TheBiologyofACETES (Crustacea;Sergestidae) and IdentificationGuide

JohnRheo P.Dela Cruz MSF Fish.Bio.I

Introduction species of the genus Acetes are small planktonic shrimp living mainly in the estuaries and coastal waters of the tropical and subtropical regions. genus has been established by H. Milne Edwards in 1830 based on material collected at Ganges River g 14 species and 5 subspecies are recognized, of which 2 species, Acetes Intermedius and A. marinus are new. i 10 species are distributed in the IndoWest Pacific and the IndoMalayan region is particularly y g p y rich in species Acetes affords a major source of protein to some of the people in Asia and East Africa Africa. the largest zooplanktonbased fisheries in the world.
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Introduction they account for at least 13.5% of the worlds crustacean fisheries production (Xiao and Greenwood, 1993) form an important component of coastal zooplankton communities (Grabe & Lees, 1992) play important role in the dynamics of coastal ecosystems, especially in lagoons, seagrass beds and mangrove swamps by linking vegetal swamps, materials, phytoplankton, zooplantonkton and animals of higher trophic levels (Rao et al., 1980) acetes range from 1040 mm in total length and widely distributed (Omori, 1975; Holthuis, 1980) resilient under laboraty conditions (Ball and Cowan, 1977)

Introduction school and swarm of acetes in coastal asia, are the bases of important commercial fisheries for p consumption by humans and domestic animals (Omori 1975) potentialfoodorganisminaquacultureindustry (Ung &Itoh,1989)

AdultExternalMorphology knowledgeofacetes morphologyislimited there are good d h d descriptions of external, i i f l but muscular, circulatory, endocrine and nervous systems are basically unknown. elongated and laterally compressed decapods, with a well developed abdomen adapted for swimming somite is enclosed with a dorsal tergum, a ventral sternum and two lateral pleura.

(OmoriM.1975)

DistinctivefeaturesofAcetes Distinctive features of Acetes 1.rostrum 2.compoundeyearestalkedandmobile 3.Antennule andAntennae 4.Mouthparts:Labium,mandibles, 4 Mouthparts: Labium mandibles MaxillaeandMaxillipeds 5.Periopods 6.Pleopods 7.Uropods andTelson

(OmoriM.1975)

LarvalExternalMorphology larvalmorphologyofacetes isgenerallyknownfromtheworkofBrooks(1882) Brooks (1882) the first to follow larval development of acetes and describe morphology (Acetes americanus) The first detailed and reliable account was given by Soejima (1962) for A japonicas A. japonicas. howdidtheydeterminethestageofacetes 1useoflarvalrearing 2.usingspecimenfromseriesofphytoplankton samples.

LarvalStagesinAcetes 1.Nauplius(4) pyriform largeranteriorly 3pairsofnatatory cephalicappendages uniramous antennules bi biramous antennaeandmandible t d dibl red,conspicuous,mediannaupliar eyepresentintheanteriorend eye present in the anterior end 2.Zoea (Protozoea)(2) thoracicsomites areformed formation of sessile compound eyes (appear anteriorly beneath the carapace) antennules and antennae are now segmented g and still used for locomotion

(Liu&Zhang,1951,1981)

(Liu&Zhang,1951,1981)
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LarvalStagesinAcetes 3.Mysis (2) 4.Postlarvae largeexopod appearonallthoracicappendages uniramous pleopods becomelarge larvaeswimbackwards antennaelostlocomotory function postlarvae swimforwardswith rhythmicbeatingofthepleopods threepairsofmaxillipeds arefunctional chelae on the first three pairs of pereiopods chelaeonthefirstthreepairsofpereiopods gillrudimentappearonthethoracic arenowfunctional appendages

(Liu&Zhang,1951,1981)

(Liu&Zhang,1951,1981) 9

FeedingHabits:

In the study of Ephrime B. Metillo entitled Feeding Ecology of Acetes intermedius Omori 1975 (Crustacea Decapoda Sergestidae) in Iligan Bay Philippines (2011) found (Crustacea, Decapoda, Bay, out that A. intermedius is an omnivorous zooplanktivore with copepods, ostracods, decapod crustacean larvae, gastropod and bivalve veligers, and amorphous materials as dominant food items

et. al., Amin et al entitled Diet Composition of Sergestid Shrimp Acetes serrulatus from the Coastal Waters of Kukup, Johor, Malaysia (2011) found out that the food items in the gut of A. serrulatus were comprised of phytoplankton, zooplankton, plant matter, appendages of decapods, debris and unidentified fragments and concluded that A. serrulatus is omnivorous and feed on phytoplankton, zooplankton and microcrustacean.

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Maturity: Acetes japonicas matures at body length of > 12 mm in the Ariake Sea japonicasmaturesatbodylengthof>12mmintheAriake A.chinensis maturesatabodysizeof1843mm Wu&Cheng(1571)identifiedfourovarianstagesinA.chinensis Wu & Cheng (1571) identified four ovarian stages in A chinensis 1.Immatureovaries eggs are small in size (0.02300.0828 mm in diameter) mixture of small and large eggs. mixtureofsmallandlargeeggs. ovaryisribbonlike nospermatophore areimplantedinthethelycum. 2.Matureovaries eggsizevariesconsiderably,mostbeing0.06400.1610mmindiameter,butsomesmall eggsasabovearepresent spermatophore areimplantedinthethelycum. 3.Nearspawningovaries theeggsareallof0.08280.2070mmindiameter,andregularlyarranged. generalcolouroftheovaryisgreenorbrownatornearspawning 4.Spentovary therearenomatureeggsintheprotrudingpartsofthemarginsoftheovary insomecases,theovarymaybecompletelyempty,orwithonlyafeweggs.

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Maturity: Amin et. al., (2010). Reproductive seasonality and maturation of the sergestid shrimp, Acetes japonicus (Decapoda: Sergestidae) in coastal waters of Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysia They found out that female attained sexual maturity at a minimum size of 17 5 17.5 mm total length and inferred that A. japonicus breeds continuously throughout the year in the coastal waters of Malacca Peninsular Malaysia Malacca, Malaysia.

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Reproductivesystemandreproduction: acetes posses secondary sexual structures malepossesspetasma femalepossessthelycum

copulation where male deposits a pair of spermatophores into the thelycum of the female

petasma

thelycum

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Spawning Omori(1974)assertedA.japonicus spawnsgenerallyafewdaysaftercopulation Wu(1991)speculatedthatA.chinensis spawns1015daysaftercopulatingand whentheovariesmature. when the ovaries mature Femaleacetes spawntheireggsdirectlyintothewater. A.chinensis spawnsatnight

(J.Marin FISHERIESANDAQUACULTURE Vol.II ShrimpsandKrill)

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Theeggs: theeggsofAcetes areroundandrelativelysmall(<0.4mm) Acetes eggsareeitherpelagic,semipelagic ordemersal A.japonicus (Soejima,1926)andA.indicus (Pillai,1973)havepelagiceggs A.chinensis producedemersal eggs,butnearlybuoyant(Liu&Zhang,1981)or semipelagic (Wu,1991)eggs.

Fecundity: fecundity of acetes is positively related to body size fecundityofacetes ispositivelyrelatedtobodysize Ikematsu (1953,1963)13A.japonicus measuring1229mmbodysizehaveeggs rangedfrom680to6800 Zhang(1992)87A.chinensis withbodyrange2638mmhaveeggsrangedfrom 1013to9863.

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EggsColour Acetes eggsmayshowregionaldifferencesincolour Ariake Sea(Soejima,1926) green Okayama(Yasudaet.al., 1953) colorless Korea(Yoshida,1949) orange(A.chinensis) Puhai (Wu,1991) colourlessandtransparent Pillai (1973) goldenbrown(A.indicus) Moulting generaldescriptionsofthemoultingprocessinAcetes havebeenmade,buton intermoult dataperiodsandincrementinbodyandcarapacelength. A.japonicus intermoult periodof<5daysinnauplius,zoea andmysis stages(Soejima, l d f d l d ( 1926). Ikematsu (1953) noted that of the 22 A japonicus measured 50% moulted (1953)notedthat,ofthe22A.japonicus measured,50%moulted within3daysofcaptureand94%within7days.
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Longevity longevity of Acetes, as in other crustaceans, is difficult to estimate accurately because of the obvious difficulties in ageing these animals, and hence estimates are available for both natural and laboratory populations. Ikematsu (1953) estimated from fields samples that life span of A. japonicus is 910 months for the winter generation and 2.53.0 months for the summer generation. Acetes longevity is less than that of penaieds. Yoshida (1949) suggested that A chinensis has a lipe span of about one year in A. western Korea.

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Findings SomeproblemsandapproachthatneedstotackleinthestudyofAcetes anatomyofacetes h li l b f haslittlebeenstudied(lackofbasicbiologicaldata) di d (l k f b i bi l i l d ) extensive data on spatiotemporal distribution of acetes (but no reliable extensivedataonspatiotemporaldistributionofacetes (butnoreliable estimatesofageareavailable) nostudieshavebeenmadeontheagestructuresofacetes populations. despitegooddocumentationofswarminglittleisknownaboutthecausesof thisbehaviourinacetes. fisheriesforacetes islargelyunknownforthewesternworld

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MorphologicalGuideinIdentifyingAcetes

DiagramofamaleAcetes: Am. appendix masculina; antfl. antennal flagellum; antrpd. antennular peduncle; antsc. antennal scale; ch. chela; crn. cornea; end. endopod; eyst. eyestalk; exp. exopod; gc. genital coxa; hs. hepatic spine; lf. l ower flagellum; mxpd. maxillipied; pt. p g g p p g p p p procurved tooth; r. rostrum; uf. upper flagellum; rps. red pigment spot on uropod are indicated by dark dots.
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Characteristics used for identification of adult Acetes Character Number

1 2 3 4 5 6* 7 8 9 10 11* 12* 13 14 15 16

Description
y g Bodylengthinmm Numberofdenticles ontherostrumbehindtheterminalpoint Ratioofcorneawidthtolengthofcorneaandeyestalk,X:100 Ratiooflengthofsecondtofirstsegmentofantennular penduncle,X:100 R ti f thi d t fi t t f t l d l X 100 Ratioofthirdtofirstsegmentofantennular penduncle,X:100 Numberofclaspingspinesonlowerantennular flagellum Numberofsegmentsoflowerantennular flagellum Detailsofbasisofthirdpereiopod :0.projectionabsent;1.projectionpresentondistalinner p p p j ; p j p margin;2.projectionpresentondistalinnermarginalittlebeforeend Detailsofcoxa ofthirdperiopod:0.toothrudimentaryorabsent;1.toothpresentondistalinner margin Detailsofthirdthoracicsternite:0.protuberancesrudimentaryorabsent;1.apairofconspicuous Details of third thoracic sternite 0 protuberances rudimentary or absent 1 a pair of conspicuous proturberances present Anteriormarginofgenitalcoxa:1.round;2.pointed Detailsofpetasma:0.parsastringers absent;1. parsastringers present p p g p g p Procurved toothbetweenfirstpleopod:0.absent;1.present Ratiooflengthoftelson toexopod ofuropod,X:100 Detailsofapexoftelson:1.round;2.truncate;3.triangular Ratiooflengthofnonciliatedpartofoutermarginofexopod ofuropod toentiremargin(non Ratio of length of non ciliated part of outer margin of exopod of uropod to entire margin (non ciliatedpartplusciliatedpart),X:100

* charactersseeninmaleonly

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Acetes japonicus

Descriptive remarks: In male individual, lower antennular flagellum bears 2 p g p g p , p clsping spines with 1012 segments. In the petasma, the distal part of the capitulum is expanded like a bulb and has numerous hooks. The appendix masculine has 2 hooks. The third thoracic sternite is produced backwards or posteriorly in females. The endopods of the uropod has one red spot on the proximal part in both females and males. The tip of the telson is broadly rounded.
Amin et.Al.,(2011).UpdateontheSpeciesCompositionandDistributionofSergestid Shrimps(Acetes spp.)inMalaysianWaters

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Acetes intermedius

Descritive remarks: In the males lower antenular flagellum is 13 or 14 with 1 clasping spine. The petasma pars astringens and capitulum of petasma with 4 subsequently large hooks margin. margin. along outer margin The coxa of the third periopod lacks a tooth on the distal inner margin Appendix masculine hold 3 hooks. In females, first segment of antennular penduncle at most as long as second and third segments combined. The lower antennular flagellum is 1215 segmented There is a small procurved tooth between the bases of the first period in both segmented. females and males. The apex of telson in male is sharply pointed and triangular
Amin et.Al.,(2011).UpdateontheSpeciesCompositionandDistributionofSergestid Shrimps(Acetes spp.)inMalaysianWaters

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lower antennular flagellum ofamale

examplesofthe petasma

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ThankYou.. Thank You

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