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: organization of paragraph, consistency, intro conclusion : serious : intended for a critical and informed audience : argument, debate, defense RESEARCH!
Academic documents : 1. Academic journal (3,000 10,000 words, commonly 5,000 9-10 pages including references) 2. Research paper 3. Dissertation / Thesis (20,000 words, depends on the institution) 4. Essay 5. Book Paragraph 1. Sentence Structure grammar how you organize your words style narrative / argumentative / etc
2. Usage of words vocabulary 3. Ideas topic ideas Three different aspects : a. Topic sentence b. Body supporting topic sentence c. Conclusion
Some useful phrases (introduction of your topic) 1. The purpose (aim) of this paper is to . . . (firm) 2. This paper is intended as an investigation of . . . 3. The point I / the author / writer want(s) to make is that . . . 4. The target audience is . . . 5. The purpose of this paper is a. to consider b. to show c. to demonstrate d. to examine e. to formulate f. to answer the question of g. to explain the phenomenon of h. to argue a theory i. to solve a problem of
Phrases in the body of the paragraph : 1. First of all, we have to inquire into . . . 2. As a beginning, we will examine . . . 3. The question is . . . 4. There remains a second question . . . 5. There is a further point which needs to be clarified . . . 6. Due final point should be made about . . . 7. There are three kinds of . . . 8. They can be classified into three main groups . . . Connective words 1. First,.. Secondly, .. Thirdly, .
2. In the first place . . . In the second place . . . Furthermore . . . 3. Finally, lastly . . . 4. For one thing, one final point is . . . 5. The first important point is . . . Even more important is . . . Most important of all is . . .
Writing : Conversation in a written format dialogue Interpersonal relationship between the writer and reader
PARAGRAPH STRUCTURES One paragraph is better to have only one main idea a. Topic sentence : main idea of the whole paragraph b. Supporting sentence(s) Provide arguments for your ideas Additional information about your idea(s)
c. Concluding sentence(s) p.13 It leaves the readers with the most important idea(s) to remember. Skills / technique : summary, conclusion
Fact : Objective Based on evidence Scientific (observation) Quotation(s) John states, References According to John (1986), Statistics : charts, graphics, diagrams, etc Personal interviews
UNITY & COHERENCE Unity : oneness agreement Coherence : Inter-relationship of ideas (main points) in one paragraph with other paragraphs Paragraphs logical (make sense / clear / able to reason correctly) Kinds of way to structure your paragraph : 1. Chronological order / order of events based on historical period 2. Logical division of ideas categorization 3. Comparison or contrast
PERSPECTIVES / POINT OF VIEWS : 1. Philosophical (why) knowing, valuing, realizing meaning 2. Historical (what has been) documented discussion of the past, analysis, interpretation of document
3. Descriptive (what is) quantitative & qualitative observation of people, places, settings, etc, evaluation, interpretation, evaluation 4. Experimental (establishing cause & effect) observation of outcome based cause & effect relationships, hypothesis testing / theory application
SUMMARY Summing up important ideas (theme, purpose, background) from the text Function : Include authors ideas using fewer words than the original text Outline main points / relevant points without details or other new examples Support claims, or providence evidence in your writing
PARAPHRASE Interpreting someones ideas with our own words Two parts : 1. Your perspective 2. The content / the actual wordings youre going to use Some of useful phrases when youre going to paraphrase someones idea are : believes concludes
Example :
Harrison (1992, p.123) believes that Freud displayed symptoms of a troubled personality. Harrison (1992, p.123) suggests Freud had a difficult personality. Function : 1. Paraphrase short sections of work only; a sentence or two or a short paragraph 2. To rewrite someones ideas without changing the meaning 3. To express someones ideas in your own words 4. To support claims on provide evidence in your writing
QUOTATION Example : Harrison (1992, p.123) strongly argues that Freud suffered from a serious personality disorder. Harrison1 asserts that Freud suffered from a serious personality disorder. Harrison1 using footnote Function : 1. When the authors words convey a powerful meaning 2. When you want to use the author as an authoritative voice in your writing 3. To introduce an authors position you may wish to discuss 4. To support claims or provide evidence in your writing
CITATIONS Two authors (always mention both writers) Dixon and Leong (1996) describes William Morris was inspired by Gothic art (Dixon & Leong, 1996)
Six or more authors (only mention first author in the body of the text either in the first entry or subsequent entries) Smith et al. (1995)
Classical Works To indicate you referred to a translated writing (Aristotle, trans. 1931) To indicate you read a subsequent version of the original. Put the original version first. (James, 1890/1983)