName> </Author> </AuthorList> Can Collaborators Names be supplied to PubMed? Yes. Investigators (also known as collaborators in PubMed) are individuals who contribute to a scientific article but are not authors. The group name author should be placed in the <Author> tags, and the investigators names should be included by using the <IndividualName> tag within a <GroupName> tag. Please see an example of the XML tagging below:
<AuthorList> <Author> <CollectiveName>Cancer Genome Center</CollectiveName> </Author> <Author> <CollectiveName>North American Barley Genome Project</CollectiveName> </Author> </AuthorList>
Page 7 <GroupList> <Group> <GroupName>Cancer Genome Project</GroupName> <IndividualName> <FirstName>John</FirstName> <LastName>Smith</LastName> </IndividualName> <IndividualName> <FirstName>Jane</FirstName> <LastName>Smith</LastName> </IndividualName> </Group> <Group> <GroupName>North American Barley Genome Project</GroupName> <IndividualName> <FirstName>John Jacob</FirstName> <LastName>Han</LastName>

</Group> </GroupList>
</IndividualName> <IndividualName> <FirstName>Laura</FirstName> <LastName>Clancy</LastName> </IndividualName>
Please note that a group name author (a collective name author, e.g., a study group name) must exist in the bibliographic citation data in order for investigator names to be supplied in the <GroupList> section. Investigator names should be listed in the order in which they appear in the full-text article. For more information about NLMs policy for individual authors, group or corporate authors, and investigators, please see the Authorship in MEDLINE Fact Sheet. Can Single Personal Author Names be supplied to PubMed? Yes. A Single Personal Author Name, when a person has only one name, should be included by using the EmptyYN attribute for the <FirstName> tag within an <Author> tag. The default value for the EmptyYN attribute is "N"; indicating that the <FirstName> tag should not be empty. Here is an example of a PubMed citation with a Single Personal Author Name (as well as authors with a FirstName and LastName): Matiullah, Rehman S, Rehman S, Mati N, Ahmad S. . Some more new etchants for CR-39 detector. Radiat Meas. 2005 Oct;39(5):551-5. PMID: 16094777 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] This is the tagging for the same citation as it appears in the XML file: <AuthorList> <Author> <FirstName EmptyYN="Y"></FirstName>
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<MiddleName></MiddleName> <LastName>Matiullah</LastName> </Author> <Author> <FirstName EmptyYN="N">S.</FirstName> <LastName>Rehman</LastName> </Author> </AuthorList> Should I submit author initials or full author names in my XML file? Please submit author names exactly as they appear in the published article. Full author names are searchable in PubMed using the [FAU] qualifier. See the PubMed Help for more details. Full author names can be viewed in two citation formats: XML and MEDLINE. What information should be included in the Affiliation tag?
Submit the complete address information including city, state/province, and country, zip code, and email address, for example:
<Affiliation> Division of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 312 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53792, USA. smith@wisc.edu </Affiliation>
Affiliation data for only the first author will be displayed in PubMed. Can I include position, degree, or honorific title in the <FirstName>, <LastName>, <MiddleName>, or <Suffix> tags? No. Do not include titles or degrees because they will cause an incorrect author name to appear in the PubMed citation. How should abstract section headings be submitted? Submit abstract section headings in all uppercase letters followed by a colon and space, for example:
<Abstract> BACKGROUND: Approximately 3,000 new cases of oral cancer... </Abstract>
Common section headings are: BACKGROUND, METHODS, RESULTS, and CONCLUSIONS. How should I submit mathematical or chemical formulas or tables in the abstract field? Simple formulas: Chemical - do not use <sup> or <inf> in chemical formulas, for example water should be submitted as H20, carbon dioxide as CO2.
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Mathematical - simple mathematical formulas should be submitted with <sup> or <inf>, for example sin(x<sup>2</sup>/2). Submit the following in place of complex mathematical or chemical formulas or tables within the abstract:
Complex formulas:
[Formula: see text] [Table: see text] This text should only be used for formulas or tables that cannot be represented in any other manner. How should I submit characters in Greek and other languages? Starting in September 2010, PubMed/MEDLINE is using an expanded character set. NLM accepts for newly created MEDLINE citations any UTF-8 character in the Latin (Roman) and Greek scripts as well as mathematical and other symbols commonly found in biomedical literature. Other scripts such as Chinese, Japanese, or Korean are not supported. Previously, NLM spelled out Greek letters, for example, replacing (Unicode 03B2) with beta. PubMed users are now able to search for these characters either by copying and pasting the text or spelling out the letter as they always have done. Both approaches retrieve the same set of citations. NLM will continue to standardize some characters: All instances that represent a Double Quote will be translated to the straight double quote " (Unicode 0022). All instances that represent a Single Quote (this includes prime and apostrophe) will be translated to the straight single quote ' (Unicode 0027). Em Dash, En Dash, Hyphen, or Minus will be translated to the single dash - (Unicode 002D).
How do I use the <History> tag? The <History> tag is an optional tag available to publishers who want to include information about the publication history of their citations. The <History> tag includes PubStatus attributes, which may contain only one of the following values for each date in the publication history: <PubDate PubStatus = "received"> <PubDate PubStatus = "accepted"> <PubDate PubStatus = "revised"> <PubDate PubStatus = "aheadofprint"> <PubDate PubStatus = "epublish"> <PubDate PubStatus = "ppublish"> Any PubDate in History must be an exact PubDate, one that includes valid values in the Year, Month and Day tags. The <History> tag plays an important part in the process of submitting Ahead of Print citations. If a citation is submitted using the "aheadofprint" attribute in the <PubDate> tag and is later replaced using the "ppublish" attribute, we recommend that the publisher "move" the Ahead of Print date to the <History> tag in the Replacement File. This will enable the citation to retain
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the ahead of print publish date in PubMed. For more details, see our All About Ahead of Print page. The <PubDate PubStatus = "epublish"> can be used to tag the individual publication date of an online-only article.
Citations with PubStatus=epublish or PubStatus=aheadofprint can only be submitted for publication date years greater than or equal to 2000. How do I validate my XML file before uploading it? Use the PubMed Citation XML File Validator to validate your XML file before uploading it. The Citation Validator has two options: input and upload. The size of your file determines which option is better for you. The input option works best for files under 30KB. If you attempt to validate a file larger than 30KB using the input option, you may see a blank screen instead of result page. The upload option is best for larger files (up to 8MB) and is recommended for final validation prior to uploading the file.
The Citation Validator uses a strict syntax. Errors in one part of a file will affect how the program validates the rest of the file. The best approach is to check the lines around an error, fix the syntax errors, and validate the file again. Some notes about the results page when using the Citation Validator: Files without errors will display the citations as they will appear in PubMed. Files with errors will produce an error report. If you receive the message: ISSN not found in NCBI database: ISSN= Title= please contact publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov for details regarding the indexing status of the title. Red letters in an error report indicate a tagging error that will prevent the file from validating and loading. Some common errors include: The presence of an incomplete entity. All entities must begin with an ampersand (&) and end with a semi-colon (;). The presence of a stand-alone ampersand (&). When an ampersand is not part of an entity, it must be represented by this entity: & The presence of a stand-alone less than (<) or greater than (>) symbol. When less than or greater than symbols are not part of XML tags, they must be represented by the entities < and > respectively. The presence of extraneous spaces or line breaks within XML tags. The header is incorrect. The header must always be: <!DOCTYPE ArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMed 2.0//EN" "http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query/static/PubMed.dtd"> The validator error messages are designed to be self-explanatory. However, if you have questions then please contact the Data Provider Support Team [publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Does PubMed provide a citation matching service? A citation matching service is available for publishers to obtain the PMIDs of the references in their articles and link these references back to PubMed.
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FTP and File Submission What is File Transfer Protocol (FTP)? File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a network protocol used to upload files from one computer to another computer via a network accessed by an FTP client. Most web browsers can be used as an FTP client. You can also download different FTP clients depending on your needs. How do I submit files via FTP? From a standard FTP client: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 At a command prompt type: ftp-private.ncbi.nih.gov and press enter. Type your login name at the login prompt and press enter. (Contact us to obtain a private FTP account.) Type your password at the password prompt and press enter. You should now be logged into the FTP server. If you receive an error message, check your login information, type "bye" followed by enter, and retry steps 1-3. Type "bin" and press enter. This changes your FTP server to BINARY mode. Type the "put" command, followed by your pathname or drive and filename and press enter. (For example, "put C:\filename" or "put /home/testfiles/journalv6n3".) Type "dir" and press enter to display the files in your FTP directory. Type "bye" to disconnect from the server and close the FTP session. In the URL address box type in: ftp://ftp-private.ncbi.nih.gov and press enter. From the File pull-down menu, choose "Login As". If you are using Internet Explorer 7 then click on Page and choose "Open FTP Site in Windows Explorer". In the new window go to the File pull-down menu, choose "Login As".
From a browser window:
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Type in your username and password in the dialog box. The screen will display your directory with an archive folder inside. Add new files here at the top level of the directory. DO NOT put them in the archive folder! They will automatically be placed there after processing.
Note: If you receive a server error please try again 30 minutes later. How should filenames be constructed? File names should be unique. We do not require a specific naming convention but suggest you include journal title abbreviation, volume, and issue, e.g., AJPv36i12.sgml. The file name should not contain any spaces or UTF-8 character symbols (e.g. the letter a with an acute symbol) and not exceed 32 characters. We prefer files to be submitted in plain ASCII text format. However, we can accept the compressed file formats .tar, .zip, and .gz How do I submit a sample XML file with my citation data? 1 2 3 4 Create a sample file based on the PubMed DTD. (Click here for an Example of an XML file.) Contact publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov to request FTP login information. FTP the sample file to the ftptest directory on NCBI using login information. Send a notification letter to publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov using the following format:
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To: publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Subject: TEST: full journal title FILENAME: TITLE: ISSN: VOLUME: ISSUE: URL: (if any) PUBLISHER: Publisher for this journal PROVIDER: Provider if different from Publisher. If you already have an FTP account with NCBI enter it here. If not, enter the name of your organization.
Note: Use a separate email notification for each journal title submitted for review. What is the archive subdirectory for? Files are stored in the archive subdirectory after they have been loaded into PubMed. Do not place citation files in the archive subdirectory. May I submit an incomplete issue and then send the additional issue citations at a later date? No. Only submit files that include the complete set of citations for an issue. Incomplete issues can result in duplicate citations and require manual operations to correct. The only exceptions to this rule are citations for articles that are published electronically in advance of the print journal (Ahead of Print articles) or articles for Online-Only journals published individually. Details on sending Ahead of Print articles are available from the Ahead of Print page. What types of articles are accepted for PubMed? We require the submission of research articles, editorials, case studies, and letters to the editor. We ask that you do not submit data for the following items: book reviews, advertisements, announcements, erratum notices, software and equipment reviews, and papers to appear in forthcoming issues. In addition, do not submit individual citations for abstracts or shortened versions of presentations or papers from conference proceedings unless the full-text of the article is published. In most instances, NLM does create a single citation to cover a group of meeting abstracts or shortened versions of conference proceedings; for example, see PMIDs 12526142, 12516608, and 12516600. Corrections and Loader Reports How do I determine if a PMID has been deleted? For a list of all PMIDs that have been deleted since October 2004 click here: ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/deleted_pmids.txt This plain text file is updated every night at 10 PM EST. If a PMID is Restored to PubMed it will of course be removed from the file during the nightly update. Citations are deleted from PubMed for one or more of the following reasons: 1) The citation was verified as a duplicate citation.
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2) The NLM Indexing staff determined the citation was "non-indexable" material. The following are a few examples of "non-indexable" material: book reviews, advertisements, announcements, erratum notices, society calendars, software and equipment reviews, papers to appear in forthcoming issues, forwards, table of contents, and citations for articles *not* printed/published in full. Short reports, news items, letters and editorials are also subject to deletion. 3) The citation was identified as an incomplete issue. Data Providers who submit citations electronically to NLM for PubMed are required to upload citations to all articles in an issue on the same day unless otherwise specified. For example Ahead of Print citations are *not* required to be uploaded as a complete issue. How do I correct an error in electronically submitted data? An error found in a PubMed record can be corrected, but whether the correction can be made by the data provider depends on the publication status of the citation in question and whether the error also occurred in the original version of the article (print or online). Please see our Correcting Errors in PubMed page for more information.
I received the Loader Reports, but I cannot find my citations in PubMed. Citations are usually indexed by noon of the next day. Occasionally, because of technical problems, indexing of new citations may take several days. Contact us at publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov if the articles are not retrievable in 3-5 days. How do I interpret the PubMed Loader Report? Below is an example of a typical Loader Report. Contact us at publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov if you have not received the Loader Report within one business day of submitting your file.
Journal|Year|Volume|Issue|First Page|First Author|Article ID|PubMed ID File GSEv40i3.xml(6 articles) Genet Sel Evol|2008|40|3|241|Doeschl-Wilson AB|g07060|18400148 Genet Sel Evol|2008|40|3|265|Lee SH|g07054|18400149 Genet Sel Evol|2008|40|3|279|Ibanez-Escriche N|g07028|18400150 Genet Sel Evol|2008|40|3|295|Tarres J|g07027|18400151 Genet Sel Evol|2008|40|3|309|Pritchard T|g07035|18400152 Genet Sel Evol|2008|40|3|321|Cinkulov M|g07062|18400153 Total processed: 6 article(s), 6 were created.
Total processed: # article(s), # were created, # were replaced, # were rejected. The report contains the filename (XGEv133i2.xml), followed by the number of articles in the file. This is followed by a listing of articles created with each article containing the following fields: MEDLINE Title Abbreviation, Year, Volume, Issue, First Page, First Listed Author,
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Article ID (if present in the file), and PubMed Identifier (PMID). Following the batch of articles is a "Total processed" message indicating the number of articles processed from the uploaded file and the number created, replaced, and/or rejected. Rejected articles in a Loader Report will often be annotated with error messages. Here is a list of possible error messages: Cannot replace Article: Article does not have " [PubMed as supplied by publisher] " status. The <Replaces> tag can only be used if the citation is currently in the " [PubMed as supplied by publisher] " status. Please see our Correcting Errors in PubMed documentation for more information. Cannot find article by ID. The doi or pii listed in the <Replaces> tag IdType attribute does not exist in a PubMed citation. Please verify that the doi or pii is accurate. If necessary remove the <Replaces> tag and reload the file to create the article rather than replace a non-existent PubMed citation. Article matches PMID = , which is not in " [PubMed as supplied by publisher] " status. This message means the data is already in PubMed and it cannot be modified by a Replacement file. ISSN not found in NCBI database: ISSN= Title= . There are two actions you can take in response to this: 1) Verify the ISSN is correct. 2) Confirm that you have notified the Data Provider Support Team of any recent title changes. Not a current MEDLINE journal: ISSN= Title= . There are two actions you can take in response to this: 1) Verify the ISSN is correct. 2) Confirm that you have notified the Data Provider Support Team of any recent title changes. Article matches PMID= To update use Replaces tag. Please refer to the Instructions for Replacement Files documentation for more information. Cannot replace Article: PMID does not exist. NLM has deleted the PMID or you have provided an invalid PMID number. Please refer to the "How do I determine if a PMID has been deleted?" question. Wrong provider. Verify that you have received Approval from the Data Provider Support Team. Partial match. Submitted citation matched an existing PubMed citation. Volume, issue, page and Article Id matched but there are differences in the author, title, or publication date tags. Invalid Year / Invalid Month / Invalid Day. The message will specify whether the invalid date appeared in the PubDate tag within <Journal> or the PubDate tag within <History>. <Year> can only contain 4-digit ranging between 1966 and 2010. <Month> can only contain the numbers 1-12, the month (in English) or the first three letters of the English months. NOTE: The only PubStatus attribute that allows for a dual month in <Month> is ppublish. <Day> can only contain the numbers 1-31. Month tag is missing or empty; Day tag is present. ISSN tag is missing or empty. Both Volume and Issue tags are missing or empty. A valid file must contain a value in the Volume tag or the Issue tag, or both.
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Replaces tag has invalid symbols or is empty. <Replaces> tag cannot be empty. Please refer to the Instructions for Replacement Files documentation for more information. FirstPage tag is missing or empty. In a <PubDate PubStatus ="ppublish" article the <FirstPage> tag cannot be empty.
FirstPage tag is missing or empty; LastPage is present. If an article is only one page in length the value should appear in the <FirstPage> tag not the <LastPage> tag. FirstPage / LastPage tag has invalid symbols. Invalid symbols are anything other than letters or numbers. Abstract is too short. The text within the <Abstract> tags must be more than 50 characters in length. If the Article does not have an abstract then the <Abstract> tag should be left empty. The phrase "No Abstract Available" is not necessary in XML files. Unknown Language. See our list of accepted language codes. FirstName / LastName / CollectiveName tag is missing or empty. Message will specify which Author tag the error occurred in. (Author 1, Author 2, etc.) If either the FirstName or LastName tag is present and contains text both must be present and contain text. If neither the FirstName nor LastName tag is present then the CollectiveName tag must be present and contain text. FirstName / LastName contains invalid characters. Message will specify which Author tag the error occurred in. (Author 1, Author 2, etc.). The following are invalid characters: !"#$%&@()*+/;:`<=>?^{|}[\] Ahead-of-print Article must have "pii" or "doi". See our page "All About Ahead of Print" for more details Invalid Ahead of Print date. Ahead of Print files can not have an electronic publication date greater than eighteen (18) months prior to the date of uploading to PubMed. Cannot replace Article: Replacement file must use the original ArticleIds Cannot replace Article: ArticleIds do not match. Contact LinkOut to change ArticleIds. Bibliographic data does not match. A rejected article or file will not necessarily produce an error message in the loader report. Some common errors that do not produce them are: The presence of an incomplete entity. All entities must begin with an ampersand (&) and end with a semi-colon (;). The presence of a stand-alone ampersand (&). When an ampersand is not part of an entity it must be represented by this entity & The presence of a stand-alone less than (<) or greater than (>) symbol. When less than or greater than symbols are not part of XML tags they must be represented by the entities < and > respectively. The presence of extraneous spaces and/or line breaks within XML tags.
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The file or an article within the file was not formatted in accordance with PubMed specifications. Additional information on the required XML format is available in the PubMed DTD. Can the PubMed Loader Report be sent via FTP instead of email? No. You may want to designate a special email address (or addresses) for the processing of your automatic Loader Reports. LinkOut How do I create links to the issues of my journal? To create links you must participate in LinkOut. LinkOut is a feature of Entrez where third parties provide information to link specific Entrez records to relevant Web-accessible online resources such as full-text publications, molecular biology databases, consumer health information, research tools, and more. Typically, publishers or full-text providers use LinkOut to provide links from PubMed citations to their full-text journals available on the Web. See the LinkOut documentation for additional information. See also MEDLINE Journals with links to Publisher Web Sites
Frequently Asked Questions from Publishers

How do I get my journal into PubMed? Please see our Journal Selection Fact Sheet for details: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/ factsheets/jsel.html To learn more about MEDLINE, please visit: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/ medline.html What should I do if my journal title or ISSN changes? A change in the first five words of the title of the journal is considered a title change and will result in a new bibliographic record and the assignment of a new title abbreviation. A new ISSN should be assigned in this instance. Also, the addition, deletion, change, or reordering of any of the first five words (not including the initial article) is also considered a title change and will require a new bibliographic record and assignment of a new title abbreviation. These are the steps for a title change: 1 E-mail publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov when the title has changed and a new ISSN has been assigned. Visit http://www.issn.org for more information about applying for a new ISSN. Submit a copy of the ISSN assignment e-mail or letter from your local ISSN centre to publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and mail it with a print copy of the journal with the new title and ISSN to:
National Library of Medicine Attn: Wilma Bass Bldg 38, Room 1N08
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Catalogue Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 3 Wait for an e-mail confirmation from the Data Provider Support Team stating that our records have been updated and we are ready to receive data using the new title and ISSN.
Why didnt my data from a supplement load? All supplements are hidden after they have been loaded because the NLM needs to discern whether the supplement conflicts with the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Policies. Visit http://www.icmje.org/ethical_4conflicts.html for more information. After supplements have been reviewed and confirmed with proper conflict of interest disclosures, the citations will be unhidden and be available again in PubMed. Note that for supplements published in 2008 and later, it is required that author disclosure statements appear within the paginated text of the article. Please refer to the NLM Fact Sheet regarding Conflict of Interest Disclosure and Journal Supplements in MEDLINE for detailed information. Why are my author replies not in PubMed? Frequently, a published letter that NLM considers a comment will be immediately followed by a response written by the author(s) of the original article. NLM does not create or index separate citations for such published author responses. Most often, such responses do not have separate or unique titles or appear as separate entities in the journal table of contents. Instead, the pagination for the author response is included in the citation for the commenting letter and specifically indicated with the text, author reply. Although such replies are not indexed separately for MEDLINE, the content of any substantive discussion provided in the response is considered when MeSH subject headings are assigned to the citation. For more details, please refer to the NLM Fact Sheet. Requirements for online-only journals indexed for MEDLINE What is NLMs policy? NLM updated its policy regarding electronic journals indexed in MEDLINE. Initially, the updated policy will apply to electronic-only journals which have applied for and been recently approved for inclusion in MEDLINE and journals currently indexed in MEDLINE that have switched or will switch to being electronic-only. There are 3 required conditions that electronic-only journals must meet in order for the journal to be indexed in MEDLINE: 1 2 3 Provide NLM with XML-tagged data of its bibliographic citations. Provide robust current access to all its content under a license allowing efficient support of NLM operations, onsite services, and interlibrary loan. Have an acceptable arrangement for permanent preservation of, and access to, the published content.
For conditions 2 and 3, NLM must be satisfied that all articles published in an electronic-only journal are available in a digital archive. The permanent archive must be either by
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OR
Participation in PubMed Central Participating in another certified archive site, plus submission of a PDF/A copy of each article to NLM for use by NLM for internal operations, such as journal indexing. The PDF/A copies should be submitted at the same time as the XML-tagged citation data.
For more information, see the FAQ: MEDLINE Indexing Requirements for Electronic Journals. When does the policy take effect? NLM will begin the implementation of the policy beginning May 1, 2011. There are cases where journals currently indexed in MEDLINE have switched or may switch over to being electronic-only publications. NLM will notify these journals about the new electronic-only journal indexing policy and will provide a generous timeframe to allow these journals to comply with the policy so their inclusion in MEDLINE will continue. When should the PDF/A files be submitted? Electronic-only journals submitting their content to a third-party archive should submit their PDF/A files to NLM for all of their journal content that is indexed in MEDLINE. The PDF/A files should be submitted at the same time as the XML citation data. Each XML citation that is submitted should have an accompanying PDF/A file. NLM will work with a journal to ensure that it can be compliant with the indexing policy. It may take several months for a journal to be able to provide the expected PDF/A files along with the XML bibliographic citation data; NLM is willing to work with publishers in this situation. How should the PDF/A files be submitted? Data providers for journals affected by the new policy should upload a PDF/A file to the pdf folder located in the root directory of their private FTP account. The corresponding XML citation data should be uploaded to the root directory. If we are expecting to receive a PDF/A file accompanying a citation file and no PDF/A has been loaded (or an invalid/incorrect PDF/ A has been loaded), the loader will reject the submission. Is any new XML tagging required? Yes. Please add the following XML tagging to your citation file to associate the citation with a specific PDF/A file:
<ArchiveCopySource DocType="pdf">PDF file name here</ArchiveCopySource>
This tag should be placed at the end of the citation, following the <ObjectList> tag. View a sample XML file here to confirm the location.
PubMed XML Tagged Format

The XML tags are listed below followed by descriptions. Additional information on XML tagged format is available at the following Web sites: W3Schools, XML.com, and OASIS. This format is required for submission of citation and abstract data to PubMed. Other formats are not accepted. Only journals that are already approved for inclusion in PubMed/MEDLINE should be submitted. See the Data Provider Quick Start for more information about journals indexed for MEDLINE.
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If you wish to have non-ASCII characters in your citations you must use standard SGML entity names. It is not possible to keep a separate translation table for each publisher, given the number of possible non-ASCII characters. Links to the journal Web site, if available, may be submitted using LinkOut.

File Header (R) ArticleSet (R) Article (R) Journal (R) PublisherName (R) JournalTitle (R) Issn (R) Volume (O/R) Issue (O/R) PubDate (R) Year (R) Month (O/R) Season (O) Day (O)
Section Contents XML Tag Descriptions SGML Data Entities for PubMed Submissions XML File Examples Subset of ISO 639 Language Codes PubMed DTD
XML Tag Descriptions

The following is a glossary of the tags defined in the PubMed DTD. Click on each of the tag names below for more information. You can also view an Example of a Standard XML File. Data Tags (R = Required, O = Optional O/R = Optional or Required). Tag names are case sensitive. Required tags must be included; optional tags must be included only if the data requested appears in the print or electronic article. Optional or Required tags are dependent on the use of other tags.
Replaces (O) ArticleTitle (O) VernacularTitle (O) FirstPage (O/R) LastPage (O) ELocationID (O/R) Language (O) AuthorList (O/R) Author (R) FirstName (O/R) MiddleName (O) LastName (O/R) Suffix (O) CollectiveName (O)
Affiliation (O) GroupList (O/R) Group (R) GroupName (R) IndividualName (O) PublicationType (O) ArticleIdList (O/R) ArticleId (R) History (O) Abstract (O) CopyrightInformation (O) ObjectList (O) Object (O) Param (O)
File Header (R) The file header is the first line of the XML file that tells us the DTD information. It must appear in the PubMed XML files exactly as:
<!DOCTYPE ArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMed 2.0//EN" "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query/static/PubMed.dtd">
You will be notified if this header ever changes. ArticleSet (R) This tag should enclose an entire set of articles in an issue or volume of a given journal. Article (R) Each article must be enclosed in these tags. Do not submit data for the following items: book reviews, advertisements, announcements, erratum notices, software and equipment reviews,
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and papers to appear in forthcoming issues. In addition, do not submit individual citations for abstracts or shortened versions of presentations or papers from conference proceedings unless the full-text of the article is published. In most instances, NLM does create a single citation to cover a group of meeting abstracts or shortened versions of conference proceedings; for example, see PMIDs 18213900, 18062069, and 17956175.
Journal (R) Citation information about the journal issue is contained within this tag in the file. PublisherName (R) The publisher name. JournalTitle (R) The MEDLINE abbreviation for the journal title. If you do not know the abbreviation, see the Journals Database. Issn (R) The ISSN or ESSN of the journal. Volume (O/R) The volume name or number of the journal, including any supplement information, e.g., 12 Suppl 2, 514 (Pt 2), 19 Suppl A, etc. This tag is Required if the Issue tag is not present. Issue (O/R) The issue number, e.g., 6 Pt 2, 7-8, etc. This tag is Required if the Volume tag is not present. PubDate (R) The publication date information must be enclosed in the following tags. NOTE: Print or Electronic publication dates should accurately reflect the date format on the article. The PubDate tag includes the PubStatus attribute, which may contain only one of the following values: ppublish - print-format (default value). With this value the PubDate must contain a Year tag and it could also contain a Month, Season, and/or Day tag. The tags used depend on how the date appears on the article. epublish - electronic-format. With this value the PubDate must contain a Year, Month and Day tag that gives the exact date the article was publicly available in the final version. aheadofprint - electronic-format without final citation information; to be followed later by a version with final citation information. With this value the PubDate must contain a Year, Month and Day tag that gives the exact date the article was first made publicly available. This PubStatus value plays an important part in the process of submitting Ahead of Print citations.
If the PubStaus attribute is not present we will default it to ppublish. Year (R) The 4-digit year of publication. This tag must only contain a 4-digit year greater than or equal to 1966.
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Month (O/R) The month of publication. This tag may only contain the numbers 1-12, the month (in English) or the first three letters of the English months. NOTE: The only PubStatus attribute that allows for a dual month in <Month> is ppublish. This tag is Required if the Day tag is present. Season (O) The season of publication (do not use if a Month is available); ex: Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall. Day (O) The day of publication. This tag may only contain the numbers 1-31. Replaces (O) The identifier of the article that this one replaces. Do not use this tag for new articles. The <Replaces> tag can be used to update an Ahead of Print citation, or to correct an error in citations with [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] status. The Replaces tag includes the IdType attribute, which may contain only one of the following values: pubmed - PubMed Unique Identifier (PMID) (default value) pii - controlled publisher identifier doi - Digital Object Identifier
See our Instructions for Replacement Files for more details. ArticleTitle (O) The article title, in English, if published in English or translated to English in the journal. Do not submit this tag if the published title is not in English or is not translated to English in the journal. See VernacularTitle. VernacularTitle (O) The article title in the original language, if not in English. Used only for Latin based alphabets. See our Instructions for Non-English Languages. This tag frequently contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. FirstPage (O/R) The first page on which the article appears. If an article appears in more than one language with consecutive pagination, pagination should be inclusive of all texts. This tag is Required if ELocationID is not present. LastPage (O) The last page on which the article appears. If an article appears on one page, this is the same as FirstPage. If an article appears on non-consecutive pages this tag should still contain the last page on which the article appears. If an article appears in more than one language in the same issue, pagination should be inclusive of all the texts. ELocationID (O/R) The Electronic Location Identifier is used when an article does not have a FirstPage value OR to include the online location of the article. This tag is Required if FirstPage is not present. The ELocationID tag includes the EIdType attribute, which may contain only one of the following values:
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pii - controlled publisher identifier doi - Digital Object Identifier
See our How do I submit citation and abstract data for Online-only articles? for more details. Language (O) The language the article is published in. This should be chosen from the language codes in ISO 639. If unspecified, EN (English) is assumed. If an article appears in more than one language in the same issue, submit multiple language tags listed in the order in which the texts appear in the journal, not in the alphabetical order of the symbols. If one of the languages is English, enter EN first. See our Instructions for Non-English Languages. AuthorList (O/R) The author information must be enclosed in these tags. If a given article has one or more authors, this tag must be submitted. Authors should be listed in the same order as in the article, and author name format should accurately reflect the article. Do not use all upper case letters. This tag is Required if the Author tag is present.
Author (R) Information about a single Author must begin with this tag. FirstName (O/R) The Authors full first name is required if it appears in the print or online version of the journal. First initial is acceptable if full name is not available. This tag is Required if the LastName tag is present. To represent a Single Personal Author Name use the FirstName EmptyYN attribute value "Y". NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. MiddleName (O) The Authors full middle name, or initial if the full name is not available. Multiple names are allowed in this tag. NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. LastName (O/R) The Authors last name. This tag is Required if the FirstName tag is present. NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. Suffix (O) The Author's suffix, if any, e.g. "Jr", "Sr", "II", "IV". Do not include honorific titles, e.g. "M.D.", "Ph.D.". CollectiveName (O) The name of the authoring committee or organization. CollectiveName can be used instead of or in addition to a personal name. NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. Affiliation (O) The institution(s) that the Author is affiliated with. If a given article contains affiliations, this tag must be submitted. Please submit the affiliation for the first author only. If there are multiple affiliations and it cannot be determined which is the first author's affiliation, use the
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first affiliation. The data should be provided as a simple string within the <Affiliation> </ Affiliation> tags. The body of the affiliation should include the following data, if available, separated by commas: division of the institution, institution name, city, state, postal or zip code, country (use USA for the United States) followed by a period, then a space followed by the email address which itself should not end in a period. Do not include the word 'e-mail'. NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. GroupList (O/R) Group information should be enclosed in these tags. If a given article has one or more Groups, this tag must be submitted. Groups should be listed in the same order as in the printed article, and Group name format should accurately reflect the article. Do not use all upper case letters. This tag is Required if the tag Group is present. Group (R) Information about a single Group must begin with this tag. GroupName (R) The name of the authoring committee or organization. IndividualName (O) The name of individual members belonging to the authoring committee or organization. The name should be tagged with the FirstName, MiddleName, LastName, Suffix & Affiliation tags. FirstName (O/R) The Author's full first name is required if it appears in the print or online version of the journal. First initial is acceptable if full name is not available. This tag is Required if the LastName tag is present. To represent a Single Personal Author Name use the FirstName EmptyYN attribute value "Y". NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. MiddleName (O) The Authors full middle name(s), or initial(s) if the full name(s) not available. NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. LastName (O/R) The Authors last name. This tag is Required if the FirstName tag is present. NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. Suffix (O)
The Authors suffix, if any, e.g. "Jr", "Sr", "II", "IV". Do not include honorific titles, e.g. "M.D.", "Ph.D.". Affiliation (O) The institution(s) that the Author is affiliated with. NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities.
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PublicationType (O) Used to identify the type of article. The only available PublicationTypes are LETTER or EDITORIAL. The default value, JOURNAL ARTICLE, will be added to citations if this tag is left blank or an invalid PublicationType is used. ArticleIdList (O/R) The list of Article Identifiers. This tag is Required if ArticleId is present. ArticleId (R) The Article Identifier. The ArticleId tag includes the IdType attribute, which may include only one of the following values for each identifier: pii - controlled publisher identifier (default value) doi - Digital Object Identifier
Click here for more information about Article Identifiers. History (O) The history of a publication (e.g., received, accepted, revised, published, ahead of print). Publishers may supply PubDates and PubStatus in History using the PubDate format detailed above. History PubDate is optional; however the PubDate within Journal, outlined above, is required. The History PubDate tag includes the PubStatus attribute, which may contain only one of the following values for each date in the publication history: received - date manuscript received for review accepted - accepted for publication revised - article revised by publisher or author aheadofprint - published electronically
The <History> tag plays an important part in the process of submitting Replacement Files for Ahead of Print citations. Abstract (O) The articles abstract. Include all text as a single ASCII paragraph. Headings of structured abstracts; e.g., OBJECTIVE, DESIGN, etc. should be capitalized and end with a colon, followed by a space before the text. All abstracts should be at least 50 characters in length. The PubMed DTD does not allow text formatting tags such as line breaks, italics, or bold; the only acceptable formatting tags are for superscript (<sup></sup>) or subscript (<inf></inf>). Do not include KEYWORDS or citation information in the Abstract tag. NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. CopyrightInformation (O) The Copyright information associated with this article. NOTE: This tag sometimes contains special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities. ObjectList (O) This tag contains a list of <Object>s and <Param>s. Object (O) The Object tag includes the Type attribute, which may include only one of the following values for each identifier:
Page 25 DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank SwissProt Omim Uniprot PDB NCBI:pubchem-substance NCBI:pubchem-bioassay NCBI:pubchem-compound NCBI:refseq
Param (O) The Param tag includes the Name attribute, which may only include the below for the following values for each identifier: id - Accession Number
Example of a Standard XML file

Follow the links for more information about each tag.
<!DOCTYPE ArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMed 2.0//EN" "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query/static/PubMed.dtd"> <ArticleSet> <Article> <Journal> <PublisherName>Nature Publishing Group</PublisherName> <JournalTitle>Nature Chemical Biology</JournalTitle> <Issn>1552-4450</Issn> <Volume>4</Volume> <Issue>2</Issue> <PubDate PubStatus="ppublish"> <Year>2008</Year> <Month>February</Month> </PubDate> </Journal> <ArticleTitle>High-content single-cell drug screening with phosphospecific flow cytometry</ArticleTitle> <FirstPage>132</FirstPage> <LastPage>142</LastPage> <ELocationID EIdType="pii">nchembio.2007.59</ELocationID> <ELocationID EIdType="doi">10.1038/nchembio.2007.59</ELocationID> <Language>EN</Language> <AuthorList> <Author> <FirstName>Peter</FirstName> <MiddleName>O</MiddleName> <LastName>Krutzik</LastName> <Suffix>Jr</Suffix> <Affiliation> Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baxter Laboratory in Genetic Pharmacology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Page 26 </Affiliation> </Author> <Author> <FirstName>Janelle M</FirstName> <LastName>Crane</LastName> </Author> <Author> <CollectiveName>Cancer Genome Project</CollectiveName> </Author> <Author> <FirstName>Matthew R</FirstName> <LastName>Clutter</LastName> </Author> <Author> <FirstName>Garry P</FirstName> <LastName>Nolan</LastName> </Author>
<Author> <CollectiveName>North American Barley Genome Project</CollectiveName> </Author> </AuthorList> <GroupList> <Group> <GroupName>Cancer Genome Project</GroupName> <IndividualName> <FirstName>John</FirstName> <LastName>Smith</LastName> </IndividualName> <IndividualName> <FirstName>Jane</FirstName> <LastName>Smith</LastName> </IndividualName> </Group> <Group> <GroupName>North American Barley Genome Project</GroupName> <IndividualName> <FirstName>John Jacob</FirstName> <LastName>Han</LastName> </IndividualName> <IndividualName> <FirstName>Laura</FirstName> <LastName>Clancy</LastName> </IndividualName> </Group> </GroupList> <ArticleIdList> <ArticleId IdType="pii">nchembio.2007.59</ArticleId> <ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/nchembio.2007.59</ArticleId> </ArticleIdList> <History>
Page 27 <PubDate PubStatus="received"> <Year>2007</Year> <Month>06</Month> <Day>15</Day> </PubDate> <PubDate PubStatus="accepted"> <Year>2007</Year> <Month>10</Month> <Day>30</Day> </PubDate> <PubDate PubStatus="aheadofprint"> <Year>2007</Year> <Month>December</Month> <Day>23</Day> </PubDate> </History> <Abstract>
Drug screening is often limited to cell-free assays involving purified enzymes, but it is arguably best applied against systems that represent disease states or complex physiological cellular networks. Here, we describe a high-content, cell-based drug discovery platform based on phosphospecific flow cytometry, or phosphoflow, that enabled screening for inhibitors against multiple endogenous kinase signaling pathways in heterogeneous primary cell populations at the single-cell level. From a library of small-molecule natural products, we identified pathway-selective inhibitors of Jak-Stat and MAP kinase signaling. Dose-response experiments in primary cells confirmed pathway selectivity, but importantly also revealed differential inhibition of cell types and new druggability trends across multiple compounds. Lead compound selectivity was confirmed in vivo in mice. Phosphoflow therefore provides a unique platform that can be applied throughout the drug discovery process, from early compound screening to in vivo testing and clinical monitoring of drug efficacy. </Abstract> <ObjectList> <Object Type="NCBI:pubchem-substance"> <Param Name="id">46391334</Param> </Object> <Object Type="NCBI:pubchem-substance"> <Param Name="id">46391335</Param> </Object> <Object Type="NCBI:pubchem-substance"> <Param Name="id">46391336</Param> </Object> </ObjectList> </Article> <Article> <Journal> <PublisherName>Nature Publishing Group</PublisherName> <JournalTitle>Nature Chemical Biology</JournalTitle>
Page 28 <Issn>1552-4450</Issn> <Volume>4</Volume> <Issue>2</Issue> <PubDate PubStatus="ppublish"> <Year>2008</Year> <Month>February</Month> </PubDate> </Journal> <ArticleTitle>Site selectivity of platinum anticancer therapeutics</ArticleTitle> <FirstPage>110<FirstPage> <LastPage>112</LastPage> <Language>EN</Language> <AuthorList> <Author> <FirstName>Bin</FirstName> <LastName>Wu</LastName>
<Affiliation> Division of Structural and Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive,Singapore 637551, Singapore. </Affiliation> </Author> <Author> <FirstName>Peter</FirstName> <LastName>Dröge</LastName> </Author> <Author> <FirstName>Curt A</FirstName> <LastName>Davey</LastName> </Author> </AuthorList> <ArticleIdList> <ArticleId IdType="pii">nchembio.2007.58</ArticleId> <ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/nchembio.2007.58</ArticleId> </ArticleIdList> <History> <PubDate PubStatus="received"> <Year>2007</Year> <Month>06</Month> <Day>07</Day> </PubDate> <PubDate PubStatus="accepted"> <Year>2007</Year> <Month>10</Month> <Day>26</Day> </PubDate> <PubDate PubStatus="aheadofprint"> <Year>2007</Year> <Month>December</Month> <Day>23</Day>
Page 29 </PubDate> </History> <Abstract> X-ray crystallographic and biochemical investigation of the reaction of cisplatin and oxaliplatin with nucleosome core particle and naked DNA reveals that histone octamer association can modulate DNA platination. Adduct formation also occurs at specific histone methionine residues, which could serve as a nuclear platinum reservoir influencing adduct transfer to DNA. Our findings suggest that the nucleosome center may provide a favorable target for the design of improved platinum anticancer drugs. </Abstract> </Article> </ArticleSet>
Example of a Non-English XML file

<!DOCTYPE ArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMed 2.0//EN" "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query/static/PubMed.dtd" > <ArticleSet> <Article> <Journal> <PublisherName>Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği</PublisherName> <JournalTitle>Turk Psikiyatri Derg</JournalTitle> <Issn>1300-2163</Issn> <Volume>18</Volume> <Issue>1</Issue> <PubDate PubStatus="ppublish"> <Year>2007</Year> <Season>Spring</Season> </PubDate> </Journal> <ArticleTitle>Case Report: Comorbid Anorexia Nervosa and Schizophrenia in a Male Patient</ArticleTitle> <VernacularTitle>Olgu Sunumu: Bir Erkek Hastada Anoreksiya Nervoza ve Şizofreni Eşhastalanımı</VernacularTitle> <FirstPage>87</FirstPage> <LastPage>91</LastPage> <Language>TR</Language> <AuthorList> <Author> <FirstName>Buket</FirstName> <LastName>Cinemre</LastName> </Author> <Author> <FirstName>Burak</FirstName> <LastName>Kulaksızoğlu</LastName> </Author> </AuthorList> <PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
Page 30 <ArticleIdList> <ArticleId IdType="pii">570</ArticleId> </ArticleIdList> <Abstract> Anorexia nervosa is a rare psychiatric disorder and epidemiological studies have shown a female to male ratio of 10:1, suggesting it is a disorder predominantly seen among females. The prevalence of anorexia nervosa comorbid with other psychiatric disorders has been reported to be quite high. Whereas depression and anxiety disorders are the most common comorbid diagnoses in anorexic patients, the dual-diagnosis of anorexia and schizophrenia is a relatively rare condition. Based generally on the observations from single case reports or case series, several explanations have been made about the co-occurrence ofanorexia and schizophrenia. Herein, we present a male patient who developed schizophrenia after an anorexic period of 4 years that began when he
was 14 years old with the decision to lose weight, which then progressed to a pattern of disordered eating and body image. This case is rare because the patient is male and has a comorbid diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia. To the best of our knowledge, there is only one previous case report in the literature describing a male anorexic patient comorbid schizophrenia. In this case presentation, the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in males is addressed, the definition and significance of sub-threshold cases are discussed, and the comorbidity of anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia are reviewed in light of the literature. </Abstract> </Article> </ArticleSet>
Example of an Ahead of Print XML file

<!DOCTYPE ArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMed 2.0//EN" "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query/static/PubMed.dtd" > <ArticleSet> <Article> <Journal> <PublisherName>AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY</PublisherName> <JournalTitle>J Biol Chem</JournalTitle> <Issn>0021-9258</Issn> <Volume></Volume> <Issue></Issue> <PubDate PubStatus = "aheadofprint"> <Year>2008</Year> <Month>December</Month> <Day>3</Day> </PubDate> </Journal> <ArticleTitle>Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus NS2/3
Page 31 Processing by NS4A Peptides</ArticleTitle> <FirstPage></FirstPage> <LastPage></LastPage> <ELocationID EIdType="doi"> 10.1967/s002449910026 </ELocationID> <Language>EN</Language> <AuthorList> <Author> <FirstName>John</FirstName> <MiddleName>Jacob</MiddleName> <LastName>Smith</LastName> <Suffix>Sr</Suffix> </Author> </AuthorList> <PublicationType>NEWS</PublicationType> <ArticleIdList>
<ArticleId IdType="pii">s002449910026</ArticleId> <ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1967/s002449910026</ArticleId> </ArticleIdList> <History> <PubDate PubStatus="received"> <Year>2007</Year> <Month>November</Month> <Day>20</Day> </PubDate> <PubDate PubStatus="accepted"> <Year>2007</Year> <Month>November</Month> <Day>29</Day> </PubDate> </History> </Article> </ArticleSet>
Example of a Replaces XML file

<!DOCTYPE ArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMed 2.0//EN" "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query/static/PubMed.dtd" > <ArticleSet> <Article> <Journal> <PublisherName>AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY</PublisherName> <JournalTitle>J Biol Chem</JournalTitle> <Issn>0021-9258</Issn> <Volume>32</Volume> <Issue>1 Pt 2</Issue> <PubDate PubStatus = "ppublish"> <Year>2009</Year> <Month>Jan-Feb</Month> </PubDate>
Page 32 </Journal> <Replaces IdType="pubmed">10660634</Replaces> <ArticleTitle> Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus NS2/3 Processingby NS4A Peptides </ArticleTitle> <FirstPage>234</FirstPage> <LastPage>234</LastPage> <Language>EN</Language> <AuthorList> <Author> <FirstName>John</FirstName> <MiddleName>Jacob</MiddleName> <LastName>Smith</LastName> <Suffix>Sr</Suffix> </Author> </AuthorList>
<PublicationType>NEWS</PublicationType> <ArticleIdList> <ArticleId IdType="pii">s002449910026</ArticleId> <ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1967/s002449910026</ArticleId> </ArticleIdList> <History> <PubDate PubStatus="received"> <Year>2008</Year> <Month>November</Month> <Day>20</Day> </PubDate> <PubDate PubStatus="accepted"> <Year>2008</Year> <Month>November</Month> <Day>29</Day> </PubDate> <PubDate PubStatus = "aheadofprint"> <Year>2008</Year> <Month>December</Month> <Day>3</Day> </PubDate> </History> </Article> </ArticleSet>
SGML Data Entities for PubMed Submissions

Here is a list of commonly used SGML entities that can be used in XML files uploaded to PubMed. For each entity listed we have provided the hexadecimal UNICODE value, the translation as it will appear in PubMed, and the meaning. Though they are not listed, we also accept the decimal UNICODE values for the entities listed here. This is not a comprehensive list of accepted characters. When creating your XML file, please keep in mind the following:
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If it is possible to use an ASCII character to represent an entity, please use the ASCII character. For example, general punctuation such as quotation marks, colons, and number signs may be created with keyboard characters. Note that there are three exceptions to this rule: We require you to use an SGML entity instead of ASCII when creating an ampersand (&) [use &], a less than symbol (<) [use <], and a greater than symbol (>) [use >] Where these three occur in tag names or entities, simply use the ASCII characters. For example: Entities: ü NOT ü ' NOT ' Tag Names: <Month> NOT <Month> Text: [P < 0.01] NOT [P < 0.01]
PubMed Help
We prefer that you use SGML entities (first column), but can accept both decimal and hexadecimal UNICODE character references. If you wish to use a UNICODE value to represent your character, you must place it in the following format: ampersand (&) followed by a pound sign (#) followed by the UNICODE value followed by a semicolon (;). For example, use ° (hexadecimal value) or ° (decimal value) to represent a degree symbol. Use <sup> </sup> to indicate superscript, and <inf> </inf> to represent inferior or subscript characters in the <ArticleTitle> and <Abstract> tags. Diacritics must be represented with SGML entities for the characters to appear correctly in PubMed. This is required for two reasons: first, a user can view diacritics in the XML display of a PubMed citation if their browser is set to translate the UNICODE/UTF-8 character set and second, many licensees of the MEDLINE database world-wide have the ability to display diacritics and therefore value this coding. You can test your entities with our PubMed Citation XML File Validator. In addition to testing the structure of your XML files, it can determine whether the entities you are using are accepted by our parser. ISO Latin-1 ISO Latin-2 Publishing General Technical Fractions, Super/Subscripts, Punctuation Greek Letters Monotoniko Greek Greek Symbols Alternative Greek Symbols Relations Negated Relations Arrows Binary Operators
PubMed Help PubMed Help PubMed Help
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Added Math Symbols - Operators Added Math Symbols - Relations Russian Cyrillic Non-Russian Cyrillic Box and Line Drawing
Correcting Errors in PubMed

An error found in a PubMed record can be corrected, but whether the correction can be made by the publisher depends on the publication status of the citation in question and whether the error also occurred in the original version of the article (print or online). Publishers can correct errors ONLY if the citation has the publication status [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]. Citations with the publication status [PubMed - in process], [PubMed - Indexed for MEDLINE], [PubMed] and [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE] can ONLY be corrected by NLM staff. Errors that also appeared in the original version of the article cannot be corrected until an Erratum is issued in an upcoming issue of the journal. Please see NLM's Errata, Retraction, Duplicate Publication, and Comment Policy Fact Sheet for more information. Correction Procedures for the different Publication Status Tags All PubMed citations display a Publication Status Tag. There are five possible Publication Status Tags: [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Citations in this stage appear exactly as the publisher provided them. Errors can be corrected by sending a revised file using the <Replaces> tags. Please see our Instructions for Replacement Files for details. [PubMed - in process]
Citations in this stage are in the process of data review at the NLM. Errors cannot be corrected with a Replacement File. If the error in the citation is correct in the print/online version of the article, it will likely be revised by NLM Indexers during this stage. Please allow a few weeks for the completed citation to appear in the database.
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[PubMed - Indexed for MEDLINE]
PubMed Help
[PubMed]
Citations in this stage have moved completely through the indexing process at NLM. Citation data has been quality assured and MESH subject headings have been added to the records. Any errors found in citations at this stage should be reported to NLM's Customer Service department at custserv@nlm.nih.gov. Please use the Request for Correction format below when composing your message to Customer Service.
See [PubMed - Indexed for MEDLINE] for correction procedures [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE]
See [PubMed - Indexed for MEDLINE] for correction procedures See the PubMed Help PubMed Citation Status Subsets page for more information. Correcting/Adding ArticleIds Please read the LinkOut Help Additional Information about Linking page for instructions on how to edit or add ArticleIds (pii or doi) for the purpose of linking from PubMed to the fulltext article. Request for Correction Format Please use this format when submitting a request for correction to custserv@nlm.nih.gov To: custserv@nlm.nih.gov Subject: REQUEST FOR CORRECTION PMID: TITLE: ISSN: VOLUME:
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ISSUE: URL: (if any) PUBLISHER: Publisher for this journal PROVIDER: XML data provider for this journal TEXT: Current text CORRECTION: Revised text NOTE: Additional notes
Instructions for articles published in Non-English Languages

Here is an example of a non-English language citation:
The [brackets] around the article title and the text "French" indicate the full-text of the article is in a language other than English. The French article title can be viewed by selecting the XML display for this citation in PubMed. Publishers submitting files for articles published in non-English languages often have specific questions about how to construct their XML files. Here are some guidelines for the submission of non-English articles. We also have a sample XML file for this type of article. Tags involved The <Language> tag should contain the two-letter code for the language the article is in. If unspecified, EN (English) is the default code. See our list of Language Tag Codes, a subset of the ISO 639 standard for language codes. The <ArticleTitle> tag should contain the article title, in English, if published in English or translated to English in the journal. Do not fill this tag if the published title is not in English or is not translated to English in the journal. The <VernacularTitle> should contain the article title in the original language, if not in English. It is used only for Latin based alphabets; articles in non-Latin alphabets should leave this tag blank.
Rules to Remember When constructing XML files for citations published in non-English languages it is important to use the final/published version of the article as the authority on what citation data should be included in the file. If English translations for titles or abstracts are not in the article, do not include them. ArticleTitle and Author tags left blank in your XML file submission will be filled by the appropriate NLM staff when the citations are indexed for MEDLINE. Author Names and Vernacular Titles frequently contain special characters that need to be represented by SGML entities in the XML file. If the full text of an article appears in more than one language in the same issue, submit multiple language tags listed in the order in which the texts appear in the journal, not in the alphabetical order of the symbols. If one of the languages is English, enter EN
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first. For example, an article which appears full-text in both Chinese and English should be coded as:
<Language>EN</Language> <Language>ZH</Language>
PubMed Help
Some examples:
If the article contains...
If the full text of an article appears in one language, but the abstract appears in two or more languages, the <Language> tag should contain only the code for the language of the full-text article. Articles in non-Latin alphabets can include transliterated author names. However, these names may be changed by Indexers based on NLM's System of Transliteration.
Your XML file should contain... the English title in the <ArticleTitle> tags and empty <VernacularTitle> tags empty <Author> tags transliterated names in the <Author> tags and affiliations in the <Affiliation> tags; however, you should check the transliterations against NLM's System of Transliteration and make changes if necessary. the English abstract and transliterated Cyrillic in <ArticleTitle> and <Author> tags.
a title in Japanese characters and a title in English author names in Chinese characters only Russian transliterated names and affiliations
an English abstract, but article title and author names in Cyrillic only
All About Ahead of Print

Publishers who are authorized to submit XML data to PubMed have the option of submitting citations prior to their publication in final or print format. This option is used for those publications in which the date of an article's electronic publishing predates publication in the journal issue or volume. When articles are first made available on a Web site (publishers or other), the publisher or provider sends the same citation data made available to the public for inclusion in PubMed. Often these types of citations contain partial citation information--for example, they might contain an article title and full abstract, but not contain a volume, issue, or page number. This information is expected to be filled in by a Replaces XML file after the issue or volume has been finalized or printed. These incomplete citation records hold an [Epub ahead of print] status until updated data is sent to PubMed. See our Ahead of Print File Example and the Replacement File that updates it. IMPORTANT: The Ahead of Print (AOP) mechanism must not be used for an article if its eventual publication is uncertain. In the rare case where an AOP citation is retracted, the citation information should remain on the publisher Web site. See our Ahead of Print Withdrawn policy Here's an example of an AOP citation in PubMed:
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The notation [Epub ahead of print] labels this citation as incomplete. Note it does not display a volume number or issue number or page numbers, only a publication date. Here's the same citation after being updated with a Replacement File:
Steps for creating an Ahead of Print file Construct an XML file according to the PubMed DTD, including all available citation information. If Volume, Issue, FirstPage and LastPage are not known, these tags should be blank. Add the electronic publication date to the <PubDate> tag, along with the PubStatus="aheadofprint" attribute. The electronic publication date must be an exact date, one that includes completed tags for Year, Month and Day. Articles using the "aheadofprint" PubStatus attribute that do not contain exact publication dates will be rejected from loading to PubMed. NOTE: The electronic publication date cannot be greater than 18 months prior to the month of uploading to PubMed. For example: if the Ahead of Print file is uploaded in the month of June 2005 then the electronic publication date within the file can not be prior to December 2003. Be sure to include an ArticleId in the file along with the appropriate ArticleId IdType attribute ("pii" or "doi"). This is REQUIRED of all AOP submissions. Click for more information about Article Identifiers. Check your file for errors and preview the PubMed Abstract display using the PubMed Citation XML file Validator FTP the AOP file to your private ftp account, placing it at the top of the directory. Wait for a Loader Report confirming the loading of the AOP file. If the file loaded successfully, PMIDs will appear for each citation submitted. Save the Loader Report until you are ready to update the citations; you may use the PMIDs for in the Replacement File. When you are ready to update your AOP citations, follow our Instructions for Replacement Files.
Points to Remember Please notify the the Data Provider Support Team [publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] if you intend to begin using the Ahead of Print function. Once you begin sending AOP files, it is not necessary to notify us before each new delivery. You can check your original AOP citations in PubMed using the query "pubstatusaheadofprint". For example, the search string Arch Microbiol[jour] AND 2008:2020[dp] AND pubstatusaheadofprint will retrieve all AOP citations with the journal title and dates indicated. Citations in AOP status can be updated/revised as many times as necessary prior to the submission of the final Replacement file. Simply follow the steps above, but add the <Replaces> tag and keep the PubDate PubStatus attribute as "aheadofprint".
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Instructions for Replacement Files

Replacement Files can be used for two purposes: updating an Ahead of Print (AOP) citation or correcting a citation currently in [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] status. AOP citations eventually become "published" citations by way of the publisher sending a Replacement XML file with completed citation information. These replacement files must use the PubStatus attribute value "ppublish" or "epublish" in the <PubDate> tag in order to replace the AOP citation. Take the following steps to update an AOP citation: Update the AOP citation file, adding the finalized citation information. Add the final publication date to the <PubDate> tag, along with the PubStatus="ppublish" or "epublish" attribute. The publication date must be exactly as it appears on the finalized article. See "How should the Publication Date be submitted?" "Move" the existing PubDate with PubStatus="aheadofprint" attribute to the <History> tag. This will enable the citation to retain the AOP publishing date in PubMed. Add a single <Replaces> tag to each <Article> to be updated. The <Replaces> tags should be placed after the <Journal> tags and before the <ArticleTitle> tags, and should contain the IdType attribute with one of the following values: "pubmed" (default), "pii", "doi" of the citation to be updated. The PubMed ID (PMID) can be located in the Loader Report or by searching for the article in PubMed. Verify that the ArticleIdList (pii or doi) in the Replacement File matches the ArticleIdList in the AOP citation in PubMed. If these numbers do not match, the citation will not be updated. Check the file for errors and preview the PubMed Abstract display using the PubMed Citation XML File Validator. FTP the Replacement File to your private ftp account, placing it at the top of the directory. Wait for a Loader Report confirming the loading of the Replacement File. Following the batch of articles is a "Total processed" message indicating the number of articles processed from the uploaded file and the number created, replaced, and rejected.
For additional reference, see our Ahead of Print File Example and the Replacement File that updates it. Error Correction Replacement File Citations with the Publication Status Tag [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] can be corrected by uploading a revised file with <Replaces> tags. Please note that the following steps are not effective if the citation with error has a Publication Status Tag other than [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]. See our page Correcting Errors in PubMed for more details. These steps are also not appropriate if the error appeared in the original version of the article (whether print or online). Errors that were published in the original version must be corrected by issuing an Erratum; please see NLM's Errata, Retraction, Duplicate Publication, and Comment Policy Fact Sheet for more information.
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Suppose an error existed in the following PubMed citation as a result of an error in the original XML file:
Take the following steps to correct the PubMed citation: Correct the citation in the original file and delete the rest of the file. Add <Replaces> tags to the citation in which the error occurred. The <Replaces> tags should be placed after the <Journal> tags and before the <ArticleTitle> tags, and should contain the IdType attribute with one of the following values: "pubmed", "pii", "doi" of the citation to be corrected. In the example above, the additional tag could look like this: <Replaces IdType="pubmed">17273292</Replaces> OR like this: <Replaces IdType="doi"> 10.1624/105812402X88669</Replaces> Upload the Replacement File to your private ftp account. Send an email to publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov to notify us of the uploading of a Replacement File for error correction. Wait for a new Loader Report confirming the loading of the Replacement File. If the file loaded successfully, the original PMID should appear on the new citation batch. View revised citations in PubMed 1-2 days after receiving the Loader Report. If error does not appear to be corrected, contact publisher@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Ahead of Print Withdrawn Policy

On rare occasions a publisher may need to remove an Ahead of Print (AOP) article from a journals Web site. There are a variety of reasons for this type of withdrawal; plagiarism, copyright infringements, duplicate publication in another journal. PubMed understands that these circumstances cannot always be prevented before AOP citation data is uploaded to PubMed. Thus we have designed the following policy: If an AOP article is removed completely from the journals Web site the publisher should have a Replacement file uploaded to PubMed. The Replacement file should use the following format: The text "WITHDRAWN:" (without quotation marks) should appear at the beginning of the original article title in the <ArticleTitle> tag. The text "Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher." (without quotation marks) should be added at the beginning of the original text within the <Abstract> tag. If desired the original abstract text may be completely replaced with the above text. For additional reference, see our Instructions for Replacement Files. Here's an example:
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If an AOP article is replaced on the journals Web site with a Retraction or Withdrawn Notice then the publisher should have a Replacement file uploaded to PubMed. The Replacement file should match the text of the Retraction or Withdrawn Notice on the journal's Web site. Here's an example:
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The following is a subset of the ISO 639 standard for language codes.
CODE EN LANGUAGE English Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Azerbaijani Armenian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Croatian Czech Danish Dutch Esperanto Estonian Finnish French Scottish Gaelic Georgian German Greek, Modern Hebrew Hungarian Hindi Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Kinyarwanda Korean Latin Latvian Lithuanian
AF SQ AM AR AZ HY BN BS BG CA ZH HR CS DA NL EO ET FI FR GD KA DE EL HE HU HI IS ID IT JA RW KO LA LV LT
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MK ML MI MS MU NO FA PL PT PS RO RU SA SR SR SK SL ES SV TH TR UK UR VI CY
Macedonian Malayalam Maori Malay Multilingual Norwegian Persian Polish Portuguese Pushto Romanian Russian Sanskrit Serbo-Croatian, Cyrillic Serbo-Croatian, Roman Slovak Slovene Spanish Swedish Thai Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese Welsh
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Slavic Transliteration (1995)

Russian a b v g d Ukrainian a b v g d Bulgarian a b v g d Serbian e e zh z i zh z y i J k l k l k l m n m n m n o p r s t o p r s t o p r s t u f kh ts ch u f kh ts ch u f kh ts ch sh sh sh j j k l lj m n nj o p r s t u f h c d zh z i z i e ie e a b v g d dj e
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shch '' y ' iu ia
shch
shi
----------------------------------------
'
'
---------------------------
iu ia
iu ia
---------------------------
Adapted from A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for Authors & Titles Entries of the American Library Association, Chicago, 1949.
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ISO Latin-1
Entity á Unicode á Á â Â à À å Å ã Ã ä Ä æ Æ ç Ç ð Ð é É ê Ê è È ë Ë í Í î Î ì Ì ï Ï ñ Ñ PubMed Displays as Meaning small a, acute accent capital A, acute accent small a, circumflex accent capital A, circumflex accent small a, grave accent capital A, grave accent small a, ring capital A, ring small a, tilde capital A, tilde small a, dieresis or umlaut mark capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark small ae diphthong (ligature) capital AE diphthong (ligature) small c, cedilla capital C, cedilla small eth, Icelandic capital Eth, Icelandic small e, acute accent capital E, acute accent small e, circumflex accent capital E, circumflex accent small e, grave accent capital E, grave accent esmall e, dieresis or umlaut mark capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark small i, acute accent capital I, acute accent small i, circumflex accent capital I, circumflex accent ismall i, grave accent capital I, grave accent small i, dieresis or umlaut mark capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark small n, tilde capital N, tilde
Á â Â à À å Å ã Ã ä Ä æ Æ ç Ç ð Ð é É ê Ê è È ë Ë í Í î Î ì Ì ï Ï ñ Ñ
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ó Ó ô Ô ò Ò ø Ø õ Õ ö Ö ß þ Þ ú Ú û Û ù Ù ü Ü ý Ý ÿ
ó Ó ô Ô ò Ò ø Ø õ Õ ö Ö ß þ Þ ú Ú û Û ù Ù ü Ü ý Ý ÿ
small o, acute accent capital O, acute accent small o, circumflex accent capital O, circumflex accent small o, grave accent capital O, grave accent small o, slash capital O, slash small o, tilde capital O, tilde small o, dieresis or umlaut mark capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark small sharp s, German (sz ligature) small thorn, Icelandic capital THORN, Icelandic small u, acute accent capital U, acute accent small u, circumflex accent capital U, circumflex accent small u, grave accent capital U, grave accent small u, dieresis or umlaut mark capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark small y, acute accent capital Y, acute accent small y, dieresis or umlaut mark
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ISO Latin-2
Entity &abreve; Unicode ă Ă ā Ā ą Ą ć Ć č Č ĉ Ĉ ċ Ċ ď Ď đ Đ ě Ě ė Ė ē Ē ę Ę ǵ ğ Ğ Ģ ĝ Ĝ ġ Ġ ĥ Ĥ PubMed Displays as Meaning small a, breve capital A, breve small a, macron capital A, macron small a, ogonek capital A, ogonek small c, acute accent capital C, acute accent small c, caron capital C, caron small c, circumflex accent capital C, circumflex accent small c, dot above capital C, dot above small d, caron capital D, caron small d, stroke capital D, stroke small e, caron capital E, caron small e, dot above capital E, dot above small e, macron capital E, macron small e, ogonek capital E, ogonek small g, acute accent small g, breve capital G, breve capital G, cedilla small g, circumflex accent capital G, circumflex accent small g, dot above capital G, dot above small h, circumflex accent capital H, circumflex accent
&Abreve; &amacr; &Amacr; &aogon; &Aogon; &cacute; &Cacute; &ccaron; &Ccaron; &ccirc; &Ccirc; &cdot; &Cdot; &dcaron; &Dcaron; &dstrok; &Dstrok; &ecaron; &Ecaron; &edot; &Edot; &emacr; &Emacr; &eogon; &Eogon; &gacute; &gbreve; &Gbreve; &Gcedil; &gcirc; &Gcirc; &gdot; &Gdot; &hcirc; &Hcirc;
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&hstrok; &Hstrok; &Idot; &Imacr; &imacr; &ijlig; &IJlig; &inodot; &iogon; &Iogon; &itilde; &Itilde; &jcirc; &Jcirc; &kcedil; &Kcedil; &kgreen; &lacute; &Lacute; &lcaron; &Lcaron; &lcedil; &Lcedil; &lmidot; &Lmidot; &lstrok; &Lstrok; &nacute; &Nacute; &eng; &ENG; &napos; &ncaron; &Ncaron; &ncedil; &Ncedil; &odblac; &Odblac;
ħ Ħ İ Ī ī ĳ Ĳ ı į Į ĩ Ĩ ĵ Ĵ ķ Ķ ĸ ĺ Ĺ ľ Ľ ļ Ļ ŀ Ŀ ł Ł ń Ń ŋ Ŋ ŉ ň Ň ņ Ņ ő Ő
small h, stroke capital H, stroke capital I, dot above capital I, macron small i, macron small ij ligature capital IJ ligature small i, no dot small i, ogonek capital I, ogonek small i, tilde capital I, tilde small j, circumflex accent capital J, circumflex accent small k, cedilla capital K, cedilla small k, Greenlandic small l, acute accent capital L, acute accent small l, caron capital L, caron small l, cedilla capital L, cedilla small l, middle dot capital L, middle dot small l, stroke capital L, stroke small n, acute accent capital N, acute accent small eng, Lapp capital ENG, Lapp small n, apostrophe small n, caron capital N, caron small n, cedilla capital N, cedilla small o, double acute accent capital O, double acute accent
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&Omacr; &omacr; &oelig; &OElig; &racute; &Racute; &rcaron; &Rcaron; &rcedil; &Rcedil; &sacute; &Sacute; &scaron; &Scaron; &scedil; &Scedil; &scirc; &Scirc; &tcaron; &Tcaron; &tcedil; &Tcedil; &tstrok; &Tstrok; &ubreve; &Ubreve; &udblac; &Udblac; &umacr; &Umacr; &uogon; &Uogon; &uring; &Uring; &utilde; &Utilde; &wcirc; &Wcirc;
Ō ō œ Œ ŕ Ŕ ř Ř ŗ Ŗ ś Ś š Š ş Ş ŝ Ŝ ť Ť ţ Ţ ŧ Ŧ ŭ Ŭ ű Ű ū Ū ų Ų ů Ů ũ Ũ ŵ Ŵ
capital O, macron small o, macron small oe ligature capital OE ligature small r, acute accent capital R, acute accent small r, caron capital R, caron small r, cedilla capital R, cedilla small s, acute accent capital S, acute accent small s, caron capital S, caron small s, cedilla capital S, cedilla small s, circumflex accent capital S, circumflex accent small t, caron capital T, caron small t, cedilla capital T, cedilla small t, stroke capital T, stroke small u, breve capital U, breve small u, double acute accent capital U, double acute accent small u, macron capital U, macron small u, ogonek capital U, ogonek small u, ring capital U, ring small u, tilde capital U, tilde small w, circumflex accent capital W, circumflex accent
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&ycirc; &Ycirc; &Yuml; &zacute; &Zacute; &zcaron; &Zcaron; &zdot; &Zdot;
ŷ Ŷ Ÿ ź Ź ž Ž ż Ż
small y, circumflex accent capital Y, circumflex accent capital Y, dieresis or umlaut mark small z, acute accent capital Z, acute accent small z, caron capital Z, caron small z, dot above capital Z, dot above
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Publishing
Entity &emsp; Unicode — – ‐ ␣ … ‥ ⅓ ⅔ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅘ ⅙ ⅚ ℅ █ ▀ ▄ ░ ▒ ▓ ▮ ○ □ ▭ ▵ ▿ ⋆ em leader .. (1/3) (2/3) (1/5) (2/5) (3/5) (4/5) (1/6) (5/6) in-care-of full block upper half block lower half block 25% shaded block 50% shaded block 75% shaded block histogram marker o square rectangle triangle up triangle down small star, filled PubMed Displays as Meaning em space en space (1/2-em) 1/3-em space 1/4-em space digit space (width of a number) punctuation space (width of comma) thin space (1/6-em) hair space em dash en dash hyphen (true graphic) significant blank symbol ellipsis (horizontal) double baseline dot (en leader) fraction one-third fraction two-thirds fraction one-fifth fraction two-fifths fraction three-fifths fraction four-fifths fraction one-sixth fraction five-sixths in-care-of symbol full block upper half block lower half block 25% shaded block 50% shaded block 75% shaded block histogram marker circle, open square, open rectangle, open up triangle, open down triangle, open star, open
&ensp; &emsp13; &emsp14; &numsp; &puncsp; &hairsp; — – &dash; &blank; … &nldr; &frac13; &frac23; &frac15; &frac25; &frac35; &frac45; &frac16; &frac56; &incare; &block; &uhblk; &lhblk; &blk14; &blk12; &blk34; &marker; &cir; &squ; &rect; &utri; &dtri; &star;
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• &squf; &utrif; &dtrif; &ltrif; &rtrif; &clubs; &diams; &hearts; &spades; &malt; &dagger; &Dagger; &check; &cross; &sharp; &flat; &male; &female; &phone; &telrec; &copysr; &caret; &lsquor; &ldquor; &mldr; &rdquor; &rsquor; &vellip; &hybull; &loz; &ltri; &rtri; &starf; &natur; &rx; &sext; &target;
• ▪ ▴ ▾ ◂ ▸ ♣ ♦ ♡ ♠ ✠ † ‡ ✓ ✗ ♯ ♭ ♂ ♀ ☎ ⌕ ℗ ⁁ ‚ „ … ” ’ ⋮ ⁃ ◊ ◃ ▹ ★ ♮ ℞ ✶ ⌖
* blacksquare, square, filled black triangle black triangle down black triangle left black triangle right club suit symbol diamond heart spades maltese cross dagger double dagger check mark ballot cross musical sharp musical flat male symbol female symbol telephone symbol telephone recorder symbol sound recording copyright sign insertion mark ' " em leader " ' vertical ellipsis rectangle lozenge triangle left triangle right bigstar music natural Rx sextile register mark or target
round bullet, filled sq bullet, filled up triangle , filled down triangle , filled left triangle , filled right triangle , filled club suit symbol diamond suit symbol heart suit symbol spades suit symbol maltese cross dagger double dagger tick, check mark ballot cross musical sharp musical flat male symbol female symbol telephone symbol telephone recorder symbol sound recording copyright sign caret (insertion mark) rising single quote, left (low) rising double quote, left (low) em leader double quote, right (high) single quote, right (high) vellipvertical ellipsis filled hyphen bullet rectangle lozenge or total mark left triangle, open right triangle, open star, filled music natural pharmaceutical prescription (Rx) sextile (6-pointed star) mark or target
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&dlcrop; &drcrop; &ulcrop; &urcrop;
⌍ ⌌ ⌏ ⌎
downward left crop mark downward right crop mark upward left crop mark upward right crop mark
left crop mark right crop mark left crop mark right crop mark
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General Technical
Entity &aleph; Unicode ℵ ∧ ∟ ∢ ≈ ∵ ⊥ ∩ ≅ ∮ ∪ ≡ ∃ ∀ ƒ ≥ ∞ ∫ ∈ 〈 ⇐ ≤ − ∓ ∇ ≠ ∋ ∨ ∥ ∂ ‰ ⊥ ′ ″ ∝ √ PubMed Displays as aleph wedge 90 degree angle angle-spherical approximately because perpendicular intersection congruent with contour integral operator union or logical sum identical with exists for all f >/= infinity integral in < <-</= -/+ nabla not equal contains logical or parallel partial differential per thousand perpendicular ' '' proportional, variant radical Meaning aleph, Hebrew logical and right (90 degree) angle angle-spherical approximate because perpendicular intersection congruent with contour integral operator union or logical sum identical with at least one exists for all function of (italic small f) greater-than-or-equal infinity integral operator set membership left angle bracket is implied by less-than-or-equal minus sign minus-or-plus sign del, Hamilton operator not equal contains logical or parallel partial differential per thousand perpendicular prime or minute double prime or second is proportional to radical
&and; &ang90; &angsph; ≈ &becaus; &bottom; ∩ &cong; &conint; ∪ &equiv; ∃ ∀ &fnof; ≥ ∞ ∫ ∈ &lang; ⇐ ≤ − &mnplus; ∇ ≠ &ni; &or; &par; ∂ &permil; &perp; ′ ″ &prop; √
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&rang; ⇒ &sim; &sime; &square; ⊂ &sube; ⊃ &supe; &there4; &Verbar; &angst; &bernou; &compfn; &Dot; &DotDot; &hamilt; &lagran; &lowast; ∉ &order; &phmmat; &tdot; ‴ &wedgeq;
〉 ⇒ ∼ ≃ □ ⊂ ⊆ ⊃ ⊇ ∴ ‖ Å ℬ ∘ ¨ ⃜ ℋ ℒ ∗ ∉ ℴ ℳ ⃛ ‴ ≙
> --> approximately approximately square subset subset, dbl equals superset superset, dbl equals therefore || A Bernoulli function composite function
right angle bracket implies similar similar, equals square subset or is implied by subset, equals superset or implies superset, equals therefore double vertical bar Angstrom (capital A, ring) Bernoulli function (script capital B) composite function (small circle) dieresis or umlaut mark
.... H Lgrangian * negated set membership o M ... ''' wedge
four dots above Hamiltonian (script capital H) Lagrangian (script capital L) low asterisk negated set membership order of (script small o) physics M-matrix (script capital M) three dots above triple prime corresponds to (wedge, equals)
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Fractions, Super/Subscripts, Punctuation

&half; ½ ½ ½ ¼ ¾ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ¹ ² ³ + ± < = > ÷ × ¤ £ $ ¢ ¥ # € % & * @ [ \ ] { ― | } µ (1/2) (1/2) (1/4) (3/4) (1/8) (3/8) (5/8) (7/8) (1) (2) (3) + +/< = > / x currency pound $ cent yen # euro % & * @ [ \\ ] { | } micro fraction one-half fraction one-half fraction one-quarter fraction three-quarters fraction one-eighth fraction three-eighths fraction five-eighths fraction seven-eighths superscript one superscript two superscript three plus sign plus-or-minus sign less-than sign equals sign greater-than sign divide sign multiply sign general currency sign pound sign dollar sign cent sign yen sign number sign euro sign percent sign ampersand asterisk commercial at left square bracket reverse solidus right square bracket left curly bracket horizontal bar vertical bar right curly bracket micro sign
¼ ¾ &frac18; &frac38; &frac58; &frac78; ¹ ² ³ + ± < = > ÷ × ¤ £ &dollar; ¢ ¥ &num; € &percnt; & &ast; &commat; [ \ ] { &horbar; | } µ
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&ohm; ° º ª § ¶ · ← → ↑ ↓ © ® ™ ¦ ¬ &sung; &excl; ¡ " ' ( ) , &lowbar; &hyphen; &period; / &colon; &semi; &quest; ¿ « » ‘ ’ “ ”
Ω ° º ª § ¶ · ← → ↑ ↓ © ® ™ ¦ ¬ ♪ ! ¡ " ' ( ) , _ ‐ . / : ; ? ¿ « » ‘ ’ “ ”
ohm degrees masculine feminine section sign paragraph sign . <---> upward arrow downward arrow (c) (R) trade mark | not music note ! inverted exclamation mark " ' ( ) , _ . / : ; ? inverted question mark << >> ' ' " "
ohm sign degree sign ordinal indicator, masculine ordinal indicator, feminine section sign paragraph sign middle dot leftward arrow rightward arrow upward arrow downward arrow copyright sign registered sign trade mark sign broken (vertical) bar not sign music note (sung text sign) exclamation mark inverted exclamation mark quotation mark apostrophe left parenthesis right parenthesis comma low line hyphen full stop, period solidus colon semicolon question mark inverted question mark angle quotation mark, left angle quotation mark, right single quotation mark, left single quotation mark, right double quotation mark, left double quotation mark, right
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-
no break (required) space soft hyphen

Page 60
Greek Letters
Entity &agr; Unicode α Α β Β γ Γ δ Δ ε Ε ζ Ζ η Η θ Θ ι Ι κ Κ λ Λ μ Μ ν Ν ξ Ξ ο Ο π Π ρ Ρ σ Σ PubMed Displays as alpha Alpha beta Beta gamma Gamma delta Delta epsilon Epsilon zeta Zeta eta Eta theta Theta iota Iota kappa Kappa lambda Lambda mu mu nu Nu xi Xi omicron Omicron pi Pi rho Rho sigma Sigma Meaning small alpha, Greek capital Alpha, Greek small beta, Greek capital Beta, Greek small gamma, Greek capital Gamma, Greek small delta, Greek capital Delta, Greek small epsilon, Greek capital Epsilon, Greek small zeta, Greek capital Zeta, Greek small eta, Greek capital Eta, Greek small theta, Greek capital Theta, Greek small iota, Greek capital Iota, Greek small kappa, Greek capital Kappa, Greek small lambda, Greek capital Lambda, Greek small mu, Greek capital Mu, Greek small nu, Greek capital Nu, Greek small xi, Greek capital Xi, Greek small omicron, Greek capital Omicron, Greek small pi, Greek capital Pi, Greek small rho, Greek capital Rho, Greek small sigma, Greek capital Sigma, Greek
&Agr; &bgr; &Bgr; &ggr; &Ggr; &dgr; &Dgr; &egr; &Egr; &zgr; &Zgr; &eegr; &EEgr; &thgr; &THgr; &igr; &Igr; &kgr; &Kgr; &lgr; &Lgr; &mgr; &Mgr; &ngr; &Ngr; &xgr; &Xgr; &ogr; &Ogr; &pgr; &Pgr; &rgr; &Rgr; &sgr; &Sgr;
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&sfgr; &tgr; &Tgr; &ugr; &Ugr; &phgr; &PHgr; &khgr; &KHgr; &psgr; &PSgr; &ohgr; &OHgr;
ς τ Τ υ Υ φ Φ χ Χ ψ Ψ ω Ω
sigma tau Tau upsilon Upsilon phi Phi chi Chi psi Psi omega Omega
final small sigma, Greek small tau, Greek capital Tau, Greek small upsilon, Greek capital Upsilon, Greek small phi, Greek capital Phi, Greek small chi, Greek capital Chi, Greek small psi, Greek capital Psi, Greek small omega, Greek capital Omega, Greek
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Monotoniko Greek
Entity &aacgr; Unicode ά Ά έ Έ ή Ή ϊ Ϊ ί Ί ΐ ό Ό ϋ Ϋ ύ Ύ ΰ ώ Ώ PubMed Displays as alpha Alpha epsilon Epsilon eta Eta iota Iota iota Iota iota omicron Omicron upsilon Upsilon upsilon Upsilon upsilon omega Omega Meaning small alpha, accent, Greek capital Alpha, accent, Greek small epsilon, accent, Greek capital Epsilon, accent, Greek small eta, accent, Greek capital Eta, accent, Greek small iota, dieresis, Greek capital Iota, dieresis, Greek small iota, accent, Greek capital Iota, accent, Greek small iota, dieresis, accent, Greek small omicron, accent, Greek capital Omicron, accent, Greek small upsilon, dieresis, Greek capital Upsilon, dieresis, Greek small upsilon, accent, Greek capital Upsilon, accent, Greek small upsilon, dieresis, accent, Greek small omega, accent, Greek capital Omega, accent, Greek
&Aacgr; &eacgr; &Eacgr; &eeacgr; &EEacgr; &idigr; &Idigr; &iacgr; &Iacgr; &idiagr; &oacgr; &Oacgr; &udigr; &Udigr; &uacgr; &Uacgr; &udiagr; &ohacgr; &OHacgr;
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Greek Symbols
Entity α Unicode α β γ Γ Ϝ δ Δ ε ɛ ε ζ η θ Θ ϑ ι κ ϰ λ Λ μ ν ξ Ξ π ϖ Π ρ ϱ σ Σ ς τ υ ϒ φ PubMed Displays as alpha beta gamma Gamma digamma delta Delta epsilon epsilon epsilon zeta eta theta Theta theta iota kappa kappa lambda Lambda mu nu xi Xi pi pi Pi rho rho sigma Sigma sigma tau upsilon Upsilon phi Meaning small alpha, Greek small beta, Greek small gamma, Greek capital Gamma, Greek digamma small delta, Greek capital Delta, Greek small epsilon, Greek var epsilon straight epsilon small zeta, Greek small eta, Greek straight theta capital Theta, Greek var theta - curly or open theta small iota, Greek small kappa, Greek var kappa small lambda, Greek capital Lambda, Greek small mu, Greek small nu, Greek small xi, Greek capital Xi, Greek small pi, Greek varpi capital Pi, Greek small rho, Greek var rho small sigma, Greek capital Sigma, Greek var sigma small tau, Greek small upsilon, Greek capital Upsilon, Greek straight phi
β γ Γ &gammad; δ Δ &epsi; ϵ &epsis; ζ η &thetas; Θ ϑ ι κ ϰ λ Λ μ ν ξ Ξ π ϖ Π ρ ϱ σ Σ ς τ &upsi; &Upsi; &phis;
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Φ ϕ χ ψ Ψ ω Ω
Phi phi chi psi Psi omega Omega
capital Phi, Greek var phi - curly or open phi small chi, Greek small psi, Greek capital Psi, Greek small omega, Greek capital Omega, Greek
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Alternative Greek Symbols

Entity &b.alpha; Unicode α β γ Γ ϝ δ Δ ε ɛ ε ζ η θ Θ ϑ ι κ ϰ λ Λ μ ν ξ Ξ π Π ϖ ρ ϱ σ Σ ς τ υ ϒ φ PubMed Displays as alpha beta gamma Gamma digamma delta Delta epsilon epsilon epsilon zeta eta theta Theta theta iota kappa kappa lambda Lambda mu nu xi Xi pi Pi pi rho rho sigma Sigma sigma tau upsilon Upsilon phi Meaning small alpha, Greek small beta, Greek small gamma, Greek capital Gamma, Greek digamma small delta, Greek capital Delta, Greek small epsilon, Greek var epsilon straight epsilon small zeta, Greek small eta, Greek straight theta capital Theta, Greek var theta - curly or open theta small iota, Greek small kappa, Greek var kappa small lambda, Greek capital Lambda, Greek small mu, Greek small nu, Greek small xi, Greek capital Xi, Greek small pi, Greek capital Pi, Greek var pi small rho, Greek var rho small sigma, Greek capital Sigma, Greek var sigma small tau, Greek small upsilon, Greek capital Upsilon, Greek straight phi
&b.beta; &b.gamma; &b.Gamma; &b.gammad; &b.delta; &b.Delta; &b.epsi; &b.epsiv; &b.epsis; &b.zeta; &b.eta; &b.thetas; &b.Theta; &b.thetav; &b.iota; &b.kappa; &b.kappav; &b.lambda; &b.Lambda; &b.mu; &b.nu; &b.xi; &b.Xi; &b.pi; &b.Pi; &b.piv; &b.rho; &b.rhov; &b.sigma; &b.Sigma; &b.sigmav; &b.tau; &b.upsi; &b.Upsi; &b.phis;
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&b.Phi; &b.phiv; &b.chi; &b.psi; &b.Psi; &b.omega; &b.Omega;
Phi phi chi psi Psi omega Omega
capital Phi, Greek var phi - curly or open phi small chi, Greek small psi, Greek capital Psi, Greek small omega, Greek capital Omega, Greek
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Relations
Entity &rceil; Unicode ⌉ ⌋ ⦔ ⌝ ⌟ ⌈ ⌊ ⌜ ⌞ PubMed Displays as right ceiling right floor right paren, gt upper right corner downward right corner left ceiling left floor upper left corner downward left corner Meaning right ceiling right floor right paren, gt upper right corner downward right corner left ceiling left floor upper left corner downward left corner
&rfloor; &rpargt; &urcorn; &drcorn; &lceil; &lfloor; &ulcorn; &dlcorn;
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Negated Relations
Entity &gne; Unicode ≩ ≩ ⋧ ⪉ ≨ ≨ ⋦ ≉ ≇ ≢ ≱ ≱ ≱ ≯ ≰ ≰ ≰ ≮ ⋪ ⋬ ∤ ∦ ⊀ ⋫ ⋭ ⊁ ≁ ≄ ∤ ⊄ ⊈ ⊈ ⊅ ⊉ ⊉ ⊬ PubMed Displays as greater, not dbl equals greater, not dbl equals greater, not similar less, not approximate less, not double equals less, not double equals less, not similar not approximate not congruent with not identical with not greater, double equals not greater-than-or-equal not greater, double equals not greater-than not less-than-or-equal not less, double equals not less, double equals not less-than not left triangle not l tri, eq nmid not parallel not precedes not rt triangle not r tri, eq not succeeds not similar not similar, equals nshortmid not subset not subset, dbl eq not subset, dbl eq not superset not superset, equals not superset, equals not vertical, dash Meaning greater, not equals greater, not double equals greater, not similar less, not approximate less, not double equals less, not equals less, not similar not approximate not congruent with not identical with not greater, double equals not greater-than-or-equal not gt-or-eq, slanted not greater-than not less-than-or-equal not less, double equals not less-or-eq, slant not less-than not left triangle not left tri, equals nmid not parallel not precedes not right triangle not right tri, equals not succeeds not similar not similar, equals not short mid not subset not subset, equals not subset, double equals not superset not superset, double equals not superset, equals not vertical, dash
&gnE; &gnsim; &lnap; &lnE; &lne; &lnsim; &nap; &ncong; &nequiv; &ngE; &nge; &nges; &ngt; &nle; &nlE; &nles; &nlt; &nltri; &nltrie; &nmid; &npar; &npr; &nrtri; &nrtrie; &nsc; &nsim; &nsime; &nsmid; &nsub; &nsube; &nsubE; &nsup; &nsupE; &nsupe; &nvdash;
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&nvDash; &nVDash; &nVdash; &prnap; &prnE; &prnsim; &scnap; &scnE; &scnsim; &subne; &subnE; &supne; &supnE;
⊭ ⊯ ⊮ ⋨ ⪵ ⋨ ⋩ ⪶ ⋩ ⊊ ⊊ ⊋ ⊋
not vertical, dbl dash not dbl vert, dbl dash not dbl vertical, dash precedes, not approx precedes, not dbl eq precedes, not approx succeeds, not approx succeeds, not dbl eq succeeds, not approx subset, not equals subset, not equals superset, not dbl eq superset, not dbl eq
not vertical, double dash not double vert, double dash not double vertical, dash precedes, not approx precedes, not double equals precedes, not similar succeeds, not approx succeeds, not double equals succeeds, not similar subset, not equals subset, not double equals superset, not equals superset, not double equals
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Arrows
Entity &cularr; Unicode ↶ ↷ ⇓ ⇊ ⇃ ⇂ ⇚ ↞ ⇇ ↩ ↫ ↢ ↽ ↼ ⇔ ↔ ⇆ ⇄ ↭ ⇌ ⇋ ↰ ↦ ⊸ ↗ ⇍ ↚ ⇎ ↮ ↛ ⇏ ↖ ↺ ↻ ⇛ ↠ PubMed Displays as left curved arrow right curved arrow down double arrow two down arrows down harpoon-left down harpoon-right left triple arrow two head left arrow two left arrows left arrow-hooked left arrow-looped left arrow-tailed left harpoon-down left harpoon-up <--> <--> left arrow over right arrow right arrow over left arrow left and right squig arrow right harpoon over left harpoon left harpoon over right harpoon Lsh mapsto multimap NE pointing arrow not implied by not left arrow not l&r dbl arr not l&r arrow not right arrow not implies NW pointing arrow left arrow in circle right arrow in circle right triple arrow two head right arrow Meaning left curved arrow right curved arrow down double arrow two down arrows down harpoon-left down harpoon-right left triple arrow two head left arrow two left arrows left arrow-hooked left arrow-looped left arrow-tailed left harpoon-down left harpoon-up left&right double arrow left&right arrow left arrow over right arrow right arrow over left arrow left&right arrow-wavy right harp over left left harp over right Lsh maps to multi map near pointing arrow not Left arrow; not implied by not left arrow not left&right double arrow not left&right arrow not right arrow not implies NW pointing arrow left arrow in circle right arrow in circle right triple arrow two head rightarrow
&curarr; &dArr; &darr2; &dharl; &dharr; &lAarr; &Larr; &larr2; &larrhk; &larrlp; &larrtl; &lhard; &lharu; ⇔ ↔ &lrarr2; &rlarr2; &harrw; &rlhar2; &lrhar2; &lsh; &map; &mumap; &nearr; &nlArr; &nlarr; &nhArr; &nharr; &nrarr; &nrArr; &nwarr; &olarr; &orarr; &rAarr; &Rarr;
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&rarr2; &rarrhk; &rarrlp; &rarrtl; &rarrw; &rhard; &rharu; &rsh; &drarr; &dlarr; &uArr; &uarr2; &vArr; &varr; &uharl; &uharr;
⇉ ↪ ↬ ↣ ⇝ ⇁ ⇀ ↱ ↘ ↙ ⇑ ⇈ ⇕ ↕ ↿ ↾
two right arrows right arrow-hooked right arrow-looped right arrow-tailed right arrow-wavy right harpoon-down right harpoon-up Rsh SE pointing arrow SW pointing arrow up dbl arrow two up arrows up and down dbl arrow up and down arrow up harpoon-left up harp-right
two right arrows right arrow-hooked right arrow-looped right arrow-tailed right arrow-wavy right harpoon-down right harpoon-up Rsh downward right arrow downward left arrow up double arrow two up arrows up&down double arrow up&down arrow up harpoon-left up harp-right
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Binary Operators
Entity &Barwed; Unicode ⌆ ⊼ ⋒ ⋓ ⋎ ⋏ ⋄ ⋇ ⊺ ⋋ ⋉ ⊟ ⊛ ⊚ ⊝ ⊙ ⊖ ⊕ ⊘ ⊗ ⊞ ∔ ⋌ ⋊ · ⊡ ∖ ⊓ ⊔ ⋆ ⊠ ⊤ ⊎ ≀ ◯ ▽ PubMed Displays as log and, dbl bar logical and, bar above dbl intersection dbl union curly logical or curly logical and open diamond division on times intercal leftthreetimes times sign, left closed minus sign in box asterisk in circle open dot in circle hyphen in circle middle dot in circle minus sign in circle plus sign in circle solidus in circle multiply sign in circle plus sign in box plus sign, dot above rightthreetimes times sign, right closed . small dot in box \\ square intersection square union small star, filled multiply sign in box inverted perpendicular plus sign in union wreath product large circle big dn tri, open Meaning logical and, double bar logical and, bar above double intersection double union curly logical or curly logical and open diamond division on times intercal left three times times sign, left closed minus sign in box asterisk in circle open dot in circle hyphen in circle middle dot in circle minus sign in circle plus sign in circle solidus in circle multiply sign in circle plus sign in box plus sign, dot above right threetimes times sign, right closed small middle dot small dot in box reverse solidus square intersection square union small star, filled multiply sign in box inverted perpendicular plus sign in union wreath product large circle big triangle down open
&barwed; &Cap; &Cup; &cuvee; &cuwed; &diam; &divonx; &intcal; &lthree; &ltimes; &minusb; &oast; &ocir; &odash; &odot; &ominus; &oplus; &osol; &otimes; &plusb; &plusdo; &rthree; &rtimes; ⋅ &sdotb; &setmn; &sqcap; &sqcup; &sstarf; &timesb; &top; &uplus; &wreath; &xcirc; &xdtri;
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&xutri; &coprod; ∏ ∑
△ ∐ ∏ ∑
big up tri, open coproduct operator product operator summation operator
big triangle up open coproduct operator product operator summation operator
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Added Math Symbols - Operators

Entity &ang; Unicode ∟ ∡ ℶ ‵ ∁ ℸ ℓ ℷ ℑ ı ∄ Ⓢ ℏ ℜ \ ′ ℘ PubMed Displays as 90 degree angle measured angle beth ' complement daleth l gimel imaginary i negated exists S in circle variant Planck's over 2pi Re \\ ' Weierstrass p Meaning angle angle-measured beth, Hebrew reverse prime complement sign daleth, Hebrew cursive small l gimel, Hebrew imaginary small i, no dot negated exists capital S in circle Planck's over 2pi Re - real short reverse solidus prime, variant Weierstrass p
&angmsd; &beth; &bprime; &comp; &daleth; &ell; &gimel; &image; &inodot; &nexist; &oS; &planck; &real; &sbsol; &vprime; &weierp;
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Added Math Symbols - Relations

Entity &ape; Unicode ≊ ≍ ≌ ⋈ ∽ ⋍ ≎ ≏ ≗ ≔ ⋞ ⋟ ≼ ⊣ ≖ ≕ ≑ ≐ ≒ ⋝ ⋜ ≓ ⋔ ⌢ ≳ ⋗ ≧ ⋛ ⋛ ⋙ ≷ ≳ ≫ ≲ ⋖ ≦ PubMed Displays as approximate, equals asymptotically equal to reverse congruent bowtie R reverse similar reverse similar bumpy equals bumpy equals, equals o= := equal to or precedes equal to or succeeds precedes or equal to dash, vertical circle on equals sign =: =... equals, single dot above falling dots =/> =/< rising dots pitchfork down curve greater, similar greater than, with dot >== >=< >=< >>> >< greater, similar >> less, similar less than, with dot <== Meaning approximate, equals asymptotically equal to reverse congruent bowtie reverse similar reverse similar, equals bumpy equals bumpy equals, equals circle, equals colon, equals curly equals, precedes curly equals, succeeds curly precedes, equals dash, vertical circle on equals sign equals, colon equals, even dots equals, single dot above equals, falling dots equal-or-greater, slanted equals-or-less, slanted equals, rising dots pitch fork down curve greater, approximate greater than, single dot greater, double equals greater, equals, less gt, double equals, less triple gtr-than greater, less greater, similar double greater-than sign less, approximate less than, with dot less, double equals
≈ &bcong; &bowtie; &bsim; &bsime; &bump; &bumpe; &cire; &colone; &cuepr; &cuesc; &cupre; &dashv; &ecir; &ecolon; &eDot; &esdot; &efDot; &egs; &els; &erDot; &fork; &frown; &gap; &gsdot; &gE; &gel; &gEl; &Gg; &gl; &gsim; &Gt; &lap; &ldot; &lE;
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&lEg; &leg; &lg; &Ll; &lsim; &Lt; &ltrie; &mid; &models; &pr; &prap; &prsim; &rtrie; &samalg; &sc; &scap; &sccue; &sce; &scsim; &sfrown; &smid; &smile; &sqsub; &sqsube; &sqsup; &sqsupe; &ssmile; &Sub; &subE; &Sup; &supE; &thkap; &thksim; &trie; &twixt; &vdash; &Vdash; &vDash;
⋚ ⋚ ≶ ⋘ ≲ ≪ ⊴ ∣ ⊧ ≺ ≾ ≾ ⊵ ∐ ≻ ≿ ≽ ≽ ≿ ⌢ ∣ ⌣ ⊏ ⊑ ⊐ ⊒ ⌣ ⋐ ⊆ ⋑ ⊇   ≜ ≬ ⊢ ⊩ ⊨
<=> <=> <> <<< less, similar << left triangle, eq mid R: models R: equal to or precedes similar similar right tri, eq coproduct operator equal to or succeeds succeeds, similar succeeds, equals succeeds, equals succeeds, similar down curve shortmid R: up curve square subset square subset, equals square superset square superset, eq up curve double subset subset, dbl equals dbl superset superset, dbl equals thick approximate thick similar triangle, equals between vertical, dash dbl vertical, dash vertical, dbl dash
less, double equals, greater less, equals, greater less, greater triple less-than less, similar double less-than sign left triangle, equals mid models precedes precedes, approximate precedes, similar right triangle , equals small amalg succeeds succeeds, approximate succeeds, curly equals succeeds, equals succeeds, similar small down curve short mid smile up curve square subset square subset, equals square superset square superset, equals small up curve double subset subset, double equals double superset superset, double equals thick approximate thick similar triangle, equals between vertical, dash double vertical, dash vertical, double dash
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&veebar; &vltri; &vprop; &vrtri; &Vvdash;
⊻ ⊲ ∝ ⊳ ⊪
logical or, bar below left tri, open, var proportional, variant right tri, open, var triple vertical, dash
logical or, bar below left triangle , open, var proportional, variant right triangle , open, var triple vertical, dash
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Russian Cyrillic
Entity &acy; Unicode а А б Б в В г Г д Д е Е ё Ё ж Ж з З и И й Й к К л Л м М н Н о О п П р Р PubMed Displays as small a, Cyrillic capital A, Cyrillic small be, Cyrillic capital BE, Cyrillic small ve, Cyrillic capital VE, Cyrillic small ghe, Cyrillic capital GHE, Cyrillic small de, Cyrillic capital DE, Cyrillic small ie, Cyrillic capital IE, Cyrillic small io, Russian capital IO, Russian small zhe, Cyrillic capital ZHE, Cyrillic small ze, Cyrillic capital ZE, Cyrillic small i, Cyrillic capital I, Cyrillic small short i, Cyrillic capital short I, Cyrillic small ka, Cyrillic capital KA, Cyrillic small el, Cyrillic capital EL, Cyrillic small em, Cyrillic capital EM, Cyrillic small en, Cyrillic capital EN, Cyrillic small o, Cyrillic capital O, Cyrillic small pe, Cyrillic capital PE, Cyrillic small er, Cyrillic capital ER, Cyrillic Meaning small a, Cyrillic capital A, Cyrillic small be, Cyrillic capital BE, Cyrillic small ve, Cyrillic capital VE, Cyrillic small ghe, Cyrillic capital GHE, Cyrillic small de, Cyrillic capital DE, Cyrillic small ie, Cyrillic capital IE, Cyrillic small io, Russian capital IO, Russian small zhe, Cyrillic capital ZHE, Cyrillic small ze, Cyrillic capital ZE, Cyrillic small i, Cyrillic capital I, Cyrillic small short i, Cyrillic capital short I, Cyrillic small ka, Cyrillic capital KA, Cyrillic small el, Cyrillic capital EL, Cyrillic small em, Cyrillic capital EM, Cyrillic small en, Cyrillic capital EN, Cyrillic small o, Cyrillic capital O, Cyrillic small pe, Cyrillic capital PE, Cyrillic small er, Cyrillic capital ER, Cyrillic
&Acy; &bcy; &Bcy; &vcy; &Vcy; &gcy; &Gcy; &dcy; &Dcy; &iecy; &IEcy; &iocy; &IOcy; &zhcy; &ZHcy; &zcy; &Zcy; &icy; &Icy; &jcy; &Jcy; &kcy; &Kcy; &lcy; &Lcy; &mcy; &Mcy; &ncy; &Ncy; &ocy; &Ocy; &pcy; &Pcy; &rcy; &Rcy;
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&scy; &Scy; &tcy; &Tcy; &ucy; &Ucy; &fcy; &Fcy; &khcy; &KHcy; &tscy; &TScy; &chcy; &CHcy; &shcy; &SHcy; &shchcy; &SHCHcy; &hardcy; &HARDcy; &ycy; &Ycy; &softcy; &SOFTcy; &ecy; &Ecy; &yucy; &YUcy; &yacy; &YAcy; &numero;
с С т Т у У ф Ф х Х ц Ц ч Ч ш Ш щ Щ ъ Ъ ы Ы ь Ь э Э ю Ю я Я №
small es, Cyrillic capital ES, Cyrillic small te, Cyrillic capital TE, Cyrillic small u, Cyrillic capital U, Cyrillic small ef, Cyrillic capital EF, Cyrillic small ha, Cyrillic capital HA, Cyrillic small tse, Cyrillic capital TSE, Cyrillic small che, Cyrillic capital CHE, Cyrillic small sha, Cyrillic capital SHA, Cyrillic small shcha, Cyrillic capital SHCHA, Cyrillic small hard sign, Cyrillic capital HARD sign, Cyrillic small yeru, Cyrillic capital YERU, Cyrillic small soft sign, Cyrillic capital SOFT sign, Cyrillic small e, Cyrillic capital E, Cyrillic small yu, Cyrillic capital YU, Cyrillic small ya, Cyrillic capital YA, Cyrillic numero sign
small es, Cyrillic capital ES, Cyrillic small te, Cyrillic capital TE, Cyrillic small u, Cyrillic capital U, Cyrillic small ef, Cyrillic capital EF, Cyrillic small ha, Cyrillic capital HA, Cyrillic small tse, Cyrillic capital TSE, Cyrillic small che, Cyrillic capital CHE, Cyrillic small sha, Cyrillic capital SHA, Cyrillic small shcha, Cyrillic capital SHCHA, Cyrillic small hard sign, Cyrillic capital HARD sign, Cyrillic small yeru, Cyrillic capital YERU, Cyrillic small soft sign, Cyrillic capital SOFT sign, Cyrillic small e, Cyrillic capital E, Cyrillic small yu, Cyrillic capital YU, Cyrillic small ya, Cyrillic capital YA, Cyrillic numero sign
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Non-Russian Cyrillic
Entity &djcy; Unicode ђ Ђ ѓ Ѓ є Є ѕ Ѕ і І ї Ї ј Ј љ Љ њ Њ ћ Ћ ќ Ќ ў Ў џ Џ PubMed Displays as small dje, Serbian capital DJE, Serbian small gje, Macedonian capital GJE Macedonian small je, Ukrainian capital JE, Ukrainian small dse, Macedonian capital DSE, Macedonian small i, Ukrainian capital I, Ukrainian small yi, Ukrainian capital YI, Ukrainian small je, Serbian capital JE, Serbian small lje, Serbian capital LJE, Serbian small nje, Serbian capital NJE, Serbian small tshe, Serbian capital TSHE, Serbian small kje Macedonian capital KJE, Macedonian small u, Byelorussian capital U, Byelorussian small dze, Serbian capital dze, Serbian Meaning small dje, Serbian capital DJE, Serbian small gje, Macedonian capital GJE Macedonian small je, Ukrainian capital JE, Ukrainian small dse, Macedonian capital DSE, Macedonian small i, Ukrainian capital I, Ukrainian small yi, Ukrainian capital YI, Ukrainian small je, Serbian capital JE, Serbian small lje, Serbian capital LJE, Serbian small nje, Serbian capital NJE, Serbian small tshe, Serbian capital TSHE, Serbian small kje Macedonian capital KJE, Macedonian small u, Byelorussian capital U, Byelorussian small dze, Serbian capital dze, Serbian
&DJcy; &gjcy; &GJcy; &jukcy; &Jukcy; &dscy; &DScy; &iukcy; &Iukcy; &yicy; &YIcy; &jsercy; &Jsercy; &ljcy; &LJcy; &njcy; &NJcy; &tshcy; &TSHcy; &kjcy; &KJcy; &ubrcy; &Ubrcy; &dzcy; &DZcy;
Page 81
Box and Line Drawing

Entity &boxh; Unicode ─ │ └ ┘ ┐ ┌ ├ ┴ ┤ ┬ ┼ ╞ ╨ ╡ ╥ ╪ ═ ║ ╚ ╝ ╗ ╔ ╠ ╩ ╣ ╦ ╬ ╟ ╧ ╢ ╤ ╫ ╘ ╜ ╕ ╓ PubMed Displays as horizontal line vertical line upper right quadrant upper left quadrant lower left quadrant lower right quadrant upper and lower right quadrants upper left and right quadrants upper and lower left quadrants lower left and right quadrants all four quadrants upper and lower right quadrants upper left and right quadrants upper and lower left quadrants lower left and right quadrants all four quadrants horizontal line vertical line upper right quadrant upper left quadrant lower left quadrant lower right quadrant upper and lower right quadrants upper left and right quadrants upper and lower left quadrants lower left and right quadrants all four quadrants upper and lower right quadrants upper left and right quadrants upper and lower left quadrants lower left and right quadrants all four quadrants upper right quadrant upper left quadrant lower left quadrant lower right quadrant Meaning horizontal line vertical line upper right quadrant upper left quadrant lower left quadrant lower right quadrant upper and lower right quadrants upper left and right quadrants upper and lower left quadrants lower left and right quadrants all four quadrants upper and lower right quadrants upper left and right quadrants upper and lower left quadrants lower left and right quadrants all four quadrants horizontal line vertical line upper right quadrant upper left quadrant lower left quadrant lower right quadrant upper and lower right quadrants upper left and right quadrants upper and lower left quadrants lower left and right quadrants all four quadrants upper and lower right quadrants upper left and right quadrants upper and lower left quadrants lower left and right quadrants all four quadrants upper right quadrant upper left quadrant lower left quadrant lower right quadrant
&boxv; &boxur; &boxul; &boxdl; &boxdr; &boxvr; &boxhu; &boxvl; &boxhd; &boxvh; &boxvR; &boxhU; &boxvL; &boxhD; &boxvH; &boxH; &boxV; &boxUR; &boxUL; &boxDL; &boxDR; &boxVR; &boxHU; &boxVL; &boxHD; &boxVH; &boxVr; &boxHu; &boxVl; &boxHd; &boxVh; &boxuR; &boxUl; &boxdL; &boxDr;
Page 82
&boxUr; &boxuL; &boxDl; &boxdR;
╙ ╛ ╖ ╒
upper right quadrant upper left quadrant lower left quadrant lower right quadrant
upper right quadrant upper left quadrant lower left quadrant lower right quadrant

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