International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, May, 2012. ISSN- 0974-2832, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/29954;VoL.

IV *ISSUE-40

Research Paper - Mechnical Engineering

Energy Performance Assessment of a Proposed Commercial Facility Located in Temperate Climate Zone of India
* Mr. Tej Singh Chouhan ** Dr. (Prof) Ashish Dutt Sharma
May , 2012 * Research Scholar in Mechanical Engineering, JJT University, Vidyanagari, Jhunjhunu ** Research Supervisor, Director, Vedic Gurukul Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur A B S T R A C T
This paper shows the energy performance assessment of a commercial facility under design phase and proposed in Bangalore which is under temperate climate zone of India. With development of new air-tight and air-conditioned buildings have replaced old constructions and most of these buildings are air-conditioned. Therefore, appropriate design and operational techniques of HVAC systems are essential components in solving the problems of energy conservation. The main purpose of this study was to identify appropriate energy efficiency measures for HVAC system which can help to attain energy savings without sacrificing thermal comfort condition standards. It is expected that the research has drawn useful information to HVAC designers in India for analyzing and designing HVAC system and operation for commercial building to achieve energy efficiency in temperate climate zone of India. Key words: commercial facility; energy efficiency measures; energy performance, energy conservation, building energy simulation. proach in refurbishment of proposed commercial build-

Introduction The growing demand of energy consumption in large commercial buildings has given attention to energy efficiency in commercial facilities. The assessment of energy performance has geared up to identify techniques for innovative solutions. As a result professional societies and associations like ASHRAE and ISHRAE have established various standards and guidelines to overcome these problems. It is right time to gain international awareness against energy consumption especially in industrial and commercial buildings. It is also essential to understand the effect of operational techniques of HVAC system which may be used in developing countries like India having different kind of climatic regions. In particular the research has aimed to evaluate energy performance of the proposed building energy system refurbishment and has obtained significant reductions in energy consumption. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how a holistic ap-

ing under design phase can provide energy efficient system with the inclusion of modeling, simulation and with the cost benefit analysis of energy efficiency measures. Building General Information This multi-storey building was an office building, which was a thirteen storey commercial building located in Bangalore at 13 00' towards North and 77 35' towards East. Gross floor area and conditioned area of the building were 778505 ft2 and 537829 ft2 respectively. The designed maximum occupancy of the facility was 2590. The floor to floor height was varying from 11.5 to 13 ft. Modeling and Simulation The commercial facility has been modeled and simulated using eQUEST-3.63b which is a building energy simulation tool developed by US Department of Energy. See Fig 1 -2 It allows a graphical display as per the view shown in figure 2. The detailed modeling of the facility

Figure 1: 2D View of the model

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Figure 2: 3D View of the model

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International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, May, 2012. ISSN- 0974-2832, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/29954;VoL.IV *ISSUE-40

has been done to ensure the accuracy of analysis work. tioning (space cooling) was 28%, ventilation fan 22%, The study objective was to access energy efficiency area light 26% and pumps 6%. This constitutes around performance of the building. The base case model has 82% of the building's total energy consumption. Hence, been developed with required parameters. The re- the researcher has targeted these areas to reduce the searcher has investigated the some energy efficiency energy consumption. As shown in figure 3 remaining measures which have accomplished energy saving. 16% energy has been consumed by the miscellaneous The facility has been divided into various thermal zones equipments such as building's office, restrooms and to analyze HVAC system loads and their operational kitchen equipments, elevators and lifts. profiles. Each zone has being assigned a set of properties such as occupancy, LPD, EPD, floor-to-floor Space Cool Space Cool height, material conductivity & fenestration area etc. 26% 28% Heat Reject. Heat Reject. 35% The typical ground floor zone plan is shown in figure Vent. Fans Vent. Fans 1.Building Energy Systems Pumps & Aux. Pumps & Aux. 2% The exterior walls of the building were de16% Misc. Equip. Misc. Equip. signed as 230 mm normal brick wall with 19 mm plaster 22% 22 Area Lights 6% on each side. The roof was configured as (from outer Area Lights to inner) 25 mm thick China mosaic tiles, 15 mm thick Brickbat coba, 150 mm thick RCC slab and inside plaster Figure 3: Base case energy consumption Figure 4: EEMs energy c layer of 20 mm. The faade glass was 6 mm thick single glazed unit (SGU) having overall heat transfer coefficient (U-value) as 1.03, shading coefficient (SC) as 0.59 Space Cool and solar heat gain coefficient (SGHC) as 0.51. The Space Cool 23% 26% Heat Reject. overall window toHeat Reject. (WWR) was 11%. 28% wall ratio The 35% building's HVAC water side system was designed with Vent. Fans Vent. Fans 1% 4 water cooled electric open centrifugal chiller. Each Pumps & Aux. Pumps & Aux. 2% 14% chiller was havingMisc. Equip. equipment capacity of 500 TR. The 16% Misc. Equip. 5% 22% air side system was designed 142 constant air volume 22% Area Lights 6% Area Lights (CAV) air handling units (AHU) serving the different zones of the building. The cooling of the building was provided by chilled water from the plant. Chillers were Figure 3: Base case energy consumption Figure 4: EEMs energy consumption rejecting heat in open cooling towers having constant The energy use breakdown of the building speed fans. Water side of HVAC system has primary after implementing EEMs has given in figure 4 which and secondary chilled water pumping system. The pri- represents that the energy consumption has been remary and secondary chilled water pumps as well as duced significantly. Space cooling and ventilation fan condenser water pumps were constant speed pumps. energy consumption reduce after improving the Each zone had separate thermostat control linked to building's enveloping parameters, use of energy effieach corresponding air handling unit. The space tem- cient low EIR chillers, VFD on AHUs and AHU SAT perature set points was designed to vary from 22C to reset control. Pump energy consumption reduces after 28C for summer and 20C to 24C for winter under all implementing VFD control on SCHW pumps and CHW conditioned zones. Fluorescent lamps, LEDs and T5 supply temperature reset control. Energy consumplights were designed for interior as well as exterior illu- tion in heat rejection has reduced after implementing mination. The elevator load in the facility was 108 kW. VFD control on cooling tower fans and area lighting Energy Consumption Summary energy consumption reduces after using reduced LPD In-order to assess the energy performance for basements and car parking. and to evaluate the relative consumption of the se- Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) lected building, energy end use of the building has A wide range of individual EEMs were invesbeen studied. The energy modeling and simulation tigated in existing design to optimize the performance results of the baseline building have provide compre- of the existing design. The researcher has implemented hensive records of all energy consumption breakdown the following EEMs in a sequence which has accomof the facility. The study has elaborated the base case plished energy saving: energy simulation results for the commercial building (a). Insulated Wall (EEM-01): 26 mm XPS insulation in figure 3. The energy simulation results of the build- provided in the exterior walls. The U-value of the wall ing has represented that the energy use in air-condi- became as 0.123 Btu/hr ft2 F. The reduced U-value has

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International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, May, 2012. ISSN- 0974-2832, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/29954;VoL.IV *ISSUE-40

reduced the building heat gain. (b). Insulated Roof (EEM-02): Over-deck extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulation of 60 mm has been provided. The U-value of the insulated roof became 0.0633 Btu/ hr. ft2 F. The reduced U-value has reduced the building heat gain. (c). Efficient Glazing System (EEM-03): The SGU has been replaced with DGU having U-value = 0.56 Btu/hr ft2 F, SF/ SHGC = 0.25 and SC = 0.29. (d). Energy Efficient Chillers (EEM-04): The chillers of COP 5.4 has been replaced with COP 6.1 (EIR = 0.1639). The increased COP of the chiller resulted in reduced energy consumption of the chiller. (e). VFD Control on Secondary Chilled Water Pumps (EEM-05): The secondary chilled water pumps were made equipped with VFD. The VFD has reduced the speed of the SCHWP whenever the chilled water demand reduces. (f).Air Handling Unit Fan VFD Control (EEM-06):The constant speed AHU fan motor has been equipped and controlled by VFD. The VFD has operated all the air handling units fan meter according to load requirements. The VFD has reduced the speed of the AHU fan motor whenever the space demand of dehumidified air was reduced. (g). VFD Control on Cooling Tower Fans (EEM-07): The cooling tower fan motors has been equipped and controlled by VFD. The VFD has reduced the speed of the cooling tower fan motor, whenever it was required. (h). Supply Air Temperature Reset (EEM-08): The SAT reset technique was employed to reset the SAT supply temperature upward on a reduction in SAT load i.e. lower ambient temperature as follows:

reset the chilled water supply temperature upward on a reduction in chilled water load i.e. lower ambient temperature as follows: Outside Air Temperature Chilled Water Supply Set Point 60 F 54 F 82 F 44 F (j). Car Parking Lower Lighting Power Density (EEM10): The LPD for car parking was reduced from 0.5 W/ ft2 to 0.15 W/ft2 with lux around 100-150. Energy Consumption Analysis Results The results of energy consumption analysis has been tabulated in table 1, which shows that an overall energy savings of 1964556 kWh, which was 26.24% over base case has been achieved by combined effect of EEMs under study. See table 1 Evaluation of EEMs The percentage of savings in annual energy consumption of the proposed EEMs over the base case for the facility has been shown in figure 5. The graph revealed that the maximum savings has been achieved through wall insulation 10.37% and by VFD control on AHUs 6.75% out of total savings obtained in this facility of 26.24%. It has been also noticed that least savings of 0.30% has been found by applying SAT reset. The overall results have shown good energy savings by combined performance of all EEMs together. The figure 6 shows the effect of monthly energy consumption by combined performance of energy efficiency measures over the base case. See Figure 5: See Figure 6: On the basis of the evaluation of annual energy use pattern of the building, all proposed energy efficiency measures for the building were analyzed. The EEMs Outside Air Temperature Supply Air Temperature categorized on the basis of magnitude of investment as Set Point tabulated in table 2. 60 F 55 F The figure 7 has shown that the payback 82 F 70 F period for the various EEM investigated which has (i).Chilled Water Supply Temperature Reset (EEM09): The CHWST reset technique was employed to been in the range from 0.3 to 12.7 years. While the
S. Base Case Energy No. / EEMs Consumption (kWh) 1 Base Case 7485548 2 EEM-01 6709067 3 EEM-02 7328134 4 EEM-03 7305652 5 EEM-04 7309333 6 EEM-05 7458964 7 EEM-06 6980355 8 EEM-07 7428804 9 EEM-08 7463198 1 0 EEM-09 7461440 1 1 EEM-10 7445977 Table 1: Energy consumption analysis results Energy Energy Savings Energy Savings Consumption (kWh) (kWh/ft2year) (kWh/ft2year) 9.615 NA NA 8.618 776481 0.997 9.413 157414 0.202 9.384 179896 0.231 9.388 176215 0.227 9.581 26584 0.034 8.966 505193 0.649 9.542 56744 0.073 9.587 22350 0.028 9.584 24108 0.031 9.564 39571 0.051 Total = 1964556 2.523 Percentage Savings over Base Case NA 10.37 2.10 2.40 2.35 0.36 6.75 0.76 0.30 0.32 0.53 26.24

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Savings in annual energy consumption applying EEMs
12 10.37 10

Percentage

8 6 4 2.10 2 0.36 0 2.40 2.35

6.75

0.76

0.30

0.32

0.53

EEM-01 EEM-02 EEM-03 EEM-04 EEM-05 EEM-06 EEM-07 EEM-08 EEM-09 EEM-10

Figure 5: Comparison of savings in annual energy consumption by EEMs

Energy Consumption in kWh 103

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

JAN 551.4 411.5 FEB 547.7 402.0 MAR 694.6 514.4 APR 647.4 482.3 MAY 694.1 530.2 JUN 659.0 486.6 JUL 615.4 443.2 AUG 683.0 498.1 SEP 619.8 450.3 OCT 633.7 464.5 NOV 576.2 419.5 DEC 563.3 418.4

Base Case ECB07 Combined EEM's

Figure 6: Effect on monthly energy consumption by combined EEMs Vs base case

Level of Measures Low Investment Measures Medium Investment Measures

Table 2: Level of energy efficiency measures Energy Efficiency Measures Percentage Savings Payback Period (Years) EEM-05: VFD Control on SCHWP 0.36 1.3 EEM-07: VFD on CT Fans 0.76 0.6 EEM-09: CHWST Reset Control 0.32 0.3 2.40 6.75 0.30 0.53 10.37 2.10 2.35 26.24 0.7 1.2 12.7 7.9 1.8 2.3 9.5 2.5

EEM-03: Efficient Glazing System EEM-06: AHU Fan VFD Control EEM-08: SAT Reset EEM-10: Car Parking Lower LPD Major Investment EEM-01: Insulated Walls Measures EEM-02: Insulated Roofs EEM-04: Energy Efficient Chillers Cumulative Savings/ Payback Period of EEMs = 0.3% only.
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Payback Period of EEMs

9.5

12.7

Payback Period in Years

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1.8 2.3 0.7 2.5 1.3 1.2 0.6 0.3 7.9

Figure 7: Effect on payback period by different EEMs

combined payback period of combined EEMs for this commercial facility was found 2.5 years. While the combined payback period of the EEMs for this commercial facility was found 2.5 years. Hence, there are three EEMs, for which the payback period has found higher

than the combined payback period. Out of these three EEMs, the EEM-8 has shown extreme result. The cause of such result would be that the lowest savings found in this EEM; hence the energy savings potential have been reduced. This has been verified by the energy

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International Indexed & Referred Research Journal, May, 2012. ISSN- 0974-2832, RNI-RAJBIL 2009/29954;VoL.IV *ISSUE-40

simulation results. The energy savings percent because of this EEM was 0.3% only. Conclusion :The assessment of energy performance of the facility for envelop, HVAC and lighting systems related EEMs has shown significant energy savings. The energy consumption in the commercial facility from temperate climate zone has been studied. The facility was modeled and simulated by using eQUEST3.63b to investigate the building energy performance

and explore potential energy savings with implementation of EEMs. The energy modeling and simulation results have shown that EEM-01 (Insulated walls) has given maximum savings of 10.37%. The results also shown minimum savings of 0.3% achieved by EEM-08 among all ten EEMs therefore resulted highest payback period of 12.7 years whereas the combined payback period was low as 2.5 years because of good energy saving potential in other EEMs. Hence this good payback period of 2.5 year makes all the proposed EEMs feasible and acceptable for the proposed facility.

R E F E R E N C E
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