Attica of Pausania

^si
rw i^r
\'
r-mrimtrv'/mrrarr^wri ^^1
immmmmHmmmmmmmtKfiKmmmsmimmmismmo.
mmmmmmmmmmmmm
QXM#lcXoMrv^H^f
GIFT OF
R. L. Linscott
COLLEGE SERIES OF GREEK AUTHORS

KDITED rXDER THE SUPERVISION OF
JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE and THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, CHARLES BURTON GUUCK, Associate Editor
Editors
THE ATTICA OF
PAUSANIAS
EDITED BY
MITCHELL CARKOLL,
Ph.D.
Professor of Classical Philology in The George Washington University
GINN & COMPANY

BOSTON
NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON

Entered at Stationeus' Hall

Copyright,
1907, p.y
John Williams White, Thomas Day Seymoir, and Charles Burton Gulick
ALL rights reserved
GINN & COMPANY

PRIETORS
PROU.S.A.
boston
/i
'
TO
THE MEMORY
OF
THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR
Digitized by tine Internet Archive

in
2007
witin
funding from
IVIicrosoft
Corporation
littp://www.arcliive.org/details/atticaofpausaniaOOpausiala
PA
A3I hf P7
PREFACE
The
text adopted in this
volume
is
that of the Hitzig-Bkiemuer
edition of Pausanias (Berlin, 1896), with certain changes in typog-
raphy and punctuation to conform to the style
of the series in
which
it
appears.
The Hitzig text presents a
careful revision of
the Schubart text and critical apparatus (which had not been corrected for forty years) in the light of
new
As
studies
and discoveries
differs
up
to 1896.
The
later text of Spiro (Teubner,
1903)
from
that of Hitzig only in minor details.
the present work

is
is pri-
marily archaeological in
its
purpose, textual criticism
avoided,
and the reader
is
referred to the Hitzig-Bluemner edition for details
in these matters.
In the preparation of the Introduction, Notes, and Excursuses,

the editor
is
conscious of his indebtedness to the Hitzig-Bluemner

to the
commentary and
umes.
monumental work
of Frazer (Pausanias's
Description of Greece, translated with a Commentary, in six vol-
London, 1898).
So thoroughly have these scholars done
their
work that
in the preparation of a college edition they
may
be relied on for an accurate
summary
of the literature
on the
Attica up to the time of the publication of their works, and the

chief task of the editor
is
to appraise the matter they present in
the light of later contributions, to bring the discussions up to

date,
and
to select
what
is
essential to
meet the needs
of students.
On
account of the
size
and cost
of these
two important works,

This empha-
they are not readily accessible to any but specialists.

sizes the
need of a more compact edition of the Attica
the most
important of the ten books of Pausanias's Description of Greece
one which
gives the text
and presents concisely

V
in the
way
of
407*^61
vi
PREFACE
commentary the results of modern scholarship concerning Athenian and Attic topography. Owing to the nature of the subject-matter, the commentary is mainly archaeological, but grammatical and stylistic peculiarities have not been neglected. The more important
topics, wliicli could
not be adequately treated in the Notes, are
considered at some length in a series of Excursuses.
Outline of the Attica enables the student to

tortuous course of the author.
The Topical follow the somewhat
The Select Bibliography in the Appendix presents the more important titles under appropriate
heads.
Up
and
to this time Pausanias has
been seldom read in our colleges

strictly classical authors are
interest,
universities,
on the theory that
better suited to the class-room.

in archaeological studies,
much
The increasing
however,
of it being due, in
the work of the American School at Athens

feeling that
has encouraged the

of the
America, to
Greek students should have some knowledge
topography and monuments of ancient Athens.

is
This knowledge
most readily acquired by the study

it is
of the Attica of Pausanias,
and
hoped that
this
book may quicken the student's interest
in the intellectual
and
artistic aspects of
Greek
life.
In conclusion, the editor desires to express his hearty acknowl-
edgments to the beloved and lamented Professor Seymour, who

read a part of the proofs in the closing months of his fruitful
life
and made many important suggestions

introducing
to Professor Dorpfeld for
him
to the
study of Athenian topography and for perliere
mission to use the plans

Professor Bates,
reproduced
to Professor D'Ooge,
and Dr. Newcomer
for reading portions of the
subject-matter in proof, with
many
pertinent observations
editorial
and,
above
all,
to Professor Gulick,
whose
acumen and sym-
pathetic criticism have contributed largely to the preparation of the
work.
Mitchell Carroll
The George Washington University
CONTENTS
Introductiox Pausanias thk Pkkieoktk
Scope and Character of Pausanias 's
Page
1
Work
Date of the Periegesis Pausanias, His Life and
Work
.
4
5 7 8 12
Aim and Method
of the Periegesis
Style of Pausanias
.... ....
.
Pausanias's Use of Previous Writers
Topographical Outline of the Attica
Text and Notes
.....
27
Appendix A. Manuscripts
B. Editions
210
217
C. Translations
218
D. Selected List of Works Bearing on Pausanias

E. Selected List of AVorks on Athens and Attica
218 210
228 235
242
Excursuses -
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 7. 8.
9.
10. 11.
12.
The The The The The The The The The The The
Harbors and Fortifications of (jr eater Athens Agora of Athens Enneacrunus and its Neighborliood
Theseum
01ymi)ieum Theatre of Dionysus
Acropolis
.
252
25(5
259
205
.
Propylaea
270
274
Temple
of
Athena Nike
.
Parthenon
275 280
280
Erechtheum Old Athena Temple
Table of Abbreviations
Index
....
290
292
INTRODUCTION
PAUSANIAS THE PERIEGETE
Aldus ISfanutivis 1. Scape and c/iaracfer of Pausanias's work. begins his preface to the editio princeps of Pausaiiias's Deacripthm
of Greece^ which appeared in 1516, by characterizing it as an " opas antiquae raraeque eniditlonis thesauros co7itmens." And invahiable
it is
because of
its
subject-matter, since
it
reveals to us
numerous
details, not
only concerning " the city of the violet crown," but also
sites of ancient Greece,
about the other most celebrated
when
its
monuments
older time.
still
retained some of the freshness and splendor of the
The IIcpiT/yTyo-is Trj<: 'EXAaSos has come down to us in ten books. The work is a detailed account of the sites ordinarily visited and the objects ordinarily seen by the traveler in making an extensive tour of Greece. As the writer is sui)})osed to be coming from over the Aegean Sea to the Greek mainland, his account begins with
Sunium, the promontory of Attica.
liook I
is
Thence he
i)roceeds to Athens,
devoted to the description of Athens and Attica.
From
Attica the traveler journeys southward by

treated in
way
of Megaris (also
(described in
Book I) and the Isthmus to Corinth and the Argolid Book II). His Peloponnesian tour follows much the
same route which travelers of our day usually take, embracing Laconia (Book III), Messenia (Book IV), Elis (Books V, VI), Achaea (Book VII) and Arcadia (Book VIII). Then follows a second tour to the principal cities of Central Greece, starting from Athens in the same manner as modern travelers would journey. Here the wi-iter's chief attention is absorlxid ))y Thebes in Boeotia (P)Ook IX) and by I)el})hi in the district of Phocis (Book X). The regions of ^Vestern and Northern Greece, which had played no ])rominent i)art in the art and civilization of Hellas, Pausanias leaves out of consideration.
1
THP:
ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS
The territory chiefly described gives its name to the various books. Thus the first book has the title 'Attikoi and includes Megaris the second the title KopLvOiaKa, and embraces, in addition to Corinth, the third AaKwvLKa, the Argos, Mycenae, Tiryns, and Ei)idaurus fourth Mâ-a-rjviaKd, the fifth and sixth (which describe Olympia) 'KXwLKd, the seventh 'AxaUd, the eighth 'Ap/caStKa. The description of Central Greece is contained in the ninth book called BotwrtKa, and in the tenth, the <E>(OKtKa, which is devoted almost exclusively to
; ;
Topographical directions are not always exact yet, by mentioning in order the names of denies, of places, and of monuDelphi.
;
ments, Pausanias throws
much
light on the
geography and topog-
raphy of ancient Greece.

2.
Date of the
Periegesi^.
Pausanias made his sojourn in Greece

by
5, 1, 2,
in the second century of our era, in the days of
Antonines.
His date
is
fixed
Hadrian and the where he states that 217
years have elapsed since the restoration of Corinth.
As
this well-
known event
occurred in 43 b.c, the passage shows that the author
was writing Book
in
174 a.d.
Other intimations as to his date

Thus, for example, in
5,
harmonize with this evidence.

images set up in 125
of his
A.r>.
21, 15
are spoken of as specimens of the art

8, 9,
day
and
1, 5,
5 and
7 indicate that the writer was a
contemporary of the emperor Hadrian.
The
latest historical event
mentioned by him as occurring in his time (10, 34, 5) is the incursion of the Costobocs into Greece, which took place probably between
166 and 180
a.d.^
Every discussion about the date of the separate books, especially of the Attica, must take as its starting-point 174 a.d., just mentioned as the only fixed date and the date of I)Ook V. Pausanias (7, 20, 6) tells us that Book I was finished before Herodes Atticus built the
Odeum
to
at Athens, erected in
honor of his wife Begilla,
who
appears
have died in 160 or 161
A.r>.
The Odeum was doubtless

I.
built not
long after Eegilla's death, and therefore 160-161 a.d. constitutes

the terminus ante quern of
Book
reference to Herodes Atticus
probably gives us also the terminus post quern, for according to

1,
19, 6, the
stadium of Athens had already been rebuilt by him

1
See below, pp. 3-4.
INTRODUCTION
before 143 a.d. or a
limits
little earlier. Book I has, therefore, as its 143-100 a.d. There are numerous indications that the Attira was written and published lêfore the rest of the work. For instance, we have the writer's statement (7, 20, G) that the Odeum is not mentioned in his work on Attica, because his description of Athens was finished l)efore Herodes began to build. Further, in 8, 5, 1 he corrects a
view which he had adopted in Book

to Peloponnesus.
I (c. 41, 2)
regarding the king-
ship of Achaea at the time of the attempted i-eturn of the Heraclidae
third argument
is
that in subsequent books

I.
he makes additions to certain statements in lôok

example,
5,
Compare, for
11, G with 1, 15, 3, accounts of the painting of the
Battle of Marathon.^
Gallic invasion in
if
In one case he supersedes the account of the
the
later
by the fuller narrative in 10, 19, 5 ft"., as had proved inadequate. There also occur remarks in the books which seem to have been occasioned by current criticisms
1, 3, 5ff.
first
of the Attica already published, as, for example, in 3, 11, 1 in refer-
ence to the plan of the book

cf. 8, 7,
in 4, 24, 3 in regard to digressions
4-8
9, 30,
9, 24, 3.
We must, accordingly, presuppose an interval of a few years lietween the publication of Book I and that of later books. Book II was probably written after 1G5 a.d., as the statement is made that the temple of Asclepius at Smyrna had already been founded (2,
26, 9), w^hich according to other testimony
was
still
unfinished in
165 A.D.
study of referencses which the author makes to various
parts of his work shows that the books were written in the order in which they stand.^ AVe have already a fixed date for Book V, 174 a.d. Hence Books II-IV must date lietween 165 and 174 a.d. Book A' II I, which refers to the German victories of Marcus Aurelius (8, 43, 6), must have teen written after 166, when the war broke out, and may have been written in or after 176, when the emjieror celebrated his
triumph.
Book X, with the

1,
allusion to the Costolxx' invasion,
was
Cf. also 5, 12, 4 with

1,
21, 3
2, 30, 2,
and
3, 15, 7,
with
1,
22, 4
6, 20,
14 with
2
24, 3
10, 21, 5
;
with
;
1, 3, 2.
;
Thus
e.g. 2, 19, 8
21, 4
23,
32, 3
show that the

I,
First
Book was written

5.
before the Second, etc.
See Frazer, Paiisanias,
Introduction, xvii n.
THE ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS

date between 174 and 180 a.d.
written between 166 and 180, probably after 176.
VI-X may
Thus Books The composition of the
Description of Greece, therefore, extended over a period of not less than fourteen years (160-174 a.d.) and probably occupied a much
longer period.
3.
Though the work itself is so and work. voluminous, our knowledge of the author is limited almost to his mere name. The book gives us his date, and some insight into his
Pausanias,
Jiis life
personality, but as to the author's family, birthplace, citizenship,
and pursuits in
for example,
Se Kat
life
we
are left in almost total ignorance.
An
occa-
sional allusion, however, conveys
some intimation.
If
we
inquire,
whence he came, he gives us a hint in 5, 13, 7, IIcAoTros Trap' rjfuv cvoiKr^Tcws (TrifJi.ua en koI es Tohc XtiireTai ktX., where it is suggested that his native land was the territory about Moi;nt Sipylus in Lydia, and mention is made in what follows of natural features and monuments pertaining to this region. This statement is strengthened by many passages in which he recurs to the scenery and legends of Lydia.^ We conclude, therefore, that he was a Lydian by birth but whether he was a native of Magnesia, the important city at the northern foot of JVIount Sipylus, or of Thyatira, or of some less known town, is not to be ascertained. Late Greek writers mention two other authors of the same name,
TavTaXov t^s
;
with
whom
our Pausanias
is
sometimes confused. Philostratus
(Vit.
Soph. 11, 13) s})eaks of a sophist

in his time,
named Pausanias, much esteemed
who was
a pupil of Herodes Atticus and teacher of
is concerned, we might readily identify him with the author of the Description of Greece. But the sophist came from Caesarea in Cappadocia, not from Lydia, and Suidas men-
Aspasius.
So far as his date
tions Prohlematci
One can hardly conceive
by him, and a book on syntax, but no Feriegesis. of our author with his crabbed style occu-
pying the lectureship of eloquence at Athens.

the traveler and the sophist
is
Hence the
identity of
altogether improbable.
Nor can he with any

Antioch, and
1
greater degree of probability be identified with
the historian Pausanias,
who
wrote,
among
other works, a history of
who
;
is
mentioned
2, 22,
-S
;
as o o-oc^toraros xpovoypa^to'i.
(5,
The
Cf.
1,
21, 3
24, 8
5, 18, 7
22,
7,
24, 13
8, 2, 7
17, 3.
IXTRODUCTIOX
historian
was born at Antioch in Syria, not in Lydia. Steplianus of Byzantium cites the works of the two men, the KriVis 'Avrio;(ctas and the Uepi.rjyr}(Ti<:, under the simple name Pausanias, but this proves nothing more than that in the fifth century the two writers of this name were not readily distingviished. We must therefore rest content with the knowledge tliat our author lived and traveled in the second century, and was born near Mount Sipylus in Asia Minor. 4. Aim and viethod of the Ferlegeshi. That Pausanias has given to the world a work of unique value is manifest to any one who notes its contents. We have here a book rich in antiquarian, mythological, historical, and artistic lore, and the very nature of the subject-matter arouses the question what was the author's aim in preparing his work. The answer is nowhere clearly given by him. He begins his book without a preface he concludes without an ej)ilogue. Probably his Avork was left unfinished and no opportunity was given to revise it; probably, while it served its purpose, the author felt there was no need of explanatory remarks. Hence the answer to our question is largely a matter of inference but we can, at any rate, gather from utterances here and there what Avas the aiithor's general purpose, and how his method develo])ed as his grasp
of the subject increased.
Thus, he tells us in 1, 2G, 4 tliat it is his purpose to describe the whole of Greece, as he had the Acropolis, Act Se /xe a<f)iKeardaL tov \6yov irpocrw, vavTa
6)u.otws
CTreîovTa to. 'KXXrjVLKo..
Again, after he has

(1, o9, 3)
:
concluded his account of Athens and Attica he adds

avTa Kara yvwfirjv
otfop-qfiaaLV.
<j>r]v
tol-
rrjv ifxrjv
ttTro
A$r}vatOL<;
yvwpt/u.wTaTa ^v Iv re Adyots
naX
airiKpLvt Sc
twv
iroXXtiiv i$ o.p^<; 6 \6yo<; /xoi to. es
avyypa-
avrJKovTa.
Later, as a preface to his description of Sparta, he
refers to this statement,
and outlines his aim and method more

pakiara dûi pvyprji i-mXe^dpevov
Att
defi-
nitely
p.ri
(.3,
11, 1)
o 8 iv Trj crvyypa<f>rj poi Trj 'ArdtSi eirav6p6o}pa iytvero,
TO.
TrdvTa pt e<ê^^9, ra Sc
avTwv
oip)(rj<:
elprjKtvui, SrjXiocro) Br] irpb

rfdiXfja-ev o
(T<f>i(TL
rov Xoyov tov ? STrapTiaras.
ipoi yap ii
Xdyos
ctTro
noXXutv koi ovk olîmv
d<f>rjyTJ(rf.(D<;,
a eKuaroL irupd
Xeyoucriv,
drroKpivai
ra d^LoXoytaraTa.
w? ovv cv fiefSovXevpcio^
OVK co-Tiv oTTOV Trapa^rj(ropai.^

1
See also
2, 13,
6, 1,
10, 32,
1.

From
these passages and from a study of the contents of the work becomes clear that "Pausanias intended to describe all the most notable objects and to narrate all the most memorable traditions
it
which he found existing or current in the Greece of his own time." ^ This was a vast undertaking, especially so in the case of Attica, the first country he undertook to describe. Here he was bewildered by an embarrassment of riches before he had definitely decided on a method of treating the data he had at hand. Hence the author's method is not so clearly defined in the first as in the later books. Beginning with Book II, he regularly prefaces his account of every important city with a historical sketch and follows strictly tlie
topographical order of description.
there
is
Bi;t in the case of the Attica

;
no historical introduction whatever
though the topographit is
ical order is in
the main observed in describing Athens,
not
fol-
lowed in his treatment of the rest of Attica. At times tlie course of description is confused, as when he interrupts his account of the Attic
denies to describe the mountains of Attica
(cf. 1,
32, 1
and
1,
35, 1
ff.).
Again, he mentions fewer notable objects in proportion to the total
number
Athens than he does in any other important centre of monuments in Athens are shorter than those in the remaining books. Contrast, for example, his description of Athens with that of Olympia, the former embracing only thirty chapters of one book, or seventy Teubner pages, while to the latter is devoted the larger part of two books, being forty chapters or one hundred and ten Teubner pages. Temples and statues in the whole of Athens, however, were far more nmnerous and imposing
in
Greece, and his accounts of notable
than in Olympia.
The explanation
of the defects of the Attica
is,
of course, that the author was finding himself in his
new work, and
had not altogether arrived at a definite plan. The topographical method already adopted in the description of Athens reveals the author's purpose in preparing the work. Thus, he begins by describing the harbors of Athens, and the objects of interest on the roads leading from the harbors to the city. He next enters the principal gate and proceeds by a broad avenue to the Agora, which he treats in great detail. Thence he traverses the
1
Frazer,
I,
Introduction, xxiii.
INTRODUCTION
territory east of the Acropolis,
known
as the City of Hadrian.
A
him
description of the sonthern slope of the Acropolis iinally brings
to its principal entrance, and, having entered, he devotes to the
objects of interest in the sacred precinct the niaxinuun of attention.
He
concludes his account of Athens by describing the suburbs of
Let us compare this description with the description of Athens in Iâedeker's Greece. The" writer of this work gives first
the city.
a historical sketch of the city.
tions
;
:
He
then describes
it
in several sec-
From the Koyal Palace round the south side of the Acroi> olis The Acropolis e, From the Palace through the Town to the Theseum the Hill of the Nymphs, Pnyx, and Museum </, Modern Quarters of the Town e, Walks near Athens. Similarity of treatment shows that we have in Pausanias the prototype of Baedeker and Murray. The second century was an age of travel, like our own, and many needed systematic direction to help them on the way. The public-house system of the country was poor, but private hospitality, as in the earlier days, made some
a,
I),
Accordingly, the description of inns and other acconnnotlawhich Dionysus in the Frogs feels to te such a desideratum and which our Murray or Baedeker oifers in great detail, is wanting but in other respects the likeness lietween the ancient and the modern cicerone holds. Book I was meant primarily to be a guide-book for the Greek visitor to Athens and Attica, just as the whole volume was a guide-book for the generally frequented parts of Hellas,
amends.
tions
with special reference to works of
art, like
the modern Burckhardt.

tills
To
his
gratify the intellectual curiosity of his readers, Pausanias
volume with mythical, antiquarian, and historical lore, and he doubtless felt that his work would be serviceable to the historian as well as the traveler. Yet his main purpose was, without doubt, to
provide a guide-book for visitors to the historic sites of Greece.
5.
Style of Pausanias.
is
The
literary style displayed in the
book
before us
due partly to the nature of the subject-matter, partly

Pa\isanias
to the character of the author as reflected in his work.

is
revealed as an unimaginative man, but one deeply interested in
antiquarian
lore, who set out on his travels with the purpose of "doing" Greece and of giving others the benefit of his reading and
observation, and who kept at it with heroic persistence. He permitted no curious legend to escape him, and gathered information from every
source.
He
carefully studied his predecessors in historical prose,
and Herodotus, and laboriously sought to But he falls hopelessly short of the vigorous expression of the former, and the sweetness and lucidity of the latter. There is a sense of strain about his style. As Frazer so well puts it, "The sentences are devoid of rhythm and harmony. They do not march, but hobble and shamble and shuffle along. At the end of one of them the reader is not let down easily by a graceful cadence, a dying fall he is tripped up suddenly and left sprawling, till he can pull himself together, take breath, and grapple with
especially Thucydides
cultivate a good style.
;
the next."
Frazer thinks that these defects in Pausanias's style

be best explained by Iôeckh's
his style on tliat of his
^
may perhaps
hypothesis that Pausanias modeled
countryman Hegesias of Magnesia, a leader of the Asian school of rhetoric. Hegesias aimed at variety of phrase, which often avoided monotony at the cost of simplicity and clearness, and led him into a jerky yet mincing style. Pausanias's indirect mode of statement often leads him in like manner to ambiguity,
the chief defect of his style.
Pausanias's vse of jireiHous writers. It is not essential to our fully into the discussion of Pausanias's trustwoi'purpose to enter
6.
and his use of previous writers, as Frazer has treated the subject most exhaustively and liappily and has sjitisfactorily met all the more serious criticdsms.
thiness
Scaliger characterized Pausanias as being " omniuvi Graecvlorum
mendachsimum."
In recent times his trustworthiness and literary

but Pausanias found
independence have been energetically called in question by von

AVilamowitz-Moellendorf (Hermes, XII, 346
ff.),
a vigorous champion against Wilamowitz in R. Schoell (Hermes,
XIII, 482
ff.).
Wilamowitz's charges, however, were followed up
and exhaustively extended by A. Kalkmann (Pausanias der Perieget,

^
Frazer,
I,
Introduction, Ixix.
The reader
will greatly profit
by
close study
of this excellent critique.

2
"
De Pausaniae
Stilo
Asiano," Gesamm. Kl. ^chr. IV, 208-212.
IXTRODUCTION
Berlin 1886),
who argued
that Pausanias had traveled and seen
very
little in
Greece, but had compiled the bidk of his work froui
the manuals of earlier writers and had added only a few hasty jottings of his
own
to give his descriptions a convincing atmosphere.
Kalkmann and Wilamowitz, Polemon of Ilium, who lived in the second century b.c. Tlie charges of Kalkmann, which were a severe impeachment of Pausahis chief source, according to in
ability, were sucby W. Gurlitt (Ueher Pausan'unt, Graz 1890) and R, Heberdey (Die Reisen des Pausanias, Wien 1894).^ Kalkmann himself substantially retracts his earlier views by admitting that Pausanias saw with his own eyes all the objects that especially
He found
nias's
moral character, as well as his literary
cessfully refuted
interested
him {Arch. Anz. 1895,
12).
Frazer, finally, disposes
conclusively of the theory that Pausanias stole everything from
Polemon.
work,
is
His inquiry, in which he draws the important distinction
between the historical and the descriptive portions in Pausanias's

here simimarized.
In regard to the historical passages he shows that Pausanias drew

his accounts of the mythical
and heroic ages largely from the poets

;
that Herodotus
is
the historian most freqiiently cited by him

is
that,
notwithstanding there
(6, 19, 5)
only one direct reference to Thucydides

(1, 3, 4),
and one to Xenophon
he probably used these
authors in several places where he does not mention their names.
He
also refers to
numerous other
historians,
and
cites several local
histories, notably the histories
of Attica by Androtion (G, 7, 6
10, 8, 1)
and by Clitodemus
(10, 15, 5).
He
also
made extensive use
of inscriptions, consulted writers on art,

local guides.
and got information from

jiassages, Frazer
Regarding next the descriptive or topographical

from books, or from both.
considers whether Pausanias derived his knowledge from observation,
The author himself
gives no fidl or direct
answer to these questions.

his descriptions
1 With Gurlitt Woch. 1890, 1101
He
neither professes to have seen every-
thing he describes, nor does he acknowledge having borrowed any of
from previous writers,

cf.
whom
he barely alludes to
ff.,
Lolling/Cott. Gel. Anz. 1890, G27
Weil.
IJerl.
Philol.
ff.
ff.,
and Wachsmuth
in
Pauly-Wissowa, Suppl.
I,
200
10
THE ATTICA OF TAUSAXIAS
Yet lie affirms that he saw personally and to have seen certain things implies that he saw others. There are descriptions which Pansanias may have taken from books, bnt there is no description extant so like in form and snbstance to what Pansanias has written that one can say he copied from it. Frazer considers in detail a nnmber of passages and never mentions by name.
certain things he describes
;
which, others have thought, bear traces of having been derived either
Avholly or in part
observation,
as to
from written documents rather than from jjcrsonal and concludes that in none are the indications so clear amount to a proof of borrowing.
Prazer discusses in considerable detail the predecessors
whom
Pansanias ought to have consulted, namely Pseudo-Dicaearchus the

Messenian, Diodorus of Athens, Heliodorus, and Polemon, whose
known through extant fragments. Of Polemon we have more than one hundred fragments. These Frazer takes up one by one and draws a minute comparison with Pansanias. He concdndes
writings are
that not one fragment supports the theory that Pansanias copied
from Polemon, nor do they justify us even in supposing that he was acquainted with the writings of his learned predecessor. Even more true is this of his relation to the other antiquarians. Another theory of Kalkmann's that obtained some vogue was that our author did not describe Greece as it was in his own time, but as it was a century or two earlier, when his alleged sources were composed. This theory is more susceptible of verification, namely by proving that certain things Pansanias speaks of as existing had ceased to exist before his time. Kalkmann, for example, thus attacks the description of the Piraeus. It had been burnt in 8(3 n.c. and was in a
ruined condition
when seen by Strabo
account of
in re})ly,
its
temples and colonnades apply to his
how then could Pausanias's own time ? Frazer,
shows what great changes were possible in two hundred and how the Piraeus had regained prosperity under beneficent Roman emperors. He also gives numerous jn-oofs, from existing monuments and otherwise, that Pansanias described Greece as it was in his own age. AVe may say, then, that at present a conservatively just view has
years,
succeeded the bitter outcry against our author's alleged uutrustwoithiness.
Paiisanias cannot be regarded as an indei)endent creative
INTRODUCTION
s})int,
11
originating a great work for the l)enefit of mankiiul.
He
is
rather a true chikl of his time, a plodding collector,

superficial
somewhat
and credulous, with a
mystical, but withal an intelligent
bled through land and city
and tlic and inquisitive traveler who ramand carefully noted what to him a j)pearetl
i)ropensity for the archaic
worth seeing and recording.

description of Athens
is
The extant monuments prove
that his
founded primarily on personal observation.
He
did not neglect his predecessors and got together historical and
mythological material out of handbooks.
He
also consulted, as did
Herodotus,
tion.
locâl
priests
and guides in his eager search for informa-
As a result, he has handed down to modern times a readable and instructive description of travel, that })resents a fairly coherent picture of ancient Athens, and a work indispensable to the traveler and investigator.
TOPOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE
I.
Maritime Athens (11

a.
3).
II.
Coast from Suniuin to Piraeus.

.
Suniuin.
Laurium.
Isle of Patroclus. 1 2-3. h. Piraeus.
Precinct of Athena and Zeus.

Shipslieds.
Tomb
of Themistocles.
Long Colonnade Statues Agora upper and lower.

:
of
Zeus and Demus.
Shrine of Aphrodite.
1 4.
('.
Munychia.
Temple
d.
of Munycliian Artemis,
Phalerum.
Shrine of Demeter.
Temple of Athena Temples of Zeus.

Altars of heroes.
Sciras.
Altars of gods called
Unknown.
Altars of children of Theseus.
Altar of Phalerus.
Altar of Androgeos.
1 5.
e.
1.
f.
g.
Cape Colias. Image of Coliad Aphrodite, Images of Genetyllides. Road from Phalerum to Athens. Temple and Image of Hera. Tombs of Antiope and Molpadia Koad from the Piraeus to Athens.
within the
city.
Long Walls.
Tombs Menander, Euripides. Monument warrior beside a horse.

: :
12
INTRODUCTION
II.
13
3).
The Agora and

a.
its
Neighborhood
(2
18
4.
From the Dipylum The Pompeiuni.
to the Market-Place.
Temple of Demeter. Group of Poseidon and Polybotes.

Colonnades bordering the Dromos.
Bronze statues
2
5.
(Trpo avrwv).
Shrines of gods, gymnasium of Ilermes, and house of Piilytion, sacred to Dionysus.
h.
3
3
1.
images of Athena Paeoiiia, Zeus, and others. Chamber with clay images {fjura Sc to tov Aioi/ixrovi Tf'/Aevos). The Market-Place from Royal Colonnade to Enneacrunus. Royal Colonnade (irpwrrj iv Seîa).
Dedication of Eubulides
:
2.
Statues
Conon, Timotheus, Evagoras
(TrXifTLov)
Zeus Eleutherius (ivravda).

3 3
8. 4.
Stoa
oTTia-Oiv (P^leutherius).
Euphranor's painting.
Temple
of Apollo the Paternal.

(irXTjcriov iv t<Z
Statue of the god, by Euphranor
vaw).
Statues of Apollo by Leochares and Calamis {irpo tov vew).
>.
Metroum
(Mi/rpos deu)v iepov).
Image by Phidias.
Buleuterium of the 500
(TrXrjaLov).
Zeus Bulaeus, a $6avov. Apollo of Pisias.

iv ai'Tw
<
Demus
of Lyson.
Thesmothetae of Protogenes.
Callippus of Olbiades.
4.
Digression on the Galatae.
5 10. 5 5-8 8 2-3.
Tholus
1.
(tot) ftovkcvTrjpLov TrXrjcriov)
Statues of
Eponymi
(avwripu)).
Digression on Attains and Ptolemy.
Images (/acto. tos ctKovas Amphiaraus. Eirene and Plutus.

Lycurgus.
Callias.
tc3v cttcdvv/xwv)
including
Demosthenes.
14
8 4-5.

Shrine of Ares
(t?}s
tov ^rj/xocrOivov;
tlK6vo<; TrXi/crt'ov).
'Two images
Image Image Image
of of
of Aphrodite.
Ares by Alcameues.
of J]nyo
Athena by Locrus of Paros. by sons of Praxiteles.

(ou
Heracles, Theseus, Apollo, Calades, Pindar (nepl tov vadv).
Harmodius and Aristogiton

8
6.
voppw
Si)-
Theatre, called Odeum.

Statues of Egyptian kings (irpb
ttjs etroSov).
9 1-3. 9
4.
Digression on the Ptolemies.

Philiji,
Alexander, and Lysimachus statues
(/xera
8e
tous
AlyvTTTiovs}-
9 5-10.
11
1.
Digression on Lysimachus.
Statue of Pyrrhus.
Digression on Pyrrhus.
11-13.
14
1.
Dionysus and other images

'iltSctov)
(es ... to ÂO^vrjcriv
iaeXdovatv
P>nneacrunus
14 1-4.
(ttAjô-iov) .
The Market-Place: from Enneacrunus

Temple
T^v
of
KprjvTjv)-
to Prytaneum. Demeter and Kore, and temple of Triptolemus (vwkp
Image
TTpO
of Triptolemus.
bull.
TOV
Bronze
VaOl) TOVO(.
Epimenides.
14 14
5.
6.
Temple Temple
of Eucleia (en aTrwrepw).

of
Hephaestus
(vTrep tov
Kepap-UKov kol
(ttoclv
ySao-t' Aeiov)
Statues of Athena and Hephaestus.
14
7.
Temple
of Aphrodite
Urania
(TrXrjacov).
15 1-4.
Painted Colonnade.
Hermes Agoraeus (lowt

ôvcriv)
Trpos Trjv
aToav
r}v
HoikiAtî/ ovopA-
Market gate
(/cat -rrvXr] irXiqaiov)-
{Battle of Theseus and Amazons.

Capture of Troy.
Battle of oVfarathon.
(
Solon
(irpo
piv rns o-roas)

jx
>
'
Statues
-!
^.Tx LSeleucus (oAtyov o aTrwTepo)).
16 1-3.
Digression on Seleucus.
INTRODUCTIOX
17
1.
15
An
Agora, containing, besides other notahle objects.

I'ity CA6rjvaioi<; 8e iv rfj
Altar of
ayopa ktX-).
17
2. (Jyniiuisiuin of
Ptolemy (t^s
ayopa<; d7ri)(ovTL ov -rroXv).
Stone Ilerniae.
Bronze statue of Ptolemy.

Statue of Juba.
Statue of Chrysippus.
Shrine of Theseus
(Trpos 8k
tw
yvfjivacTtw)
Fight of Athenians and Amazons.
i Fight
18
1.
of Centaurs
and Lapithae.
Theseus and Aniphitrite.

Shrine of the Dioscuri.
Precinct of Aglaurus (virep twv AuxxKovpwv to lepov).
2.
3.
Prytaneum
(irX-rjcrLov)
Laws of Solon. Image of Peace.

Image
of Ilestia.
Statues: Autolycus, Miltiades, Themistocles.

III.
77ie Cif>/
of Ifadrhti (18
419
G).
Trj<;
18
4. Sera2H'iim (îvrevOev iovaiv ets
ra koltm
TrdAeojs).
Pact of I'heseus and Pirithous

5.
G.
(oii iroppoi).
Temple
of Ilithyia (TrXrpiov)
of
7repL(3oXo<i
Olympian Zeus.
I'emple of Olympian Zeus.
Chryselephantine statue of Zeus within the temple.
Four statues of Hadrian,
in front of the temple.
A
A
7.
bronze statue of each of the colonies.

statue of Hadrian sent
by each
of the colonies.
Colossus of Hadrian, at the back of the temple.
An
ancient bronze Zeus.
Temple of Cronus and Rhea. Temenus of (ie Olymjua.

Statue of Isocrates on a
pillar.
Statues of Persians liolding a bi'azen tripod.

8.
0.
Tlie
tomb
:
of Deucalion.
19
1.
Other buildings of Hadrian in Athens. Statue of Apollo Pythius (/xera 8c t6v vaov tov Aios rov Another sanctuary of Apollo Delphinius.
Digression
ÔXvfjLTriov).
16
2.

The Gardens
Temple
3. (KrJTrot).
Aphrodite (in the Gardens). Statue of Aphrodite (^tov vaov TrXrjaLov).

of
Sanctuary of Heracles, called Cynosarges.

Altars of Heracles and of Hebe.
Altar of Alcmene and lolaus.

4.
Lyceum.
Monument
5.
of Nisus (oTnaOev tov Avkuov).
Rivers of Athens.
Ilissus.
Eridanus.
6.
Agrae (SiaySaai 8k t6v EiAto-crov). Temple of Artemis Agrotera.

Stadium.
IV. IVie Street of Tripods and Southern Slope of Acropolis (20 1

22 3).
20
1.
a.
The
Street of Tripods (68os airh tov UpvTavuov KaXovfxtvrj Tpi-
TToScs).
2.
3.
b.
Temples of gods, one supporting Satyr of Praxiteles. Satyr and Eros of Thymilus (cv tw vaiS tw ttXtjo-lov)Oldest sanctuary of Dionysus, containing two temples (tt/dos tw
dcOLTpii))
Statues of Dionysus in the temples, one called Eleuthereus,
the other
made by Alcamenes.
/cat
Paintings in one of the temples.

4.
c.
Odeum
of Pericles (TrXrjatov tov re lepov tov Atovucrou
tov ^ca-
Tpov KaTaaKtvaafixi).
20
-1-7.
Digression
d.
Sulla's Capture of Athens. of Dionysus.
21 1-2.
3.
The Theatre
Statues of tragic and comic poets.

e.
Gilded head of Medusa

Trjs d/cpoTToAcws
i<s
(ctti
tov Nortov KaXov/xivov retôvs, o
TO OtaTpov
i(TTL TTpa/XfX.VOv)T17 Kopv<l)r}
f.
g.
Cave (Monument
of Thrasyllus) (tv
.
.
tov OcaTpov).
Tomb
of Calos (Iovtwv
es Trjv aKpoiroXiv airo tov Oedrpov).
4-9.
h.
i.
Sanctuary of Asclepius.
22 1-2.
Temple
of
Themis
(Mcto.
to Upov tov ^ AcrKXrpnov)
Tomb
of Hippolytus (irpo avTov).
INTRODUCTION
3.
j.
17
Aphrodite Pandemus and Peitho

Sanctuary of Ge Kourotrophos.
Sanctuary of Derneter Chloe.
images.
k.
/.
V. The Acropolis (22 4
28
3).
(cs 3c
22
4.
a.
fc.
Entrance to Acropolis
Tqv aKpoTroXiv
itrTiv
laoSos
/jlui).
The
Propylaea.
Figures of horsemen.
5.
c.
Temple
of
Nike Apteros.
oIkjjpxl t^'"'
Ilerouni of Aegeus.
67. d. Picture Gallery (cv apicmpa twv irpoirvXaLwv
ypacâs).
Rape
of Palladium
by Diomedes.
Odysseus with bow of Philoctetes.

Slaying of Aegisthus by Orestes.
Sacrifice of Polyxena.
Achilles in Skyros (?)
Odysseus and Nausicaa

Alcibiades.
(?)
Perseus with head of Medusa.
Boy carrying water-pots. Wrestler, by Timaenetus.

Portrait of Musaeus.
e.
Hermes Propylaeus and
the Graces, attril)nted to Socrates.
23 1-7.
/.
Between Propylaea and sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia. Bronze statue of Leaena. Image of Aphrodite, by Calamis. Bronze statue of Diitrephes. Image of Ilygieia. Image of Athena Ilygieia.
Stone of Silenus.
Bronze boy with lustral basin, by Lycius.

Perseus, slaying Medusa, by IMyron.
g.
Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia.
h.
Image of Artemis Brauronia, by Praxiteles. Between sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia and eastern end
Parthenon.
of
Bronze copy of
niio
Wooden
lttttov)-
Horse.
Statues of Epicharinus, of Oenobius, of Hermolycus, of Phor-
(^Ta
Tov
18
24 1-2.

Athena striking Marsyas (ivravOa). Theseus and the Minotaur (tovtwv irepav)Phrixus and the ram.
Heracles strangling the snakes (and other statues).
Athena springing from the head

Votive bull of the Areopagus.
of Zeus.
24
3.
i.
A temple, possibly of Athena

8aifjiwv-
Ergane, containing a
crTrovSai'oiv
24 3-4.
by Cleoetas. Conon and Timotheus. Procne and Itys, an offering of Alcamenes. Athena and Poseidon. Image of Zeus, by Leochares. Image of Zeus Polieus.
statue
Statues of
24 5-7.
J.
The Parthenon. The pediments

Poseidon.
birth of Athena contest

.
of
Athena and
Chryselephantine image of Athena.

Statue of Emperor Hadrian (ivravOa
Statue of Iphicrates (xara
.
.
/xovov).
rrjv tao8ov).
24
8.
k.
Between Parthenon and South Wall

VOTtCu)
(ttôs
tw
Tt)(a
tw
Bronze Apollo Parnopius, by Phidias (tov vaov Statues of Pericles and Xanthippus (on opposite
.
irepav).
sides, ere-
pdiOi).
Statue of Anacreon.
Statues of lo and Callisto, by Dinomenes.
25 1-2. 25 2
L Votive Groups of Attains, at the South Wall

Ttl^êi
(tt/sos
tw
26
TW
VOTtO)).
:
3.
Digression
Olympiodorus.
26
i.
m.
Between the South Wall and the Erechtheum.

Statue of Olympiodorus.
Bronze image of Artemis Leucophryene (t^s

TrXrjiriov Trj<;
ukovo^
'OXvfj.moBwpov').
Seated image of Athena, by Endoeus.
26
5.
n.
The Erechtheum
(oiKrjfia
'Y,pi^6aov KaXovfievov)
.
Altar of Zeus Hyjâtus (irpo

Altars of Poseidon
t^s icroSov).
of
with Erechtheus, of Butes,
He-
phaestus (icrtXOowTL).
INTRODUCTION
Paintings of the Butadae (eVi twv
6.
rorj^wi/).
19
The The
o.
old
Athena image.
hinip of Calliniachus.
27
1.
Athena Polias Temple (iv tw va<Z t^s IloAiaSos). A wooden Hermes, offering of Cecrops. A chariot, the work of Daedalus.
The breastplate of Masistius. The dagger of Mardonius.

2. 8.
/).
temple of Pandrosus
(to)
va^
rrys
'AOrjva^
awex^s).
2).
Yr.
Dvvelling of Arrephoric Maidens.
27
4.
5.
6.
Between the Erechtheum and the Propylaea (27 1 Small figure of Lysimache (Trpos tw vaw ti^s Statues of Erechtheus and Eumolpus. Statues of Tolmides and his prophet. Old images of Athena injured by fire.
.
28
'AOrjva^).
7.
representation of a boar-hunt.
Fight of Heracles and Cycnus.

9.
Bronze stafue of Theseus Bronze statue of Cylon.
lifting the stone.

bull.
Theseus and the ^larathouian
28
1.
2.
Bronze image of Athena, from tlie spoils at Marathon. Bronze chariot, from the spoils of Boeotians and Chalcidians.
Statue of Pericles. Statue of Athena Lemnia.
28
3.
s.
The Acropolis Wall.
VI. Western Slope of the AcfopoJis, tind the Areopo'/iis (28 4
29
1).
28
4.
a.
The Clepsydra
(caTa/3a(Ti
ovk
i<;
Tr]v koltw ttoXiv, dA.A'
oaov
VTTO TO. TrpoTT'vXaui, TTTfyr] T voaTO<;).

h.
Sanctuary of Apollo in a cave
(^TrXrjcrtov).
r.
Cave of Pan.
o.
d.
The Areopagus.
Altar of Athena Areia.
6.
Stones of Insolence and Sliamelessness.
Sanctuary of Semnae
7.
(TrXrja-tov)
Statues of Pluto, IIernu\s, and Ge.
Monument
Digression
:
of Oedipus.
28 8-11.
29
1.
The Athenian law
courts.
trX-rjcriov).
Panathenaic Ship (toC 'Apetou irdyov
20
VII.

Road from Athens
TToAcws).
a.
to
the Academ// Siihuvb (29 2
30 4)
(e^w
29
2.
Sanctuaries of gods.
Precinct of Artemis, with wooden images of Ariste and
Kalliste.
A
3.
6.
small temple of Dionysus Eleuthereus.

street of
The
Tombs.
Thrasybuliis.
Pericles, Chabrias, Phorniio.
4-14.
15.
Monuments to Athenians who Conon and Tiniotheus.

Zeno and Chrysippus.
Nicias, the animal-painter.
fell
in battle.
Harmodius and Aristogiton.

Ephialtes.
16.
Lycurgus.
c.
30
1.
The Academy.
Altar of Eros (jrpo
Trj<;
iaoBov
Trj<;
s ÂKa8r]fiLav).
2.
Altar of Prometheus ('Ev Altar of the Muses ('Ev

Altar of
'AKa8r;/u,i'a).
'AKaBrjfJiia)-
Hermes
('Ev ÂKaBrj/xia).
Altar of Athene and Heracles ('Ev ' AKa8;/xia)
Sacred olive trees.

3.
Tomb
Tower
d.
of Plato (ow iroppw).
4.
of
Timon.
Colonus Hippius.
Altar of Poseidon Hippius and Athena Hippia.
Hero-chapel of Theseus and Pirithous.

Hero-chapel of Oedipus and Adrastus.
VIII. The
31
1. a.
Demes of Attica
Halimus.
(31
33).
Sanctuary of Thesmophorian Demeter, and Kore.
At Zoster on the
b.
sea,
an
altar of
Athena.
Apollo, Artemis, and Leto.

Prospalta.
c.
Sanctuary of Kore and Demeter.

d.
Anagyrus.
Sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods.
INTRODUCTION
e.
21
Cephale.
The
31
2.
Dioscuri.
/. Prasiae.
Temple
31
;5.
of Apollo.
Monument
(J.
of Erisichthon.
Lamptrae.
Monument
//.
of Cranaus.
Potamoi.
Tomb
31
4.
/.
of Ion, son of Xuthes.
Phlya.
Altars of
Aj;ollo,
Artemis, Dionysus, the Ismenid Xymphs,
and Ge.
In another temple, altars of Demeter, Zeus. Athena, Kore,
and the Semnae,

j.
Myrrhinus.
Wooden image
31 31
5.
I:.
of Colaenis.
Athmonia.
Sanctuary of Artemis.
0.
/.
Acharnae.
Sanctuaries of Apollo Agyieus and Heracles.
Altar of Athena Hygieia.
32 3-7.
7n.
Marathon.
Tumulus Tumulus
Trophy
Marsh.
of Athenians.
of Plataeans
and
slaves.
Monument
of Miltiades.
of white stone.
Fountain Macaria.
Mountain
33
1.
of Pan.
n.
Brauron.
Ancient wooden image of Artemis.
33 2-8.
o.
Rhamnus.
Sanctuary of Nemesis, with image nuide by
I'hidias.
IX. Oroi'us
34
1.
(34).
a.
h.
2-0.
The deme of Oropus. The Sanctuary of Amphiaraus.

Temple, with image.
Altar, dedicated to various deities.
Fountain of Amphiaraus.
22
X. The Monntd'ms and Islands of Attica (32 1-2, 35

32
l-:2.
36
2).
a.
Mountains.
Pentelicus, with image of Atliena.
liyniettiis,
with image of Zeus and altars of Zeus and

of Zeus.
Apollo.
35
36
Parnes, with bronze image and altars Anchesmus, with image of Zeus.
-2.
h.
Islands.
Patroclus.
Ilelene.
Salamis, with tem]>le of Ajax and sanctuaries of Artemis
and of Cychreus.
Psyttalia, with
wooden images
to
of Pan.
XT. The Sacred

36
o-<j.
Way from
Monument
Athens
Meusls (36 3
38
7).
of Anthemocritus.
Tomb
37
1-7.
of Molottus. of Cephisodorns.
Monument
(Jrave of lleliodorus Ilalis.
Grave of Themistocles, son of Poliarchus. Graves of family of Acestius. Temenos of the hero Lacius and the deme Laoiadae.
jNIonnment of Nicocles, the lyre-player.
Altar of Zephyrns.
Tomb
Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore. of Phytalus.

of
Monnment
Theodorus
(^Trplv
8iu/3r;vai
tuv Ki^ûtov).
Statues of Mnesimache.
Ancient altars of Zeus JMeilichius (BiufSaai
Sc ror Kyjcfyiaov).
Graves of Theodectes and Mnesitheus.

Small temple of Cyamites.
Monument Monument
of a Uhodian.
to Pythionice
by
Ilarjialus.
Sanctuary with images of Demeter and Kore, Athena
and Apollo. 38 1-5.
Temple of A})hrodite. The Rheitoi.

Ileroum of Ilijipothoon.
Heroum
of Zarex.
INTRODUCTION
XTI. Elrusis and
its
23
NeUjhhorhood (38 6-9).
38 0-7.
a.
Eleusis
the Sacred I'recinct.

of Triptoleiuus. of
Temple Temple Temple

38 8-9.
h.
Artemis Propylaea.
of Poseidon Pater.
Altar of Triptolemus.
Road from Eleusis to Eleutherae. Temple and image of Dionysus. Cave of Antiope.
Walls of Eleutherae.
39 1-3.
c.
Road from
Eleusis to ]VIegara.
Well, called
Anthium
Sanctuary of Metanira.
Graves of Seven against Thebes.
Monument
of Alope.
Palaestra of Cercyon.
XIII.
39 4-0. 40 1.
2-3.
Megam
(39 4
44).
Mythical History of Megara.
Fountain of Theagenes
(ev rfj TrdXei).

. . .
An
ancient Sanctuary (t^s
Kprjvrj^
ov iroppoi).
Bronze images of Artemis Soteira.

Statues of
Roman
emi)erors.
(Jods.
Images of the Twelve

4-5.
Temenos of Zeus. Temple called Olympieum.

(jold
and ivory image of Zeus, not completed.
Bronze beak of a trireme.

6.
The Acropolis, called Caria. Temple of Dionysus Nyctelius.

Sanctuary of Artemis Epistrophia.
Oracle of Nyx.
Temple
of Zeus Conius. Images of Asclepius and
Ilygieia.
41
1.
The Megaron of Denu'ter. The Tomb of Alcmciu' (cV

irX-qcriov Toi)
rrys
d/</307roXews
kutiovctiv
OXv/xTricibv)
Rhous.
Monument
of Ilyllus (ttXt/ctiov)
24
41
3.

Temple of Isis (oi iroppw tov''Y\Xov /i.vr;/x.Tos) Temple of Apollo and Artemis (Trap' avrov). .
.
3-6. Digression
7.
Who
of
killed the lion of Cithaeron?

(ck tovtov
. .
The Ileroum Monument

The
Pandion
tov Upov KaTiovai).
of Hippolyte (ttXyjctlov)
iroppw).
8-9.
Grave of Tereus (ov

Acropolis,
airo
42
1.
named
after Alcathous (aWrj MtyapttDv aK/joTroAts
'AXKaOov to
of
ovofjua.
tôvaa).
(c? avrrjv
.
.
Monument
iv Seîtt).
Megareus
rrjv
aKpovoXiv aviovaLV
Hearth of gods called Prodomeis,

2-3.
4.
Stone of Apollo (n^s
ia-Ttas eyyw?).
Buleuterium.
Temple
of
Athena
(iirl Trj Kopvf^rj Trj<i
aKpoTroAews).
Gold-and-ivory image of Athena.
Sanctuary of Athena Nike.

Sanctuary of Aiantis.
42
5.
Old Temple of Apollo.

Sanctuary of Uemeter Thesmophoros.
6.
Monument
7.
of Callipolis (/cartowi
. . .
tvT(.vdev).
Alonument of Tno (Kara
ttjv es
to irpvTavtxov o86v)-
43
1.
2.
Heroum of Iphigenia. The Prytaneum.

Graves of Euippus and Ischepolis ('Ev ...
to!
Hpuramaj).
The rock
3.
Anacletlira
(Tr\r]<riov)
Gi-aves in the city of Megara.
Of those killed in Persian Wars. A tomb of heroes, called Aesymnium.

4.
The Heroum
of Alcathou.';.
first
Tomb Tomb
5.
of Pyrgo, his
wife.
of Iphinoe, his daughter.
The Sanctuary
Atovixr60v)
of Dionysus.
(irapa.
. . .
Grave of Astycratea and Manto
t^v
(.crcôv ttjv es
to
43
6.
wooden image of Dionysus. Satyr by Praxiteles. Image of Dionysus, dedicated by Euchenor. Temple of Aphrodite (Mera tov Aiovwov to Ivory image of Aphrodite, surnamed Praxis.
A
A
Upov).
INTRODUCTION
Peitho and Paregoros, works of Praxiteles.
Eros, Iliiueros, and Pothos of Scopas.
25
Sanctuary of
'J'yche (ttAiô-iov)
Image, by Praxiteles.
Temple
43 7-8.
44
1.
adjacent, containing
Pluses and a bronze Zeus, by Lysippus.
The Grave The Grave

oSov
Trj<s
of Coroebus (iv nj Mcyapewv uyopa).
Figure of Coroebus killing Poine.

of Orsippus (ttXtjo-iov)
.
Sanctuary of Tutelary Apollo

YiiOiias KaXovfjLevr)<i)
( 'E/c
tt/?
uyopa? Kariovcn
rr/s
Image of Apollo. Images of Artemis, Latona, and others, the Latona and her children by Praxiteles. The Old Gymnasium (^rrXrja-iov irvXCtv KaXovfxiviov Ni'/xeûSwv).
Stone of Apollo Carinus.
Sanctuary of the Ilithyiae.
44
3.
The Port
called Nisaea.
Sanctuary of Mak)phorian Demeter.
44 4-5.
The Acropolis of Nisaea. The tomb of Lelex, beside the sea. The Island of Minoa. The mountainous district of Alegara.
Pagae.
Rock shot
at
by the Medes.
Bronze image of Artemis Soteira.
Ileroum of Aegialeus.
Aegosthena.
Sanctuary of Melampus.
SnuiU figure of a
Erenea.
num on
a stele.
Tomb of Autonoe. 44 6-14. Road from jNIegara

(iraves,
to Corinth.
among
others, of Telephanes.
Tomb
of Car.
The Moluriau Rock. Temple of Zeus, the Hurler
(i-Trl
tov upov<;
Tij d/cpu).
Images of Aiihniditc. Apollo, and Pan.
Tomb
of Eurystheus.
Boundaries of Meiiaris and Corinth.
ATTIKA
Ch.l
1
T179 yjTTeipov
Trjf;
'EkX7)VLKrj<; /caret pij(Tov<;
ra? Kv/cXa8a9
yrj<;
Trj<;
Koi TreXayo"; to Alyalov

'ATTtK'^9/cat Xifiijp
aKpa %ovulop
Trj<;
irpoKeiTai
T TTapairXevcravTL ttjv
aKpav iari Kat

ttXcovtl 8e
iqv
vao<; 'Adr]i>a<; Xovi^tctSo?

5
eVt Kopv(f)fj
a/cpa?.
^
e?
1.
TO
Trpocrct)
Aavpuov re icTLv^ ev0a
ttotc
Kdy)vaioi<;
Thelslmul Sun(um-;-Lauriuin MunyThe Piraeus Phalenun. chia Cape Sunium, the 2. aKpa Sovviov southeast promontory of Attica, is a rugged headland of crystalline rock, rising two hundi'ed feet above the sea. Tlie earliest mention of Sunium is in Od.7, 278, where it is said that the pilot of Menelaus was struck down by Apollo's shafts as the ship was passing the sacred headland of Sunium. The woods mentioned by Soph. Aj. 1217 ff. as covering the promontory have disof Patrodus
and rear and thirteen on the sides;

nine columns on the southern side and
two on the northern are still standing. The stylobate measures 102 x 44 feet.
The date, according to Dr. Diirpfeld, is somewhat later than the so-called
Theseum.
This temple has been usutemple of Athena.
ally identified as the
But Poseidon also was worshiped at Sunium (Xovvidpare, Ar. Eq. 5(50, cf. Av. 808) and an inscription found in the temple a few years ago, containing a psephisma-to be set up in the
;
temple of Poseidon, proves that this

temple really belongs to Poseidon. The foundations of the Athena temple have
appeared.
wall
(of.
The ancient
8, 4),
fortification
Time.
with a circuit of
still
over half a mile,
may
:
be traced.
been identified. See A.M.XXIV(1890),

340; Berl. Philol. Woch.
1087.
ite
3.
irapair\ev<ravT,
dative of ref-
XIX
(1890),
\i.i-
erence with verbs of motion, a favorconstruction with the historians.
5.
Aavpiov
hills of
dp-yvpow
raXXa the
tically the
Laurium cover prac-
Cf.
iv
2,
Thuc.
5e|i$
1,
24
'EiriSafivSi
i<rTt
7r6Xts
whole of that part of the
iairXiovTi.
1,
rhv 'Uviov
1,
KiXirov.
;
Attic peninsula south of a line
drawn
96
Hdt.
3, 4.
2,
51
;
181
4,
1
G,
33
Xen.
8,
Anab.
etc.
22
<>,
Cyr.
20
vaos 'A0T)vd$ SovvidSos
upon
the highest point of the pi-omontory
from Thoricus to Anaphlystus, a district extending about eleven miles north and south and five miles east and west. The exact period in which the art of
nu'iiing was introduced into Attica is unknown. Xen. de Vect. 4, 2 implies
stand the ruins of a Doric peripteral

temple,
with
six
columns to front
27
28

vrjcro<; eprjfJiO'?
dpyvpov fxeraXXa, Kai

Kokovpiivri
ov jxeydXy]
HarpoKKov
-^dpaKa
Teiô<i
yap
(OKoSofxijcraTo eV avrfj koI
i^dXeTO IIctrpoKXo?, 69 TpLtjpeaLv eVeVXet vavap)(o<; AlyvTTTtat?,
d? nroXe/xato? 6 YlTokep,aiov tov Adyov

'AdiqvaLOL'?,
TLfxcopelp
10 (TTeikev
ore
cr(îcnv
'AuTiyoiô<;
6 ArjfxyjTpLov
(TTpaTta re auro?
(tIp djjLa
icr/Be/BXrjKO)!;
etfiOeLpe rrjv '^^dtpav
koI vav-
CK 6aXd(Tcrr]<; Kareipyev.
Srjixo<;
^
'O 8e ITetpatev?
irplv
la
fxev rjv
Ik irakaiov, vpoTepov Se
'^p-
ddXaaaa tovto
Xr)pop
17
SefXL(rTOKXrj<;
Adiqvaioi^ rjp^^v eiTiveiov ovk
4>a-
Se
ravTTi
a(f>i(TLP iirLpeiop rjv,

e'9
yap iXdîcTTOP dneêi Trjq iroXeoJS 17 Kai MepeaOâ (f>a(Tlp

TpoCav dpaÔrjpai Ka\ tovtov
rrpo-
avToOep rai? vavcrtp
repop %y]crea SatcroPTa

that
it
MtVw
at his
StVa?
tt^?
'AvSpoyeco TeXevrrj^.
Chremonidean
;
was very remote, while

mines were
less
place in the so-called
time
tlie
productive
War (2G8-2G3 h.c).

13.
Cf. 1, 7, 3
3, 6, 4.
I,
than formerly (Mem. 3, G, 12). In Strabo's time they were almost exhausted
(9, p.
See Wachsmuth, Stadt Athen,

ncipaievs
8fj|ios,
G27.
Pi-
kt\.
the
in in
and Diodorus (5, 37) says that his day great sums were expended mining here, but without adequate
399),
raeus consists of a rocky peninsula
extending seaward from the Attic mainland two and one third miles from
northeast to southwest, composed of
return.
tions
Pausanias speaks as
if
opera-
had ceased entirely in the second century. More than two thousand
of the ancient shafts
have been located.
two masses each about one and onefourth miles wide united by a low and narrow isthmus. The soutliwest mass,
At present a French company and a Greek company are seeking to resinelt

the old slag and extract lead from the
ore.
ros
.
known
as Acte in ancient times,

;
is
187
feet in height
the northeast, mass, 280

is
feet at its highest point,
the hill of
Very
. .
little silver
:
remains.
G. vfj-
IlaTpoKXov
this island lies
three miles west of Cape Sunium, and

is
now known
as Gaidaronisi or Ass's
Island.
wall of rough stone, possi-
Munychia. In 493-492 jt.c. Themistocles began the fortification of Piraeus about 448 the Long Walls were completed in 440 the seaport town was laid out on a uniform plan by Ilippoda;
bly that built
by Patroclus, occupies
;
mus
of Miletus
in 404 the
Lacedae-
the northeast corner
the ancient desig-
monians destroyed the Long Walls and

the Piraeus fortifications; during 394-
nation, as the palisade {xdpa^, Strabo,

9,
p.
098) of Patroclus, has given to
391 the fortifications were restored,

chiefly
the coast territory adjacent the
name of
under Conon
in
86 Sulla razed
Charaka. The incident mentioned took
the
fortifications,
wliich
were never
THE riUAElS
Ch.
1,
29
TrXeovcnv eVtrr^Seto-
0ixLcrTOKXrj<; he cu? '^pê
xot? re
yap
20 Tpo<; 6 Iletpatev? i(f)aiueT6 ol TrpoKelcrdai
tovto (T(f>L(TLP eTrtveiov eivai avd* kvos ^X^^^ ^^^ âXrjpol Kai v.oi<; koli e? epe ^crav oIkol /cat TTpo<; KaTecTKevdcraTO
Kai XtêVa?
TpL<s
Tft>
peyicTTO) Xipevi
Td(f>o<s
SeptaTOKkeov^;.
<f>acrl
yap perape
XrjaaL tojv es SepLorroKXea *A6-qvaioL<;

25 res TO, ocTTa Kopicraiev e/c
/cat
wg
ol irpocnJKou-
Mayin^crta? d^'eXovr9
<âiv6vTai
8e ot TTatSe? ot êpicTTOKXeovs Koi KareXdovres kol ypa(f)r)v

C9 TOi'
JlapdevMva
dea<5 Se
di'a0evT<;, iu
fj
êpicTTOKXrj^
icm yeypap'A0'r]vd<;
pevos.
/cat
dîov ro)v eV
Ilet/Datet
pdXLCTTa
to,
iaTL
eêt
Atos repeuos
âX/cou ê/^ dptjôrepa

oIkoi: the ship-
dydXpara,
rebuilt.
22.
vtws
sheds were regarded as one of the

glories of Athens.
Isocr. 7,
66 says
tal-
had been conveyed to Attic soil. <j>a<rC note change of construction and esperelatives maintained that his bones
they were built at a cost of 1000

ents,
cially
use of opt. after (âcrl. Cf. Madvig,

I,
and were sold by the Thirty for three talents. Dem. 22, 76 cites them along with the Propylaea and the Parthenon.
Advers. Crit.
expressions
704.
On
inf.
this frequent
variation note the use of (paal

(a)
with
and other and following

10, 3;
6ti
w'j
Lysias deplores the destruc-
ws or
(6)
oTt
-I-
opt., as e.g. 1, 2, 3;
tion of the
dockyards
the shipsheds (30, 22) the tyrants.

B.C. the
and of at the hands of

(12, 00)
with
inf.
and following
or
ind.ofhist. tense, 1,10,4; 34,2;

in
1,
(c)
also
From 347 n.o. to 322 Athenians engaged in rebuilding docks and shipsheds (C.I. A. II, 270), and erected an arsenal, largely through the efforts of Lycurgus. Considerable remains of the ancient shipsheds are still to be seen in the harbors of Zea and Munychia. 23. Td<|>os 0-
20, 3,
,
is first inf.
where after ws + opt. there then loss of dependence on

Kai Atos
t(i.vos
28.
'AOrivas
this joint precinct of

is
Zeus and Athena
|ii(rTOK\ô\)s
cf.
Plut.
Them.
32,
who
his
quotes Diodorus the Periegete's descri ption of Themistocles's grave
mentioned in other ancient writSeeS.Q. CXI, 78. It is likely that the two deities were worshiped in common and that there were two statues with one sacred precinct. Cf. Lye. c.
ers.
from
Leocr. 17 t6
iepbv toD Atos
roO aicrijpos
work
Ilepi fimjixdTwv.
Traditioo places
the shore of the
light-
Kai ttJs 'AOrivcii rrjs ffwreipas.

tlie
This was
the site of the
tomb on
principal sanctuary of the Piraeus.
Acte peninsula near the modern

the Great Harbor.
In the precinct were colonnades with

paintings and .statues in the open air
(Strabo,
0, p.
house, to the south of the approach to
Thuc. 1, 138 says there was a monument of Themistocles in the agora of Magnesia, but that his
30()).
The
site
has not
20. d-ydXbeen definitely determined. fiara the two bronze statues of Athena
:
30
THE ATTICA OF TAUSANIAS

Cli. 1,
30 Se 6 jJLv (TKTJTTTpov
Kol
NiKiqi',
Tj
8e
'
A6y]i>a Sopv.
evTavda
Keoiadevrjv, 6?
'
A$r]vaiOL<^ kol rot? iracriv l^W'qaiv yjyovixepô.^rj
vos Ma/c8d^'a9 ev re Botwrot? iKpoLTrjcre

SeppoTTv\(x)v KOL yStacrctjaevo? e?
kol avdi'i
eô)
AdpLau
/careKXetcre ttju airavTov<i
TLKpv
35
Trjs
Oltt)^,
tovtov top Aeoia-Oivrjv kol

ecrrt
vratSa?
eypaxpev 'Ap/cecrtXao?.
Se ttJ? crroct? T179 paKpa<;,
ev6a KadearrjKei' dyopa to2^ eVt Bakdacnqs

dnwTepo) tov \Lpevo<; icrrlv
crroa? o-mcrdev iardcn Zeu?
and Zeus were renowned. That of Athena was the work of Cephisodotus
or Cephisodorus.
irepa
/cat
yap
rois
T17?
8e eVl 6akd(T(T7]<i
/cat Ai^/u,?,
Aeco^dpov^; epyov.
side of the harbor, extending

to
westward where the town wall of Piraeus

the
See Pliny, 34, 74,
crossed
Eetionia.
shallow
bight
over
to
Cephisodorus Minervam mirabilem in portu Atheniensium.

Furtwangler defends the Mss. reading Cephisodorus which is adopted in the Teubner and Jex-Blake editions. There is no known Greek sculptor of this name, while there were two by name
Cephisodotus.
It is
probably identical with
the often mentioned o-rod dX0iTi7rwXis

(S.Q.
CXVII,
55).
The four other
colonnades doubtless ran southward

in a line along the eastern shore of
the harbor, together forming the public
mart or emporium.
:
36.
d-yopd
The date usually

if
as-
dircoT^pw TOV \(|jLvos
this
was the agora
signed
is
is
394-391 B.C.;
accepted, the
the latter
of Ilippodamus,
which occupied a spa-
name
work must be
cious square, large enough for troops
attributed to the elder Cephisodotus;
soOverbeck, Murray, Milchhoefer, and
Wachsmuth. 35. ttjs o-rods ttjs |iaKpds: the Long Colonnade was probably one of the
five
muster in (Andoc. 1, 45). The road from Athens led into this square, and another wide avenue led from it up to the shrine of Artemis on Munychia
to
mentioned Schol.
(Xen. Hell.
2, 4, lift'.).
The house of the
Ar. Pac. 145, to the effect that in the
admiral Timotheuswas near(Ps.-Dem.

49,
level
harbor of Cantharus were " the docks, then the sanctuary of Aphrodite, then five colonnades round about the har-
The site was probably the ground to the east of the great harbor, where is located the modern
22).
bor"
p.
(S.Q. CXII).
An
inscription of
Karaiskaki Square.
architect
Named
after the
it
Roman
170,
date quoted
'</>.
'Apx- 1884,
who
laid out the city,
con-
order.
tical
mentions these in the same This stoa is doubtless iden8,
stituted in ancient times the principal
with that described Thuc.
90
market of Piraeus. (Aos, Atwxdpous cp-yov

10.
38.
Zevs Kal Afi-
for other
works
as the largest colonnade,
and as immediately adjoining the promontory of Eetionia. If so, it stood on the north
of Leochares, cf. 1, 3, 4; 24, 4; 5, 20,
Leochares
(c.
350 b.c.) was one of
the sculptors engaged with Scopas in

MUXYCniA
Ch.
1,
31
'At^poStri^? lepov.,
7rpo9 8e Trj
40 TpLijpL<;
daXdaarf Kopoju
(oKoS6fjir)cri>
AaKehaLfxovLiop KaTepya(Tdp.evo<; irepl KpiSov Tr)u

Ki'iStot
iv
TTj
KapLKfj êppovrjCTO).
yap
TLfxaxxLv 'A(^/3o8jr
TTji^
fidiXLcrTa, /cat a(f)LcrLU
ecmv
lepd j'qq deov- to fxev yo.p
dpâLOTOTOv
iqv
Ao)pLTiho<;, /xera 8e to
'AKpaia?, vearraTov 8e
KuLoiav
ol ttoXXoi, Kt't8tot 8e avTot KaXovcrtf F^vTrXoLav.
45
*E<jTt 8e Kat
Kttt
aXXog
'
Adr)paLOL<; 6 fxev eVl
Moui/u^ta
Xifxr^v 4
Moviû^tag ^'aos
'A/3Te)u(,8o9,
puoi,
6 8e
eVt âXi^pw,
H^tj p.iqT po<^
Kadd
lepov.
Kol TrpoTepov eiprjTat
Kat
Trpo<;
avTW
embellishing the mausoleum of Halicariiassus (Pliny, 30, 30); he

is
as Goddess of the Height (cf.2, 32, 0),

also a
the au-
surname
of Athena, Hera,
s.v.
'
and
thor of the original of the \'atican
Artemis (Hesych.
in that she grants
AKpia); V.lirXoia,
group of Ganymede and the eagle

(Pliny, 34, 70).
prosperous voyages to
The
personification of
mariners.
This latter was probably her

at Piraeus (C.I.A. II, 1200).
the
art.
Demus was a popular ))iottf in Greek

Pausanias mentions
in
surname
45. 6
Athens a statue of Demus by Lyson (1, 3, o), and a painting of Demus by Euphranor (1,
3, 3).
)jiVirl
Movvvx't?'
î'K''n^
on the
various harbors of Athens, see Ex-
cursus
|iiSos
:
I.
4(5.
Movvvx^tts vaos 'ApT-
Parrhasius painted a celebrated
the temple
hill
picture of the Athenians, portraying

their tickle character (Pliny, 35, 09).
top of the
was situated on the above the Hippodamian

2, 4, 11)
agora (Xen. Hell.

site is
but
its
exact
Other
can.
cities likewi.se
in art, as e.g.
were personified the Antioch of the Vati:
Here Artemis was worshiped as a moon and harnot determined.
39.
),
'A<j>po8(TTis Up<Sv
the tem-
bor goddess.
22.
On
the cult see PrellerI,
ple of Aphrodite, erected by
Conon
Kobert, Gr. Myth.
302
to
ff.,
after his naval victory off Cnidos (394

H.c.
Pausanias
fails
S.Q. CVII, mention two
lay
somewhere between the docks
and the colonnades (cf. Schol. Ar. Pac. 145). 'I'hi.s would place it to the southeast of the harbor, most probably on the promontory where the custom-
Greek theatres on the peninsula of Piraeus, one on the western slope of the hill of Munychia, about half way up the hill the other to the west of
;
the harbor of Zea.

older and
is
Another .shrine of Aphrodite, dedicated by Themistocles, was probably situated at the northern
house
stands.
now
The former is the mentioned Thuc. 8, 93, and Xen. Hell. 2, 4, 32. 1; Ly.s. 13, 32 The latter was built during the second
;
extremity of Eetionia(.see S.Q. CVI).

41. 'A4>po8iTT)v:
century n.c. (C.I.A.
II,
984).
It
was
Aphrodite
is
called
Aw-
prT(jasthegodde.ssof fruitfulness in vegetation

(cf. êldwpos, -qiriddojpos, evKapiro's 1,
; ;
excavated by the Greek Archaeological Parts of the stageSociety in 1880.

building,
orchestra,
and auditorium
FurtwJingler in Koscher,
398) 'AKpaia
are in good condition.
47.
A^|iT]Tpos

32
THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS

Ch.
1,
ivTavBa koI %KLpdbo<;
'A6r)vaaXr}pou

i<s
'AdyjvaloL TrXevaai fxeTa 'laaovos (f)aaLP
KdXôf?.
ecm
Se
Kal 'Avhpoyeo) ySw/ios roO MiVoj, KaXetrat, 8e 'Hy9a;o9- 'Ai^Spoyeo) he
ovTa laacriv ol?

eTTLO'TacrdaL.
icrriv einpie\e<;
rd eyîopia
cracêcrre-
pov dWoiv
55
direêi ok crraStovs eiKocriv
aKpa
KwXta?
69 Ta.vTrjv <^6apevT0^ tov vavTLKOv tov
Myjhwp Ka-
TrfveyKC-v 6 kXvScov
Upov
:
rd vavdyua.
uaoi ijul-
KcoXidSos 8e iariv ivravda

an altar
at
this shrine
is
one of the
Athens dedicated to UnPhilostratus (Vit. Apol-
mentioned (10, 35, 2) as burnt by the Persians and left in ruins for all lime by the Greeks as perpetual memorials of their hatred of the barbarians. See Lye. c. Leocr. 81 and
KavToi,
known
Gods
Gods.
lon. 6, 3, 5)
speaks of altars of
Unknown
W.
N. Bates, Harv. Stud. CI. Phil. XII,
320ff.
48.
2Kipd8os'A0T)vasva6s: this
temple was said to have been founded by

a soothsayer from
rus
50.
(1, 36, 4).
Lucian makes one of his characters swear by the Unknown God at Athens (Philop. 9). Diog. Laert. 1, 10, 110, gives an explanation of the presence of such altars at Athens. Cf. Rendel Harris, "The Cretans Always
at Athens.
See Milchh. S.Q.

I,
Dodona named SciCXIX,

and connects
it
Liars,"
P(i>|iol
.
Expositor, October, 1906.

.
.
T)pwwv
probably of Nausi-
In A.M.
126, Lolling derives the

<rKipp6s,
thous the steersman and Phaeax the

lookout
surname from
man
of Theseus' ship
on his
at
of Sci-
with the rocks and their white color.

See also Preller-Robert, Griech. Myth.
1,
voyage to Crete.
rus.
. . .
They had shrines

17.
Phalerum beside the sanctuary

See Plut. Thes.
204,
and Robert, Hermes, XX, 349.

:
50. <l>a\T)p6v
:
49. 'A-yvwo-Tv
Pausanias's language
leaves
it
uncertain whether there was
one altar to Unknown Gods or several, and whether, if several, each was dedicated to
Phalerus mentioned (ApoU. Rhod. 1, 96) as a participator in the Argonautic

irXsvorai ^ctoL *Id<rovos
is
also
expedition.
52. 'AvSp6-y(i> pb>|i,6s
:
Unknown God
'
or Gods.
At
see
1, 27, 10.
Olympia was an AyvwcrTuv 6fGiv ^wjxbs The apostle Paul mentions (5, 14, 8). an altar at Athens with the inscription
ArNfiSTfi eEO (Acts 17, 23). Oecumenius (quoted iu Lomeier, de veterum
gentilium lustrationibus,
full inscription
p.
32) says the

:
seen by Paul was
" To
the gods of Asia and Europe and Libya,

to the
Unknown and
Strange God."
Tertullian (ad nationes, 2, 9) mentions
on the probable site of Cape Colias, see Excursus I. 56. KuXidSos 'A4>po5TT]s a-yaX.(j.a on Coliad Aphrodite and her cult, see Roscher, Lex. s.v. Kolias, and Schol. Ar. Nub. .52, where a temple of the goddess is mentioned and various explanations are given of the term Coliad. The priest of this deity had a seat in the theatre of Dionysus (C.I. A. Ill, 339).
:
54.
aKpa KuXids
CAl'E COLIAS
Ch.
33
'A^/3o8iTi7S
ayaXfxa koI ^^'erv\Xtê9 opofxaSôixevai deaideoi<;,
hoKOi Se Kol ^(oKaevaL rots iu IcDvla
SaSj eivaiTal<; inl KwXtaot ras avrag.

60 tt)i^ 9 Â.drjva<;
ds KaXovort Veppat8e Kara Trjp ohov

e)(0)v
ecrrt
Ik âky)pov pao<; H/aa? ovre dvpa^

(f)a(TLV
ovre
6po(f>ou
MaphovLOP
avrov ifXTrprjaai top Toj^pvov.
TO Se aya\/xa to vvv
Srj,
Kada Xeyovcnv, 'AX/ca/xeV ou9 iaTtv

elrj
epyov
2
ovK av tovto ye 6 Mrjhoq
XeXio^rjfxevos.
p,vrj[Jia
'^(reXdoPTojp Se 9 ttjp ttoXlv icnXv * AvTLOTTr}^

^6uo<;.
'A/xa-
TavTTjv tyjv ' AvTLonrjv IltVSapog fiev

/cat (t^yjcrecos
(f)r)cnp viro II et-
pidov
dpTraaOrjpai, TpoL^rjVLCp Se
Hyta
rotctSe e?
avTr)u TreTToirjTaf
5
HpaKXea
jxr)
SefXLCTKvpav iroXiopKovvTa tt^p
eVt êpfxcohoPTL iXelv
SvvacrdaL, Tycreco? Se ipacrdelaav

2.
57.
rtvfTuXXiSes 6vo|ia56(j.vai 9tai:
The
Amazon
Antiojye
the Geiietyllides are to be distinguished
Greater Athens
from Aphrodite as birth-goddesses in her service, Aphrodite herself having at times this title. According to Hesych. 8.V. TevervWU, Genetyllis resembled Hecate, and dogs were sacrificed to her.
See S.Q.
124.
s.v.
;
Dipylum Temples, Colonnades, and Statues from Gate to Agora Attic
Court
Poets
Walls of The
Kings.
1.
<rX66vTwv
'AvTioiriis fivii(ia
'Ap.(46vos: the statement implies that

this
Usener, Gotternanien,
Tt)v s
'
tomb was
more
lepbv.
just within
the city
59.
Kard TTjv 686v
AB^vtts
wall of Athens.
the site
'OXvfjLTrias
Plut. Thes. 27 defines
Ik 4>aXTipov: I'ausanias lirst traverses
exactly,
irapa.
rb
F^s
the route
from Phalerum
to
Athens and
This sanctuary lay

in the region of the
describes
monuments
(1, 2,
of the city
1);
at the entrance he then traverses

(1, 2,
(Paus.
1,
18, 7)
Olympieum, but outside the

wall.
iêribolus-
the route from Piraeus to Athens

2-3),
Jlehce the gate through which
proach.
and enters finally from this ap00. vaos'Hpas: mentioned
(10, 35, 2) as
one of the
vaoi ijfxiKavTot.
Phalerum road led into Athens was doubtless not far from the Olympieum. Now the tomb of Antiope was
the
in
all
Pausanias leaves the reader his choice of one of two inferences (1) if the in:
probability identical with the
tomb
of the
Amazon mentioned by
Ps.-
jury to the temple was inflicted by the

Persians, the image was not the
of
Plato (Axioch. 304 d-3()5 a) as being
work
Alcamenes; (2) if the image was made by Alcamenes, the injury to the shrine was not inflicted by the Persians.
near the Itonian gate. Hence it follows that the gate approached by the Phale-
rum road was

20
ff.
the Itonian, and this lay
near the Olympieum.
The author manifestly

former inference.
inclines to the
See Plut. Thes. on the relations between Theseus
and Antiope.
34
'
Aptl67T7]v
Cli.2, 2
(TTpaTevcraL
yap
rdoe
afxa 'Hpa/cXet kol (^rjcrea

fiev
TTapahovvai to ^copiov.
valoi he
VTTO
(f)a(riv,
Hytag
ireTToiriKev
'
'AOrj-
eVet re
rjXBov
'A/xaôt'e?,
KvTioTrrjv fxep
MoA.7ra8ia? Toêvdrjpat, MoXTTaSiav 8e aiToOaveiv viro
10 0i7crea>9'
kol
[xprjixd
e/c
iari koI MoXTraSta? 'AdrjuaioL';-
AvLovTCDU 8e
Ileipaicoq
77/309
epeiTna tcop tel^mv icrriv d

vavp.a)(ia<^ dvecTTrjae-
Koj^coj/
varepov
rrj^
KvlSm
rd
'
yap
e^tcrroKiXeov? jxerd rrju dua^^coprjcrip

rrj<;
oiKohop.iqBevTa
TTjv Mt^Sojz^ eVt

15 [ôfxepcov.
dp^rj<; KadypeOr) TOiv

r^9^'
rpidKovTa ovofxa-
elal 8e rctcôt /caret
6801/ yvwyat/xajrarot Meiâi^-
Spov rov AtoTretôv?
/cat fivrjixa
Evpt7rt8ou
/cei^di^
reOaivTai
^
8e FjvpLTTiSrjq iv Ma/ce8ot'ta
Xaop, 6 8e ot roD OapdTov Tpono^

IXP0<;
eêra>
napd top âanXea i.\Ocop Apî77oXXot9 ydp ecTTip elprjKaOd Xeyovcrt. crvprjcrap 8e dpa /cat rdre
20 rot?
/SacriXevcrL
TroirjTai
Kat irpoTepop
ert
/cat
IToXv/cparet
Xdixov
77"po9
11.
TvpappovPTL 'AvaKpecop Traprjp Kat e? Svpa/cowcrag

ALOPvaico
A(?^j'at
lepcopa Alcr)(vXooi
. .
.
Trar/jts 5
'EXXdSos 'EXXds,
5^ Mo6crais
e'/c
TrXei-
Walls, see Excursus
15.
7,
era
Tcp\j/as
MtvavSpou
is
Kal
\i.vf{\i.a.
EvpiiriSou K-
iroWCiv Kal top twaivov exei^^^^^ ^,,i,g ^^-^^^^ i^gpi.
vov: the epitaph on Menauder's touib
.pj.g ^^^j.^
^^î,,^.
g^^g
preserved Anthol. Pal.

Kal
MoOffrjai
370:
rbv
entertained by King Archelaus
BaKxv
fxeixr]\6ra
Aw-
of
Macedon, Euripides was accidentally

See
103; Biog. Gr., pp. 136, 140.
Treidovs,
torn in pieces by his hunting dogs.

vtt'
KKpoirid-r]v
ifioi,
êive,
M^vavopov
l)i,)d. 13,
X'^'
iu ivvpi T7)v 6\ly7)v OS
rx"
^-6'"^'
S^
^^'""^po"
Si^vai, 5,7s eu Acbs v naKdpu>,.
Anth. and AUinson, Lucian,p.xiv. This story bears all the ear-marks of myth.
Cf. Sotades ap. Stob. Flor. 98,
7, 51,
^^^^
^^^^^^^ ^^
.^,^
embellishment of roads
The
is
inscription on Euripides' cenotapli
in ancient times, see Curtius, Ges.

I,
composed by Tliucydides or by Timotheus the musician.

said to have been
It is
74
ff.
Abh.
Cf.
19.
I^^^tw
KaOd
\i-ôva-i
a similar formula occurs Hdt.

1,
8, 38, 7.
found Anthol.
5'
Pal. 7, 45:
dcrria
140;
2, 28.
:
Mv^/JLa
ixiv'EWai dnaa Evpiiridov
20.
iiias
rots Pao-iXtC<n, iroiiiTaC
Pausa-
iVx"
i]
here mentions a
yrj 'SlaKedwu
yap deâro
ripp.a fiiov.
lar instances of
number of popupoets who sojourned
TYRANTS AND POETS

Ch.2, 3
35
8e,
6<s
vcTTcpou eTvpoippyjcreu ip XtKeXta, <l>tXoêi'09 irapyju

'
Koi *AvTLy6v(o MaKehovcov dpôvTL

25
SoXcu? 'Âparos.
'HcrtoSo? 8e
rj
/cat
Op,iqpo<i
Avrayopa^ PoSto? Kat rj avyyeveadat

cokiycoprjcrav^
âdikevcriv r^Tv^crav
Kat.
e/cdi^re?
6 jxkv eVt
aypoiKia koi okvw

jxaKpoTaTou Kat
7171^
irXdurj^;,
'Op.rjpo<;
Se aTToSi^jLir^cras
oxfyekeLau ttju e? ^/aif/jtara Trapd roiu

Trj<s
hvvaroiv varepav Oepêvo^

30
Trapd rot? ttoXXoi? 80^179, eVet

ivapeivai A-qjxohoKov
ttoit]-
Kat 'Ofxyjpo) TreTTOLr]fMua
icmu 'AXkiVw
Kat
Ty)v.
to?
'
Ayajxefxpcju KaraXetVot rtiâ
Trapd ry yvvaLKt
ecrrt
8e
Td(f)o<;
ov TToppco ro)v TTvkoiv, eVt^T^/xa e^Mv

ovTiva
p-cv,
(TTpaTKirrriv
lttttco
TrapearrjKOTa'
ovk olSa, Tipa-
^LTXr]<; 8e Kat top lttttop kol top (TTpaTidrryjp eTToirjaep.

at the courts of kings
is
and
tyrants.
It
strange that be passes over Pindar
and Bacchylides.
Strabo, 14, p. 038.
On Anacreon's
3,
so;
Long Walls, one in the saddle between the Museum and Pnyx hills, the other between the Pnyx and Nymphae-
journ with Polycrates, see Hdt.
121
um
hills; a third, called the
Piraeus
hill;
Aeschylus was at
gate, just
beyond the Nymphaeum
the court of Hiero between 471 and
409; see Vita Aesch., and Christ, Ber. d. bayr. Ak. 1888, 371 ff. On Simonides' sojourn with Ilitro, see
Ps. -Plato, Ep. 2, 311 A, etc.
Xen.
Iliero,
On
the so-
journ of Antagoras and Aratus with
Antigonus Gonatas in 276 u.c, see

Biogr. Gr., ed.
Westermann, pp. 53-01

;
Athen.
I,
V,
8, p.
340
Suseraihl, Alex. Lit.
380.
28.
On Demodocus
32. Td4>os
.
see Od.
0,
44;
:
^"rriOtiiAa
t\o)v
it
and the fourth the great gate of the city further north, known as the Dipylum. Just as the roads leading from the first two gates converged within the walls, so the roads leading from the last two converged at a short distance from the city. We have noticed that Pausanias was approaching the city by the road to the north of the Long Walls hence he could have entered by the Piraeus gate or the Dipy;
has been conjectured
tliat this
monu-
lum.
It
is
generally
accepted that
the gate of
ment
of a rider is identical with the
Pausanias chose the
latter, since
shrine of the hero Chalcodon mentioned
Dipylum was the

Athens
to the
principal
by Plutarch (Thes. 20) as being near the Piraeus gate at Athens. ov iroppw twv irvXwv it is a much-disputed question by what gate Pausanias enters the city. There were four gates to the nortii and northwest of Athens available for travelers from the Piraeus two within the
(cf. Livy 31, 24); and the road Dipylum was a regular means of approach from the Piraeus to the agora though somewhat longer, it was more level and more convenient than the lower road, and led through the
;
principal avenue to the chief part of

36
35

Cli. 2, 4
ÊaekdoPTcov he es Tr)v ttoXlp oiKohoixrj^xa e? irapacrKevTJv

eVrt Tcov
8e Koi
Tpo<;,
TToîTTOiv,
ds
TTyjTT0V(TL Ttts îkv Oiva TTav ero<^, ret?
^povov
StaXetTTOi/re?.
Kat
7r\ricriov va6<; icrri Aijixr)17
dydXjxaTa 8e avTij re Kat
Trat?
Kat 8aSa
e^wi'
"laKô?
the city
yeypaiTTai 8e
Folyb. 16, 25
;
cttI
tw rot^w
ypdjxixa<JLv 'ArrtKot?
(cf.
Lucian,
Ilesych. s.v. dyopds.

.
. .
38.
d-ydXnaTa
Navig. 17, 46
Dial. Meretr. 4, 2, etc.);
npaîT'Xos
these statues of De-
finally because the monuments Pausanias proceeds to describe doubt-
and
less
were along the avenue from the to the agora. For a description of the extant remains of the Dipylum, see Excursus I. tv 35. otKoSoixTi^jLacsirapao-KcvTiv iro(XTrwv: this was doubtless the building elsewhere designated lIo/U7re?ov (Dem.
Dipylum
meter, Persephone, and lacchus are mentioned by Clem. Alex. Protrept. 4, 62, p. 52, ed. Ritter, and the lacchus by Cicero (Verr. 4, 60), though neither mentions Praxiteles. The statement
that the inscription on the wall was in
"Attic characters" signifies that they
were inscribed
in the Attic alphabet
of the fifth century before the archon-
34, 39; C.I. A. II, 834 o, 2, a; Poll. 9,
ship of Eucleides (403-402 n.c.) the old Attic alphabet

of twenty-four letters.
when
45; Diog. Laert. 6, 22),used as a deposi-
was
officially
tory of the properties for the various

processions, especially the Panathenaic,
abolished in favor of the Ionic alphabet
Two
explanathe
that started from this point.
The build-
tions have been given of the statement
ing was embellished with paintings and

statues, including a portrait of Isocrates (Vit. X Or. 4, p.
that an inscription
referring to
works
of Praxiteles,
whose acme could
839 k), and a bronze
hardly have been prior to 365, should

be in characters abolished in 403 n.c: one being the hypothesis of the Elder Praxiteles, advocated chiefly by Eurtwangler, the other that of Kohler,
inscription
statue of Socrates by Lysippus (Diog. Laert. 2,

5,
43).
The
site
has been
recognized in the foundations of a

large quadrangular building, divided
into three aisles, situated southwest of
who
on
finds the solution in the fact that the
the Dipylum, inside the city wall.

37.
was carved, not
as usual
voos
A'^fi.TiTpos
this
temple
is
the base of the statue but on the wall,
most probably identical with the 'la/cxetov, in the neighborhood of which a grandson of the great Aristides (Plut. Aristid. 27) made his living by interpreting dreams, and where the dreaminterpreters regularly resorted ( Alclphr.
3, 59).
and was accordingly not inscribed by artist. The old Attic alphabet, Kohler says, was revived in Hadrian's time and was used particularly for He thinks inscriptions and the like.
the
that these statues
may
well be those
Its location
near the Dipylum
dedicated by the physician Mnesitheus

(Pans.
1,
accords with the fact that through this

gate passed the sacred processions to
Eleusis.
Cf.
37,
4),
who was contem-
porary with the comic poet Alexis,

a younger contemporary of Praxiteles.
Schol.
Ar. Kan. 402
POSEIDON AND POLYBOTES

Ch.
2,
37
40 e/aya elvaL
Upa^LTeXov;. tov vaov

Sopv
d(^tt CTTt
Trj<;
Se ov iroppcj IToo'etScoi'
e? 6v
i(TTLv
i(f)'
LTTTTOV,
yijavTa Hokv^ciynqv,
e)^t Trj<;
Ka>ot9 6 p,v6o<; 6 irepi

CTrtypa/M/xa
riocretSaJi't.
aKpa<;
ttjv
XeXcovrj^StScofrt
to 8e
/cat
to
(^'
f]ix(t)p
eiKova aXXoj
ou
crroat 8e etcrtv d-Tro rw^' ttvKwv e? rot' Kepafxei7r/3o
45
Kov
Kttt
ei/cweg
avTa>v ^jâX/cat Kat yvvaiKOiv koX avhpwv,

17
6(T0L<; TL
vnrjp-êv [wi/ rt? \dy09] e? Soâv.
8e erepa ro)v
(TToojv )(ei fiev lepa Beiov, cêi Se
yvpivdaiov 'Epfxov KaXovtjv
p.vov
Cf.
ecTTL
8e iv avry TIov\vtlo}vo<; oiKia, KaO^

ff.
Trapa
A.M. IX
.
.
(1884), p. 78
l<j>'
40.
:
Hoinci-
o-i8wv
I'inrov
kt\.
an
dent of the Battle of the Gods and

Giants, related by Strabo (10,
\^.
and gentle descent from the higher ground " as referring to the slope from the Agora to the gate. This removes
Frazer's difficulty in identifying the
street described
480)
and by Apollodorus
fect that
(1, G, 2)
to the ef-
by Ilimerius as being
Poseidon with his trident had

at the giant Tolybotes,
the one described by Pausanias.
From
rent a piece from the island of Cos,
the two authors alike

entire
we
learn that the
and hurled
it
avenue was lined with colon;
burying him under it and forming the island of Nisyrus off Cos. The combat
is
nades
Ilimerius refers to the buildings

;
frequently represented on vase-
paintings and other minor works of

art.
used for merchandise and the like Pausanias, only to those devoted to sacred purposes, which were doubtless out numbered by the secular buildings.
k6vcs irpo
Kttl
Pausanias mentions that the
in-
45. cl-
had been altered. This was a connnon practice under the Empire, so that what had been the image {iyoKiia) of a god or hero might bescription
avTwv x<>^Kai Kal -yvvaiKMy

:
dvSpwv kt\.
Gurlitt (p. 205) argues
that the custom of lining a street before
the colonnades with .statues of
come
man.
44.
the portrait statue (elK^v) of a

o-roal
.
illustrious
men and women
belongs to
diro
tmv
-jtuXwv
the Hellenistic Age, but Curtius (Stadtgesch. p. 178)
Ilimerius
(.3,
12) describes the proces-
sion of the Sacred Ship in the Panathe-
arose in
chiefly
naic festival as follows: 'Apx""*' M^"

ev6{i%
shows that the custom and flourished Such monuunder Pericles.

early times
iK
UvXuv,
olop tK rivov evSiov

r}
Xi/jl^-
voi,
TTJi d.vayuyrjs
rjde,
vavs.
KivrjOflcra
8i
iKfWev
Kaddwep Kard tivos aKV/jLam-ov

nâov tov ApSfiov
KOfxiêrat,
0a\d(T(rT]S, 5id
OS eiiBvTev^s re Kai Xetos

ffX/ffi
Karaâivwu &vu0fv
TrapareTafi^vas
Adrjvaioi re Kal
ments to the benefactors of the state were placed in prominent places, especially on this parade street, that the visitor on the very threshold of the city might recognize that Atliens was
the centre of the higher
48.
life
ras CKaT^puOtv
oi/rcj}
'
of Hellas.
ffTods, ^(p (Sv dyopdôv(Tiv

01 Xoiirol.
IIovXvtCwvos olKCa: the Atheni-
understand Ilimerius' statestreet
ment that the
"makes a straiijfht
ans of ''certain note" who profaned the mysteries in the house of Pulytion
407261
38
tup:
ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS
Ch.
2,
Trjv iv 'EXeucrtvt
50 d(f>apcrTdTov^
Spacrai TeXerrjv
AdrjvaCojp (fyaalv ov tov<;
eV
ifxov oe dveiro ALOPvcro).
Aiovvcrov oe
e'^'
TOVTOv KaXovcTL MeXnofxepov ivl Xoyoi rotoiSe

^
ottolco irep
KiToXXoiva M.ov(Tr]yeTr]u.
ivTavOd icmp 'A6r]ud<; ayaXfxa
riatcuvta? /cat Ato? /cat ^vr)ixo(rvvy]^ /cat Movcrcui^, 'AttoXXwi'
T dvdOiqjxa /cat epyov Fjv/3ovXlSov, /cat SaLjxcop

55 Atoiûcroi/
twv
afxcfH
A/cparo?-
Trpocroj-rrov icrriv ol
piovov ipMKoSoprjpe-
vov TM
Toi)(Oi.
perd 8e to tou Atot'uo'ov

e/c
re/xei^d?
idTiv OLKrjpa
^
dydXpara eôv
TTiqXov, ySacrtXeu?
'
A0r]iâLO)v
Ap(f)iKTvoju
were doubtless Alcibiades and his comAndoc. 1, 12, 14, and Isoc. 10, G, also assert that the impious ceremonies took place in the house of Pulytion. Plato (Eryx. 394 o, 400 h) speaks of the magnificence of the mansion.
panions.
1837 there was made in this territory an important find of a pedestal of

great blocks of poros
sal
also of a colosmarble head of a woman, a torso of a female statue, two male portrait
;
heads of
Roman
date,
and a large
Eujxe'pos Kpoj-
Thuc.
G,
28 states that the accused
block of Hymettus marble with this

inscription:
TTidris
parodied the Eleusinian mysteries. The
[Ei)/3oi;Xt57?s
house was confiscated by the state and dedicated to Dionysus Melpomenus.
iTroi7](rv
(C.I. A.
II,
1045).
In
1874 a colossal female head of Pentelic
50.
Aiovva-ov
MjXirojtevov
is
Diony1).
marble, probably an Athena, was
sus the Minstrel
referred to in vari-
discovered in the same place.

ities
Author-
ous inscriptions (see S.Q. XXVIII,

It is
are divided on the question of re-
thought that this

with the
Tîxevos is
iden-
garding this find as the
monument
tical
rifievos jQ)v irepl tov Ai6-
mentioned by Pausanias, but we must

incline to the opinion that these frag-
vvaov rexvLTuv,
mentioned Athen.
5,
p. 212, the principal
sanctuary of the
company of theatrical artists, from whose number the priest of this deity was chosen (C.I. A. Ill, 274, 278). The
other
priest
statue,
lides.
ments are parts of a great composite made and dedicated by Eubu-
54.
:
SaCfjLwv Tciv d)x4>l Aiovvo-cv
"AKparos
Acratus, one of the attendwine.
of
this
Dionysus was
ant sprites of Dionysus, was the dae-
chosen from the family of the Euni-
mon of unmixed
lîcaeopolis
To
this
daemon
Each had a reserved seat inscribed for him in the theatre of Dionysus. 52. 'AOrjvas aYaXjia naiwdae.
Ach. 1229) gulped down the "Amystis," "the deep, long, breathless draught." 50. to
(Ar.
vas
tp-yov
Eipov\5ov
the text
TOV Alovvo-ov
Tejievos
usually regarded
leaves
it
uncertain whether Pausanias
as identical with the house of Pulytion,
means
to say that the whole group of
mentioned as dedicated to Dionysus.
statues or only the statue of Apollo
was
In
o(!KT]â d-yaXfiaTa
f\ov (k irT]\ov kt\.

I,
made and
dedicated by Eubulides.
Curtius (Ges. Abh.
40) recognizes
AMPIIICTYOX
Ch.2, C
39
dWov<; re
60 Xdf3eTO
deov<; ecrTLOJv /cat
Aiovvaov.
ivTavOa koX Ylrjyacro^
idTiv 'EXevêpev?, 09 ^ KBi)vaioi<i rov Seov icnjyaye
crvveire-
he ol to iv AeX<ôr? jxavrelop dvayivrjcrav rr)v inl
'l/ca/atov TTore iTTihrjixLav

'
tov Oeov.
Trjv oe
âaikeiav
Trj
Âfxcju-
KTvuiv e(T\v ovT(o<g.

ySacrtXeucrat irpwrov
Aktolov keyovcTLP iv
vvv
AttlkjJ
d-rrodavovTO^; Se *AKTaLov KcKpoxjj ckSc/cat ol
êrat tyjv dp^-qv Ovyarpl ctvvolkwv AKTaiov,

65
yivovrai
Se
0vyaTpe<; fxev "Eparj

Êpvq-i^6(x)u
/cat " AyXavpo<; /cat Tldi>hpo(To<;, vlo<;
ovTO^ ovK cySacrtXevcrei/
\\.0'r]pat(op,
dXXct 01 tov
TraTpo<; lôivTO^; TeXevTrjcrau avve/Br],

KpoTTOi;
Kat ttjp dp^-qv Tr)v Ke-
Kpavao^;
e'êSeâro,
'AOrjvaLcov
/cat
Swa/xet
Trpov^cov.
Kpava^
70
Se 0vyaTpa<;
diTO
TavT'T)';
Koi aXXa?
ovofxdiôvcnv
'A/crataz^.
e)(aji^
'Ar^tSa yeveadai
tt)^
\4yov(Tiv
'Arrt/CTî^
^wpav,
npoTepop
Ka\ovfJLpr]v
Kpaiâo)
oe
'AjxtfiLKTrjcov
eTTai/acrxa?,
/cat
OvyaTepa o/xw?
avTov, Travel ttJ? dp^rjf;-
avTO vcTTepov vno ÊptÔoviov Kat TOiv avveTravacrTavTwv

group of Ainphictyon a portrayal
Kttl
in the
"A-yXavpos Kal IldvSpoo-os: see 1,18,

''A7Xai'pos is in inscriptions
of the admission of Dionysus into the
2,
and note.
community of Attic deities. The winegod was introduced from Eleutherae

Athens by Pegasus the priest (Schol. Ar. Ach. 243). Amphictyon is said to have learned from Dionysus the art of mixing water witli wine
into
tlie
original and better attested form.

;
See C.I.G. 7716, 7718 C.I. A. Ill, 372. 'X-ypav\os is found in the text of Eur.,
Apollod., and Steph. Byz.
ler-Robert
I,
See Prel(iilt:
200, note 2
Usener,
ternamen, 136.
1, 18,
(Athen.
cf. 1,
2,
ij.
38c).
60.
lirriKap(ov:
1,
:
31, 12.
66. 'Epvo-CxOcov see 69. Kal aXXas Kal

3, 14, 5,
33, 8,
and note.
.
. .
ArOiSa
ovcf.
according to Apollod.
01.
TtJV 8c
'A|l<j)l,KTVCOV CrXV
the otlier daughters were Cranae and
Tws
with the rest of chapter

3,
Apol-
lodorus
14.
The only
difference
Cranaechme. After the third daughter Atthis, Cranaus named the land Atlliis
or Attike.
between the two accounts is that Apollodorus makes Cecrops, not Actaeus, the first king of Attica, who married Aglaurus, daughter of Actaeus. According to Steph. Byz.
s.v. 'Akttj,
See Strabo,
'
9,
397:
'
'
Aktiktiv
niv yap
OLTrb
AKTaiwvb^
(pa<riv,
AT0i8a 8^
Kal ' ArTiKrjv dirb AtOlSos rrji Kpavaov.

71.
. .
'Afi<J>iKTvwv
.
xiiro
'EpixOovCou
Attica
tKiri-iTTei
according to Isocr.
the
was
originally called 'Akti^ after

;
taeus
so too Strabo,
is
9, p.
Ac397, where
"Ep<rri
Panath. 126 the childless Cecrops sur-
rendered to
of Attica.
F,iichtli()iiius
kingdom
the king
called Actaeon.
65.
73. <rvv-irava<rTdvTwv: tliis
40
iKTTLTTTeL
75

Cli. 3, 1
TTaTepa 8e 'Ept^ôt'tw Xeyovacv dvOpcoircop fxev ov-
heva
elvai, yovea<^ Se
YiâidTov
/cat Vrjv.
rjêt
To
Se ô)piov 6 Kepa/xetKO? to fxep 6Vo/xa
diro rjpcjo^
Kepdiôv, Aiovvaov re elvat
/cat 'AptaSi^r^? /cat
tovtov \eyocrTod /Sacrtdp)(r}v KaTrj<?
jxevov
Trpcorr]
Se
icmv
Iv
Se^ta
KaXovixevrj
Xeto9, eifâ
5
KaBitêi
âcnXevq eviavcriav dpôiv

TavTrjf;
Xovfieurjv jSacnXeiai^.
enecTTL roj Kepdjxa)
(TTod<;
dydXjxara
and
OTrTrjq yrj<i, d(f>Lei<^
^-qaevq e?
ddXaaaav ^Kcpcofa
periods.
avTeire^yecrav (4, 7, 7) are the
only
at
different
With
this pas-
instances in Pausanias of a verb com-
sage begins Pausanias's itinerary of

the market-place.
2.
pounded with three prepositions. See Aug. Grosspietsch, Bresl. riiilol. Abh.
VII,
3.
5,
See Excursus
II.
KEpd|Aov
the prevalence of Diony-
pp. 11, 39, 68.
siac worship led to the invention of
an
Stoa Eleutherius Statues and Paintings Temple of Paternal Apollo Metroum Buleuteriuin.
1.
The Ceramicus
Stoa
Basileius
eponymous hero
for the Ceramicus
Ceramus, son of Dionysus and Ariadne. as Pausa3. o-Tod Pao-^Xcios nias is entering the market-place from
To
Si x.a>p(ov 6 KcpafxeiKos
what
the northwest, the Royal Colonnade in

all
Pausanias here styles Ceramicus was

not the whole
probability stood on the west side
deme bearing
(xcopiov)
that
name
of the market-place at the foot of the
but only the spot

i.e. tlie
Ceramicus,
ri-
Theseum
hill.
Agora.
its
'''0^
The deme Ceramicus

ryjs Kepa^MKrjs
the office of the archon king,
The building served as and at

in Aristog.,
derived
name dwb
G^fiv
times as the meeting-place of the Council
X^V^ 1^0,^ (Harpocr.
Kepdfxu)
tipI
Tjpwi
of the
Areopagus (Dem.
s.v. KepapieXs; cf.
Suidas and
776).
Dr. Diirpfeld writes
me under
Photius
s.v. KepafiLs).
:
It consisted of
date of Jan. 19, 1908, that the excavations of the
two parts
the
(a)
the Outer Ceramicus
extending from the Dipylum toward
the
Theseum
Greeks on the east slope of hill have laid bare a build-
Academy and
including the state

/car'
ing with an apse, possibly the Royal
cemetery called Ceramicus

(see Ar. Aves, 395,
iôxvf
Colonnade.
identified
The
building
formerly
Thuc.
G, 57,
Plato
Parm. 127
b, etc.),
and
(b)
the Inner
102
ff.
by Dcirpfeld (A.M. XXI, XXII, 225 ff.) as the Royal Col-
Ceramicus, which probably extended
from the Dipylum to tlie Acropolis and embraced the whole of the Agora (see S.Q. LXX, 42; Wachs. I, 152; II,
258).
It is
onnade he now thinks did not bekmg to the market, but was the last building
before the
as.
"Ceramicus"
of Pausani-
Only thus can the new building
impossible to determine
be the "first to the right."

|j.aTa oirriis -ytjs

6.

d^dX2k-
absolutely the limits of the deme, or

to define precisely the use of the
0ii<r6iis
term
puva
kt\.
similar groups of terra cotta

Cb.
3,
THE ROYAL COLONNADE

2
41
(f)a-
Kal (f>povcra Hjxepa KecfyaKou, 6v KoXkiaTov yepofiepov

(Tiv
VTTO
'Hjxepa^ epaadeicriqf; dpTracrdrjvaL

. .
.
/cat
ol
TratSa
yevecrdai âiOovra,
10
/cat
<ûA.a/ca
i.TToi-qcre
tov vaov.
Tavra dXXoL re
yvj/atKa?.
/cat
'HtrtoSos eip'r]Kev iv eneaL rot? e? ra?
irX-qcriov Se ti^9
(TToa?
Ko^'cot'
eaTrjKC Kal Tt/xoêo?

1,
seem
have been found elsewhere, and they to have been the usual ornament
for the apexes of gables.
Ovid (Met.
3,
2).
751
ff.),
etc.,
and by Pau(1,
sanias himself elsewhere
4,
2,
This sug-
In most of these authors the
gests that the colonnade terminated in

gables,
and that the two groups, one of Theseus hurling Sciron into the sea,
Hemera with Cephalus, On the subject of the first group, see 1, 44, 8. The death of Sciron, the mythical robber, was
the other of
mother of Phaethon is not Hemera, but Clymene, a daughter of Ocean us. Phaethon, "the shining one," is usually interpreted as the morning star,
or the sun
lirc(ri
occupied the apexes.
itself.
10.
'HaCoSos
:
Tois ^s tos "yvvalKas
this
poem
is
1
;
of
Hesiod's,
which
31, 5.
is
not extant,
1,
depicted on vases, and
is
the subject
referred to by Pausanias in
3,
43.
of one of the metopes of the so-called
24,
10
9,
In the
la.st
pas-
Theseum
<)>aXov
:
at Athens.
7.
'Hfic'pa
Kt-
sage Pausanias mentions a doubt as to

the authenticity of the poem.
It
is
the story of the fair youth
Cephalus, ravished by the goddess of
not certain what
is
the relation of this

(2, 2, 3)
day (Ilemera) or of the morning (Eos, Aurora) is frequently touched on in

classical authors.
3)
poem
to the
Great Eoeae
or to
as-
the Catalogue of cribed to Hesiod.

p.
Women, works
N.F.,
Apollodorus
7,
(8, 14,
See Christ, Gr. Litt.*
and Ovid (Met.

;
700
ff.)
give the
.
101;
Rh.
Mus.,
8(
XXXIX
Kovwv
:
story at length
Hesiod (Theog. 98G ff
(1884), 501-5(>5.
11. irXtj<rlov
rtis
and Hyginus (Fab. 189) more
briefly.
o-rods
The
subject
is
frequently depicted on
Isocr. 9,
57 says that statues of Coset
vases, representing the goddess pursu-
non and Evagoras were

statement accords with
Soter
is
up beside
Zeus
ing her favorite or carrying him in her
the image of Zeus Soter.
Pausanias'
arms.
The
latter
was probably the
this, for
on the roof of the colonnade, as well as in the relief on

attitude portrayed
same as Zeus Eleutherius. See Ilarpocr., Ilesych., and Suid.,

the
s.v. 'EXei-^^ptoj Zei/s.
the
8.
Amyclaean throne
iraiSa ^cv^cOai
(3,
11, 2).
:
These statues are

20, 70
etc.
;
ol
âÔovra
the
also referred to in
Dem.
Aesch.
usual legend
of
makes
;
Ilelios the father
3,243; Nepos, Timoth. 2;
Conon,
Phaethon
Hesiod
version
(Theog.
but Pausanias follows 980 ff.) in naming
Timotheus, and
Evagoras are very
properly grouped as being the three
Cephalus as his father.

is
The former
heroes of the melancholy struggle of
followed by Eur. Frag. 775
(Poet. Seen. Gr., ed. Dindorf), Plato
fifth
Athens with Sparta at the close of the and the beginning of the fourtli
See Isocr.
(Tim. 22c), Lucian (Dial. deor. 25),
centurie..
Evag.
35
ff.
42
V109
K6vo)i>o<;
THE
Kai
7VTTICA OF PAUSANIAS
Ch.3, 3
/SacrtXev?
KvirpCcov
Evaydpa?,
09
/cat
rets rpti^pet?
ra?
<l>oti't(T(Ta's
enpaê irapa ySacrtXew?

'A^Tyi/ato?
'A/ara/cat
êpôv hoOrjvai
15
Kdvoji^t
enpaê 8e w?
to
oLpeKaOeu
diê/BaLPe
e/c
SaXa/Atiô?, eVet Kat yeveaXoywj' e? rrpoyovov^;

/cat
TevKpov
Kti^vôv dvyarepa.
iuravOa
e(TTr]Ke
Zev?
6vop.al^6pievo<^
a)^'
'EXevêpto? Kat ySacrtXev? 'ASptai'd?, e?

riî^
aXXot"? T
rjpêv evepy(TLa<? Kat e?
TToXtv fidkLcrTa
3
dTToSeL^djxevoq Tr)v ^ KdrfvaLOiv.

20 'ypa(f)d<;
trroa Se oinadev w/coSd/xi^rat
eôvcra Beovq tov'^ SwSeKa Ka\ovjxei>ov^

,
eVt Se
rw
of
Antidosis, 101
39.
It is
probable
tliat
shiped at Athens under the

this
title
the statues of
Conon and Evagoras
Eleutherius (Liberator), and probably
were set up soon after the battle of Cnidus (394 n.c.) and that of Tiniotheus was added soon after the peace
of Callias
of. 2,
worship was performed at an altar
before this statue.
The
juxtaposition
of Hadrian Eleutherius
and Zeus Eleu-
in
7
;
371.
14.
3,
to aviKadtv:
2, 2
;
therius
is
noteworthy, as they also
18,
37, 3
;
25, 10
1,
divided honors in the

el.sewhere.
Olympieum and
4, 3, 4
and G
5,
25, 12.
7,
So Hdt.
In the theatre a seat was
170; tA dv^KaOev, 6, 35;
221; with-
reserved for the priest of Hadrian the
out article,
5, ()5,
etc.
aviKadev in reis
Liberator (C.I. A. Ill, 253).

19.
lations of time, as seen above,
used
e.g.
(TTod
8c
oiriaOcv
wKoSojjLt^Tai
regularly of ancestry or origin.
Some-
times
yivo'i is
added adverbially,
e'<rTt]K
Hdt.
paioi.
5, 55, 7^1'os eorres to.
av^Kadev Te(pv-
10.
tvTavOa
Zevs ovo|Aa-
56(jLvos'E\v9pios:
9, 57,
we learn from Isocr.
though I'ausanias does not here mention its name, the colonnade was known as the Stoa Eleutherius, or Colonnade of Zeus of Freedom, from the image of the god (see 10, 21, Xen. Oecon. 7,
;
and Ilesych. s.v. 'E\ev6^pios Zei^s that this image was also called Zeus Soter. According to Ilarpocr. s.v. 'EXeu6ipioi Zeus, the orator Hyperides derived the name from the inference that the colonnade in the rear had been built by
freedmen, but Didymus gave the
1;
Plat.
Eryx. 392 a;
id.
Theages,
121.\, etc.).
Pausanias indicates that
two colonnades, the Basileius and Eleutherius, were adjacent, and other writers speak of them as beside
the
the
each other,
pocr.
Trop'
dW'^Xas.
s.v.
See Ilar(XTod.
much
both
to
and Snid.
âo-iXeios
more
statue
satisfactory
reason
that
This is doubtless the colonnade referred

to,
and colonnade were founded
Ar. Eccl. 08G, as being beside the
commemorate the deliverance from

Persians.
:
the
.
.
r\p\tv
17. Pao-iXsvs A5piav6s Hadrian received countless honors at the hands of the Athenians, as we shall see later. He was wor'
.
Royal Colonnade, and we should locate it, therefore, west of the Agora and to the south of the Poyal Colonnade. 20. -ypac{>ds i'xovora Oeovs toiis SwScko KaXovfj.vovs Pausanias later mentions
:
THESEUS
TOLô) T(p
43
/cat
TTipav BT^crev? 0"Tt yeypafjifxepo^;

Sr/Xot Se
t^
ArjfxoKpa-
TLa re
/cat Aiy/Ao?.
*
ypa(^y) Srjaea etvat roi^ /cara
(TTTJcravTa
(fyyjp^y]
\d'qvaioi<;
i^ taov TToXiTevecrO ai
KeîoprjKe he
kul
aXXw?
tco
e? tov? ttoXXou? cJ? &r]av<; Trapahoiq to.

/cat
cJ?
25 TrpdyfjLara
St^'/xo*
rj
e^ eKeivov
SrjfxoKpaTOVfjLeuoL
htap-eivaiev, irpXv
UeLO'LO'TpaTos irvpapvyjaeu eVaiâcrra?.
Xeyerat
/xei'
8^
/cat
aXXa
ov/c dXrjOrj
irapd rot? ttoXXoi? ota

e'/c
l(TTopia<; dviqKOOLf; ov<tl /cat oTTOcra tjkovov vdv<;
Traihoju ev
re ôp6l<; /cat T/aayojStat? 77to"Ta riyovp.kvoi<^, Xeyerat Se /cat e?

SO Toi/ (&r)(rea,
69 avrd? re e'/SacrtXevcre
/cat
varepov
Mvecr0(D<^
Te\VTT](TavTO<; /cat e? reToipTyjv ol B-r/o'etSat yeveai/ SLejxetpav
two other paintings
in this
colonnade
Ei}-
in
the Cavalry Battle and the Theseus and adds: raOra^ rds ypaipai
<t>pdva>p
paintings by Parrhasius and by Aris-
tolaus.
typafev
'AOrjualois (4).
We
in-
fer
from Pausanias's account that the Twelve Gods and the Theseus adorned
the side walls, the Cavalry Battle the
Demokratia is cited and accordingtoC.I.A. II, 470, 1. 02, there was a statue of Demokratia at Athens, at which public decrees were sometimes exposed.
C.I. A. Ill, 105;
An Athene
.31
6S
TtToLpTTjv 01
0T](rci8ai.
ycvcdv
long
back
wall,
of
the
colonnade.
Pliny, N.II. 35,
12!),
mentions together
Plu-
these three works of Euphranor. These
Theseus is represented as the founder of democracj^ also by Isocr. 12, 120, Ps.-Dem. 50,
Sicfjicivav
ap\ovTes
paintings were justly celebrated.
75, Plut. Thes. 25, etc.
Aristotle (Resp.
tarch (de glor. Ath. 2) says that the
Ath. 41), on the contrary, states that

the monarciiical form of government
Cavalry Battle was painted with
much
7)
energy and
fire
Lucian (Imag.
ad-
under Theseus declined but

Kpbv
irapeyK\ivov(Ta ttjs fact, the political
little (fii-
mired Hera's
hair,
and Valerius Maxi-
/3acrtXi/c-^s).
In
nms
(8,
11)
preferred the Poseidon
synoikismos was the

re-
to the Zeus, in the painting of the
only practical result of Tlie-seus's
Twelve Gods. Euphranor was at his acme about 300 b. c. He attained great
reputation as painter, sculptor,
forms (Thuc. 2, 15). Theseus was .supplanted by Menestheus, but after the
latter
and
;
was
slain at
Troy the sons of
writer on art (see Pliny, N. H. 34, 50

35, 128
ff.,
etc.).
21.
0T|rtis
:
Kal
AT])LOKpaTCa t Kal ATifu>s
as to repre-
sentations in art of the
John
on
Bull of
1, 1, 3.
Demus, "the Athens " (Frere), see note I'liny (25, 00 and 137) menthe
Theseus regained the kingdom of Athens (1, 17, 5; Plut. Thes. 31-35) and held it for three generations, Theseus' son Demophon, his grandson Oxyntes, and his great-grand.son 'I'liymoetes, being successively kings.
See
tions personifications of
Demus
Plut. Thes. 28, Diud. 4, 02, Pans. 2, 18,
44
apôvTe<;.
el

Ch.
3,
8e
/xot
yeveaXoyelu
rjpecTKe,
/cat
tov<;
aTTO
MeXdvdov
TOVTOv<; av
35
IBa(TL\ev(TavTa<; e? KXelSlkop top AlaijxiSov koL

a7T'r]pL9[xr](TdfJLr]u.
'KpTavdd
vaidiv
icTTL
yeypaixyuivov Kai to irepl 'M.avTiveiav 'Adrjôrjdyj(roi>Te<;
epyov
ot
AaKeSat/xo^'tol9 iTTep,^Br)(Tav.
avveypa\\fav 8e
dWot
/cat
re /cat a.vo(ôiv tov iravTa Trokejxou,

/cat
KaTakrj\\iiv re ri^?
KaS/xeta?
to
Trratcr/jta Aa/ceSat/xovtoji^
TO eV Aeu/crpoi?
ws
e? YiekoTTovviqaov iae/SaXov Botwrot

^
40 /cat TYjv crv/x/xa^tai' Aa/ceSatjao^'tot9 7171^ Trap'
AOiqvaioiv ekOovfj
aav
Tir)!^
iv Se Ty ypacjyrj t(ov LTnrecov eVrt ixd^-q, iv

'Bevo(f)(oi>To<;
yvcopifxco-
TOTOi rpvXo? T 6
tTTTTOi'
Ti^t'
if rot?
'
A0r]paiOL<; /cat /caret
BotojTtat' 'ETTa/xet^wt'Sa? 6 0i7/3ato?.

'A^Tîâtots
/cat
ravra?
ttXyjctlop
ra?
ypa(f)d<;
^vcfypdvcop eypaêv
ing
lus
19, etc.
32. Tovs diro MtXavOou Pao-iXevby remarking

first
received his death-wound while fight-
o-avras esKXeCSiKov: Pausanias qualifies

this statement in 4, 5, 10,
among
the infantry, whereas Gry-
that
"at
the people only stripped
was a member of the cavalry (Diog. Laert. 2, G, 54), andPausanias describes

a cavalry engagement.
the descendants of Melanthus, the
Me-
Then
(8,
there
is
dontids, as they were called, of most

of their power, and transformed them from kings into responsible magistrates
much
dispute as to the slayer of Epa-
minondas.
slain
Pausanias
11,
5)
says
the Mantineans maintain that he
was
but afterwards they also fixed on ten years as the term of their magis;
by Machaerion, a Mantinean, the Spartans by Machaerion, a Spartan

;
tracy."
a
The Theseid was followed by
but Plutarch (Ages. 35) asserts

a Laconian, Anticrates,
blow.
it
was
new
foreign dynasty, inaugurated by
who struck the

however,
Melanthus, a Messenian king,

the
who was
Pausanias
(8,
11, G),
forced to retire from Messenia after
argues for the Athenian tradition and

says that the Mantineans gave Grylus
a public burial and set up a
to
Dorian migration, according to
coming to Attica, displaced Thymoetes, the last of the

tradition, and,
him on the
spot, while the
monument name of
Theseids
(see 2, 18, 9
Ildt. 5, 05, etc.).

. . .
41. v Se TTJ 7pa4>f)
FpvXos
special
Machaerion has never received any marks of honor from either

Spartans or Mantineans.
'Eiranivwv8as 6 0t]Paios
Pausanias's
44.
irXtio-Cov
account of the painting is inconsistent with the statements of others in regard

to the battle of Mantinea,
iiroiîrev
iv
t vaS tov AiroXXwva

site
IlaTpSov: the
of
the temple of
and either
Diodo-
he or the painter
is
at fault.
Apollo was doubtless on the west side of the market-place just to the south
of the Stoa Eleutherius.
rus (15, 87) states that Epaminondas
The
jSivixhs
tov
APOLLO PATROOS
Ch.3, 5
46
i'niK\y)(Tiv irpo
45 iToir)(Tv iv T(o t'aw
tou 'AnoXkcoua
Uarpôp
6eco
8e Tov
pect)
Tov
fiev Aeco^âyar;?,
ou 8e KaXovatv 'AXeîKaKou
Ka\a/xt9
eTTOLirjo'e.
to he ovojxa
VOCTOV
rw
yeueaO at \4yovcrLv
OTL TTjV XoLfKOOT]

Xefxco TTielôvcrav
50
'
Cr(f)L(TL
OfJLOV T(p Yle\oTrOVin)(TLO)P TTOe/c AeX(f)(i)u.
Kara fxauTevfxa enavcrep

Se kol
'Ilt/coSo/xT/rat
Mr^rpo?
X
6eu)u
Upop,
-^p
etSta9
fifth
KwbWwvos
iv tt) ayopq. (Ps.-Plut. vit.
belong) seems to date from the
843 b) stood presumably before this temple; Apollo was probably

Oi". p.
century, and to be a copy of a famous

statue, as several other copies are ex-
styled Paternal {llarpiôs) as being the
tant
mythical father of Ion, the founder of

the Ionian race.
identical
But
list.
tliere is
;
and the type is preserved on coins. no proof that it is even an

Waldstein thinks
it is
Apollo Patroos was

the
Apollo
a pugi-
with
Pythian
;
Apollo
For the bibliography
of this ques-
(Dem.
18, 141, p.
274
Aristid. Or. 13,
tion, see Frazer, II, 06.
Pausanias's
vol. I, 181, ed. Dindorf).
His priest
is
associating this statue with the great
mentioned
in inscriptions (C.I.A. Ill,
plague of 430-429
it
is
hardly
po.ssible, as
687, 720 a, p. 501)
and had a
seat re-
conflicts
with the recognized date of

MtiTpos
:
served in the Dionysiac theatre (C.I.A.

III, 279).
Calamis (500-400 b.c).

50. 'ni.KoS6|XT]Tai, h( Kttl
6o>v
as to
Nothing definite is known the type of Euphranor's Apollo
Upov,
11V
êiSias clp-ydo-aro
the sanc-
statue.
45. irpo 8* tov vtw tov

Winter (A. Jb. VII,
pitv
Acco-
tuary of Khea, the Mother of the Gods,

lux, 3,
Xdptis:
104),
and
other archaeologists, derive the Apollo
was usually called Metroum (see Pol11; Bekk. Anec. I, 280, 6).
Belvedere from this image

Leochares.
made by
Pausanias
now
proceeds to describe
Yet there are
in all three
Apollo statues of Leochares known,

so that any relation of the Belvedere
to this
Apollo image, about which we

absolutely nothing,
is
which he speaks of as near each other, the Metroum, the Buleuterium or Council House, and the Tholus or Kotunda. Hence the
three buildings
site of
know
entirely
one,
if
determined, fixes that
uncertain.
See Overbeck, Kunstmytii.

ov &
of to
tiie
three.
The Metroum appears
IV, 07.
Kov
4G.
KaXowiv 'AXcliKa:
KdXa)iis
(Kolr\<ri
'AXe^t/ca/cos
'AKêrtos (0, 24, G)
'ETrt/cot/ptos, 8,
41, 7.
have stood to the south of the market about the northwest foot of the slope of the Areopagus. For Pausanias later speaks of the statues of
Conze
(Beitr. z. Gesch. d. gr. Plastik,
19) has conjectured that the so-called
the
Eponymi
;
as
being
higher
" Apollo on the Omphalo.';." found in the theatre of Dionysus, is a copy of this statue of Apollo made by Calamis. This conjecture has led to much discussion.
{avwTipu})
and Arrian
were
(3, 16, 8),
up men-
tioning the statues of the Tyrannicides, says they

in the
Cerami-
cus on the regular road up to the

Acropolis,
ju.st
the
The statue (to which, however, Omphalos has been shown not to
opposite the Metroum.
Dorpfeld's excavations show that the
46

Ch.
3,
elpydcraTo, kol irXricriov tcou irevTaKocrioiv Kokovixdvoiv ôvXevTijpLov,

dt
/SovXevovcTLP
eviavrov 'A^r^vatot?
BovXaiov
11 et-
8s eV
avTM KelraL ôavov Alo^ kol ÂttoXXcov

ArJixo<;
re^vy]
cTLOv KOL
55 eypaxjje
epyov Avcrwro?.
tov<;
ok
decrjxoBeT(x<i
llpcoToyevrj^ KavvLO<;, 'OX/3taST79 8e KdWiTTTTOv,

tlie
regular road from
Agora
to the
round the west shoulder of the Areopagus, proceeded southeast between the Areopagus and the Pnyx, and then ascended the westAcropolis
ern slope of the Acroijolis, thus avoiding the steep ascent to the east of the
wound
(Ar. Eq. 040 ff. Xen. Hell. 2, 3, 5). Here too were set up various public documents engraved on stone or metal,
;
as e.g. the laws of Solon (see Harp,
and Suid.
list
s.v. 6 Kdrcodev vSfios)
and the
of the ephebi (Arist. Resp. Ath.
Areopagus. See A.M. 444 ff.; XVII (1802), 00
XVI
ff.;
(1891),
Harrison,
Ancient Athens, pp. 38 ff. There is no indication that the Metrouin was
ever a temple.
Pausanias
,
calls
it
sanctuary
{iepov)
Pliny a shrine (d e 1 u It
brum,
.30,
17).
was apparently a
Timarch. 84) de-
53. ôavov: derived from ^^w, "to scrape, smooth, polisli," may be applied to an image made of either wood, stone, or ivory (see Ilesych. s.v. ôava; Etymol. Magn. s.y.^dafov, p.Gll, 1. 12 ff.). Strabo applies the word to the gold-and-ivory Zeus at Olympia (8, p. 353), to the gold-and-ivory Hera of 53).
sacred precinct with an open-air altar,

as Aeschinos
scribes a
(see
Polyclitus
(8,
p.
372), to the
marble
(0, p.
statue of Nemesis at Ilhanmus

300),
etc.
runaway slave as coining into the Agora and seating himself on the altar of the Mother of the Gods. The Metroum was later the repository of
the public archives (Din.
c.
Luciaii
uses the term of
images in bronze and silver (Alex. 18; The term is, id. de dea Syria, 30).
however, more properly restricted to images of wood (see Clem. Alex.
Protrep. 4, 40, p. 40, ed. Potter,
Leocr. CO).
1, 8(5
Lye.
the
51. irXriCTCov
twv
irevTa:
and
KOfrLoiv Ka\ov(j.ev(ov
PovXfVTTJpiov
Servius on Verg. Aen.
2,
225;
4, 50);
Buleuterium or Council House of the

Five Hundred seems to have been built
within the precincts of the
and Pausaniq,s appears

in this restricted sense,
to use
it always and confines it
Metroum
to
the wooden
image of a
:
deity.
x Or. It probably contained images p. 842 !;). of both Zeus Bulaeus and Athena Bulaea (see Antiphon, 0, 45). We read of the sacred hearth of the Council House (Aeschin. 2, 45 Andoc. 1, 42, etc.), of
(see Aeschin. 3, 187; Ps.-Plut. vit.
;
AiroXXwv
ther
is
Te'xvT] Ileio-iou
nothing fur-
known
:
of Pisias.
54.
Atifjios
p70v Avo-wvos
see Pliny (34, 01)
who
speaks of Lyson as one of the sculptors
who made
statues of athletes,
armed
men, hunters, and persons
sacrificing.
the platform for the speaker (AntiiDhon,

0, 40), of
Tovs
vr]s
Si 6<r(xo6Tas e^ypail/e Tlpotroyi:
the benches for the presidents
(Lys. 13, 37),
and
of the railing bar-
ring off the public from the
members
on the Thesmothetae, see and 50-01. They were the six archons ranking below
Kavvios
Arist. Resp. Ath. 3
THE GAULS
Ch.
4. 1
47
'EXXctSa raXarwi^ eV/3oXr^V.

4
Ot 8e FaXarat ovToi ve^xovrai

i-rrl
T7J<;
Evp(oiTr}<;
to.
ia)(aTa
OaXdaar)
a/x7â>Tt^'
TroXXfj koI e? to. irepara ov ttXwi/xw, Trapeêrat
Se
Kat paîav koI
Biqpia
ovokv ioLKora rot? eV
daXdo'CTr) rrj XoLrrrj

5 'Hyotoat'd?,
tôvcTi
/cat
a<picn hid T179

rci?
^wpa?
/act
Trora/xo?
^'
w Ta9 Ovyarepa^
'HXiov oSvpeadai vopiTrd6o<;.
TO Trepl tov âedovra top dSeX(f)ou
oxfje
8e
TTore
aurov9 KoXeiadai
(rcf)d^
FaXara?
/cat
iÛLKr]crei>
KeXrot yap
Kara re
to dp')(alov
rrapd rot? aXXot? aivopdtôvTO.

717^'
cTvXXeyelcra Se cr^tcrt crrparta rpeTrerat

the archon chief, the king, and the polreirards
eVt
'lojîou, /cat
Tlie
the river as fabulous.
emarch.
Wachoinuth,
is
II,
320, thinks
Rhone and
the
Po were
the two rivers
that the allusion
to portraits of illus-
trious individual Thesmothetae.
Pro-
togenes, a contemporary of Apelles,
from time to time identified with the Eridanus (.see Pliny, 37, 32), but amber is not found at the mouth of eitlier
river.
was one of the most celebrated artists of antiquity he took enormous pains with his work and was remarkable for tech;
On
the legend of the daughters
of Helios bewailing the fate of their
brother Phaethon beside the river Eii-
nical skill rather than for great expression.
danus,
cf.
I'>ur.
ff.;
Hipp. 735
Ovid, Met.
. . .
ff.
Apoll.
ff.,
Cf. Pliny, 35, 81-83
87
101-
Khod.
etc.
4,
7.
590
2, 3-10
:
106; Overbeck,S.Q. 1907-1936;
Brunn,
Gesch.
lippus
d. Gr. Kiinstler, II,
233-243.
:
ToXdros
KtXroC
the
people
to
we know
as Celts were
known
55. 'OXPidSr^s 8*
cf. 1, 4,
KaWiirirov
10, 20, 5.
on Cal-
the ancients under three name.s
The date of
viz. Celts (KeXrot,
Celtae), Galatiana
Cf.
4, 5, ^k
the irruption of the Gauls into Greece
(VaXdrac),
and Gauls (Galli).

KeXrois
was 279 b.c. Of Olbiades nothing further is known.

(10, 23, 14)
Procop. de aedif.
Tavvv
o?
TdWoi
Ka\ovvTai, Appian, Ilanii.
4.
Digression
The (imds Tlicir

and
retreat into
. . .
4, ^s Tr]v Ke'KTtKr]v rijv vvv Xeyofxh'tjv
Ya1),
irruption into Greece
Xariav.
Also Caesar (de H. G.
1,
Asia
2.
The Peryamencs.
tirl
OaXao-o-T) itoXXtj
.sea
'HpiSavos:
qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nos4|vkt]tra Galli appellantur.
the great
meant
33, 4
is
the Atlantic
the
<rv:
ii.sed
in
ill
impersonal sense; already so
Ocean
in
the
neighborhood of
;
Thuc.
1, 3,
frequent in Paii;
Arctic Circle
(cf.
35, 5).
Pau-
sanias, e.g. 2, 29. 3

1
;
3, 20,
4.
;
6,
sanias seems to have regarded the Eri-
34, 5
2.3,
6, 22,
1
;
10
7,
17
22, 4
8. 5,
danus (cf. 5, 14, 3 and 5, 12, 7) as an actual river that flowed into the northern ocean, but Horodolus (3, 15)
7;
9.
3; 47,
9. .34,
10; 10.
ttjv
tir\
1,
l._
o-Tparitt
:
Tpîrtrai
(U),
'lovCow
KrX.
Tausanias
19-23) narrates at
48
10

Ch.4, 2
TO re 'iXXvpucop idpo<? kol
ttolv
ocrov
a^pt yiaKeoovoiv
i-rroirjcre
ojKet
Kol MaKe8o^'a<^ avTov<; dvacrTaTov;

ineSpafJie.
êcraaXiav re
koI w? iyyv<^ SepfMOTrvXcou eyivovTo, iuravOa ol
TToWol
TOiV '^jWiqVMV 9 Tr^V .(j)OOOV TjCTlJâÔV T(i)V
âpÔr
pcov, are
15 T<?
vno 'AXe^di'Spov
jxeydX(o<; kol 'i^LXimrov KaKOiOev/cat
Trporepov
KadelXe 8e kol 'AvTLnaTpoq

ol'
KdacravSpos
ovoev
xxTTepov TO "ÊiXXriuLKOP, cJCTTe Ka(TTOL
dcrBeveiav
ttJ?
alcr^pov
'
evoixitôv
direlvaL
to
Kara
a(f)d<^
l3or]0eLa<^.
jxrJKeL 2
AdrjvaioL Se fxdXLCTTa fxev tmv 'EXXtjucou aTreipTJKeaau

/cat
tov Ma/ceSovtKov TToXefxov

20
TrpocnTTatovTe^ ra TroXXd iv
rat?
yLtaât<?,
efteVat Se oyaoj? (opfirjuTo eg ra? êpp,oTTvXa<;
crvv Tol<? iOeXovcri

XiTTTTOv
Trj<;
twv
EiXXijvcou, iXop-euoL
cr(f)L(TL
tov KaXrjv,
TovTov
rjyelcrOaL.
KaTaXaôvTe^ Se
fj
aTevorraTov
ecroSov tt]^ is Trjv
'EXXdSa elpyop
rjv
tov<;
âp/3dpov<;-
dvevp6vTe<; Se ol KeXrot Trjv aTpairov

25
kol Mi^'Sot? ttotc
K(f)idXTrjs rjyyjcraTo 6
Tpa^tfto?
/cat
^lacrafxevoi ôiKecov tov<;
TETayixeuov; in avrfj XavOdvovcri tov^ EXX^yiâ? vnepâXoure?

Ti^t'
OiTrjv.
evda
817 7rX.etcrTov
TrapiaôvTo aurov? 'A0r]-
vatot TOt9
EXXi^crtv d^tov?, dficjiOTepajdei' cos iKVKXcodriaav

the Lacedaemonians;
it Is
greater length the irruption of the Gauls

into Greece.
and
in 7,
(5,
7,
The
fact that he gives
two
is
said of the Peloponnesians in gen-
detailed accounts of the
same events
eral that they did not take part in the
an argument that portions of the work were published separately. Cf. 7, 20, 0, 13. Tjo-vxaand Introduction, p. 3. Xfiv: frequently used as the antonym of TToXefieiv. Cf. 1, 13, 1 and 6, 25, 3 2, 16, 5 3, 9, 2 4, 11, 8. Here 7, 6 Pausanias states as the ground of the
expedition to Thermopylae,
tliey
because
off
imagined they could keep
the
Galatians by building a wall across the
Isthmus.
14. (Afya\s
a noteworthy
instance of
hyperbaton.
Pausanias
fancied that he attained a certain ele-
gance of expression by unusual wordorder.

Cf.
3
most of the Greeks the exhaustion caused by their wars with the Macedonians to the contrary, he
hesitation of
;
vav^lv inr6 re 6ir\wv
âpelais Kal
eXeii'
î*
dvdpQv,
4 ra
iroXia-tJ.aTa
oi;5ew
ra Xoiwa
woiiia-dfievoi,
3,
says in
4, 28, 3,
that the Messenians,
9,
fj-erd
ye rbv a^pôv Kal
wpSrepov
Ad-qvas
and in 8, 6, 3, that the Arcadians, held back through fear of an incursion by
en
iirl
Sî^âs
Aapdov
Kal
iirl
arpaThv.
THE
Ch.
4,
(JAULS
49
iirl
dfxvvojxevoL
30 fxaKicTTa
Toil's
fiap/Sdpovq
ol
Se a(f)LaLv
tcou
vewu
rtX-
eTaXaLircopovu are tov koXttov tov
KapnaKov
jtxaro? 7rpo9
rats Bep/aovruXat? 6vto<;
aiTiov Se ipLOi hoKeiv

fjieiôua
TO vhcjp TavTTj TO Oepfxov iKpeop e? Trjv ddXacraav.
ovv
el)(ov ovTOL TTOvov

tov<s
dvaXa(36uTe^ yap inl
to.
KaTacrTpat-
jxara
35
E\Xr]pa<;
vavalu vuo re
tov tttjXov
ottXcov
TrXelu.
/Sa/aetat?
koI
hr) 4
dvhpcjv iîdtôvTO
TOVov<;
kol
ret
^pripiaTa tov 6eov hiap-
fidXiCTTa elôp ctttovStJv.
/cat (T<^Lcnv
avToi re AeXôt
40 /cat ^(tiKewv
dvTeTd^diqcrav ol ra? TToXet? irepX tov Uapvacrd(f)LKeTo
(Tov oLKOvvTe^j
8e
/cat
Svi>apL<;
AItojXmv
to
yap
oj?
e'9
AItcoXlkop irpoeiêv dKfxrj veoTrjTO'i tov -)(p6vov tovtov.

Se
e'?
êt/oas
(Twrjecrav, ivTavOa Kepavvoi re icpepovTO

vrerpat
Tov<i
FaXaras Kat dTroppayelcrai

dvSpe^
rov Flapvao'a'ou,
tov-
45 heCixaTd re
i(f)LcrTavTo OTrXtrat rot? fiap^dpoL<;-
TOiv Toix;
/cat
'
pev e^ 'Twepôpicov Xeyovaiv iXOuv, 'Tnepo^ôv

elvau tov 'A^tXXeco?
ApdSoKov, TOV Se TptTOv Uvppov

0,770
ivayCôvcn Se
TavTrj<; AeXcfiol TTJq
avppa^^Cas Tivppo),
Kat ro pvrjpa iv
ri^t*
npoTepov
60 drt/xTa.
e)(ôvTS
are dvhpo<; iroXepiov

ot ttoXXoi j'avo'ti' e?
FaXarwi/ Se
'Acriav oia/Sdv- 5
re? ra irapadaXdcrcrLa aurrj? iXer)XdTOvv

OL
)(p6v(i)
Se vaTepov
. .
Ylepyapov
eôz^re?, irdXai Se
TavTTjv FaXctra? e'Xauiôvcrtv

52.
0,770
TevOpaviav KaXovpevqv, ovtol pev âXctcrcn^?.

know from
nia
e'?
Srj
n^p-ya|iov
:
irdXai Be TcuOpa-
other sources that Teuthra-
v(av KaXovfjivqv
cf. 1,
'
11,2, U^pya/xos
Apeiov Swaartvfiovofxaxr,rrj 7r6Xei
was
.3,
entirely distinct.
1,
(5
;
See Xen.
571
;
5^ 5ia/3d5 ^s tt)v 'Afflav

ovTo.
Hell.
Strabo, 12,
p.
13, p.
iv rri Tfv6paviq. KTelvei

ol irepl rijs
015; and Con ze, "Teuthrania," A.M.
ffavra
dpxv^, xai
ott'
to
6vopLa (dc^K TO vvv
avTov.
I'ausanias
XII (1887), 140-1(50. Xdras ^Xavvovo-iv diro

1, 8, 1
;
TavTT)V Fa:
Oa\d<ro-Tjs
ef.
apparently reg,arded
I'erganius
and
1,
2.'),
2.
Atiahis. jjiinyeof I'ertlie
Teuthrania as the same town, but we
ganuis, defeated
(Jauls in a great
50
Trjv eKTO's
55

Ch.4, G
Xayyapiov )â>pau ecrôu AyKvpav noXLif ikopref; ayKvpa 8e, ^pvyoiv, rjv Mt8a? 6 TopScov npoTepov atKiaev rjv 6 Mt8a9 avevpev, rjv ert Kat e? e/xe ev Upco Ato? /cat KpyjuTj MlSov KaXovfJLevrj ravTiqv oivco Kepdaau Mihav cfiacrlv
iirl Tr)u
Orjpav tov Seikiqvov

"
TavTqv
.
re 817 T'qv
.
AyKvpav
evda
G
elkov Koi HecrcTLVovuTa vtto to oyoo?

60 /cat
Trjv "AyStaTii',
TOV Atttjv Te9d(f)9aL Xiyovcri.
YiepyaynrivoZs 8e ecrxt ^xev
cr/cuXa diro TakaTcov, ecrrt 8e ypatfyrj to
epyov to Trpo? FaXa-
ra?
e)(Ovcra.
-/^'z^
^^ vepôvTai ol Ilepya[JLr)voi, Ka/êipcou lepdv
(ftaaiv eluat to
dpâlov
Tiva^
avTol 8e 'A/3Ka8e9 edeXovariv eivai

TToXefxoiv 8e
TO)v Ojxov TrfXeffia) hiaâvTo^v e? ttjv ^ Acriav.

65
ju.ei'
tmv
dWoiv,
Tj <^T7/>tT7
el 817
eTToXefjirjcrap,
ovk e? aVaira? Ke^Mprfcr^tcrt, t"^"? re
Kev
T/)ta Se yvcoptfjLCJTaTa
Trj<^
iêipyacTai
(xtt
'Ao"ta9 dp^y]
koltco /cat
^
t^
FaXarw^'
avrrj? dva^(i)pr\(TL<^
KOI TO e? rou?
crvi^
Ayaîep^vovi Tr]\<j)ov ToXfxrjfxa, OTe EkXr]-
v^ d,fxapT6pTe<i 'IXlov to TreSiou iXerjXaTovu to Mvcrto^' 0J9 yrju

70
TpojaSa.
eTTctvetjat
8e e? ttjv dpî^v oBev iêfîqv tov Xoyov.

irXricriov ^6Xo<;
Tov l3ovXevT7]pLOV tmv irevTaKoaioiv

KaXovjJievr], Koi dvovcri re
battle
river,
icTL
/cat
evTavOa
<j)ov
01 TrpvTavei^
Kai Tiva
9, 5,
tlie
at
the springs of the

after the victory
Caicus
68. to ts tovs o-vv'A-yajAtyvovi Tt)\T6XfXT]p,a kt\.

is
:
and
King
assumed
cf.
14.
This
the
lus
title
I,
of
king,
of
reigning as AttaTiie exact
event
described in
epitome of
Pergamus.
is
Apollodorus
(epitoma
Vaticana
ex
date of the victory

sen,
uncertain.
Nie-
Apollodori Bibliotiieca, ed. U.

ed. R.
Wag-
buhr gives it as 2.']0-229 n.c; Droysbetween 238 and 235 Koepp, Rh. Mus., N.F., Xh (1885), 114 ff.,
;
ner, Leipzig, 1891, p. 63; Apollodorus,
Wagner,
572; 13,
8, 4,
p. 193).
On
the com-
ing of Telephus into Asia, see Strabo,

12, p.
p.
in 240.
cf.
57.
Kp^vi]
1,
MCSov
13,
KaXoufxtvr)
615; Diod.
4,
33;
Xen. Anab.
2,
who
locates
Paus.
5.
9; 48, 7; 54, 6;
the fountain of
Midas
;
at
Thymbrion
that Sile-
The Tholus
The
.
:
9, 31, 2.
Eponymi
.
.
by the wayside
cording to Hdt.
the Macedonians, ac3. 38, affirm
Hadrian as a Patron. 1. Tov PouXtvTtipCou

OdXos
to-rl KaXovji^vr]
irXiio-Cov
nus was caught in Macedonia in the gardens of Midas Bion (Athen. 2, p. 45 c) places it at Inna, between Paeonia and the land of the Maedi.
;
e6\os signiiied
originally
any round building with a

it is
roof of cupola form; here

cially of the building
used espe-
where the sacred
THE TEX TRIBES

rii.5,
'-
51
ov fxeydXa.
\\.6y)vaioLvXd<; eivai
Kal fxeredeTO
/cat
ra ovofxara
dpTL Tcop dpâicjjv, 'H/aoSdrw

8e incopvixajp
KaXovcn yap
ravrd
Icttiv elprjfxeva.
ovtcj
(T(f)d<;
rwp
ecrrt jjlcp 'Itttto-
06(ov YloaeiSwvos /cat 'AXotttj^ Ovyarpof; KepKv6vo<;, ecrrt Se

10
'Ai'Ttoô?
'H/aa/cXet
lire
T(x)v
TTaihojv T(t)v 'H/3a/cXeov9, ye^'d/u.e^'09 ck Mr^'Sa?

uXai'T09, /cat rpvro^
r^9
Atag 6 TeXa/xwi/o?, eV Se
eponymous heroes"; liere was men drawn for miliCopies
was kept burning on the hearth and where the presiding officers of the Council of Five Hundred dined togetlier daily at the public expense, and offered sacrifices and libations (Arist. Resp. Ath. 43; Dem. 19, 190). Another name for the building, Skias or " umbrella,"
is
of the
po.sted the list of
tary service (Ar. I'ac. 1183).

of proposed laws
were here posted for public inspection (Dem. 20,94 24,23). So too the names of men who deserved
;
well of the state (Isoc. 18, 01

II,
C.I. A.
the official designation in in-
scriptions (C.I. A. Ill, 1048; 1051, 1.22).
tanes,
The chairman (epislates) of the prywho kept the keys of the sanctuaries containing public treasures and records, was compelled to remain in the
Tholus during his twenty-four hours
of office, along with colleagues, chosen
and likewise the names of traitors (Isoc. 5, 38). It was a high distinction to have one's statue erected near the Eponymi (Lucian, Anach. Cf. Wachsmuth. Stadt Athen, 17).
569),
II,
387-390.
5.
oVtis 8c KareoTTJ:
o-ttTO
cf.
8Ka dvrl
5,
T<ro-dp<i)v <{>v\ds kt\.
Hdt.
00, 09.
In
1,
29,
I'ausa-
by himself
(Arist.
Rep. Ath. 44).
Soc-
nias
names Cleisthenes
as the founder
commission from the Thirty Tyrants to go to Salamis and arrest one Leon (Plat. Apol. 32 c, i>); here the standard weights and measures were kept (C.I. A. II, 470, 1. 37 ff.). Cf. Wachsnmth, Stadt Athen, II, 315rates here received a
320.
of the
new
tribal division.
There were
originally four Attic tribes called Geleontes, Iloplites, Aegicoreis,
and Arthese
into ten
gadeis.
Clei.sthenes
abolished
and redivided the population

tribes.
The date
The
3.
dvwT^po) Se dvSpidvTCS <rT^:
was
in the
(Arist. Resp. Ath. 21 archonship of Isagoras, 508-
statues
the site of this group of was doubtless on the slope of the Areopagus above {avwripw) and not far away from the Buleuterium and Tholus. Aristotle (Resp. Ath. 5.'>)
Kao-iv
T)p<d(i>v
507 n.c.
official
ten
order, were
new tribes, named as
in their
follows
Erechtheis, Aegeis, Tandionis, Leontis,
Acamantis, Oeneis, Cecropis, Hip-
pothontis, Aiantis
and Antiochis.
Cf.
says that the bronze tablet with the

list
Mommsen,
449-480;
Philologus.
XLVII
(1889),
of ephcbi
was
set
up "
in front of
W.
S.
Ferguson,
Cornell
the Council House beside the statues
Studies, VII (1898).
52
'

011.5,3
AOrjvaLcou Aeojg
Sovvai 8e
iirl
aoiTiqpia Xeyerat KOLufj ra9
6vyaTpa<; tov 6eov ^prjcravTo^.

eTTwiû/xot?,
'Epe^^êv?
re'
ianv
ev rot?
15
09 ivLKiqcrev 'EXevcnvLov? H^^XV '^^^ '^^^ rjyovfxeuou oLTTeKTeivev 'IfXfxdpaSov tov EvixoXttov Atyev? re ecrrt
/cai
Otiêi)? âI'Sto^'09 vlos
v60o<5 /cat
'A/cctâ?.
Ke/cporra Se /cat Ilai'Oto^'a
eV Tot? eTTO}vvp.oi<i et/coiâ?

irp6Tep6<; re
20 ecrê,
rcot'
T^crea)? TratSwt'
etSo^'
yap
/cat rovrcot' 3
TLjxfj
ov/c
otoa ov? ayovdiv iv
yap
rjp^^.
KeKpoxjj,
Si^
6s tyjv 'AKratov BvyaTepa

'Epe-
Kat vcTTcpo^, os
Kat
fjieTutKrjcrev e? EuySotaz^,
^$0)^ utos ToG Ilat'Stovos TOV 'FjpL^^BovLov.

Stftji^
Kat
6
S17 /cat Ilai^-
iâaikevaev o
re
'EpLÔoptov
/cat
KeKpoTTO? rou
ot
SevTepov TovTov MT^rtoi^tSat r^s dp^rjs eêXavvovcn, Kat

(jyvyovTL
e's
25 crai/Tog eV
BvyaTepa yap Meyctpot?

Meyapa
:
el)(e
IluXa rou /SacnXevKat naiôt Trpo?
crvveKTrLTrTovcnv ol TratSeg.
Stoi'a
jLtei'
avrou Xeyerat vocryjaavTa aTToOaveZv, Kat
daXd(Tcrrj fxvrjixd icTTiv iv Trj

AcwsktX. the legend is to the efwhen Athens was afflicted with famine and the Delphic oracle declared a human sacrifice the only rem12.
MeyaptSt eV 'Adrjvdq AldvCa^

Pausanias nowhere alludes
Curtius, Ges.
19.
to
it.
See
feet that once
Abh.
.
. .
I, 4()r).
irporcpos
qple KKpo<|/
Kal vo-repos: Cleisthenes,in
naming one
edy, Leos, son of Orpheus, voluntarily
of his tribes after Cecrops, doubtless
surrendered
for
sacrifice
his
three
had
in
mind
the
first
Cecrops, re-
daughters, Eubule, Praxithea, and The-
puted
to be earth-born, half
man and
ope; according to another version the
half serpent (Ps.-])em. 9, 30), not his
maidens
of their
own
free will offered
double, Cecrops
II,
said to be eldest son

.
themselves as victims.
Tlie sacrifice
was effectual, the famine left the land, and the Athenians ever after worshiped tlie heroic maidens in a shrine in the
Agora, called the Leocorium. This became one of the famous places of
and successor of Erechtheus (Paus. 7, 1, 2), who was "a mere genealogical
stop-gap" (Frazer).
<r(\eu<rv /crX.
5.
:
21. IlavSCwvcPa3,
cf.
ApoU.
14,6-8;
15,
Pandion
was the son
of Erichtho-
nius,
whom be succeeded,
and a Naiad,
Athens (Strabo, 9, p. 396); beside it fell Hipparchus when assassinated

(Time.
S.Q.
1,
Praxithea; he married Zeuxippe and
20;
6, 57).
It is
frequently
mentioned by ancient writers (Milchh.

S.V.).
Hence
it
is
strange that
was father of Procne and Philomela, and of Erechtheus and Butes. Pandion II was the son of Cecrops II and Metiadusa; he succeeded liis father, was
ATTIC KINCS
Ch.5, 5
53
e/c
KaXovfxepo) (XKOTreXco-
oi 8e TratSe? /cartao'i re
to>v
^
MeyaayaOco
poiv iKJBaXovTe^ Mi^riot'toa?, Kal rrju ap^-qv tiov

30
\6y)vai(ov
Aiyeu?
TTp(Tl3vTaT0<; oiv eicrê.
Bvyarepa^ 8e ou
cru^'
oaLfxopL eOpexjjev 6 Uauhtcoi',

i\eL(f)dr](rav
'
ovhe ot Tificopol TratSe?

ett'e/ca
ciTr'
avTwv
Kairoi
Swa/xew? ye
77/369 toi/
Hpa/ca to
/c^Sos iiroLTJaaTO.
dW ouSet?
iT6po<; 1(ttlv avOpotTTO) Trapa-
^rjvai TO KaOrJKov k tov Oeov35 K(t)u
\4yovcriv
(o<;
Trjpev^; (tvpolvojjlov
UpoKPTj îXofJiyjXap xjcr^vvev^ ov Kara
Spacra?
TOV FXXt]uo)V, Kat TO
croiyaa ert kco^rjcrdixevo^; Trj TratSt yjya-
yev 9 dvdyKrjv St/079 ra? yvi/at/ca?.

avSpid^;
IlavStoi^t 8e Kal
aXXo?
ianv
ev aKpoirokei dea<i d^Lo<;.
OtSe
40 8e
fiep eiaiv ^ K6r)vaioi^ eTrcovvfioL to)v
dpâioiv
vaTepov
Kat diro TW^'Se cfivXd^ eôvcriv, 'ArraXou rov Mucrov Kat
IlroXe/Ltatou
rov
AtyuTrrtov
e'9
Kat
Kar'
e'/xe
1^817
/SacrtXew?
'A8/3tai'oi) rrj? re
ro
êtoi^ TLfirj^; eVt TrXetcrroi'

to.
iXdovTo^ koI
T(ov dp^ôjxevojv
e'9 e'?
evhaLfxovcav
êi^
fieytaTa eKdaToi<i TrapaCKovcrtog KareVri^,
<Tôp,evov.
45
Kat
8e
TToXefiov ovheva
'E^patov?
expelled,
roi*?
vTrep
in
Svpojv e'êtpwcraTo diroaTduTa^;

sanias fails to mention two
established in 307-300
11.
and took refuge

(9,
Megara.
I
new tribes,
Ps.-Dem.
as the
34.
28) regarded
Pandion
eponymous
:
hero.
Tr]pvs owvoiKoiv IIpoKV]] ^\Xo-
(I'^Xav x|<rxwvv
see 1,41, 8ff.
10,4,
8.
honor of Demetrius and Antigonus (Pint. Deni. the Demetrias and the Anligo10) nis. They were later abolished, probc. in
The myth of Tereus transformed into a hoopoe, and of Procne and Philomela, who became a nightingale and a swallow, is familiar from the Birds of Aristophanes.
Cf. Apoll. 3, 14, 8
;
ably in 201
is.c.
(Ferguson, The Priests

It is
of Asklepios, p. 143).
generally
accepted that the tribe Ptolemais was
Eustath.
named after Ptolemy I'hiladelphus between 285 and 247 b.c, the limits of
his reign
;
on Od.
later writers,
According to was Procne who became a swallow, and Philomela a nightingale, whereas Tereus was transformed into a hawk. So Verg. Georg. 4, 15, 511 Ov. Met. 0,424-475; Hyg. Fab. 45. 40. 4{>vXds 'Att6lKov kt\. PanT, 518, p. 1875.
but Beloch (Fleckh. Jrb.

ff.)
however,
it
XXX,
niais
481
argues that the Ptole-
was
instituted after 220 n.c. in
honor of Ptolemy Euergetes. The tribe Attalis was created in 200 n.c, when Attains I visited Athens (Polyb. 10,
25;
Pau.s.
1,
is
8,
1,
etc.).
Tlie tribe
in
lladrianis
mentioned frequently

54
oTTocra he decov
/cat

Ch.
C, 1
lepa ra fxcp wKohoyLTjaev i^
dp)(y]<;,
tol
8e
i'rreKocrixrjcrei'
dvadijixacn kol Karao'/cevatg, Koi hcupeal

8e
/cat
as
TToXecrti/
eScoKev 'EXX.^7^'tot, rag
tw^'
'
âp^dpcov
rots
50
Serjdelcni',
ecmv
ol irduTa
yeypap.p.eva
Adijuycnv iu
Tw
KOLvco Tcop deoiv tepw.

To, 8e 69
ArraXot'
/cat
Urokepiaiov
(fiTJixrjv
i^Xt/cta
re
7)1/
dpâio-
repa,
oj?
jLt-]^
fxepeiv eri ttjv
avTOiv, Kat ol
avyyevoirporepov
eTTrjXOe
fxevoL rot? fiaaiXevcnv inl avyypa(f)fj

ert
'qfjLeXyjdrjcrav
tmv epycov
/cat
/cat
tovtcov eveKd fxoL
ra rwi'Se
6 Si^XotJcrat
epya re ondla errpaâp

/cat
/cat
7^
w?
e? rov? irarepas
/cat rwi^ irpocroi-
avTOiv TTepic^d)py](jev AlyvTTTOV

KO)V dp^Tj.
Mvcrwv
YlTokefxalov Ma/ceSdp'e? ^tXtTTTTou TratSa etvat tov 'AjxvvTov, Xoyo) 8e

10
Adyov
dXXa
re
vofxCôvcn-
Tr)v
ydp
ol fJLr]Tpa
eôvaav
eV yacrrpl SoBrjvau
yvvoLKa
ei^ ttJ
vtto ^lXlttttov Adyco.
IlroXejaatoi^
Se XeyovcTLv
'Acrta XajXTrpd diroSeiâcrdaL /cat
'AXe^dvhpo) KLvhvi>ov ^vp,^dvTO^ iv 'O^vSpct/cat? fidXicTTd ol

roiv eraipcov dpJvvai.
TeXevTiqaavTO<^ Se ÂXe^dvhpov rot? e?

|dv8pb>
. .
.
inscriptions (C.I. A. Ill, 81-83, 1113,
d|xvvai,
this statement
is
1114, 1120, 1121).

6.
to
expressly denied by Arrian (Anab.

his itinerary
(6, 1
6,
Pausanias interrupts
recount at considerable length
11, 3-8), who says that the incident occurred not in the territory of the
7, 3)
the history of the first two Ptole8, 1 is
Oxydracians, but at the city of an inde-
mies;
similarly devoted to Attais
pendent Indian
there
is
tribe called the Malli

lie also asserts that
lus; then, after the itinerary

(8, 2-6),
resumed
so Plut. Alex. 63.
mention of the statue of Ptolemaeus Fhilometor occasions a brief digression on his history (0, 1-3).
the
4.
jjiot
.
no truth
in the
statement that
Ptolemy won the title of Soter, as Ptolemy himself in his pub-
on
this occasion
lirfjXOe 8ri\wo-ai
"it oc-
lished
curred to
Pausanias.
3
;
me" a
;
favorite phrase of
the action.
9,
5,
memoirs denied being present at According to Q. Curtius,

statement origino-yovoriv dpff.,
Cf. 1, 12, 2; 29,10; 2,16,

7, 10,
21, the false
r,,
4,
26, 3
:
8, 17, 4.
ated with Clitarchus and Timagenes.
9.
)(ôvo-av v -yao-TpC
used by Pank6iv; e.g.
13.
\i\v
tois s'Apu8aiov
:
sanias
2, 22,
more frequently than
dvTKrrds
cf.
Justin, 13, 2, 11
6; '26, 4; 28,5; 3.3,9; 4.9.8;
who
on
gives the speech Ptolemy
made
33,3; 8,24,2; 36,2; 53,1.-12. A\-
this occasion.
HISTORY OF PTOLKMY
Ch.
6,
55
*Apt.haLOv TOP
15
^tXCmTov
avTos
8e
Trfv iracrav ayovcriv dp)(r)v dvTL(TTa<;
avTo<;
fxaXicTTa iyevero
e? e?
ra? ySacrtXeta? atTto? rd eOvq

AiyvTrTou Staô,?
KXeofxevyjv re 3
vefi7)07]i>aL.
diTKTLvep, ou (TaTpaTTveLP
hpo<;,
/cat
AlyvnTov KaTearrjaev 'Weâve?
Uep^LKica vopitôyv evvovv kol Sl avro ov tticttov avTw.
lAaKehovoiv tov<;
KOfjiLêLv
ra^êWa? tov AXe^duhpov veKpov

*
20
Atya?
dveireKrev avrco irapaSovvat

MejxcfyeL,
kol tov jxeu
pofxa) Tip
MaKeSovcov eOairrev iv
ola Se iin(TTdixeuo<;
7roXfxij(TovTaIIephLKKav AtyvrrTov eIê^' eV (f)vXaKf). riepSt/c/ca? 8e 9 /xei/
to
ev7TpeiT<; rrj? o'T/aareta?

e'/c
iinjyeTO 'A/DtSatot'
T'fj<;
To^' tXt7T7rov /cat TratSa 'AXeâ^'Spo^'
'Voi^dviq';
'O^vdp-
25
TOV yeyoi'ora
/cat
'AXeât'Spou,
rw
8e py(i) IlToXep,aiov eVe
ôvXevev
dcfyeXecrdat ry)v iv
/cat
AlyvTTTO) âcriXeiav
iô)a6ei<;
8e AtyvTrTOf
p.evo<;,
ra
e? iroXefxov Tl
ou^
<?
6/>tot6>9
6avp.at,6r
Stay8^\i7/xeVo9
8e
/cat
aXXw?
tou? MaKe8oiâ9,
diriOavev vtto twv (TOip,aro(\)vXdKOiv.

30 e? TO,
YlToXe^xalov 8e avTiKa 4
Trpdyfiara 6 YlepSiKKOv 6dvaTO<i inecTTrjcre

^
koL tovto
^
fxev Xvpov<; /cat ôivLKiqv etXe,
tovto 8e iKireaovTa vtto Avti-
yovov Koi (f)evyovTa vrreSeâTO îXevKOv tov Avtioôv, koX

avT09 TTapecTKevdêTO
cravhpov tov
35
^
oj? dp.vvovp.evo';
\\vTiyovov.
/cat
Kao"-
AvTiirdTpov
/cat
AvcTLjxaôv ftaaiXevovTa iv
(f)vyr)v
%paKrj p.eTa(Têiv eireKxe tov iToXejxov^

XevKov KOL TOV AvTLyovov
'
Xeyojv ttjv %e-
(f)ol3p6v (r(f)icnv elvai Trdatv avîqfxev '^v iv
OevTa.
ÂvTLyovo^ 8e
Teioj?
TrapaaKevfj iroXepiOv
Strabo,
19. TOV* AX|dv8powvKp6v rafter
hav-
phus, but Diod. 18, 28, and

17, p. 794,
ing been biouglit with nuich
pomp from
Babylon to Memphis, the remains of Alexander were finally brought to Alexandria and laid in a magnificent tomb, where funeral games were celebrated in his honor and he was afterwards worshiped as a hero. Paus. 1, 7, 1,
says this was under Ptolemy Philadel-
up
to
under Lagus. Here, the Christian era, the body redate

it
posed in a crystal
cofiin whii-ii
replaced
the golden one that had been stolen,
Nothing
pearance.
35.
is
known
X^-yuv
.
of
its
final disap-
<})vyTiv
.tvai: the
(i.
same
construction
in 1, 32,
56

Ch.
6,
Kol Tov KLvhvvov ov TTavTOLTTacnv iOdppei
eTret
Se eg Al^vtjv
Kvprjvaioju,
invdero
40
(TTpaTevetv YlToXefialou
d(f)(rTr)K6T(ov
avTLKa %vpov<^ koX ôivLKa<^ eikev i^ iTnSpofxrjs, irapahov^s

8e
Arjfjir)TpL(t>
T(o
TratSt,
iirl
rfkiKiav [xev
veco
(jypovelv
Se
tj
TJhrj
SoKovvTi, Karaâivei
top 'FXkijcnroi'Tov.
irpiv Se
Sta-
fiyjvaL TTokiv rjyev ottlo'co rr)v cTTpaTidv, ArjiMTJTpLOv olkovcov
VTTO
YlToXefxaLov
p^d^r)
KeKpaTrjadaL
Trj's
i^rjprjTpio<^
Se
ovre
45 TTavTdiradiv iêKTTrjKei TiToXepaico
^(i)pa% Kai rtvag TOiv
AlyvirTioiv \o^'qcra<; î4<^Beipev ov ttoXXov?.
tote Se yjKovra
'Avriyovov ov^ vTTopeLva<; UroXepalo^ dveôiprjcev e? AxyvTTTov.
hieXOovTO^ Se TOV êipo)vo<i ArjpiJTpLo^ TrXeucra?
e'g
Kvirpov MeveXaov craTpdTriqv UroXepaiov vavpa)(ia koX

50
aWi^
avTov UroXepaiov
eVtSta/Scti^ra eviKrja-e-
^vyovra Se avrov
d<îK6pevo<i klv-
e? AiyvTTTov ^ Avriyov6<i re
Ket /cat ArjpyJTpLO^;.
Kara
yrjv /cat vavcriv a/xa irroXiope'?
TlToXepalo^; Se
ttî^
Trai'
Swov
iirl
SteVwo'ei^ o/xw?
dp^y]v CTTparia re dvTLKadrjpevo^
YlrjXovcTLO) /cat TpLijpecnv
dpvvopevo^ apa Ik tov vorapev

aiprja-eiv
e/c
55 /iov.
'Ai^rtyoiô? Se AiyviTTOv
twj^ napovTcov
ovSepiav
ert etêi' eXTrtSa, ArjpTJTpiov Se eVt 'PoStov? crrpa-
Ttct ttoXXtJ /cat
vavcTLu ecrreiXev,
(o<;
et ot
npocryeuoLTo
rj
vrjcro<;
6pprjTr]pL(p '^pijcrecrOaL 7rpo<; Tovq AtyuTrrtou? iXnCi^cov
aXXa
avTOL re ot 'PdStot ToXpyjpaTa

40. irapaSovsSeAiiiiriTpiwTSiraiSitcf.
*
/cat i-mre^vTJaeL';
Cf. Diod. 20, 47-53;
17,
etc.,
irapecrôvTO
Plut.
Dem. 152,
Diod. 19, 80-84, riut.
Dem.
5, etc.,
and
ff.
and Droysen,
.
II,
.
125-
Droysen, Gesch.
years old.
d. Hell. II, 2,
40
137.
51. 'AvrC-yovos
:
iroXi6pKi
Demetrius was at this time twenty-two He gave battle to Ptolemy at Gaza and was defeated in 312 n.c.
48.
Kal
Ai]|i'<^Tpios kt\.
this successful ex-
Atiii^rpios
irXtvo-as
Kv-irpov
kt\.: not
however
in 311, after
an
in-
terval of a year, but in 300 did Deinetrius sail to

in
Egypt occurred in 306 b.c. and the memorable siege of Rhodes 305-304 r.c. The Rhodians gave Ptolemy the title Soter in recognition of tlie assistance he gave them
pedition
against
at
this
Cyprus, and not at sea but
time.
Cf.
Diod. 20, 73-06;

II,
a land battle was this signal victory.
Plut.
Dem. 19-24; Droysen,
2,
Thus Pausanias makes two mistakes.
146-174.

HISTORY OF PTOLEMY
Ch.
C,
57
60 9
Tovq TTokiopKovvTa^ KaL nToXe/Aalo? (Tîaiv e? ocrov SvudrJKe
ixeajf;
avpyjpaTO e? top TTokejxou.
'liPTiyouoq Se 'PdSou re
afxapTOJi' KaL AlyvrrTov irporepop, ov ttoXXco tovtcou
vcnepov
avTiTOLâdOai Avcrt/xaô) To\p,ri<Ta^

rfj
/cat
Kacrcrai/Spo) re koX
SeXevKov crrpaTLa,
T179 Svi^ct/xew?
a.TTcuXeo'e
to ttoXv kol
05
auT09 airiOave TaXanrojprjaaf;

Fivfievr)
/xctXtcrra
rw
ixrjKet
tov
77/309
TroXefxov.
tcov he âaiXecov
twv KadeXovTOjp
\\pTi-
yovov av OCT 1(1/7 aTov Kptpco yevecrOai Kdcrcravhpov, 09

Tiyovov
rjXOev
70
St' 'Ai^-
TYju
eir'
MaKeSopcop dp^-qv dvaaoicrdpevo'i
TToXefxtjcrcjv
'
dvhpa
9
evepyeTrjv.
dirodapovTO^ Se
AvTi.y6vov
nToX/>tato9 Svpoi'9 T avOi^ /Cat Kv7r/3ot' etXe, KaTTJyaye 8e
Kat
Uvppov
TTî^
SeaTTpcoTiha rjireipov
KvpT]vr]<; Se ciTro-
(TTd(Tr]<;
Ma'ya9
Bepe^'t/c^79 V109
riroXe/xatw rore avvoiKovcry)^

Kvpyjpyjv.
eret TreyotTrrw /xera tt)^ dTrdcrrao'ti' eiXe
Se 6
TTroXe/xato9 ovto<; dXiqdel Xoyo) îXittttov tov 'Ajxvvtov 7rat9

75
-i^p-,
to"T<y
TO itnpavk^ e9 Ta9 'yvvat/ca9 /cara

EvpvSiKr)
e'9
rot'
iraTepa
/ce-
KTr)pPO<^, 69
Trj
AvTiirdTpov ctvuolkcop ovtcov ol
Tra'ihoiv Bepei/t/CT79
epcoTa yXOev, iqp 'AvTLTTaTpo<; KvpvhiKr)

TavTT79
Aw^v t^s
vdii'.
(TvveTreixxpev
e'9
AtyvTTToi^.
dvTiTd|a<r0ai
T179
yvvaLKoq epaade\<;
6
Gl. 'AvrC-yovos
(ri|xdx<it is
olKlrjs
'Avdxapcts, Tcrrw aTroâ2, 35,
To\|x^(ras
the reference here
I'aus. 1, 29, 14;

(i,
l.'J,
8;
o, 27,
to the iiioinentous battle fought at
7;
70.
5, 12, .3;
10; 15, 7; 10,8.

it
Ipsus in Phrygia in 301 n.c. Antigonus was killed, his kingdom went to pieces, and the result of the battle was the four independent kingdoms of GasSander in Macedonia, Lysimachus in Thrace, Seleucus in Syria, and Ptolemy in Egypt. The kingdom of Ly-
EupvSCKT]
BepeviKr]s kt\.:
is
not
known when Ptolemy's marriage

Berenice (Schol. Theocr.
of
17,
with Eurydice, daughter of Antipaier,

occurred.
34)
was a grand-niece
Antipater.
lip,
Her children by her first husband, I'hiwere Magas and Antigone, the wife
Pyrrhus
(Pint.
simachus, after a brief existence, was
of
Pyrr. 4);
her chil-
wiped out by the incursions of the

Gauls.
Cf. Diod. 20, 112; 21,
ff.,
dren by Ptolemy were Arsinoe, born

not later than 310, and Ptolemy, born
Pint.
II, 2,
Dem. 28
215-219.
etc.,
and Droysen,
4, 76, el
probably
in
309 or 308.
until 283.
Ptolemy Philain
delphus ascended the throne

:
285;
75. lo-Tw
cf.
Herod.
wv TavTrjs
Lagus lived
58

Ch.
7, 1
TratSa? i^ avTrj<; iiTOLyjcraTo,

80 YlToXejxaLOP aTriXirrev
vaLOL<5
/cat
w? û
ol TrXyjcriov
d(j)
rj
TeXevnj,
AlyviTTov âaikeveiv,
ov Ka\ 'Ad-q-
IcTTiv
Tj
(f)vXy],
yeyovora
e/c
êpevLKr)<; dXX'
ovk eV
T17? ÂvTiTrdrpov OvyaTp6<;.
OuT09
6 riroXejaato? 'ApcrLv6r}<; dê\(f)rj<; dix(f)OTepo)0ev ipa-
crêi? eyrjfxev avTijv, MaKcSoo'ti^ ovoa/xoj? ttolo)v vop.il,6p,eva,
AlyvrrTioi^ p,evToi (hv '^px^'
oevrepa 8e
Xeyerai,
r)v
doe\(f)oi' direKTeivev
Apyalov i-môvkevovTa,
a)<;
/cat
rov 'AXe|'ai'8/3ou
vcKpov ovTo^ 6 Koaayayoiv
Ik
Me)a<^too9
direKTetve Se
d<j)i-
Kal aX.Xov dheX(f>ov yeyovora i^ EvpvSt/cT)?, Kvirpiov;

(TTavTa ai(T06p,evo<;.
jxaiov irapd
J^vprjvrjv
10 /jteV,
Maya?
Trj<^ e/c
Se do\(f)o<; 6ixop.rjTpio<^ ITroXefxrjTpo^
lipeuLKr]<;
iyeyopec
kcli
d^twêt? iTTLTpoireveLV
oe
^lXlttttov Trj JiepevLKy Ma/ceSdt'o?

/cat
dXXco? Se dy^'wo'rou
ezô?
Toi)
Syjfxov
rdre
St)
ovro? 6 Mctyag
d7ro(TTy](Ta<i YlToXefxaLov Kvpr)vaiov<;
rjXavpep
(f)pa^d- 2
in
AiyvTTTOv.
ITroXejaato? piev rrjv
iir/SoXrjv
p.evo<;
vnepeuev eVtwra? K.vpr]vaCov^,
Maya
e'5
Se dvrayye'XXeSe Al^vcov ol
rat /ca^' oSov dcftecTTrjKep at

15
MappapiSa^/cat
etcrt
MappapiBaL
XdacreTO
eTre'crêv.
rotv vopdhoiv.
rdre êi'
Kvpyjprjv dirrjX-
TlToXep,aloi>
Se
dipp-qpevov OKOKeiv atrta rotdSe
rjuiKa Trapecr/cevdêro iiriovTa
dpvveaO at Mdyav,
eg rerpa/ctcr^t-
êVof? irnqyayero Kat aXXou? Kat TaXara?

Xtov9
20
Toi^rov? Xa^cov iiriôvXevovTa'^

Stct roi)
Karaa^^lu AiyvirTov,
iroTapov.
/cat ot p-e//
dvT^yaye a(f)d^ e? vrjorov eprfpov

7.
Ptolemy Philadelphus and ArsinToXejjiaios

:
of her marriage with her full brother,
noe.
1.
'Ap(riv6T]s
first
d8\<)>fis
kt\.
Arsinoe was
married some
After
time after the battle of Ipsus to Lysi-
Ptolemy Philadelphus, is not definitely known, but an Egyptian inscription shows they were already married 273272 h.c. Cf. A. AViedemann, Philol.
machus (Droysen,
II, 2, 230).
XLVII
ment
sister
(1889), 84.
Pausanias' state-
the battle of Corupedion,
in
which
that the marriage of brother and
Lysimachus fell, she married her halfbrother, Ptolemy Ceraunus. The date
tians
was customary among the Egypis confirmed by Diod. 1, 27, 1,
HISTORY OF PTOLEMY
Ch.
8, 1
II
59
evravOa dircoXouTO
1^817
vtto re dkXTJXcDu /cat

ATra/xTî^
tov Xtfiov
Maya9
8e
yvvaxKa
e)((ov
Atrtoôu tov XeXevKov dvyarepa,

TraTTjp ol SeXeu/co? inoLtj-
eiTiLcrep *Avtlo)(ôv
Trapa^dvTa a? 6
77/309
craTO
(rvi>0TJKa<;
UToXefxalou iXavuecu in
AiyviTTov.
Sieirefjixpeu
25 (opixrjp,evov Se
<;
'Avtl6)(ov cTTpaTevetv, IlroXe/xato?
a7raPTa<i (hv rjpx^^
AvTioyo^,
tol<; p,ev
dcrdevecTTepoLq
Xr)-
0"Ta9 KaraTpeêiv r-qv yrjv, 0% 8e rjcrav SwaTcorepoL arpaTLO,
KaTelpyev, wcrre KvTt6^(a ynqiroTe iyyeveaOai
ctt pareveLv
in AiyvTrTOv.
30 tog
ovto<; 6 nroXe/otato? /cat irpoTepov elp-qTal fxoL

i<;
vavTiKov ecTeiXev
/cat
rrju Adrjvaicop avixiJia)(Lav
in
'Ai/ri-
yovov
Ma/ce8ot'a9
dXXa yap dn avrov ovSev

ol 8e ol
fxeya
iyevero 9 ao)Tripiav ÂOrjvaioLS.

\\p(TLp6r)^, ov Trjq
nalSe^ iyevovTo i^
rrju 8e
dSeX^^9, Avcnfidôv 8e 0vyaTp6<;-
ol (TwoiKijcracrav dSeXîî^
35 d7T"at8a, /cat vop,6<;
KareXaêu
avTrjq
'
tl
nporepov dnodavelv
iariv
dn
ApcnpoLTy]^ Atyvvrrtotg.
1
'
ATTatret 8 6
Xoyog hrjXaxraL
/cat ret e? ''ArraXot' e)(ovTa, ort

^
/cat
ot'TO? TOiv inajpTUfxajv iariv

Jud. de Special. Leg. Mang.
diroOavciv
A6y]vaioL^.
;
dvrjp
1, ."0,
MaKehwv
3,
a-n-iKpivev 6
:
Philo
2,
^KiXevaev 6 \6yos
\6yoi.
303, etc.
34. a8X({>T]v KaTcXa^cv
. .
.
"ArraXov tôvTa a favorite phrase borrowed from HerodoIs

tiis.
rd
&iraiSa: KOTAa/Sej/ dTToâmc, a frequent
Cf. 1,
IL G;
3,
20, 7; 32, 3, with
expression, e.g.
5; 9, 5, 14
;
1,
29, G; 2, G, 3; 3, 10,
Ildt. 2, 53;
16, 82, 12G, etc.
The
10, 1.
The formula is Hero118;

G, 38.
fortunes of the Attalids were founded
dotean,
larly,
cf. Ildt. 3,
SimiV
we
4
find
ij
reXevrrj,
rb xp^'^î
ireirpufiivri,
as subject of KaroKaix^dvetv.
;
So
1, 11,
13, 5; 20, 7
3, 13.
Still
more frequently are such words subject of iiriXafi^dveiv.
Cf.
;
1, 9,
3; 2,
9,
4; 20, G
8.
22, 2
Attalus
Statues:
30, 7
34, 5.
by Philetaerus, a eunuch of I5ilhynia, who was left by Lysimaclius in charge of his treasuiy on the Acropolis of I'ergamus. Pliiletaerus later went over to Seleucus when the latter defeated and killed Lysimachus in 281 u.c, and after the murder of Seleucus in 280 he
.succeeded in continuing master of the
fortress
Amphiaraus,
Eirene, Lycurgus,
CaUia.% Demosthe-
and
its
treasures.
When
he
nes
Sunrtuarij of Ares with statius adjacent Ilartuodius and Aristugitoa The Odeum.
1.
died in 203 he
left liis
in po.ssession of
nephew Kumenes Pergaiuus. Kumenes

by
his cous-
was .succeeded
in
in 241 h.c.
'AiraiTti 8c 6 Xo-yos
cf.
G,
1,
2,
Attalus, wlio, after defeating the
60
AoKt/xo?
vcrrepov
5

Cli.8, 2
oVojOta, CTT paT'r]yo<;
XvTLyovov, AvcnjJidâ) TrapaSov?
avrov
/cal
to,
'^pyjixara,
Srj
îkeTaipov Ila(f)\ay6pa
e^X^^ evvov)(OP.
ocra fxkv
îkeraipo} Treirpaypiiva is Tr)v

eTrr)-
aTTOCTacriv eVrt ttjv diro A.v(rip,aôv Kat w? %ekevKov
ydyeTO, ecrrat
fxoL tcov e? AvcrLjxa-ôu TrapevdiJKy]

yaei^
6 8e Arra-
Xo9 'ArraXou
Trai? wt', dSeXc^tSoi)?
Se ^LXeraipov, tt)v
jxeyucTTOP
dp^rjv Ev/xeVov? TrapaSdt'ro? ecrêv dpexpLov.

10 icTTLv
oe
ol T(ov
epyoiv
FaXara? yap
e?
riî^
yrjv rju
en Kai
9eci)v, 2
vvv eôvcriv dva(f)vyeiv r^vdyKaaev diro daXdcrar]'?.
Mera
'
8e ra? et/cdiâ? rwi/ iTrwvvpiwv icrnv dydX/jLara

/cat
AfXffyidpao'i
Yjlpyjvrj
(f)epov(ra
UXovtov
TralSa.
ivravda
Gauls, assiuTied the
title
of king
and
reigned as Attains
13. 'A(i({>idpaos
:
I.
Leucothea group in the Glyptothek at Munich is a copy of this work of

Cephisodotus.
It repi'esents
of the tragic heroes of
Amphiaraus is one Greek mytholV,
woman
left
clad in a long robe, bearing on her
ogy.
Sept.
Cf.
Od.
ff.
;
0,
243,
352
Aesch.
etc.
arm a
coins.
587
Eur.
the
Supp. 925,
There are frequent copies of the group on Attic

little
naked boy.
He was one
of
"Seven
against
Cf. Inihoof-Gardner, Numisni.

p.
Thebes," the hero whom the earth swallowed up with his four-horse charplace
Connn. on Pans.
147,
and
plates.
evravOa
Kovs
p.
:
The was afterwards called Harma, i.e. the chariot, and is one of the famous sites of Gi'eece, on the road from
iot
and the gods made immortal.
AvKOvp-yos t Ketrai x*^" according to Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or.
852 a, a bronze statue to Lycurgus,
the finance minister and orator, was

set
up
if dyopq., in
recognition of his
Potniae to Thebes (Pans.

3).
1,
34;
0,
8,
services to the state,
by a decree
of Stra-
Consult, on thecult of Amphiaraus,
tocles passed 307-30G b.c.
Two
frag-
Harrison, Ancient Athens, pp. G2-(55. EtpV]VT) ({>pov(ra IIXovtov iralSa
this
2),
group was by Cephisodotus

It
(9, 0,
the father or elder brother of the
great Praxiteles.
was probably
set
up
after Timotheus's great victory at
Leucas and the conclusion of peace between Athens and Sparta in 374 li.c, as from that date Peace (Eip-ovrj) was worshiped as a goddess (Isoc. 15, It is now 109; Nepos, Timoth. 2).
generally accepted that the so-called
ments of an inscription containing the decree have been found. See Harrison, Ancient Athens, pp. 70-72, who also tells of the fragments of the pedestal found in 1888, with the inscription AvKoOpyos AvK^dippovos Bo[uTd5r;s. Lycurgus deserved well of his country for his public works as well as for his financial administration. He com:
pleted the Dionysiac theatre, leveled
and walled in the Panathenaic stadium, and built the gynniasium of the
STATUE OF DEMOSTIIKNES
Ch.
8,
Gl
KvKovpyo^
15
T KCtTat
âXKOv? 6
AvK6(f)pouo<; /cat
t6l<^
KaXXtag, 09
'
Trpos
kpTaêp^rfv tov "Bdpôv
EXX-qo'Li',
w? AdijpaLojp
8e Kat Ar)fxoTpoL^y]i>o<;
ol TToXXol
(T6evr}<i,
Xeyovaiv, errpaê ttju elpTJvrju-
ecm
ov is
KaXavpeiav 'AdrjualoL
rrju
irpo
VTjcrov
rjvdyKacrav diroâjprjaaL, Se^djxepoL 8e varepov StwArjixocr0vr]<; he cJs

-i
KOVCTLv avdis fxerd rrju iv Aa/ita irXiqyrjv.

20
TO hevTcpop
(f)vye,
irepaiovTai koX Tore e? tj^v KaXavpeCav,

iTeXevTqcTe/cat
eu6a
Sr]
ttiojv
<j)d.pp.aKov
(f)vydSa re
KXXrjva
fiopov TovTov 'AvTLirdTpcp
MaKcSdcrti^ ovk dvTjyayep Âpcui'
^ta?.
ocroi
6 Se 'Ayo^ta? ovToq
(^3ov/3tos
epyov rjpaTo dvoaiov

rj
MaKeSocTLU enpaâv iuaurta
irpiv
rot?
EXXTycrt to
25 TTTaZ(Tp.a (jo)
iv BecrcraXtct yevicrdai, tovtov; rjyev 'Apîa?

Si
Kttl
Lyceum under
;
his administration tlie
AT]|j.0(r6vT]s
r..c.
this
statue
was
arsenal of rhiio
was
built,
and
all
the
erected 280-279
on a decree moved
docks and arsenals were put in excellent

condition.
14.
KoXXias
kt\.
Callias
was the reputed author of the
so-called
Peace of Cimon which, according to a tradition of the fourth century and later, was concluded with Persia in
445
B.C.,
by Demochares, nephew of the orator (Ps.-Plut.vit.xOr. pp. 847 o and 850< ). The sculptor was Polyeuctus. The statue was of bronze, and represented the orator standing with his hands locked in each other. The site was
TrXrjaiov
fiw/iwd
whereby Artaxerxes pledged

and
to forbid his troops to
toO
vepicxoivlff/xaTO^
Kal
rou
himself to send no warships into the
Twv
8u>SfKa OeCbv.
Pint.
Dem. 31
near.
Aegean
sea,
says a
large
plane-tree stood
approach within three days' march or one day's ride of the sea. Cf. Dem. 10, 273; Diod. 12, 4; Plut. Cimon, 18,
etc.
The well-known marble

Vatican
is
statue in the
supposed
to
be a copy, with
Cf. P.
some
d. k.
variations, of this statue.
Herodotus
(7,
151) testifies that
Hartung, "Zur Statue des Dem.," Verb,

deutsch. In.stituts,
1,
Callia-s was sent to Persia, but neither he nor Thucydides mentions such a treaty. It is intrinsically improbable
XVHI
(1903),
Heft
25.
The
altar of the
Twelve
statue,
Gods mentioned as near the
that
if
it
should have been made, and

it
made
was repeatedly broken.

380 n.c).
though not noticed by Pausanias, was an important spot, as distances were

reckoned from
Pisistratus
it. It was set up by and enlarged by the de-
Isoc. 4, 118-120, is the first writer to
allude to
it (c.
Theopompus
in
considered a copy of the treaty extant

kTTiKoh
mocracy.
7;
(i,
Cf. Thuc. 6, 54,

II,
(5;
Ildt. 2,
the fourth century a forgery (Harp. s.v.

ypafx/xaffiv).
108; C.I.A.
1078, etc.,
II,
and
434-
Even
it.
J'ausanias
Wachsnmth, Stadt Athen,

430.
speaks doubtfully about
IG.
tern
62

Ch.
8,
ÂvrnTOLTpoi hcocrovTa^ hiKrjv.
ArjixocrOeveL jxkp
rj
irpo^ \\.dr]-
dyav evvoLa e? tovto i)^(i>pr](Tev ev Se (jlol XeXe'^ât SoKCt av^pa d(êt8aj9 eKireaovTa is Tro\iTeiav koI incrTa rjyqvaCovs
adfxevov rd rov StJjxov

30
ixtj-rroTe
/caXw? reXevrrJcrat.
Trjs 8e Tov ArjixocrOeuovs etKOPOS ttXtjctiov
Âpew?
Icttlv 4
lepov, evda
dyaXfiaTa Svo
jxev 'A(f)poSLTr]<; Ketrat,
to Se tov
"Apecus
eTToirjcrev ^ K\Kap.ev'r)<;, ttjv
8e 'A0r]i>dv dprjp Hdpios,
oVojLia Se
avrw
Ao Kpos-
iuTavda Kal 'Fjvvovs dyaXfxd eaTLv,
inoirjcrav Se ot vratSe? ol
35
Upa^LTekovs'
'
rrepl Se
tov vaov
k(TTd(TLv 'HpaKXrjq kol Bi^creu? Kal
AttoXXcov dvaSovjxevos
.
Taivia Trjv
kojjltjv,
dv^pidvTes Se KaXaS?^? 'AdrjpaLOLS, w?
Xeyerat, vofxov; ypdxjjas, kol ITiVSapo?
aXXa
re
evpojxevos
TTapd
Adr]vai(x)v /cat
ttî^
eiKova, otl a(f)ds iTrrjveaev acrfxa
30.
"Apews
is
tcTTiv
Upov
the shrine of
Ares
of
not elsewliere mentioned ex-
cept in inscriptions bearing on the cult
Ares
(cf.
S.Q.
XV,
23).
The
It
site is
two images an Athena of Locrus of Paros, otherwise unknown, and a statue of Enyo, by the sons of Praxiof Aphrodite,
teles (cf. 8, 30, 10
St
;
the sanctuary of Ares
not known with exactness.

lay
probably
9, 12, 4).
34.
irepl
:
on the south side of the Agora, along the nortli slope of the Areopagus. Various sites have been conjectured, but none convincingly. It was certainly not far {ov irbppw) from the statues of Harmodiusand Aristogiton, and on, or adjacent to, the Areopagus. 31. TO Se TOV "Aptcos eiroirjo-ev *A\KaFurtwangler (Meisterw. pp. )ji^vT)s 121-128) argues that the Borghese
TOV vaov
ffTd<riv
'HpaKXfjs kt\.
round the temple Pausanias mentions five statues, one a god, Apollo, two heroes, Heracles and Theseus, and two mortals, Calades and Pindar. Few particulars are given. Of Calades nothing further is known. The poet Pindar was represented Kad-fjuevos ev evdv/j.aTi
Kal Xvpa dtdSri/j,a
va.T(j}v
ix^^
i^"-'-
^t''-
''''^^
7"-
dpeiKeyfiûov pi^Xiop (Ps.-Aesch.
Ares,
now
in the
Louvre,
is
a replica
Epist. 4, 3).
The date
of the statue
was
it
of Alcaraenes's
image of Ares. Since
probably long after the poet's death,

as Isoc. 15, IGG does not allude to
reciting the honors
in
there are numerous other copies of the

original
Borghese statue, it nmst have been a famous work, as that

of
the
of
Alcamenes was bound

I,
to be.
Cf.
Roscher, Lexicon,
489
Friederichs-
heaped on Pindar because of his eulogium of the city. He had addressed Athens as " bright and glorious Athens, pillar of Greece "
(Frag. 54, ed.
Wolters, Gips-Abgiisse, 1298.
Pausa-
Bergk).
II,
Cf.
Wachs-
nias groups four statues within or near
muth, Stadt Athen,
402, 407.
IIARMODIUS AM) ARISTOGITOX

Cli. 8, G
63
kol
'ApicTTOo
TTOLTJaa^;.
ov
noppco
oe
karacnv
'Apfjiohio^;
40 yeiTOiv ol
KTeLuavTe<;
iTTirapôv
atria 8e i^rt? iyepero kol

elprjfxepa.
TO epyov ovTiva rponov enpaâu, erepot? icrrlp

Titiv
8e avhpiavTOiv ol /xeV
etcrt
Kptrtov
rd-^vq, tov<; 8e apjâierX-ei^
ov? iuoLrjcrep 'AvTrjvojpTTOi^Twi'
"Bepôv 8e, w?
'AOtjva^ ckXi-
TO acTTv 'AdrjvaiojVj array ay ofxeuov

kareTTeixxjjev
'
/cat
rovrov? are
45
Xafpvpa,
vcrrepou Adr]uaLOL<; 'Ai^rtoô?.

KaXovcrt^' 'l2t8etoi/ dvhpLcii're'i rrpo rrjs 6
Tou dedrpov 8e o
rd avrd UroXepâloL
ea'd8ov fâcrikeoiv elcrlv JilyvTrrtcjv.

cr^tcrtt',
6v6p,ara p.ev
^rj
Kara
/cat
dWr]
Be iTTLK\7]cn<; dXXco
50
yap îXoprjropa KaXovcrL /cat <E>tXa8eX(ôi/ Tov Adyov Sojrrjpa rrapaôvroiv 'Vohioiv to
oO.
Kttl
erepov, rov 8e
ovopia.
rwv
8e
ov iroppb)
8c carrdo'iv 'ApiioSios
*Api<rTO'yiTwv
ktX.
it
has been
by a new group fashioned by Critius and Isesiotes (I'ar. Chron. 1. 370 Lu;
already noticed
of
tliat
the famous group
cian, Philops. 18).
After the restorastatues, the

side.
is
Harmodius and Aristogiton stood
tion of the
Antenor
two
about opposite the Metrouni, on the way up to the Acropolis. Other evi-
groups stood side by
The
the
finest
reproduction of the group
famous
dence is to the effect that they stood in a conspicuous place used for festivals known as the " orchestra " (Tim.
Lex. Plat, and Phot. Lex.
ffrpa).
pair of marble statues in the Naples
Museum.
It is still
a moot question
s.v.
opxi-
082 speak of them as being in the Agoia. The "orchestra" was doubtless .someAr. Lys.
(iSo
and
P^ccles.
whether the Naples statues reproduce the group of Antenor or that of Critius and Nesiotes. For the discussion
of this, see J'razer,
4G.
II, 93-01).
Tov Ocdrpov
Sc 6 KaXovo'iv 'HiSci-
where
off
from the northwest slope of
ov
this passage brings
up three imporin
the Areopagus, on the opposite side of

the road.
tant questions in Athenian topograph}'
The
statues were of bronze,
the
tioned,
three,
14,
1
;
number
and
(1)
of
Odeums
Athens,
fashioned by the
sculptor
Antenor
the identification of the one here

its site.
men1,
;
(Arrian, Anab. 3, 10, 7;
7, 19, 2, etc.)
Pausanias names
20, 4
shortly after the expulsion of Ilippias,
the above, also mentioned

1,
They were carried off by Xerxes 480 b.c. and were finally sent
510
li.c.
(2)
one built by Pericles,
and
7,
(3)
the
Odeum
of Ilerodes Atticus,
back to Athens by Alexander the Great (Arr. Anab. 3, 16, 8 Pliny, N. H. 34, 70) or by Seleucus (Val. Max. 2, 10) or by Antiochus (Pans. 1, 8, 5). In the
;
20, G.
As
the question of the iden-
tity
and
site of the structure
here men-
tioned
is
involved with the considera-
tion of the objects
and places mentioned
mean
time, in 477 they were replaced
in c. 14, the discussion is reserved.
64

Ch.O,
1
dk\(t)v 6 [xev L\dêX(f)6s idTiv ov koI irporepov fxviqfxiqv iv

TOL<;
erroivvyiOLf;
iTTOLr]crdixr]v,
irXyjcriou
oe ol
/cat
'ApaLv6r]<;
i
9 Trjs dSe\(f)rj<;
icmv
elKcov.
6 Se îXofJirjTOjp /caXov/xeiô? 6ySoo<;
jxev icTTiv dTr6yovo<^ YiTokepialov

cr)(ev
Icrfxev
5 iraihoiv
tov Adyov, ttju Se
iTTLK\r)(TLv
im
9
rj
^Xevacr/xw. ov
yap Tiva
tcov /3acnXe(ov pii(Tiq0evTa
Toaovê
ixTJTrjp
vtto
p,r]Tp6<;,
ov TTpea^vrepov oVra twv

rrjv dp^rjv,
ovk eta KaXelv eVt
irporepov 8e
Trjq 8e is
e? K^vnpov viro tov Trarpo? 7reix(f)6rjvai -rrpdâaa-
TOV TratSa
/cat
Trj
KXeoTrarpa
SvcrvoLa<i
Xiyovaiv aXXa? re atrta?

tcov
iraihcov
ort
AXiâvhpov tov veorrepov

T^XTTtê.
KaTTjKoov
ecreaOai [xdXXov
10
Kat Sta tovto iXecrdai /âcrtXea

ivavnovfjievov Se ol tov
2
'AXeâvhpov
TTXr]9ov<i,
eireidev
AlyviTTLOvs'
SevTepa e?
Trjv
Kvirpov eaTetXev 'AXeâvSpov, CTTpaSt'
Trjyov fxev T(o Xoyo), t(o oe epyca
avTov IlroXeâiw Oe-
Xovcra eivat <ôêpcoTepa. TeXo<^ oe /cararpwcracra ov? /xaXtcrra

rwi^ evvovôiv ivojXLlêv vvov<5, iinjyeTo
15 C09 avTT^
cr(f)d<?
e? to ttX-^0o<;
re eVt/3ovXevêtcra vtto ITroXe/xatov /cat rov? evvovutt'
ôv9 Totavra
eKeivov
Trad6vTa<;.
ol
Se
'AXeâvSpels
cr(f)ds
ttol-
(jjpfxy](rav fxev (os
diroKTevovvTe'; tov YiToXepLoiov, cos Se

ved>s,
ecfidacrev
ein^ds
'AXeâvSpov rfKovra
e/c
l^virpov
rj
ovvraL
9.
âcrtXea.
KXeondTpav Se
irepLyjXdev
Slkt)
tyJs 3
Ptolemy Philometorandhismothcr
Cleopatra
Statues
of Philip, Alex,-
nias's idea.
under, and L]/sbnachiis
and
his Contest with the Thracians
Lysimachus
X
Soter
would rather meet PausaBut his explanation is a mistake, as îXo/xi^rwp was an official title and could not be a nickname.
M-qrpdcpiXos
Ilieronynms of Cardia. 1. 6 8 4>i\onifJTwp: Ptolemy

II riiilometor II,
5.
ovk
cl'a
it
irpoTtpov Si
-irpd-
âcra:
is
a frequent occurrence in
in
with the nickname
Pausanias
fiiv
coordinate clauses with

kuI,
Lathyrus
est
(Plut. Cor. 11)
was the
eldII,
to
5^,
re
ovre
ovre,
dre
son of Ptolemy
IX Euergetes
etre,
to
have
in the first clause the par-
and succeeded
his father in the 208th year of the Lac;idae = 117-110 n.c. lie reigned 117-108 and 89-81 n.c
o.
-irl
ticiple,
but
is
in the second the iinite verb have the reverse of thi.s, as here, extremely rare. Cf. 1, 12, 1 2, 18,
;
to
added by Pausanias explain the surname 'îXofirjTwp.

x^^Ô'O'nS
:
3; 10,
7,
1
;
(without ^^v); 3,3,3;

10, 32, 7.
7,
10
19, G
HISTORY OF LYSIMACHUS
Ch.9, 5
65
20 JlToXefiaLOv <f)vyrj<; d-rrodauovcrap viro
\\Xe^di'hpov, oV avrrj
ySactXeueti'
enpaêv AxyvTrrioiv.
tov he epyov ôypaOdvTO';

(f)evyopTo<i,
KoX 'AXe^dphpov
Xe/ittto?
(f)6â) to)v ttoXltcop

/cat
ovtoj YIto-
KarrjXOe
to
hevrepov
ecrêv
AlyviTTOv
koI
T7/8atot9
eTToX4p,r)(T(.v
diToaTdcn,
TTapa.(TTy)(Tdp,evo<i
oj?
Se eret
25 TpLT(p fierd
Tr)u
dwoaTaaiu
Trj<;
iKdKcocrep,
py]Se
viroixprjixa
XeKÔrjvai HrjâCoi,^
irore
evSaifxovLaq TrpoeXOovarjS e?
TroXv)(^prj-
ToaovTOu
cJ?
vnep/SaXecrdaL ttXovto) tov^; 'EXX7yVw^'
ixdrov;, to re
fialov
30
Upov to
iv AeXôt? koI 'Opôfxeviov^.
IlroXerj
fiev
ovu oXiyco tovtcju

^hO-qvaZoi he
e^r)y7J(Te(o<;
vdTepov eVeXaê fxolpa
KadiJKOvcra-
vn avTov
Tra06vTe<; ev iroXXd re
Koi ovK a^La

dveOrjKav,
77
âX/covi' /cat avrov koI BepepLKrfv

ol t(ou Traihcov rjv.
iXt'7r7ro9
fxovr]
yvqaia
Mero. he tov<; AlyvirTLov^;

^lXlttttov
35
re Kat 'AXeâvhpos 6
ttoj?
tj
KelvTai-
tovtol<;
toI<;
fieiôva
fiep
virrfpê
aXXov
re
irdpepya eivai Xoyov.
ovv
dn
AlyvirTov
TLfxfj
dXr]dei /cat evepyeTaL<; ovctl
yeyovacnv at
hfopeai, ^PtXimro)
he
/cat
'AXe^dvhpo) /coXa/ceta ptaXXov is avTovs tov ttXtjOovs,
eVet Kat
Avaiâôv ovk evvoia toctovtop
ojg
e?
ra irapovTa
'AXâ^^
^pri(TLp.ov vopiitôvTes dvedy)Kav.

40
'O he Avaifxaôs ovtos yevos re
rjv Ma/ceSoii/ /cat

vtt'
Spou
hopv(f)6po<;, OV ÂXeâvhpos ttotc
opyrjs XeovTi ofxov
KaSeipâs is
ovv dXXa
TJhr]
oiKiqyia
KeKpaTrjKOTa evpe tov drjpCov Td re
StereXet davfxdlôjv /cat Ma/ceSdiôji/ ojxolcos toIs
dpioTTOis y)yev iv Tt/x^.

45 K(ov
TeXevTr^cravTos he 'AXe^dvhpov
Wpaelev
iâcriXevev 6 Avaipiaôs t(ov npoaoiKcuv
MaKehoauv,
ocrojv rjpêv
40.
is
'AXeâvhpos
:
/cat
ert
is
irpoTepov ^lXittttos
'O
Si
AvirLâ\os ktX.
this story
15, 3,
told at length
by Justin,
and
17,
it
effect that once, while
based on an actual occurrence to the hunting in vSyria,
referred to
by
Plut.
Dem.
27, Pliny,
1,
Lysiinachus had killed single-handed a

gigantic lion; which, thought Curtius,
N.H.
calls
8, 54, etc.
Q. Curtius, 8,
the story a fable, but thinks
might be the origin of Paiisanias' story.
66
S'

Cli.O,
fi
av ovTOL Tov ^paKLOV fxolpa ov
fxeydXr).
HpaKcou Se tmu
fxyj
ndirrcDV ouSeVe? TrXetov? elcrl tcov

77/309
dvd pwiroiv on
koX
KeXrot
dkko
edvo<^
eV avTeêrdtôvTi,
'Pw/xatojt'
8ta tovto ovSet?

d6p6ov<?
50 TTO)
TTpoTcpo';
Bpct/ca?
KaTecrrpeâTo
'Pct>/xatot9
8e ^paKf] re ndcrd iaTiv inroêlpLoq, kol KeXrcov
6(Tov p.ev d')(pelov vojxii,ovcn Std re

yijs (f)avX6Tr)Ta, e/<oucrtcos irapcoTrrai
)(ovcri
virep^dWov
cr(f)Lcri, ret
xj)v)ô<?
kul
oe dîOKT-qra
r>
KOL TovTOJV.
TOTE he 6 AvcTijotaô?
TTpcoTOL'? T(ou Tfepioi-
55 K(j}v iiToXefx-qcreu
'OSpvcrat?, Sevrepa Se eVt ApoixL)(aLTr]v koI
rera? iaTpdrevcrev
TToXefxcov,
ola 8e dvhpdcn av^JiâkMv ovk dTreupoL'?

ttoX-V
dpidixw Se Kal
viTepê^XrjKoaiv, auros
Se'
/xej/
e? TO (T)(aTov eXOctiv Kivhvvov SLecfyvyeu, 6

6oKXrj<; (TV(TTpaTev6[xeuo<; tote
60
ol vrat?
'Aya-
irpwTOv vno tcjv Tetmu eaXw.

ttî'
Avo"t)aaô? Se
dXctxTLu
/cat
vcrrepov 7rpocr7TTai(ra<; /actual? Kal

ov/c
ei^
TOV
7rai.So9
Trapepyo)
Trj<;
TTOLO-ufxeuof;
dp)(rj<^
Trj<s
crvveOeTo
irpo^
ApofXi^^âLTrju
elprjviqv,
re
/cat
avTov rd
(jvvoLKtaa<;
irepav
Icrrpov Trapei?
rw
Se
Terr)
OvyaTepa
dvdyKTj TO irXeov
65
ol
ovk 'AyaOoKXea, AvaLfiaôu Se

^
avTov dXoivai Xdyovatv, dvacrojOyjvai Se

77/005 rot*
Aya6oKXeov<; ra
Se eiravriXOev,
YlToXefJiaLov
TTr]v VTrkp avTOv irpdâvTo^.
co?
'AyadoKXel Avadvhpav yvvaiKa rjydyeTO,

TOV Adyov Kal EupvSiK'T^?
T"^!^
^
re
7
oucra^'.
Sie^rj Se kol vavcrlf eiri

^
Acriav
koI
/cat
tt^v
dp^rfv
tyjv
AvTiyovov (TvyKaOelXe.
vvv ttoXlv,
Cf. Droysen,!!,
70 (TvvwKicre Se
'Ecêcrtwt'
a^pt
daXdo-crr}'? ttjv
68.
15.
8u'Ptj
-irl
TTiv 'Ao-av
in 302
tween 287 and 281

2,
u.c.
c.
Lysimachus entered
into the alii-
258, rem.
1.
From
Croe.sus to Alex-
ance with Cassander, Seleucus, and Ptolemy against Antigonus, and in

301 took part in the
of Ipsus, in
ander the Great the city had clustered about the temple of Artemis. Lysi-
momentous battle
.
machus
built the city
on a new
site
which Antigonus was overo-wukktc

:
nearer the mountains and by flooding

the old city compelled the inhabitants
of the former site to
thrown.
.
. .
70.
'E<|><rC(i>v
TTiv
vvv iroXiv
the refounding of
move
into
it.
He
Ephesus by Lysimachus took place be-
called the
new
city Arsinoe after his
HISTORY OF LYSIMACHUS
ch.n, s
67
eVayayo/xet'O? e? avrrju AeêStov? re olKrjTopa<; koI KoXo(fycjvLOv^,
ra? Se eKeivotv avekotv
TroXet?, cJ? 4>otVtKa Idfjc^wu
TTOLTjTrjv KoXo(f)0}i'io)i' 6pr]prj(TaL ttju
dXojaiv.
'Kpfjir)cndi>a^ Se
TO,
iXeyela ypdxjja^ ovkTl

Kai auTo?
ai^
ifxol
hoKeiu Trepirjv
TrdvTO)^
ydp
75 TTOu
eVt aXovcri^ KoXo(^wi^t
coSvparo.
Aucrt-
fxa)(OS Se /cat e? iroXep-ov Trpo<i
Uvppou KaTearrj top

ola
Sr}
\iaKi-
Zov
(fivXdâs
8e e^ 'HTretpou diTLOuTa,
rd noXXd
eKeivo'; irrXavaTo, ttjv re aXXiqv iXe'qXdriqcreu

iirl Td<; 07]Ka<;
"UneLpop koI
ifxot
rjXOe tcou âaiXeoiv.
ra Se evTevOev
icmv
80
ov
TTLCTTd, ^lepdivvfJio^
Se
e-ypaxjje
KapSLavo^
Avcrifxa^ôv ra?
6 Se
lepcopv-
0TJKa<; TO)v
/u,o9
veKpwu dpeXovra rd ocrrd

e)(et /aei' /cat
iKplxjjac.
0VT09
aWco?
Soâ^'
npo^
drrd'^deiav ypd\\tai
TO)v
âatXecov
ttXyju
'Aunyouov, tovto) Se ov StKaiw? X^P^~

^WireipioTOiv TTavTdTTaaiv
07JKa<i
^'e-
têaOai
rd Se eVl rot? rdôif; rwv

^(opi^ Se 'qnCa'TaTO
85 efTTt (f)apepo<; lirripeia (Tvvdet<iy
dpSpa MaKeôva
Sij irov
Kpo)v dveXeiv.
Ilvp/aov
(T(f)d<i
koX Avcri/xaô<? ov
^
TTpoyouov^ p.6vov
avrou? TovTov<5 6uTa<i

T^t'
(K)
kol
dXXd koX AXe^dv^pov tov<s ydp 'AXeâi^Spo? 'HTretpwrTy? re

ixr]Tp6<;, rj
/cat T(ou
AiaKLhcju rd Trpos
re vcTTepov Yivppov
TT/ao?
AvaCfiaôv crv/x/aa^ta 817X01 Kat TToXefxyjaaaLv aStaXye ovSei^

tt/do?
Xa/croi/
aXXr^Xou? yevdcrO ai
o'c^tcrt.
rw
Se 'lepco-
vvfio) TCtâ /xeV ttov Kat
aXXa
r^f
e'9
Avcrifxayôv iyKXrjfxaTa,
fJLeyKTTOu Se ort ttjv
KapSiavcop ttoXlv dueXa}p Avcnjxdêiav
dvT
avTrj<i (OKLcrev eiri t<w tcr^/xw Trj<;
BâKta? êppovrjcrov.
wife, but the old
p.
name finally prevailed.

8,
;
72.
ôCviKa: verse.s of the iambic

10, p. 421
took a prominent part in the politics of the age. In 320 n.c. he headed an
poet Phoenix are quoted by Athen.
359 E
11, p.
495 d, k
enibassysentby I'3umenestoAntipater, and in 319 an embassy from Antigonu.s

to
12, p.
530e.
Cf. Susemihl, Gesch. d.
Eumenes.
He
lived certainly as late

tells of
gr. Lit. in d. Alex.-Zeit, I, 229.
as 272 n.c, for he
the death of
in that year,
80. 'Ifp<&w|ios
KapSiavos: Hie-
Pyrrhus, which occurred

the age of 104.
ronymus
the Cardian
composed a
his-
Lucian (Macrob. 22) says he reached

Su.-<emihl,
I,
tory of Alexander's successors.
He
500
ff.
68
10
Aucrt/Act^w 8e

Ch.
10, 1
iirl fiev
'AptSatov ySacrtXevoi^ro? koI vcrrepov

Ste/xetfe
'
Yâacrdvdpov koX tcjp TraiScov (faXia

S6ua<;
7rpo9
Ma/ceTrj<;
7repLe\0ov(Trj<;
8e
e's
ArjfXTJTpiou top
Avnyovov
dp)(rjs,
5
ivTavOa
ov
yjSr]
Aucrtyxaô? TToXeixTjaeadaL r)\7ni,eu utto

TroXejjiov,
Ayjfx'qTpLov Koi
(TToiixevos
auro? apêtu rj^Cov
TTarpcoov cVt.
Ar^jaT^T/otoj
vpocnrepL^dWecrOaL
ideiy tl iSeXeiv
Kol
oifxa
opoiu avTov irapekSovTa

*
e? Ma/ceSoi^tai^ jxeTdiTefji(o<s
TTTov VTTO
Ake^dvSpov Tov Kaacrdv^pov,

(fiovevcrai>Ta
Se d(f}LKTO, avTov
re
10
ÂXeâuSpou
kol
eôvTa dvT
iKeCvov tyjp
MaKehoPiov
'
dp)(T]v.
tovtojv
eveKcx. AiqfxyjTpicp crviJiâKoiv 7r/3o? 2
Aix(f)LTr6keL Trap*
6\iyov
ixkv rjXOev eKirecrelv
SpdKr)<;, dfxv-
vavTo<; 8e ol
Hvppov
ttjv re
^paK-qv
KaTecr)(ê
kol vcrrepou
eTTTjpê Necrrtw^' [/cat] MaKeS6i>o)u
to 8e ttoXv MaKeSovia^;
avTos Ilvppo<;
15
/caretê, hvvdjxet re rJKcov

e)(o)v
i^ ^Hneipov kol
77/309
Av(TLp,aôv ev rw irapovTi
SiafidpToq 69
ri^t'
eTriTrjêiois-
ArjfjirjTptov 8e
Acriat' /cat SeXev/co) TroXefxovvTO<i, 6<tov pêv
10. Contests of Lysimachus with Demetrius and Pyrrhus Murder of Aga-
11.
4,
irap' oX.(-yov |xcv tjXOcv
cf. 1, 13,
1,
Trap'
6X170;'
fiiv
6;uws ^ko;'ti.
. . .
13,
(5,
thocles by
Arsinoe and
its
Consequences
6\iyov
^\0ev eXeTv
ri]v irdXiv.
in the
Family of Lysimachus
His
2.7,
\, ffua-fxos
eprj/jiov.
:
oXiyov ttjv
irdXii'
wolr]aev
ot IIvp-
Death in the Struggle against Seleucus. the three sons of 2. Tv iraCSwv Cassander, king of Macedon, who sue:
dv5pu)f
d|ivvavTos 8^
n.c.
pow ktX.
in
288
a joint attack was
made on Demetrius by Lysimachus

from the east and Pyrrhus from the
west.
ceeded him one after the other on the throne, were Philip, Antipater, and
Alexander.
dpxfjs
:
Demetrius's army deserted to

flee
3.
irepitXOovo-r^s
Pyrrhus and he had to

guise.
in
dis-
Demetrius son of Antigonus,
who
siege
bore the surname PoHorcetes, or

of
The conquerors then divided Macedonia between them, the lion's

Cf.
;
the Besieger, because of the famous
share falling to Pyrrlius.

I)em. 44
;
Phit.
Rhodes, became master of Macedonia, October, 294. Alexander, then king of Macedonia, had intended
to assassinate Demetrius, but
trius anticipated him.
id.
Pyrrhus, 11
In 280 n.c.
11,2,296-298.
dered to him.
Droysen, Demetrius
was defeated by Seleucus, and surren-
Cf. Plut.
;
DemeDem.
1
He
died in captivity,
30
ff.
id.
Pyrrhus, 6
II, 2,
ff.
Justin, 16,
Lysimachus compelled Pyrrhus to withdraw from Macedonia after he had held

it
Droysen,
205
ff.
only seven months.
Cf. Plut.
Dem.
HISTORY OF LYSIMACIIUS
Ch.
10,
69
/cat
\p6vov
avTi)(. TO, Ar)ixr]TpLOv, Ste/xe^,^'e^'
rj
Hvppov
Avat-
lxd)(ov crvixfjia\La
(TLfJidâ)
yevofxeuov Se
tj
evrt
SeXevKco Ar)fX7)TpLov Av/cat
Kal Uvppo) hLeXvdrj
c^tXta,
KaraaTavTOiv e?
20 TToXefxou Avcrt/Ltaô?
AvTLyovo) re
T(o ArjixrjTpiov /cat
avrw
Ilvpp(p TTokeynrjcra^
ia)(v,
dva^(ji)py)(Tai
iKpdT7)(Te irapa iroXv /cat
Ma/ceSoi^tai/
Hvppou
^Laaoiixevo<;
e? ttjv "Hneipop.
el(o0acrL he d.v9 patTrot^ (fyvecrOai St' epcora vroXXat crvp-ffyopai. 3
AvcrLixa)(o<;
25
yap
-qXiKLo, re 17817 irpoiJKcov
kol e? rov? TratSa?
avrd? re
e/c
vop,it^6p,vo^ evoaipnov /cat 'Ayaô/cXet iraihoiv ovroiv

'
AvadvSpa<; Apaivorjv
eyiqyiev dSeXcftrjv
Avaduhpa^.
/u.17
rav-
T7)u Tr)v
Apcnv6'Y)v (f)oôvfxvr]u ein rot?
Tratcrt,
Avaijxd-
ôv
30
TeXevnjcrai'TO'^ Itt
'Ayaô/cXet yeucovrai^ tovtcov eveKa

-^817
rj
'Ayaô/cXet e-môvXevcr ai Xeyerat.
8e eypaxjjap /cat
w?
'AyaôKXeov?
vovcra ok
iirl
d(f)LKOLTO
. . .
eg
epcora
'ApaiPOT],
diroTvy^d-
tm
ySouXevcrat Xeyovcrti^ 'Ayaô/cXet Odvarov.

to. ToXfxr}-
XeyovcTL 8e /cat
w? Aucrt/xaô? alcrOoiTo varepov

yviât/co-?, etvat
devTa VTTO
Tr)<;
8e ouSet' ert ot irXeov ripr)ôi-
fxeiô) (jiiXcop
69 TO eaâTov.
^
w? yap
Si^
rore 6 Avcri/Ltaô?
35 at'eXeti' toi^ 'Ayaô/cXe'a
Apaivorj TraprJKe,
Avadvhpa
irapd
XeXevKov
e/c8tS/3ao"Kt
row? re TratSa?
.
aâ
dyop.evq Kal tov<;
d8X(f)OV<g Tov<i avrr)^,
ot TrepteXdou
tovto e? nroXe/Ltatoj/
KaTa(f)evyov(TL.
49-52;
2,
id.
rourot? K8t8pao'Kovo't irapd

II,
XeXevKov
/cat
Pyrrhus, 12; Droyseii,
of Agathoclcs seems to liave been per-
307-312.
23.
81 cpcora iroXXal <rv|i.({>opa(
:
petrated in 284 or 283 r.v.

for
1,
Justin (17,
liini
4)
says
tliat
Ai-sinoe poisoned
similar conunonplaces ui)on love,

V,\ii, fj.^TecTTii'fpuTi Kal
v6fxifxa
cf. 7,
Strabo
(13, 023) that
Lysimaclms was
(Frag. Hist.
avdpwirwi'avyxâi
comjielied to slay liim because of do-
Kal dvarp^xf/ai OeQv rifids,
and
if
7,
mestic troubles
Memnon
23, 3, where, says
our author,
the
Gr. Ill, 532, ed. Miiller) that Lysimachus, deceived
waters of Selemnus actually bring forgetfulness of love,
by Arsinoe,
first
at-
great riches to
of Selemnus.
Xcvo-ai
.
more precious than mankind are the waters

t)
tempted
to poison Agathocles,
and then
cast liim into prison, where Arsinoe's
30.
'Apo-iviti
(tX.
:
Pov-
brother Ptolemy Ceraunus murdered
'A-yaGoKXti
the
murder
him.
See Droysen,
II, 2,
321
ff.
70

Ch.
10,
'AXeâvSpo? rjKo\ov0r]crev,
40
vlo<; jxep
Avcrt/xaôv, yeyoi/o)? Se
ovi^
e^ 'OSpucrtaSo? yui'at/co?.
ovtol re
e?
Ba^vXwiâ
at'a-
êîqKOTe^; LKeTevov SeXevKou e?

KaTacrTTJvaL/cat
TToXcjaov tt/so?
o) ro,
Avaiyiaôv
^tXeratpo? a/xa,
)(py]fiaTa eneTeTpa(fyepcov
TTTo AvcTLixdôv, Trj T

/cat TO,
'AyaôKXcov? reXevTrj âXcTroi?
napa
rrj^ ^ Apcrivoy)^ viroTTTa -qyovixevo'^
Karakajxâvei
45 Ti.4pyap,ov Trjv virep
KacKov,
vre/xi/za?
Se KijpvKa rd re
XP^"
5
/xara Kat avTOv eStSov SeXev/cw.
Avcrt/Aaxo? 8e raura iravTa

Tr)i'
TTwOavopievo^
e(f)0r)
Staâ?
eg
'Ao'ta^' /cat
dpâ^ auro?
TToXefxov crvix/BaXdiu re
avToq dnedaveu.
SeXevKW irapd ttoXv re eKpaTyjdr) koI 'AXeâz/Spog Se', 09 e'/c t"^? yvf at/co? 'OSpvAvcravSyaav TTapaLTr]crdfjLvo<;
diât-
oO (TtSo? eyeyoj'et ot, ttoXXo.
pelrat re
/cat
vcrrepou tovtcov eg Xeppourjcrou Kopii(Ta<; eda\\fv,

ecrrtV ot (f)avepos o Td(f)o<;
evda en koI vvv

KcofiT]'; /cat
KapStag
re fjcera^v
IlaKTvr^g.
11
To.
jLte^'
ow
et
Avaijxdôv rotavra eyeverootrog 6

/cara
Tlvyayoog
'Adr)vaLOL<; Se
77po-
eiKOiv icTTL /cat IIvppov.
'AXeâvSpw
'AXe'iâi'Spog
arJKev ovSei^,
*A/3u/3/8ou
5
yot^
ocra
7^1/,
yevo^Se
Ata/ct8ov
yap roG
r^Jg
Ilvp/aog
'OXv/A7rta8og
lêoTTToXejxov, NeoTrroXe/xw 8e /cat Âpv/S/Ba iraTrjp tjv 'AX/ce-
rag 6 BapvTrof
48. (rv|iPaXwv t
0,770
Se @apu7rov
.
. .
e'g
Hu/apoi^ roi' 'A^tXXe'wg

in c. 8, before the
(7, G, 11
SeXcvKw
d-ir^-
named
f).
Odeum.
;
6avv: Lysimachus
was defeated and killed in tlae battle of Corypediou in 281 B.C. Appian (Syr. G4) gives two accounts about the finding and care of his body, one that it was found and buried by Thorax, a Pharsalian, the other the account here given by Pausanias.
'Apv^Pq.: Justin
8, G)
says
Arybbas was expelled from his kingdom and died in exile. According
tliat
11. Pyrrhus
his
Statue and his

the
Ancestry
rotes
2.
Pyrrhus''
ctKwv
.
The
.
.
Kingdom of
s
Epi-
Campaigns.
A. II, 115, he retired to Athens, where he was placed under public protection. G. Gapv-irov Tharypas is mentioned Thuc. 2, 80, G, as being still a child (429 is.c.) under the guard ianship of the regent Sabylinthus. lie was educated at Athens and was the first to introduce Greek laws and customs
to C.I.
IIvppov: this stood, in
among
his people (Justin, 17,
.'3,
9-13;
all
probability,
among
the
statues
Plut. Pyrrhus, 1).
HISTORY OF PYRRHUS
Ch.
11,
71
nepTe avhpwv koI SeVa

dXovcrr]<; 'iXtov ttju jxeu
elcri
yeveaC- Trpajro?
yap
hrj
ovroq
i<;
Seorcrakiav VTrepelhev avaûip-qcriv,

e/c
e? 8e Ty]v
VLireipov
Karapa? ivTavBa
c/c
twv 'EXeVov XP^"

iyepero ovSets,
10 (Tfxcop u>Kr](Te.
e^*
Kai
ol Trat?
p,kv 'EpfXLOvr)*;
ApSpoixd^r)<; 8e MoXo<Toro9 Koi HteXog kol pearraTO^; 6
IIepyap,osÂphpo[Jioi)(y]
iyepero Se koX 'EXeVw Kecrr/atJ'o?

(rvp(oK'r]crP
Toin"a)
yap
2
dirodapopTo^; ip AeXôt? IIvppou.
'EXeVov Se w? ereXeura MoXoo'(T&) tm

15 Trjp
Uvppov
7rapaS6pTo<i
TTjP
dpx'^p Kearplpos fxep crvp toI<; iOekovaip ^HueLpcoTiop vnep SvafiLP TTOTafiop âtpap ecrxe, Ilepya/xog Se Sta" Apeiop
)8a? 69 TT^r ÂaCap
hvpacTevoPTa ip
Trj<;
Trj
TevOpapCa
ttoXcl
KTLPL ixopoyia)(r^cyaPTd ol irept
dp)(rj<;
/cat rfj
opojxa eSo)K to pvp

20
ydp
ol
d(f)^
avTov
/cat
ÂpSpofxd^r)^
to
-qKoXovOec
/cat
pvp icTTip rjpMOP ip

HTretpo),
/cat
Trj vrdXet.
IlteXo? 8e avTov
KaTCfxeLpep
ip
e? irpoyopop tovtop
dpeâipe
Tlvppo<; T 6 AiaKiBov koi ol Trarepe?, dXX' ov/c e? MoXoo"(Top.

Tjp
Kttt TO,
8e axP'' M^^ 'AX/cerou rov HapvTrov e<^' ei^t ySacrtXet 'H7ret/3ctJT&Jz/ ol 8e 'AX/cerov 7rat8e9, w? acfacn crrafrta
25 cracrt jxerehoêp
8te]u,eivai'
in
icry]<^
dpêup, avToi re
Trtorro)?
)(OPTef;
e? dXXi^Xov? Kat vcrTepop
ÂXe^dpSpov tov Neo-
TTToXifjiov Te\xmj(TaPTo<;
Toi'
ip AevKapol<;, 'OXv/Lt7rtd8o9 8e Std
'ApTLTrdTpov (f)6ôp i7TapX6ov(Tr)<; 9 ^HTretpot', Ata/ct8i79

ret
6 'Apu^ySov
30 /cat
re
dXXa
8teTeXet KaTTfJKoo<;
ojp 'OXv/u,7rtd8t
(TVPecTTpdTevcre
TroXejXTJcrojp
'Apt8ataj
Kat
MaKe8oa'tt',
27. 'OXwiMTidSos
-n-avcX.8ovio-T]s s
Philip Aridaeus the kin<x, attempted

to give battle, but her troops deserted
"Hirtipov
straightway after the deutli
of Alexander, Olynipias, in obedience to the wishes of her son, did not inter-
fere with the plans of Antipater, but

retired to Epirus to her brother's court.
She was restored to Macedonia in 317 B.C. by the joint efforts of Polyspcrrliou and Aeacides. Eurydice, the wife of
Both Philip and Euryand a large nuniberof Macedonian nobles were put to death by Olympian, Hence her death at the hands of Cassander was deemed a just retribution.
to Olympias.
dice
Cf.
Diod.
1!),
11,
M)
ff.
Justin, 14, 5;
Droysen,
TI, 1,
238
7^2

Ch.
11,
ovK ideXovTcov
iireKpaTrjcrev
eTrecrOai tcou ^HTreipajTcov.
'OXv/xTrtctSo? 8e
w?
dpoaia
fiev e/ayacra/xeVr;? /cat e? roi/

ert
'AptSatov
Odvarop, ttoXXm Se
Kat
Sto.
dvocxLOiTepa e? dvhpa<^ Ma/ceSot'a?,
ravra
ov/c
dvdîa vcrrepov vvo KaacrdpSpov nadelv

/x.ev
35 uofjcLcrOeCar)'?,
AlaKihrjv Kar' dp^ct?
ot;S'
avTol Sta to
'OXv/LtTTtaSo?
e^ô? eSeôi^ro
'H7ret/9aJTat, evpofxevov Se dt'o.
^povov TTapd TovTCJv

cra^'8/309
jLti^
(Tvyyv(op.r]v
Sevrepa r^vavriovTO
Kcicr-
KareXOeiv e? "HTretpor.
yefofxeprjf; 8e tXtV77ou
re dSeX(j)ov lâcradpSpov kol AlaKuSov p.d^'q^ iTpo<; Olpid40 8at9,

AtaKL8^7^'
/xei'
rpoiOivra KareXa/Be
'
jxer
ov ttoXv to
5
^pe(i)v
'HTretpwTat 8e
fxev
AX/cerav eVt fâcnXeia KareSeâvTO,
Âpv/Sôv
TTOiSa Koi dêX(j)oi' AIuklSov irpeafivTepov,

/cat
8t'
aKparrj 8e dXXco<; Ovjxov

7raTp6<?.
45 e?
aL'Xo
lêXacrdivTa vtto tov
KOL Tore tjkcov eê/xatVero evBv^ e? tov^ H7ret/3wra9,
o vvKTiop avTop re /cat rot"? TiatSa? i'rTavacrTdvTe<; KTl-
vav.
dvoKTeLvapTe^ 8e rovTov Uvppou tov Ata/ct8ov
/carct^'ea)
yovcriv
tjkovtl 8e evOv<; inecTTpdTeve Kdc^câ^'8/ô<?,

/cat
ttî^
re
rfXiKLa ovTi
dp^r)u ov KaTecrKevacrfxevo)
ySc/Satoj?.
IIu^po? 8e
50 XefjLolov
imovTOiv M.aKeh6voiv e? AtyvTrroi^ irapd Uto
dvaâivei tov Adyov

dSeXcfyrjv ojxoixrjTpiav
/cat
ot nroXe^Ltato?
yvvoLKd
T eocoKev
tmv avTov
rraiooiv kol cttoXw
KaTTjyayev AlyvnTcojv.
Ilvppo<; 8e âcrtXevcra? Trpdrroi^ inedeTO 'FjXXtJvojv
KopKv-^(opa<;
patot?, KeLfxevrjv re opojv ti^v vrjcrov irpo

55 /cat
Trj<;
avTov
elvat.
dXXot? opixrjTTJptov
i(f)^
avTov ovk iOeXcov
p.eTd 8e
ctXovcrai^
KopKvpav
ocra jxev AvcrL[xd)^(o TroXefxyjcra^; enaOe
Kol w? ^yjixiJTpLov eKâXwv Ma/ceSo^'ta? i^pêv e? o av^t?

iêireaev vtto Avcrijxdôv, rctSe yaev rou IIupôi; êytcrra e?
iKeivov TOV Kaipov hehrjXoiKev

60
rj^'q
/xot
to,
e?
Avatfiaôv
noXefXTJ7
eôvTacravTa
'PwjLtatot?
8e
ovheva Tlvppov
Ato/xr^Set
/utei^
npoTepov
/cat
la-fxev
'EXXiqva.
ydp
\\pyL(Dv rot?
HISTORY OF I'YHRIirs
Ch.
12, 1
73
(Tvp avTftj ovSefjLiav

^
en yeveaOai tt/do? AiveCau Xeyerat yL(x^r)v A0r]vaLOL<; Se aXXa re TroXXa iXTrCcracn koI 'iraXiai' Tracrau KaradTpiâadai to eV SvpaKovcrai'; TTTal(Tp,a e/x77oSwj/ eyefir]
65 veto
Kol 'PcjfiaLcov Xaêlu irelpav

cut'
\WeâpSpo<; 8e 6
/cat
NeoTTToXe/xov, yei/ov^ re
IIvppw tou avTov
-qXiKLo.
7rp(T^vTpo<;, OLTTodavoiv iv AevKapol<; e^drj irplu e? êt/Da?
12 IkOelv 'PajfiaLOi^.
ovrw
ni;/D/309 ecrrtv 6 irpoiTO^ e/c T179 'EX-
Xa8o9 T^9 TTcpav ^lovCov Sta/8a? eVt

/cat
'Pw/Ltatov?
tovtol<;
Ste^rj
8e
0UT09 iTTayayofjieucjj^ TapavTcvcov.

TL TTpo<; *Pw/u.atov9 (TvveL(TTT]KeL
dt'rta'^êtt',
pov
TToXe/oto?
yap TrporedSwarot 8e
avTov
/caret crcâ? ot-rc?
TTpovTTap\ov(Tri<; p.kv e?
evepyeaia^ ort ot irokepiovvTi tov trpo^ KopKvpav TTokep.ov

vavcrl (TvvijpavTO, ixaXicrra 8e ot TrpeVêt? rwi/ Tapai>TLvojv
dueneicrap tou Ilvppop, ttjv re 'iraXtat* 8t8d(T/coi're9

fjLOVLa^ etVe/ca
10
oj?
ev8at-
dtrt
Trdcrrjq elr) Trj<; '\LX\dSo<; /cat oj? ou;^ 6cnoi>
avrw
TrapaTreixxjjaL cr^df; (f)L\ov<; re /cat t/ceVa?
eV ra> irapovTi
riKovTa^.
Trj9 ecryjXde
.
. .
Kara ravrct
ff.
rjXinlê
4.
03. 'A6T)va(ois
cXirCo-ao-i
:
...
Pill-
1; Droysen, III, 1, 127
dSvva:
'IroXCav irdcav
KaTa<rTp|'<i'0'6ai
it
rot 8* Kara.
tliis
ar<|>ds
ovTts dvTi<r\iv kt\.
tarch (Alcib. 17) says that
was the
sentence presents a decidedly bad

Tapayrivoi
is
dream
of Alcibiades that the conquest
case of anacolulhon.
nat-
of Sicily should be merely a step to-
urally to be understood with dvrei,
and
ward the conquest of Carthage, Africa, Italy, and Peloponnesus. Again he

tells
below one would naturally expect /xdXura 8i oi Tapavrivoi 5ia tQv irp^jêwv
avîreiffav
us (Pericles, 20) that in the age
instead of
oi irp^ffjiets
tQv Ta-
of
Pericles
many Athenians looked
pavrivoyv avîrnaav.
On
the ooordina-
forward to the conquest of Etruria and

Carthage.
12. Pyrrhiis^H
tion
n^v,
of the participle, Kpo'lnrapxovarii
and the
finite verb, fidXiffra 8i

1,
mans
1.
Elephants
IIvppos
. . .
War
against the lio-
dvîreiffai', cf. c. 0,
note.
. .
.
0.
01 iro-
and Ivory
War
Pvrn.c.
Xcixovvti,
7r6Xe/uoi'
ir6X(i.ov
is
o-w^pavro
against the CuUhaginians.

irl
here
object of
TroXeyuoCi'Tt (cf.
'P|iaows:
1,
4,
(i;
20, 14; 4, 10. 7).
Pau.sanias
;>
rhus's expedition to aid the Tarentines

again.st the
also uses dpaaOai wdXefiov, e.g. 8, 2,

0, 10,
Romans occurred 2H0
but awdpaadai
tivl is
Tbv irSXenov
Cf. Plut. Pyrrhu.s, 13-10; Justin, IS,
(1, 0, 0).
74
)(^(i}p'r](TLP

Cli. 12, 2
TroXeixovpTL
(x)p
crTpareveiv
yap
eVt Tpcooju aTrot/cov?
'A^tXXeiw?
15 ya/3
/cat
d7^d'yo^'09.
eV
ovhepl
Sv ekoiro
cJ?
8e ot ravra yjpecTKe
8ie)u,eXXe 2
aurt/ca vaC? re ivX^jpov fxaKpas

ittttov^;
TrXota crrpoyyuXa evTpTnt,ev

ecrrt
koI dvSpas OTrXtra?
ayeiv.
(fiTJi',
Se dvSpdcn î^Xia ovk eTTiâvecriv e? crvyypaelvai.
eôvTa eTriypafiixa epyoiv VTTOjxvrnxaTa

avro? [re] Trapeiêro,
ravra
iinXeyoixevco yioi jaaXtcrra ivrjXde OavjxdoraL

20 T,
7)1'
Hvppov ToXyâv
r']î'
ixa)(^6fJievo<;
/cai
evn rot? det

j/avcrtt'
[xeXXovcTLu dyaxTi irpovoiav
69 Kat rore Trepatov/xevo?
e? 'iTaXta^* 'Poj/Aatov? eXeX-qOei /cat rjKOiv ovk evdv<; rjv cr^tcrt

(f)apep6<;, ytvojaeVr/?
Se 'PcofMaicop
irpo<;
TapatrtVov?
cru)a/3oXr^<?
Tore
25
8>)
irpooTov e7rt<âtVerat ou^'

irpocnreo-coi',
o5s
(o<?
rw arparco
irdpaêp.
etr^
/cat Trap'
iXniSa
3
(T(f)L(TL
to
et/co?,
are Se dpLCTTa
eTTLO'Tdfxevo';
ou/c
d^td/xaô?
Trpd? 'Pw/aatov?, uape-
(TKevdêro w? rovg eXeâvra^

Se
7rp(i)To<s jxev
inaffyTJcrMi' cr<î(Tiv.
eXeâvra?
TOiv
e/c
ri7?
EvpwTrr^? 'AXe'iâvSpo? eKTijcraTo
Il(t)pov /cat
ri^v
Swa/Att' KadeXoiv Tr]v ^XvZiov, diroBavovTO'i
30 Se 'AXe^cti/Spov /cat
dXXot rwi^ âcnXdcov koX TrXetcrroD? ecrêv

e/c
'AvTLyouo<?,
Hvppcp Se
ri^?
fxd^r]<;
eyeyovei
rrj<;
irpo^
Ar)ixT]Tpiov TO, Orjpia al^fxdXcoTa
Tore Se i.TnâvevT(ov avTOiv
18.
pY(i>v
v7rop.virjiJLaTa
tliis
state-
nient lias occasioned nmcli conjecture,
number of eminent commanders, among them Pyrrluis, were recounted,

a
some writers taking it as referring to memoirs of Pyrrlius, prepared probably by himself or under his orders.
It is
ffiv
tlvai:
elvai
seems superfluous from the
English point of view, but the Greek

regularly uses this (to us) redundant
apparent that in the phrase av^pd-
with words of naming and calling.

7,'
OVK iiri(f)avi<nv is (Tvyypatpriv
Pyrrhus
Cf. 8, 31,
HXtos iwuvvfiiav tx'^"
cf^T-fip
1, 5, 1.
is
not meant; and that for a history
reehai KaVHpaKXiji.
See note on
.
.
of Pyrrhus the general title epyuu vwo-
23.
7ivo)ivt]s
'PufiaCwv irpos
:
would not be cho.sen. It was, doubtless, a general work of biography, perhaps like the Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri IX of Valerius Maxiuius, in which the exploits of
/ifij/iara
Topavrtvous
o-v(APoXiis
Pyrrhus's
first
battle with the
Komans was fought near

See
Ileraclea in Lucania in 280 h.c.
Pint. Pyrrhus, 10; .lustin, 18, l,etc.
Droysen,
III, 1,
140
f.
HISTORY OF PYRRIIUS
Ch.
12,
75
helfxa
ekaê 'Pw/xatov? aXXo

jJ-eu
rt
koI ov ^(oa elvat voixCaavra^.

/cat
IkefâvTa yoip, oaos

35 e/c TTttXatov StjXol
Tf
e?
epya
dvSpwv êipa?,
elalu
irdvref;
etSore?
cttI
ti^j^
avrd 8e ra
6r)pia, irplv
OLa^rjpat
MaAceSoi/a?
'Aaiav, ovhe ecopaKecrav
dp^r]v
ttXtjp 'ivhcov re avTOiv
koX Al^vcov kol 6(Tol TrXryctd-
ôypot TOVTOL<;.
SryXot 8e
Ofxrjpo^;, o<? âcrikevcri Kkiva.^ fxev
KOL OLKLa<; rot? vSaLfxopeaTpoL(; avTOiv eXetâvrt eTTOLTjae

40 KeKO(Tp.y)ix4va<;, OrjpCov
Se eXe<â^'To?
tJ
fxvTJjxrjv
ovhep.iav
Ittoitj-
craro
Oeacrdixevo^ 8e
TreTTVcr/xeVo? efxvr}fJi6vev(Ti>
17
dv ttoXv
yepducov
5
ye vpoTepov
ixd)(r}<;.
efiol So/ceit'
ITvy/xataji^ re
dvhpoiv
/cat
Ilvppou 8e e? St/ceXtav avrr^yaye irpecrêia XvpaKap^CTjSopLOL
Kovcrioiv
45 TTokecjv
yap
8taâ^'re9 ra? 'EXX'i7t't8a?

"q
roii/
liToiovv
dvaaTdrov;,
TTpocreKdOrjVTO.
fieu eta /cat
8e ^v
XoltttJ,
%vpaKov(TaL<;
Y\vppo<;
TTokLopKovvTe<;
d
rov?
to)v
riî/
irpecrêoiv
aKovoiv
\ioiro)v,
TdpavTa
e'9
aKTrju e^ôvra? 'Ira-
8e
TTî'
SiKekiav 8taâ9 Ka/D^T78oviov9 rji>dyKa'^vpaKovcrwv.

daXdaorrj^;
(f)pov7]aa<;
(rev
dTravacTTyjuai
ot
8e
e'<^'
auroj
50 Kap)(r]hovLCt)v,
twv Tore jSap/Bdpcov pdXLcrTa

to dpâlop ovte^^ tovtcdp
'HTretpwrat?
-^^pcojxevo^;,
etô^'
ifjL7reLpo)<;
Tvptoi
otVt/ce9
ivavTia
ot
p-rjoe
iirripdr)
uavixa^rjcraL
rot?
aXovcri^? 'iXiov ddXacrcrav ol vroXXot prjSe
dXalu
38. "0|ir]pos: see

i/-,
Od.
is
5,
72
ff.
t, 55;
fV' 'ii/ceaTOto podwv,
avSpdcri
Uvyfxaioiai
ino.
Pausanias
right in
liis
state-
(pdfov Kal Krjpa (pepovcxai.
The war
beis
ment that Homer nowhere mentions the

elephant, althongh ivory
several times.
is
tween
tiie
I'ygmies and the cranes
spoken of
often mentioned in ancient writers as
39.
avrwv: pleonastic
aiirSs is
a martial episode of curious interest,
repetition of aprecedingsubject through
Note
lian,
e.specially
Athen.
0, p. .'JiiOn
Ae(!,
the oblique cases of
very fre-
Nat.
Anim.
15, 20; Ovid, Met.
quent; usually, as here, when the general nature of the pieceding plural is
(pialified
90
ff.;
Pliny, N.
II. 7. 2(>.
43.
IIvppov
of
8t cs
ZiKcXCav
a':Ti\ya,yt
by a following adjective, ("f. 1.7,2andr). 42. nvY|ia(<ov tc dvSpMv
this occurred in the
year 278.
On
this
cf.
.
a'l
expedition
Pint.
Pyrrlius to Sicily,
ff.
;
Kal-Ytpdvvp.dxiis:
yepdvuiv
.
cf.
II.
r.
.'>-5
K\a777j
I'yrrhus, 22
III,
1,
Diod. 22,
ff.
;
7 ff
KXayy^ ral ye
ir^TovTai
Droysen
1()2
A.
Holm,
76
-qTTLO-TavTo
55 eTTO?
TTCt)

Cli. 13, 1
^prjcrOai.
[xapTvpel
8e
fiot
/cat
Ofjiijpov
iv '08vcrcretct
ot
ovK caacTL OdXaacrav
dvepe^, ovSe 0* aXecrcri fxep.iyp.evov elOap oov<tlv.

13 Tore Se 6
Uvppo^,
cu? rfTTTJOr],
rai?
i/aucrtt'
e?
Tapai^ra
ai^T;-
ycTo rat? XotTrat?
ra?
dva)((opy]aLv
ivravda rrpocreTTTaicre peyaXco<; Kat ttjv
ov
yap
dpa^êl 'Pw/xatov? rfvicnaTO a^rjcrov[oj? eiravrjKOiv ck ^t/ceXta?
TToptêrat rpoTTOv tovtov.

Trpcorov SieTTepxpe
5 rfTTy]Or],~\
ypdppaTa
e? re
ttî^
Acrtav Kat
tov<; Se
77^6? 'AvTLyovov, Tov<;
pev arparidv tmv âacXecov,
-^pyjpaTa, ÂvTiyovov 8e /cat dp(f)6Tpa alTa>v
difuKopevcov
Tov<i
8e Twi^ dyyeXcDi/, w? ot
ypdppara dneSoOr), crvvayaywv

rajz^
iv reXet toju re e^ ^HireLpov /cat

10 r.a /8t/3Xta at'eytVwcr/cei^
TapavTLvcov,
(bv
pev elê
ovSev, 6 8e 'Qêuv crvppa)(iav ekeyev

(fiijpr]
TO^v 8e
/cat
e? rou? 'Pcoâatov? t^X^c
MaKeSova^;
IIuppou
/cat
aXXa
êtav
eiî^T7
TTepaiovaOai t(ov 'AcnavMv e?
tt7i^
/Sot;-
'Poj/x-atot /xe^- St^
ravra
d/coi;ovre<? rfcrvâlôv, T[vppo<s
oe VTTO TTjv imovcrav irepaiovTai vvKTa Trpo? rd

15
aKpa
roiv
opcov a Kepavvta 6vopdl,ovcn.

Gesch.
iros
:
Sicil.
II, 277ff.
\,
54. '0|iV|pov
3; 2,9,2; 10,5; 3,3,8; 8,51,8.

re
Yet
see Oil.
122
ff.
now and then

So
. .
stands after the sub-
13. Fyrrhus leaves Italy
Antigonus
the
Conquers Makes expedition against

II
is
stantive.
is AeXcpovs.
Cf. 10, 12, 5, es ^rfK6v re Kal

2, 7,
.
5;
19, 5;
9, 6, 4.
Lacedaemonians
death at Arat the bat-
gas
Similar end of the three Aeacids.

irpocrîrTaKrc iic^dXcos
:
is
9.
tSv jiiv
ohi: after a negative

tlie
sentence with
/j-iv,
following clause
2.
frequently introduced after the manwitli
tle of
Beneventuni
in
275 n.c, whither
ner of the poets and Herodotus

6 5^, as if
he had marclied to attack the Romans.

This expression, repeated 13, 6, rodotean. Cf. Hdt. 1, 16 5, 62
;
new
subject were opposed
is
He95
;
to that of the preceding sentence, while
6,
the contrast lies or object.
much more
1, 17,
in the
verb
1,
7,
170, 210.
2,
161, vpoffixraicTe fieya-
Cf. Hdt.
;
and Paus.
\u3cttI.
5.
es T TT)v 'Ao-iav Kal irpos

cf.
14, 5; 2, 13, 6 -yivwo-Kev:
3, 6, 8, etc.
10.
dvt-
'AvTi-yovov:
Justin, 25, 3, 1-4.
The
and
exceptionally used instead

u.sual exi\iye<Tdai.
positionof reafter the i)reposition isthe
of the
19, 3
;
more
22, 7
;
Cf. 1,
more frequent,
e.g.
1,1,3;
1,
4, 1
37, 4, etc.
'
HISTORY OF PYRRIIUS
Ch.
13,
77
2
Mera
Trpoelirep
8e tt]u iv 'iraXtct TrXrjyrjv 0ivaTravcra<; T-qu SvuafXLU

'
AvTiyopo) Trokefiou,
e<?
aXXa
re noiovfjievoq iyKXijfxaTa
KpaTT]-
Koi /xaXttrra tt}^

cra? 8e
'iraXiap fiorjOeLa^ htafxapTLav.

^
rifv re tStai' TrapacrKevr^v
XvTLyovov
/cat
to Trap' aurw
20 FaXarait'
êviKov ehiojêv e? ra? cVl daXdcrcrr) ttoXcis, avro?

ai^co
8e Ma/ceSot'ta? re T179
Kal ecrcraXaji^ eVe/cparT^cre.

Trj<^
817-
Xot 8e /xaXicrra ro p.eye6o<i

(o<s
fid^rj^ koI Trjp
Uvppov
plkyju,
irapd TToXv yevoiTO, ra dvaTeOevTa oirXa tmv KeXrwi/ eg

Trj<;
TO T^? ^KOrfva^ lepov

25 Kat TO eVtypa/Ltâ to
'iTwjîa?
êpcjp fxera^v
/cat AapLcrrj<;
ctt
avrols
'lTwi't8t
Tov9 0vpovq 6 MoXocro-09
hwpov 'Addpa
ov jxeya Oav^xa
riuppo? aTTo Opaaeojp eKpefiaaep TaXardp,

TTOLPTa
TOP ApTiyopov KadeXwp crrpaTOP.

^
at^/xaTat Kat pvp

30
/cat
irdpos Ata/ct8at.
TovTOv^
fxep hrj
ipTavOa, tw 8e eV AojScoptj Att Ma/ccSovwi'

eiriyeypaTTTai 8e /cat TavTats
dpedrjKCP avTOip Tag dcr77t8a?.
At8e
ttot'
'Ao't8a yalap iiropOyjcrap iroXv^pvaop,
at8c /cat
EXXacrtf 8ovXo(TVP'a^' eiropop.

TTOTt KLOpa<; 6p(f)apd /cetTat
PVP ok Ato9 I'aw

35
Ttt?
jxeyaXav^TJTO) cr/cvXa Ma/CT78oi^ta<;.

e's
Iluppo^ 8e Ma/ce8oiâ?
"yoi/
ofJL(o<;
avrai'
/x>)
KaTaaTpexjfaaOaL Trap" oXi-
TjKOPTL iyepero KXedtpvfJiOf; atTtog, eTOLjxoTepo) /cat
aXXous
18.
oi^Tt
kXdadaL
. . .
tol
ip êpai.
also
KXecopvixo<; 8e ovto-?. 6 top

in
KpaTî<ros
TT|v T I8av irapa-
Aiithol.
I'al.
0,
130.
i.e.
In the
<rKVT]v
'AvTiYovow
see Plut. Pynhu.'^,

1,
Aiithol. note roO avroO,
of Leoni-
26; Droysen, III,
20,
on
this vie-
das.
Against this
assij^nnieiit nothinfi:
tory of Pyrrhus over Antigonus and

his
23.
can be urged,
rem. 81.
("f.
Susemihl.
II,
535,
Gallic
mercenaries (274
:
n.c.).
The second epigram,
occiir-
TO dvaTevTa oir\a
;
cf.
Pint. Pyr22, 3.
is
ring only in Pan.sanias. Siisemilil like-
rhus. 20
Diod. Exc. Vat.

first
1,
In
wise ascribes to Leonidas, but on

ficient
in.suf-
bolh passages the
epigram
cited,
grounds.
78

Ch.
13,
Hvppov
40 iXOelp,
OLTroXnrovTa
to,
MaKeSofoJV
Treicras e? UeXoTTOPPiqcrov
Aa/ce8at/xd^'to?
mv
AaKeSai/xo^'tot? crTpaTou e? ttjv
\(t)pav TToXefXLOP eTTrjye 8t' alrCau rjv
iyw tov yivov^ vcrrepov

vepl IlXctratav
rov
Tol<;
KXeoivufJiov
SrjXaxro).
Uavaai'Lov tov
"FjWrjaLi' r^yrjcrajxevov HXeLCTTodva^ vto? iyevero, tov
8e \\av<javia<^, tov ok KXe6fMl3poTO<;, 69 iuavTLaÊjTrajxeLi'copoa

45 /cat
Br^âiot? /Aaô/xeiô? aTreOavev iv AevKTpOL'^

î^
/cat
KXeofx^po-
Tov Se 'Ayr^criTToXt?
aTTatSo?
KXeoixpr)<;,
tiî/
'AyrycrtTrdXtSo? Se
TeX6VTy]cravT0<i
KXeo/xeVrys
/SacrtXetav
^crê.
5
KXeofxevei Se TratSe? yivovTai Trpecr^vTepo<i jxev 'AKpoTaTO'?,

vecoTepo^ 8e KXewiû/xo?.
so
'A/cpdrarot'
yitej^
oui^
irporepov /caree'9
Xaêv
rarou,
7)
TeXevTf]
KXeo/zeVov? Se aTroOavoPToq vcTTepop

irepl
Trj<;
dixff)Lcrl3yJTr]cnp
/cat
e's
KaTecrTT]
dp^rj'^
'Apev? 6 'Ak/3ojxeTeXOwp
juei^
KXeww/^to?
TT^z^
drw
Si^
Tporrco
eirdyei
ti^9 eV
Uvppop
55 ^ciypovv
^(jjpav.
Aa/ceSat/xoi'tot? Se TT/ao
AeuKrpot?
<,fxd^ri<;y
ttco
ovhev lyeyovei TTTolapa, oxtte ovSe crvve-
dywvi
KeKpaTrjaOat Tre^w
e'9
Aewi^tSa
/xei^
yap
I't-
Ka>pTL
ovK
(f)a(rap tov<; kirop-evov?

'
TeXeav iâpKecrau (f)6opdu
TOiv Mt^Sojp', to Se
TT]
KBr]vai(ov
KXoirrju
crcfiLaL
/cat
ArjixocrOevovs epyov 77/36?
vrjaut S^fiaKTrjpLa
eluaL TToXep.ov Kat
ov
viKrjv.
6
TTpciiTf]'^
Se yevojxeviqs
crvp,ôpd<^ ev Botwrot?,
vaTepov
60 'Ai^rtTTCtrpw
Kat Ma/ceSdo't /xeyaXoj? irpocreTTT aid av TptToq

e'?
Se 6 A7]iJ.r]TpL0v 7rdXe/xo? KaKov dveXTncTov -^XOci^

yrjt'.
717/^
Ilvp/aov
Se
ia'âX6vTo<;
TeTapTov
St)
rdre
cTTpaTov
opoiVTe'^ TToXepiiov
avToi re irapeTacraovTO koX ^Kpyeioiv tjkou
re?
65
/cat Mecrfrrî^tajf^ (rvfiixa^ÔL
Uvppo^
Se
C09 lireKpaTiqcrev,
ttî^
oXiyov
fieu rjXBev kXelv avTo/Soel Tr]v ttoXiv, Sr^wcra? Se

MaKcSoori
|i-yd-
GO. 'AvTiirdTpw Kal
Xws
to
irpocreirTaicrav
the battle referred
were Utterly routed by Antipater. King Agis was among the slain. Note use
of dat.'AfrtTrdTpoj.
tion
1,
is
that of Megalopolis, in 330 is.c,
The usual construeSo Hdt.
when
the Peloponnesians took up arms
is irpocnrTaleLv irpbz rcva.
against the Macedonian supremacy and
G5; 0,45.
HISTORY OF PYRRIIUS
Cli. 13,
7&
yfjv Kol \eiav eXacra? fiLKpou 7]av)(alêi>.
ol he es TTokiopKiav
eiri
evrpeniôuTo, nporepou
en t^9
XnaipTrji;
tov irokefxov
Tov
7rpo<; ArjixyJTpLou Td(f)poi,<;
re âOeiat^ /cat crravpoi? reret-
^LCTfievT]<; i(T)(ypoLS, to.
he e'Tn/Lta^curara koI olKohofxiJixaaLi^.

TTjV
70 VTTO
he TOVTOV TOV
^pOVOV KoX
TOV TToXefXOV TOV KaKOiVl-
Kov Tpi^r)v *AvTLyouo<5 ra? TrdXets twu MaKehopwu dvaaojadp,evo^ rjTTeLyeTO e? HeXoTrovvrjcroi' ola eTn(JTdp.evo<;
rju
Hvppov,
AaKehaLjjiOpa KaTacTTpexjfriTaL kol UeXonopvijcrov ra iroWd,

e/ct
ovK e? '^HireLpop dXX' eVt re M.aKehopCap avOi<; kol top

75 TToXefxop
TjôvTd-
jxeXXopToî he 'ApTLyopov top crTpaTOP e^
Apyov<^ 9 T7JP AaKOiPiKrfP ayeip, avros 5 to Apyo? eXiqXvdei Hvppoî.
KpaTwp
he
/cat
TOTe (TVPeaTriirTei rot? (fyevyovcrcp

17
e? Tî^ TrdXt^* /cat ot StaXverat /caret to et/cds

p,epojp he 77/309 tepot? 17817 /cat ot/ctat?
80 TTOt"?
/cat /car'
"Cat
Td^L<;
p-aô- 8
o'ret'or
Kat
/caTci
tou?
aXXo aXXojv t^9
TrdXew?, epTovda 6 lJvppo<^
epopoiOr)
TiTpaxTKeTaL ttjp Ke(f)aX7Jp.

(fiacrl
Kepdpco he
/SX17-
OepTa VTTO yvvaiKO^ Tedpdpai
Uvppop
\\pyeloL he ov
eivai yvpaiKi
yvpoLKa
TTfv dnoKTeCpacrap, ArjprjTpa he
(fyacTLP
elKaapeprjp.
85
TavTa
eg ttjp
Hvppov
TeXevT-qp avTol Xeyovcrip
'Apyetot Kat 6 tcop e-niîopioiP e^rfyrjTJ)^ Au/cea? ep enecnp

eLp7]Ke/cat cr(f)i(Tip ecTTL
tov 6eov ^prjdaPTO^, ep6a 6 Tlvppo^;
eTeXevTrfcrep,
lepop AT]pr}Tpo<i
hrj
e/c
ep
he
TedaiTTai'
Oavpa
irotovpaL tcjp
avTw kol 6 Tlvppo'^ KaXovp.evoiP AiaKihwp

et
<i)
Tpiai Kara ra avTct

90
'
tov Oeov (Tvpfirjpai ttjp TeXevTtjp,

viro
ye 'A;^tXXea pep 'Oprjpo^;
ÂXe^dphpov
(ftrja-l
tov Ilpta-
pov
17
/cat
AttoXXojpo^ diroXecrOaL, llvppop he top 'A^tXXew?

AeXc()ol<;,
ITv^ta TrpoaeTaêp dnoKTelpai

TO.
tm
he
AtaKtoou
/cat
(Tvpe^f)
9 T-qp TeXevTTjP
ola 'Apyeloi tc Xeyovcn

Also Droysen,
'AxiXXt'a
ff.
81.
On
Pyrrhus's Peloponnesian exJustin, 25, 4, G
1, etc.
iH). II.
III, 1, 201)-210.
peditionandliisdeatli(272it.c'.)cf. Plut.
(icv
"0(iT]pos ktX.: see
Pyrrhus, 26-PA
5,
X, ;}59
80

Ch.
14, 1
Av/ceag inoLrjae.
95 vvîo<;
SLd(f)opa Se
o/u,aj9
ecrrt
kol ravra
d)u 'lepco-
KapSiavoî eypaxpep- dvSpl

.
yap âcnXel avvovTa

el
dudyKT] Trdcra e? ^dpiv crvyypdi^yeiv

aLTcav SLKaLau
hov,
el\7)(j)ev, eTrekTritôiv tt^v
8e
kol
<t>tXtcr709
eV %vpaKOV(TaL<; Kado'^
dwoKpvxjj acr 6 ai
tcov
Alouvctlov ra dpocnd)TaTa,
"
rrov
ttoWt] ye 'lepojvvixo) avyyvcoixr} rd e? tjôvt^v

100 ypd(f>eLV.
KvTiyovov
14
^
'H fxev ^RTTecpcoTMu dK^x-q KaTecrrpeêv e? tovto- e? 8e to

Kdy^vrjaiv iaeXdovcnv 'fliSelou aXX.a re
d^LO<;.
/cat Atdiûcro? /cetrat
êa?
TrXiqcriov
Se
eVrt
Kprjvr),
Kokovai Se avT-qv
'ûvedKpovvov, ovtm K0(Tp.y]6el(jav vtto YleLaLarparov

5
ffype-
ara
ixeu
yap Kal
Sid
7rd(Tr)<; ttJs
iroXeco^
icm,
Trrjyr)
Se avTrj
flour),
14.
vaol Se virep ttjv Kpyjurju 6 fxev Ar}fxrjTpo<;
TTeTToirjTai
TemOdeum Enncacrunus Demcter and Persephone, and of TrlptoleiHus Epimenides and Thales Temple of Eude'ia Temple of IleTemple of Aphrodite Urania. p)haestus 2. 'fiiSeiov kt\. see Excursus III.
ples of
ing riKirely, while the well water served

for drinking purposes.
-mTYri signifies
;
a natural spring
KprjvT] is
(2, 7,
4, 34, 4, etc.);
an
artificially
1
;
constructed founusually fed
tain (1, 40,
2, 2, 8, etc.)
;
3.
KpT|VT],
:
KaXovo-i. 8s avTT]v 'Evvea-
by a natural spring <j>pâTa are wells, the water of which must be drawn
(Hdt.
viov
less
:
Kpovvov
for the
question as to the
6,
19).
6.
vaol
'EXtvo-C-
site of this
fountain and adjacent mon-
the sanctuary Eleusinium doubt-
uments, and the discussion of wliat is known as " the Enncacrunus Episode,"
see Excursus III.
(j,6vT)
:
included the two temples mentioned

Plu-
above, the one of Demeter and Perse-
5.
ittiyt]
8* aijTT]
phone, the other of Triptolemus.
Pausanias speaks of
tlie
fountlie
tarch (de exilio, 17) mentions the Eleu-
tain
(Kprivr))
Enncacrunus as being
(Trriyrj),
only "spring"
while there are

Trjs
sinium along with the I'arthenon as one of the preeminently sacred places
of Athens.
It
wells {(ppâra) 5td
irdcr-qs
irdXeus.
was a precinct that could

2,
Yet he mentionsl,21,4, the Kprivr] at the Asclepieum and 1, 28, 4, the irrjyri which is known under the name KXe^vdpa.
be securely closed (Thuc.
17).
On
the day after the celebration of the
Eleusinian mysteries a sacred assembly of the Council of the 500
Leake
(I,
131) explains the inconsis-
met
in
II,
tency by saying that Pausanias meant only such springs as were desirable
for drinking-water
;
the Eleusinium (Andoc. 1,3; C.I. A.

4,
31
III, 2).
Decrees relating to the

.set
for according to
Mysteries were here
up
(C.I. A. II,.
Vitruv.
in
most of the spring water Alliens was bad and used for wash8, 3, 0,
315;
III, 5).
On
the site of the Eleu-
sinium, see Excursus III.
TRIITOLKMUS
Ch.
14, 4
81
/cat K6pr)<;,
TOL
iv Se
rw TptTrroXe/xou
OTToia
KeCfxepoi' Icttlv
Trayaet?
ayakfxa
e?
2
Se 9 avTOv
Xeyerat ypaô),
OTrocrov
ArfLonrjv eêt rou Xdyou.

10
'EXXryVojf ol juaXtcrra dix(f>L(T^r]/cat
roGi^re?
(f)a(rLu
Xdiqvaioi^ e? dpâtoxTyra
elalv
'ApyeloL,
oui^
cu?
Swpa, <a> napa dewv

<\>pvîv
)(LV,
Kaddnep âp^dp<iiv
AiyvTTTLOL.
Xeyerat
AiJixTjTpa e? "A/ayo?
77)1^
iXdovaav
Itti-
UeXacryo^ Seiâtro otKW Kat w? Xpucrai^^t?

aTajxeprj T179 K6pr]<; StT^yr/cratro
15 <f)dpTr)v (f)acrLu
dpirayrju
vcnepov 8e Tpo^tXoj/
'
tepo-
(^vyovTa i^ "Apyov; Kara e)(6o^

9 Ti)v 'Attlkt}!/ /cat
Ayijvopo^ eXOelp
yvvoLKd re ^
'EXeucrt^'o? yyjfiaL
Kat yeviadai ol vratSa? EvôvXea Kat TptTrrdXe/xot'.

jLtei'
dSe
'Apyeicjp ecrrt Xdyo?

. .
.
'A^ryj/atot Se Kat ocrot irapd tov-
rot? LcacTL
T pLTTToXeixop
Tov KeXeov irpioTov cnrelpai Kap/xeV, et

St)
20 TTOi^ rjp.Epov.
eirrj
Se aSerat Movo'atoi'
iralSa
Moucatou
TtJ?
elvai,
Kat
ravra,
TpLVTokeixov
'flKâvov
e/xot SoKett'
Kat
'0/3(/)ea;9 Se,
ovSe ravra 'Op(êw9
ovra, EvôvXet
Se' cr^tcrt
Kat TpLTTToXefxcp Avcravkrjv narepa eluat, fx-quvcracrL

Trept T179 TratSo? ôdrjvai
25 TTOu?
irapd
AiJixr}Tpo<;
anelpaL tov^ Kap-
XotptXw Se
ÂOrjvaLO) Spdfxa iroiiqcravTi 'AXotttî^
eanv
elpiqixeva
KepKvoua
BvyaTepa
elpat Kat TpLTTTokeixop dSeX(ôv9, xeKeti'

'A/u.(^tKTuoiô9,
ett'at
Se
(T(f)d<i
Se irarepa
TptnTo-
Xe/xoj /xet* 'Pdpoj',

/xe (opix-qixeuou
KepKvdi^t Se notretSwiâ.
TTpocro) Se teVat
. . .
roOSe rou Xdyou Kat onoaa i^y]yr]cnv
eêt
oi//t9
30
TO AOrjuTjaLu lepov, KaXov/xevov Se 'EXevcrtVtoi^, etrdo'xev

'
oveipaTO?xjjofxaL.
a Se e? Trdrra? ocriov
ypd(f)eLv, e?
raOra dnorpe4
npo tov vaov rovSe,

ccttl
ei'â Kat roi)
TptTrroXe'ôv to
ayaXjxa,
rat
34.
ôu9
;)âXKo{)9 ota e9 Ovariav dy6ixuo<;, TreTTOLT}-
Se
KaBT^fxevo<i
'KTnfxeviSr)^
:
Kvcoacno^,
ov
first
ikdovra e9
driver of oxen
Serv. ad Georg.
*E7ri(iitvC8T)s
Kvwor<rios
Epiiiie-
hero Bouzysps. the

(Ilesych. s.v.
1, 10).
nides, inenlioiied in connection with
/Souft'o'T;?;
Triptolemus and
originally
tlie
bronze steer, was

witli
The
niytiiieal in tiie
form of
thi.s first
(.f
identical
the
Attic
ox tamer was,
consciousness
82
35

Ch.
14,
aypov
eTO<;
KotfjiacrdaL
XeyovcxLv kcrekOovra eq
rj
cnTrjXaiou-
6 oe
vTTvo^ ov
nporepov durJKeu avTov npiu
ol recrcrapaKocrTov
iirr]
yeuecrOat KadevSovTL, koI vcrrepov
re
evrotet
/cat
TToXet? eKoiOrjpep
aXXag
ttjp
re kol ttjv
'
Kdiqvaiiov.
SaXrj? -qv Êirijxei'iSr) T7J<s
avr^?- dXX' 6
[xev Kva>aaio<;,
SdXyjTa 8e
errrj
t^'at (f>r](rL
TopTTJUiov ôXv/x^'ac^Tog Ko\o(f)MVio<;
AaK:e8at/ô^'tot9
e?
avTov
TTOtT/cra?.
ert
8e
ol
dnoiTepco
)(â>pa<g
iâo? Ev/cXetas, dvddr)fxa kol
tovto diro MtJScju,

8e 'AOyjvaCov;
t^?
MapaOcovL ecrôv.
TTpocreSoKaTo
(^povrjcrai
enL
tt]
plkj)
45 TavTT] fjidkiara et/cctôj

rj
/cat 817 /cat
AtcrûXos, w? ot rov /Blov
TeXevTT],
twv
jxev
dXXcov lp.vrip,6vev<rev ovoe-
vo^y 80^17? es TocrovTOP tjkcov km, TroitjcreL Kat 7rpo<;

fxicTiO)
Aprebuofxa
/cat
eV
'ZaXajxlvi
iâv/xaî^cra?
8e to re
TTarpoOev Kol TTjv ttoXlv eypaxjje

60 e;(ot
/cat oj? 7179
dvSpia^ jxdpTvpas
70 MapadcovL dXcros
/cat 1^1780)^
rov? eg avro dTTO^dvTa.<i.

EvKXeCos
the question of
is
a later time, blended with that of the
43. vaos
Cretan priest Epimenides, about whom two traditions were extant one that
the identity of Eucleia with Artemis

closely
of the
he had freed Athens from the Cylonian ^705 (Ar. llesp. Ath. 1 Plut. Solon 12,
;
bound up with the discussion site of this temple, and is there-
fore reserved for Excursus III.
45. Al-
Athens ten years before the Persian War, he engaged in certain religious rites and prophesied the war (Plat. Legg. 1, G42 d). On the story of Epimenides, the Greek Rip Van Winkle, cf Theoponipus, frag.
etc), the other that,
coming
to
<rxvXos
vavfxaxV)<ros
the current
tradition regardingthe death of Aeschylus killed near Gela in which was dropped on his bald head by an eagle, which mistook it for a stone. Cf Biogr. Gr. ed.
was
that he
was
Sicily
by a
tortoise
69, in Fr. Hist. Gr.
I,
288
Diog. Laert.
1,10, 109; Pliny, N.

Xtjs
.
.
II. 7,
175. 38. 0d:
TT)v v6o-ov iravo-as
Thales or
Westermann, p. 120 Aelian, Nat. An. 7,10; Pauly-Wissowa, I, 1068. His epitaph was as follows
;
Thaletas, in obedience to the Delphic

oracle,
is
said to have stopped
by
his
music the plague at Sparta (Plut. de Mus. 42; Aelian, Var. Hist. 12, 50). Lycurgus is said to have studied music
k'utxÛv Ev4>opiwvos My)vaiov T68e Ke6dei ^^^â Karacpeiixevov nvpocpdpoio TAas dXK7]v 8' evddKifxov Mapaeuviov fiXo-os &>'
etiroi
/cat
âOvxaiT-neis
M^Sos
iiriaTdfievoi.
under him
(Plut. Lye. 4).
Poet. Lyr.
Gr., ed. Bergk, II, 571.
TEMPLE OF HEPHAESTUS
Ch.
14,
83
'Tnep 0 rov Kepafj.LKOu koI

Xeiov vad?
(ttoolu rrju Kakovfxeprjv jBaai-rrape-
icmu Hâtcrrou.
ovSeu davfxa
kol otl fieu ayaX/xa ol

i'TTOiovp.iqv
(jTrfKev 'A0'r)va<;,
eTTL(TTOip.evo<;
tov eVt ÊpL^doPLco
\6yov
to Se aya\/xa 6pa)v rrj? \\dr}va<; yXav-
55 KOV<; ^X.ov TOV<i 6(f)0aXfxovs

TO}JTOL<i
Al^vcdv tov fxvOop ovTa evpicxKou
ydip ecTTiv elp-qixevof Iloa'etSaii'o? koI Xip^vrf^ TptTor-
plSos dvyaTcpa elvat kol 8ta tovto yXavKov<; eluat (oanep
KOL
Tw
Hocreihcji'L T0vaC<rT0
:
irpayrois
Se
av6 pojircov
was
52.
voos
for a dis-
the goddess
originally represented
cussion of the identity of the temple

of Hephaestus witli the so-called The-
with the face of an owl. H. Hiklebrandt,

Philol.
it
XLVI
(1888), 201
ff.,
derives
seum, and a description of the temple, see Kxcursus IV. on jiiv a-yaXpid
ol irapô-Tr)Kv *A97]vds kt\.:
the joint
from yXavKos "bright" or "blue" and a root voi-, "water," making the compound designate a goddess of the
bright Ijlue sea.
worship of
tias,
Hephaestus and Athena

in Attica (Plat. Cri-
Pausanias' statement
was very ancient

p.
indicates that the Greeks understood
109 c);
their temple
is
also
mentioned by Augustine (Civ. Dei, 18, 12). Pausanias refers to the Erichthonius legend as the link between Hephaestus and Athena (ApoUod. 3, 14, 6; Schol. Hom. II. B, 547; Aug. I.e.),
while others hold that the link was not
-Erichthonius but Apollo the Paternal,
pothesis
"blue-eyed" by the term, which hyis confirmed by Cicero (de Nat.
Deor. 1, 30, 83), who says the color of Minerva's eyes was bluish-gray, and of
Neptune's sky-blue.
58.
TT^s
-itXtio-iov
hi
Upov
o-tiv 'A<})po8C-
Ovppavias:
as this sanctuary
it
was
near the temple of Hephaestus,
i)rob-
who was
tus
said to be a son of IIephae.s(Cic.
ably stood on the Colon us Agoraeus or
and Athena
de Nat. Deor.
1,
Market
dess
dite
Hill.
The worship
of the god-
22, 55; 23, 57; Clem. Alex. Protrept.

2, 28, p. 24, ed.
Potter).
54.
whom
the Greeks called Ai)hro-
to 8*
Urania was derived
from the
being
the
aâXfia
yXavKol
rfjs
:
'A6T|vds -YXavKows (\ov

this
Semitic jieoples of Asia,
TOWS o<}>9aXp,ovs
remark about the

in,
counterpart of the Uaals of the vari-
6(p6a\fj.oi
suggests that the eyes

or that
favorite
ous
cities,
and known as Baalat or
of ancient statues were set
Astarte.
Like the male deity, Astarte
they were painted.

epithet of Athena
is
Homer's
eyed."
112
ff.)
yXavKOim, "blueDr. Schliemann (Troy, p. 54,
to plants, animals,
was regarded as the giver of fertility and men, and as

the goddess of heaven.
Jeremiah
(7,
would
tran.slate
the epithet
'owl-faced," deriving the
word from
18; 44, 18) calls her "the queen of heaven." In her double aspect as goddess of love and of heaven,
tlie
7XaO|
"owl" and
6\f/
"face," supposing
(ireeks
84

Ch.
15, 1
00 KaTecrTYj ae/Secrdai rr]v

TroLOJV Tla(f)LOL<;
Ovpaviav,
jxeTo,
8e 'Aa-crvpLov; Kvrfj
kol (ôlulkcdv rots AcTKaXcoua eôvaiv iu
UaXatcTTLvr), irapa 8e (l>OLVLKa)v KvOijpiOL fxadovreq cre/Sovcriv
AdrjvaioLS Se Karecrr'^craro Atyeu?, avTM re ovk eluai

vop.it,(xiv
TratSa?
ov yap
'
tto)
Tore rfcrav
koX
rat? ahe\<âl%
65 yevecrdat ttjv o'vix(f)opai'

<^'
Ik
pLiqvip.aTO'^ rrj^
/cat
Ovpavia^.
epyov
to 8e
rjp.o)v
en ayaXp-a XiOov llapCov
êihiov
(ftacrt
Srjpo^
8e icTTLV AOi^vaCoLf;
'Adpovecou, di Ilop(j)vpLO)va ert

Trj<;
TrpoTepov 'AKTaiov âcnXevao-ura
Ovpavia<;
to
oij-
irapa crîcrtf lepov ISpvaacrdaL.

70 pov<i
Xeyovcn Se dpa rovs

ol T7]v
Kal
dXXa ovheu
6poio)<i
/cat
ttoXlv eôi^re?.
15
'lovcrt 8e irpo^ Tr)v
(XTodv
rû lioLKiXiqu
ovopdtôvcriv
oltto l
represented her as the Heavenly Aphrodite.
public,
See Roscher, Lex.
s.v.
I,
Aph349,
we may ascribe to it the customary form for Leschae, a long rectan-
rodite
Urania; rreller-Robert,
gular hall inclosed on three sides and
rem.
15.
ings.
1.
. . .
5.
The Stoa Poikile and

notKXT)V
its
Paint-
open on one long side fronted with columns. Here Zenomet hisdisciples, who
thus acquired the
name
;
of Stoics or
7,
O-Todv
'Ep|J.f]S
:
"men of the Stoa"

Dial. Meretr. 10, 1
(Diog. Laert.
1,5).
'A-yopaios Kal
c.
iTv\-t\ itXtjo-Cov
after
etc.
Lucian (Jupp. Trag. 16

;
Icarom. 34
13)
describing in
14, 6-7, the
temples
Pi.sc.
and
Alci-
on the Market Hill to the west of the Agora, Pausanias now describes some
objects of especial interest within the
phron (Ep.
1,
3, 53, 64) tell of philos-
market-place, notably the Tainted Col-
onnade, the Hermes of the Market, and

a market-gate.
of
As
the site of the three
isadisputed question, the consideration

it is
ophers and their followers discoursing and wrangling within or before the Colonnade. diro Twv -ypa(|>wv the Colonnade was embelli.shed with paintings by Polygnotus and his associates Micon and Panaenus (Plut. Cim. 4 Pliny
reserved for Excursus
Stoa Poikile or
originally
The Painted Colonnade was

II.
25, 58
Harpocr.
s.v. IIoXiryi'WTos).
It is
a mooted question whether the paintings
named
neia-iavdKTews
a-rod
were on the wall
itself
or on
after
founder Peisianax, son-in-law of Cimon (Plut. Cim. 4 Diog. Laert. It was built probably after 457 7, 5).
its
;
wooden tablets. Since Synesius (Ep. 54

and 135) toward the end
stating that paintings
of the fourth
a-avlSes in
century uses the expression
B.C.
Just as
its site
is
not definitely
known, so also its form is uncertain. Since it was intended to serve a.s a
Lesche,
i.e.
had been removed from the colonnade by a Roman proconsul, some have regarded them
as easel paintings, but the evidence
as a loimging-place for the

tup:
Ch.
15, 1
painted colonnade
85
TOiv ypa(f)a)v ecTiv
'Fipfiyjf;
âX/cov? KaXovfievof; 'Ayopato?
KaL
TTvky] TrkrjaLOu-
enecrTL 8e ol
Tponaiov Adrjuaiajv
'
LTnroixa-
^ta KpaTTjcrdvTiDV nXeiVrapôi^, o?

5 /cat
ttJ? Ittttov
KacrcrdpSpov
avrr;
Tov
êt'i/cou
77)1^
dp^-qv dhe\(f)oq
*
aiv eVererpaTrro.
oe
17
crroa irpuira p,ev

his
A6'rjvaLov<; eêt TTayp.evov<; iu

Pausanias' statement that the
Olvoy
first
that Polygnotus and
contempoon walls is so convincing that there is but little doubt that they were fresco paintings (cf.
raries painted generally
two
were on the two short walls and the last two on the long back wall. There were other pictures in the Colonnade,
as e.g. a portrait of Sophocles with
liis
Pliny N.II. 35, 59, 123; Paus.
and Frazer's
of Ilernies
note).
0, 2(3, 3
2.
'EpfiTjs
:
x*^-
lyre (Biog. Gr., ed. Westt-rmann, p. 127)
Kovs KaXovfuvos 'Aôpaios
the statue
and a picture by Pami)hilus or Apollodorws of the Ileracleids seeking the

protection of the
Agoraeus or Ilermes of the

in the
Market stood
Agora beside
the
Athenians (Schol.
I*aintedColonnade(Lucian,Jupp.Trag.
33 and schol.).
It is
Ar. Plutus, 385).

still
known
to liave
in
The paintings were existence up to the fourth cenMara(a.i>.
dated from before the Persian
War
tury, for Himerius (Or. 10, 2) speaks

of the painting of the battle of
(Hesych.
cian
style
rrjv
(I.e.)
s.v. dyopaios 'Epfiijs),
states that
it
and Luwas of archaic

dpxaioi
thon as
still
extant in his time
evypafi/xos, evirepiypairroi,
ttjs K6fjir]s.
avddeaLv
Some have
con-
jectui'ed that the statue seen
by Pau-
and Synesius' statements (11. cc.) show that in 402 a.i>. their removal had but recently taken i)lace.
315-38G),
'AOrivaiovs
ktX.
:
sanias was acopy of
tlie
bronze original.
TtTa-ypi^vovs
tv
Otvo]]
Whether the original or a copy, the statue was a nmch-admired specimen of archaic art, and artists (Lucian I.e.) were continually making casts of it, so that it was never quite free from pitch. This Hermes was a very popular deity. The Arlstophanic sausage-seller sweai s
vri
the subject of this painting has
occasioned discussion.
Spartans,
The
battle of
Oenoe, in which Athenians defeated
TTjv 'Epp.riv rbv

(I.e.)
'
Ayopaiov (Eq. 307).
Lucian
represents
to tell
up among the gods
him rushing them of the
mentioned again by Pauby no other writer. Pausanias states (I.e.) that a group of statuary executed by the artists Hypatodorus and Aristogiton was set up by the Argives in honor of the joint victory gained by Argive.s and Atheis
sanias, 10, 10, 4, but
impious things that were said in the Agora. 0. irpcora \i.(v ivhi t (icVw
nians against the Spartans at Oenoe in

Argolis.
From
it is
a Delphic inscription
clear that these artists
Tv rol\u>v
length
Pausanias describes at
(C.I.G. 25),
four paintings in the Colonnade, the battles of Oenoe, of Marathon, of the Aniazon.s, and of the
belong to the first half of tlie fifth century n.c. This gives an approximate date for the battle. The AthenianArgive alliance was formed 463 h.c,
after the breach with Sparta at
Sack of Troy.
As
it
to the disposition
of the paintings,
seems
likely
from
Ithome

86
Trj<;

Ch.
15,
'Apyeia? evavTia AaKeSaLfxovLMv
yeypaiTTai 8e ovk e?
aKfxrjv dya)vo<; ovSe Tok^xiqyudTMV e? iTriheiîv to
epyov
ert
yjSr]
TrpoTjKov,
10 oi^re?.
dWd
dpôixevrf re
17
P-^XV
'^^^
'
^'^
êtpa?
kol
avvi-
eV 8e ra> pecro) tcov Toiôiv
AdrjvaloL
Sr]crev<; 2
'ApaôaL pdôvrai.
OVK
d(f)yp6L
povaus Se dpa <ravrat9> rat? yvvai^lv

e? tov'^ klvovvov^ dêtoe?, et
Ta nTaicrpaTa to
vtto
ye %epicTKvpa<; t aXovarj^
pL<Tr]<; (T(f)Lcn ttJ?
'HpaKXeov;
/cat
vcTTepov
(f)6a-
crrpartd?,
'
171^
eV
'A^^^Va? ecTTeiKav, op(o<;
15 e?
Tpoiav rjXOou Adiquaioiq re aurot? paôvpevai kol rot?

eVt Se
Tar's 'A/xaôcrtj'
irdcTLv 'FXXrjcnv.
EXXi^t'e?
eicrij' 17/317e<?
Kore? "iXto^'
Acat 01 /3a(TtXet9
rjdpoLapevoi Sid to Atavro?
Kac^c^d^'Spa^' ToXprjpa
/cat yuiât/ca? rcu^'
kolI
avTov
rj
ypa(f)r)
tov AiavTa eêt
al^pakdiTwv aXXa? re Kat Kacrcrdi/opav.

elacv ol
20 reXeuratoi^ Se
Trj<^ ypa(f)r]<;
paêadpevoi M.apa0oivi-
(Thuc.
tlie
1,
102).
The
final victory of
Siârtaus over the allies occurred
at
of
Tanagra 458 n.c. Hence the battle Oenoe doubtless occurred between
10. 'A0T]vaioi
appeared in Polygnotus's great picture of the capture of Ilium in the Lesche at Delphi (10, 20, 7).
20. TtXevTatov 8 rfis ypa<|>iis l<riv ol
|jiaxco-d|jLvoi
these dates.
Kal
0Tj<ri)S
MapaObivi
this painting
'Ajjiaôo-i
from other sources we know was by Micon (Arr. Anab. 7, 13, 10), and that the Amazons were depicted fighting on horseback (Ar. Lys."678 and Schol.). Pausanias alludes to all three battles in which Amazons were engaged: (1) fight of
jjidxovTai
:
this painting
seems to have been the joint work of Micon and Panaenus (cf. Paus. 5, 11,0; Arr. Anab. 7, 13, 10). From Pausanias's description, the action fell into
three scenes
-
(1)
;
The Greeks and Per(2)
sians in conflict
the flight of the
Persians
(3)
the attempted embarkaI'ausanias

figures
tion of the Persians.
men-
Heracles witli the
Amazons
at
in their
tions
by name seven
Athena
own country
(1, 2, 1);
fight of
nians against the

(Pint. Thes. 20);
Amazons
and
before
AtheAthens
and Heracles, Theseus, Marathon and Echetlus, Callimachns and Miltiades.

Pliny (N.H. 35, 57),
likenesses,
fight of Achilles
who
argues that
with
the
Amazons
Troy.
the portraits of the leaders were real

enian,
10. "E\\t)Vs tlcriv tjpt)k6ts "IXiov: Plu-
tarch (Cim. 4) mentions the current

report that Polygnotus introduced
likeness
of
tiie
Cimon's
sister
Elpinice
adds the names of one AthCynegirus (Ildt. 6, 14), and two Persians, Datis and Artaphernes. Many fancied they .saw tlie phantom
Tlie.seus
into the painting as Laodice,
who
also
of
charging
the
Persians
THE PAINTED COLONNADE

Ch.
IG, 1
87
lacnv
Botwrwf Se
vap'
oi
TlXaTaLav
i)(ôPTf;
/cat
oaop
rjv 'Arri/coi^
C9 )(lpa<; rot?
âp^dpoi^.
e? to
/cat
Tavrrj fieu icniv Icra ira)
dix(j)OTep(t)v
epyov
to 8e
ecroi
Trjq
ixd^r]<^
(ftev-
yovTerj<; vrje<; re at
<t>otVto'(rat /cat roji' /8a/3-
^dpoiv
tov'^ IcnriTTTOVTa^ e? ravTa<; (f)ovevouTe<? ol
EXXrîê?.
IvTavOa Kat MapaOa)u yeypap.p.4vofi iaTiv

irehCov cjpofJLadTaL, /cat
(^)T7crev'?
yjpo)'^, d(f)'
ov to
dviovTi
e/c
yTrJ?
etKacr/xeVo?
^XBrfva re
30
crti',
/cat 'H/aa/cXr}?
MapadcjPLOC? y^Ry ^^ avTol Xeyovrwt' ixa)(ôp.ev(DV 8e
'Hpa/cX>5? iuojxicrdy] Oeoq Trpwrot?.
SrjXot /aaXtcrrct elcriv iv ttj ypacf)fj KaXXiyutaô? re, 69 \\.6y]-
vaCoLS TToXep.apêiv rjprjTO, /cat MtXrtaSTy? rwi^ (TTpaTrjyovvTcov, T/pcD? T

jxvTJixrjv.
EêxXo?
/caXou/xct'os,
ou
/cat
vaTepov
/cat
Troti^cro/xat
ivTavOa
dcTTTtSe?
/ct^'Tat
âX/cat,
rat? /xeV
35 icTTiv
eTTiypapuxa diro %KLO)vaLO)v Kat tmv eiriKovpoiv elvat^

TrCcrcrrj, fxr} (T(f)d<;
Ta? Se 7raXT7Xt/x/xeVa9
rat
/cat
6 re ^povoq
Xvp.y]vr)-
6 to?, AaKeoaLixovtMU eluat Xeyerat
toji' aXoi/raj^
eV
T^
16
^(fyaKTrjpLo, pyjcro).
'A^'8pta^'Te9 8e âX/cot /ceti'Tat tt/do
/oter
T179 crroag
^dXwi/
(Plut. Thes. 35).
Miltiades
all
was rep-
Painted Colonnade.
vCwv
. . .
37.
AaK(8ai(jLo-
resented in front of
the other Athe-
twv a\6vTv
iv t\[ ^âKrr]pi(f.
generals, extendinsj his hand toward the enemy and cheering on his forces (Aeschin. 3, 180 and schol.;
nian
two hundred and ninety-two Lacedaemonians on

vô-w: the capture of the
the island of Sphacteria occurred 425

n.c. (Tliuc. 4, 38).
Aristid. Or. 40, p. 232).

34. d(rirC8cs
. .
Their shields, to-
.xa^Kai.
diro 2ki(i>-
gether with
vaCwv ktX.
the successful
revolt
of
Scione from Athens occurred 423 h.c,
but two years later the Athenians recaptured

(Thuc.
it,
sword of Mardoniu.s, were regarded as among the most glorious trophies of Athens (Dio. Chrys. 2, p. 27) probably here too was the shield
tlie
;
slaughtered the men, and
of Brasidas lost at Pylus (Thuc. 4, V2
sold into .slavery

4,
women and
children
(4,
Diod. 12.
16.
1.
0, 2).
120; 5,132).
TlnK'ydi<ks
Dij/rrssion on Scleurits.
131) recounts the part their allies took

in the fate of the
unfortunate
city.
in
The
the
'Av8pidvTs Si x*^**' kt\.: the bronze statue of Solon is mentioned

also
captured shields were preserved
by Deni.
2(),
24 and Aelian, Var.
88
o Tov<; v6ixov<;
Ko<i,
'

Ch.
IC,
AOrjvaioL^ ypdxjja';, 6\iyov Se aTTOiTepo) Xekev-
/cat,
TTporepov kyivero e? Ty]v evSaLjxovLav ttjp fxek-
Xovaav
5
crTy/xeta
ovk a<âvrj.
êXevKco yoip,
o)<;
(opfiaTO
MaKeSovta?
^vka
crvu 'A\eôivSp(o,
Bvovtl Iv IleXXry
rw
Att ra
em
tov
/cat
/Bm/jlov Keifxeiâ Trpov/Sr] re
avTOfiara Trpo? to
dya\fj.a
dvev
^
TTvpo<; rjcpdr).
reXevTijcravTO^ he 'AXe^dp-
Spov XeXevKo^ AvTiyovov e? Ba^vXwt'a diîKOjxevov Setcra?

/cat
Trapd UroXeixalov
(f)vyd)i>
tov
Adyov
jxep
KaTrjXdev av6i^ e?
10
Ba^vXwz/a, KaTeXdwv Se eKpaTrjcre

Tta?
/cat
r^? 'Ai^rtydt'ov cTTpa-
avTov aTreKTeivev 'AvTLyovov, elXe 8e eVtcrrparev-
crapTa vcTTepop A'qjxyJTpiop top 'ApTiyopov.

TTô/ce^wpi^/cet /cat
joter'
w? 8e
'
ot
raura
oXiyop
to.
Avcripidôv KaTeipyacTTO,
TTfP fxep ev TTj 'Acrtct Trdcrap

15 TratSt,
dp^r)p TtapeocoKep
rj-jTeCyeTO.
Aptlo'^m
tco
avro? Se e? Ma/ceSoiîat'
Kol /3apfidpo)p
/xei^
cTTpaTid fxep koI
'FiXXtJpcop
tjp
Trapd SeXeu/cw- riroXe^Ltato? Se
aSeXô?
Avcrctt'Spa'? /cat irapd
AvaLjxdôv
/cat St'
Trap'
ovtop
7re(j)evy(o<;,
aXXoj? 8e ToXp^Tjaai Trp6êLpo<;
avro Kepav-
j/o?
KaXo-ufiepo'^, ovto<^ 6 IlToXeâto?,
w? irpocncop 6 SeXevjSaauXevaLP
dtp
icrfiep
20 /cou
(TTpaToq
eyepeTo /cara Avcnixdêiap, Xadoip êXevKOP
KTeipei, SiapTrdcraL Se e'TTtrpev/za? ret ^prjjxaTa rot?

e'/3acrtXevcre
Ma/ceSovta?, e? o FaXctrat? irpcJTOs
fiacnXeojp dpTLTdâcrOac roX/xi^cra? dpaipelTai vtto tcjp /3ap-
^dpcop-
TT]p Se
dp^rjp
. .
ApTiyopo<; dveadicraTO 6 ArjjxrjTpLov.

irapd
Syr.
II,
(52 ff.;
Hist. 8, 16.
53
8.
2\WKos
Justin,
ff.
17, 23;
Droysen,
:
nToXejiaiov ^vyutv: this occurred in
2,
329
21.
tois Pa(ri\v(riv
310
H.c.
Consult Diod.
;
19,
55; Apd.
. .
here the guards are meant, '-the King-s"
plan,
Syr.
Hell. II, 1, 312.
Droysen,
10.
Gesch.
.
being a complimentary Kayser, Ztsch.

499).
d.
title
given to
cKpdTT](rc
the Life Guards or palace troops (see

f.
'AvT^YOvov: in the battle of Ipsus,

1, 0, 7,
cf.
AU.-Wiss.VI(1848),
viiro
note.
.
23.
dvaipurai
twv âppdh.c.
19.
ovTos 6 XlroXcfjiaios
:
XaOojv
pwv: Ptolemy t'eraunus was defeated
Sc'XcvKov KTvi
cf.
10,
19,
7.
The
App.
and
slain
by the Gauls
5,
in
280
Cf.
assapsination of Seleucus by Ptolemy
Justin, 24,
17; Polyb. 343

ff.
9,
35,
4;
Ceraunus occurred 281
u.c.
Cf.
Droysen,
II, 2.
HISTORY OF SELELCUS
Ch.
17, 1
89
kol aX\a?
/xe^'
25
XekevKOP Se /SaaiXeajp Iv rot? jxaXLcrTa
TreiOofjiaL
yevead ai
SeXev/cd?
Si/catoj/
koX
ir/ao?
to OeZov evae^rj.
tovto
yap
icmv
6 MtXtycrtot? top âXKoOi^ /caraTre/xi/za? 'AttoXto,
Xwz/a 9 Bpay^j^tSa?, avaKoynadevTa e? 'E/cySctrai/a

VTTO
MryStKct
tto-
'B.ipôv TOVTO Se SeXeuAcetat' olKLcra^ eVl TiypiqTi

/cat
30 Tafio)
Ba^vXwi^tov? ovto<; eVaydjaczô? e? avTXjv (tvvolfxeu
KOv<;
vneXineTo
to ret^ô? Ba^vXoii/o?, vTreXtVero Se rov

ol/ce^^'.
B17X TO lepov KOL Trepl avTo tov<; XaXSatov?

17
'
AOrfpaCoL^ Se eV
t?)
dyopa
/cat
aXXa
e'cTTtP'
ouk
e'?
e'9
airavTa^;
iTTLcrrjfxa
Kat EXeov
ôip.6<;,
yLtaXtcTTa êwi^
dudpcompov
îov
/cat
/LteTtt/SoXa? TTpayp.a.TOiv ovti cuêXt/xw p.6voi TLfidf;
27. Tov xaX.KOvv

:
'AiroXXwva
ts
ovK
airavTas Kex'^pVKf V
Bp**YX'S*s on the bronze Apollo of Branchidae, cf Pans. 2, 10, 5 7, 5, 4

. ; ;
4, drjXa i$ atravras.
CXcov Pwpios Wilamowitz (Aus Kydathen, p. "JUl,

2.
'PVI^-V
'>
5, 18,
:
8, 40,
9, 10, 2,
and Frazer's
îrl
notes.
rem.
4)
conjectures that the altar of
29.
ScXcvKciav olK(o-as
:
TiYpiiTi
iroTa|XM
the foundation of Seleuciaas
Mercy is identical with the altar of the Twelve Gods, not mentioned by Pau.sanias.
the seat of government of the dynasty

led to the rapid decline of Babylon.
Strabo (10,
p.
738)
speaks of
Pliny (N.
it
as
This conjecture is adopted by Miss Harri.son, pp. 141-142. The altar of Mercy is frequently mentioned,
because
it
larger than Babylon, whole sections of
served as a place of refuge.

ff.)
which lay desolate.

600,000.
II.
0,
Statins (Theb. 12, 481
describes
it
122) puts the population of Seleucia at
as standing in a grove of laurel

olives.
and
of
About the beginning

era,
its
of the
Adrastus, after the

is
War
were mostly Greeks, with many Macedonians and Syrians (Joseph. 18. 9, 8). It was still a powerful city in Tacitu.s'.s
Christian
inhabitants
the Seven against Thebes,
said to
have
fled to
at the altar of
Athens and taken refuge Mercy (A poll. 3, 7, 1).

children
of
Likewise
the
Heracles,
fled
time (Ann.
17.
0, 42).
when
Eleos
per-secuted
by Eurystheus,
2, 8.
1
:
Altar
of
Altars
Aidos,
and of Horme and statues therein Temple of Theseus and its Paintimjs Minos and Theseus
of Pheme,
of
to this altar (Apoll.
Schol.
Ar. Eq. 1151).
Cf.
WachsnuUh. Stadt
Gymnasium of
Ptolemrj
Athen,
II.
:
43()-440.
this
3.
|i6voi
is
'AflTjvaioi
Statement
not presays
cisely true.
Diodorus
(13, 22, 7)
Various
Traditions
about
the
End
cf. 1,
the Athenians were the

;
first to set
up
of Theseus. 1. oiK s awavras

27, 3, ovK
îrCo-TiiJia
an altar of Mercy aiul Wachsnuith, II, 43(! cites an 'HXî; /3a)/u6s found in
the precinct of Asclepius at Kpidanrus.
diravTas yvwpLâ;
1, 4, 0,

90

Ch.
17,
'^WtJvcjv vejjLovcnv ^ Adiqvaioi.

5 TTiav
tovtoi<^ Se ov
ra
e? <îkav6pcD-
jxopov KadecrrrjKeu, aXXct Kai 0eov<; evcreôvcriv
aWcov
Kai
irXeov, KoX
'Opjxrj<?-
yap AtSov?
(Kîcri
cr^tcrt
ftcoixoq
icTTL
Kal
^TJiJLr]<;
SrjXd re ivapyco<;, ocrot? tt\4ov tl irepcov evcreêtag
fxeTecTTLv,
laov
irapov
ttj)(T)<;
xRV^'^V'^-
^^ ^^
^^
7^
fjLvacrL(p rrjq
10
dyopa<; direôvTi ov ttoXv, YlToXeixaiov 8e aTTo
Tov KaTacTKevacraixevov Kakovfieva), XlOol t elaLv'Epixai 9ea<i

Cf.
irla
Wachsmuth
aWcov
I.e.
on the
(piXavOpu-
sium of Ptolemy, the second the sanctuary of Theseus.

wliere,
of the Athenians.
irXe'ov
:
cf
5.
.
Qtovs tv<ri17,
The gymnasium was
Po(riv
Acts
22
doubtless, like similar structures else-
Kara iravra ws
Oeupu.
8etcrL5aLfwv(TT^povs
<r<j)i(ri
:
y/iSs
a spacious edifice with vari-
6.
AlSovs
Pufios
<rTi
ous apartments, colonnades, and open

courts for recreation and exercise.
Kol #^|iTis Kal 'Opufis

II.
Eustathius (ad
the
The
K, 451,
of
p.
1279, 39) locates
altar
Modesty on the Acropolis

tt]S
founder was probably Ptolemy Philadelphus. The Ephebi here attended lectures on philosophy (C.I. A. II, 479,
19).
1.
Trapa rbv
lloXiddos
Aj'SoDs
AOrjvds vewv (cf.

/3w/x6s).
Perhaps the other two altars mentioned were

Hesych.
s.v.
Cicero and his friends here listened
to the philosopher
1,1).
Antiochus (De
fin. 5,
likewise
located
440.
there.
Cf.
Wachsis
;
Thesiteof this building was doubtor north of the Agora,

lie
muth,
II,
Ai'Sws is the personifi-
less to the east
cation of good conduct,
and
first
judging from the
of the
mentioned by
Ilesiod, 0pp. 200
upon
flees
;
the buildings later mentioned.
ground and Miss
the entrance of the Iron
Age she
earth
(C.I. A.
Harrison locates
it
to the northeast be-
with Nemesis from the
her
II,
daughter
2339).
is
'Zu}(l>poa-tJvri
tween the existing Colonnades of Attains and Hadrian (Athens, p. 145 f.).
10.
Kfj
.
priestess of
Modesty had a
'p)jiai
. .
seat in the theatre (C.I. A. Ill, 307).
'loâs
cIkwv riToXsiiaCou x**^" Xpvo-nriros ktX.

. .
:
"Oaaa At6s dyyeXos II. B, 94; Od.w, 413. Aeschines (1, 128) men^-qfiT] cf.
With
Pausanias mentions within the gymna-
tions the altar of
Rumor and says, Tyn^y

Cf.
1,
^^/XT] drj/Moa-ia dvofiev oJj 6e<^ (2, 145).
Schol. Aeschin.
128,
where
it is
said
that the altar of
Rumor was
erected
shortly after the battle of the
Euryme-
don because the rumor of that great victory readied Athens the same day. 8. (V h( tS -yv[xva<r((p ktX. Pausanias again leaves the Agora and describes two buildings "not far from it" and near each other. The first is the gymna:
sium stone Hermae, a bronze statue of Ptolemy, a statue of Juba the Libyan, and a statue of Chrysippus of Soli. Pausanias does not say which Juba was meant, but it was doubtless Juba II, who was patronized by Augustus and was the author of historical treatises. Cicero (De fin. 1, 11, 39) and Diogenes Laertius (7, 7, 182) mention a statue of
Chrysippus
Athens.
in
the
market-place
of
There is nothing to show this was the one seen by Pausanias.
SANCTUARY OF THESEUS
Ch.
17,
91
a^LOL Kol eiKOiv UTokefxaiov âXKrj
kol 6 re AtySu? 'loySa?
ivravOa Kccrat Kai XpvcTLTnro^ 6 SoXeug.

TIpo<; 8e
Tw
yvyivaai(o
^
%y)<jo}<;
idTLv lepou
ypacfial Se
elcL
7r/30<?
A/xaôiâ?
AOtjvoIol pâôpievoi
Trj
TreTroii^rat
8e
16 <T(j)Lcnv
6 TToXe/xo? ovto<; Kai

CTTt
Adiqva eVl r^
acTTTtSt
roi
Kat
Tou OXvpTTLOV Ato?

Brycreiw? te/3w /cat
17
Tw ^dOpco.
yiypaiTTai Se eV
'
rov
Kei^ravpoju Koi AaTTidwu po-X^
^^^trcv?
pkv ovv
dTTeKTov(ii^ icTTLV yjSr]

ert
t^
Keuravpop, rot? 8e aXXot? e^

rov Se rpiTov t^v Toi^tov
(Ta<j)'qs ia-rXv
is
Xeyovcnu ov
icTLP, rd pev
(c)
Upov
tliis
sanctuary
of Centaurs
and Lapiths, and
the
said to have been
expressly con-
story of The.seus and Amphitrite,
structed to hold the bones of Tlieseus
was Micon, though llarpocration andSuidas

(s.v.
when they were brought

from Scyros
tlie
(400
it.c.)
UoXvyvwTo^) give Polygnotus the

It
is
to
Athens by Cinion
(cf
.
after
3(5
credit for them.
probable that
Persian
1,
War
Pint. Thes.
Time.
cinct
98; Diod.
4,
G2
11, 60).
It
overshadowing reputation caused the works of Micon later

Polygnotus's
to be ascribed to himself. of the
first
was surrounded by an extensive pre{rifuvos

1.
The subject
one of the
TTJi
Orjcrews,
C.I. A.
II,
painting, the Battle of the

also that of
446,
13)
which served as asylum

;
Amazons, was
paintings
(c.
for the fugitive (Ar. Eq. 1311

4,
Diod.
in the
Painted Colonnade
24, 7)
62
Plut. Thes. 36),
sometimes also
Certain elec-
15, note)
and was represented on

(5,
as a place of assembly (Thuc. 6, 61,

Arist.
the shield of Athena Parthenos
Kesp. Ath. 15).
tions to office
by
lot regularly
took
place here (Aesch. 3, 130 and

Arist. Re.sp.
.schol.,
and on the pedestal of the statue of Zeus at Olympia (cf. 5, 11, 7). 17. t| Kcvravpuv Kal AairiGwv fidxi] ns Pau-
Ath. 62).
With regard
:
sanias states later that the third paint-
to the site Plutarch (Thes. 36) says

KeiTaL
fxiv
ing was on the third wall of the temple,

this
iv
fiiari
rrj
ir6\ei
wapa t6
pvu yvfjipdffiov
doubtless
the
sium of Ptolemy. The site wliere between the Colonnade of Attains and the northwest slope of the Acropolis. See Excursus IV on the
identity of the so-called Tlie.seum with
this sanctuary. ^ypa<))al St
it
gymnawas somc-
wall of the temple, not on the
was probably on the second or rear same wall

fir.st
with the
19.
.
. .
painting.
.
. .
T|
-ypa<t>T)
Mv<Ds
:
&i\a-ia
is
'A(i<}>iTpTT]s ^TX.
this Story
told
by Ilyginus (Astron. 2, 5) and is the theme of the Sixteentli (Seventeentii)
tlo-i
kt\.:
Ode
of Bacchylides.
It is
also dei)icted
va.ses that
appears that the painter of the three

fight of the
{b)
on four well-known ancient
pictures,
namely (a) the Athenians and Amazons,
the fight
have come down to us: (1) a vase found at Caere, now in the Louvre, ascribed to
92
TTOV SiOL

Ch.
17,
Tov ^povov,
TOL
Sc
yov.
MiV(i)9 rjuLKa ^rjcrea
Mlkcov ov tov TTOiVTa eypaxjje X6Kat tov aWov aroXov rcou TraiScov
rjyev e? Kpyrrju, ipa(T$ei<; Wepiôia^;, oj? ol %'Y]crev<; ^ctXtcrra
yjvavTLOvTo,
25 TToloa
Kai aXA.a vtto 6pyrj<; aireppiA^fev e? avTou Kai

ecfyr]
ovK
Ilocretoaiiô?
elvai,
eirel
ov Swacrdat rrjv
(TcfypaylSa, tjv avTO<; cf)ep(DV eTvêv,

crcxicrai
aêvTi e?
Bakaaaav ava-
ol.
Mt^'w? fxev Xeyerau ravra enroiv aêlvat rrju
(7(f)paylSa-
^rjaea 8e crcfypaylSd re eKeiv^v eôvTa koX (niSwpov, avekdelv Xeyovcruv eK

rjSrj 4
(jyavov '^pvcrovp, 'AjXfjiLTpLTr)';

30 T179 OaXdcra-rjq.
e? he ttjv TeXevTrjv rrjV Bt^ctcw? ttoXXgl
KOL ov^ ofxoXoyovvTa elpr]Tai

(Tiv e?
SeSecrdai re
yap avTov XeyovTnOavoWaTa Se

oip
Tohe
e<ji<i
v(f)'
'llpaKXeov<; dvaÔeiy]^
SecnrpcoTovf;
TjKovcra
TO)v
%r)aev<;
e?
ifxâXcov, tov âcnXeo)<;
%ecnrpoiTO)v yvvaiKa dpirdacov, to ttoXv Trjq cTTpaTLaq
35 ovTOj?
aTToXXvai,
/cat
avro? re Kac IleLpidov;
yap Kal tov ydjxov

rtSo?
eirrt
CTTevScov
iarpdrevev
Kt^vysw.
6ea<;
30.
Iletpiôv?
cr(f)d<;
yjXcocrav, /cat
6 SecnrpcoTO'^ Sr^cra? etêi'

piev ttov
(2)
ft'
yrj<;
8e
Trj<; %e<jrrpcx)r 5
/cat
dXXa
a^ta, lepov re Ato? ev

s ii ttiv tX\)tt]v ttjv tiert'ws
Euphronius
genti,
a vase found at Gir-
now
;
in the National Library at
the legend of Theseus's descent into
Paris
at
(3)
a vase in the Civic

;
Museum
Bologna and (4) a red figured vase found atTruvo (M. d. arch. Inst., Rom. Abth., IX (1894), 229 ff. and PI. VIII). These are described and discussed by Frazer, II, 159-lGO. They were doubtless derived from the painting of Micon.
his rescue
4,
Hades with his friend Pirithous and by Heracles is told by Died,

03
;
Hyginus, Fab. 70
Mythog. Gr.,
etc.
ed. U.
Wagner,
Updv
t
I,
181
ff.,
Cf. Pans.
59, 31, 5; 10, 29, 9.

38.
Aios
iv
Ao)BS)vt\:
on
et
the excavations on the site of ancient
25.
Iirel
ov Stivao-Oai TTiv
o-<j>paiirei
Dodona, see Carapanos, Dodone

ses ruines, 1878.
Yt8a: a sentence introduced by

oratio obliqua often has
infinitive.
its
in
The
ruins
lie
seven
verb in the
miles to the southwest of Janina in

Epirus.
Cf.
3.
1,
22, G; 5, 26, 1; 7, 23,
The
rustling of the leaves of
8; 10,
7,
The same
w's
construction
occurs with
and
relatives in oralio
;
obliqua, as e.g. 3, 4, 4
8, 53,
9, 33,
was regarded as the and these mysterious sounds were interpreted by priestesses.
the sacred oak
voice of Zeus,
Cf.
4; 10,
is
4,
4; 10, 4,0.
This construction
Hom. Od.
;
^,
327,
t,
219; Aesch.
s.v.
frequent in Hdt.,
Thuc, and
Plato.
Prom. 851
Stepli.
Pyz. and 8uid.
SA^X'TLARY OF TIIKSEUS
Ch.
17,
93
rfj
Ao)h(ovrf KOL iepa

40 re ecTTiv
/cat
tov Oeov
<f>r}y6<;
irpo^ 8e
Kt^vpw
Xifipr)
Âêpovaia KaXovjxemr]
/cat iroTafxhs
Âêpcov, pel Se
KojKVTos vOojp aTepirecrraTov.
Ôjxr]p6<; re fxoi 8o/cet
ravra
Q}paK(x)<; 6?
re ttju akkrjv TToirjcriv aTTOToXixrjaaL tcov eV 'At-
hov
/cat hr)
Kol
to,
ovofxaTa rots TTora/xot? diro TOiv iv Becrore Se iôfxdvov

BT/crew? a'T/9aTevova't^'
re *A<^t8t'ai^ ai/aovcrt
7r/3Ce>TtSt
OecrdaL.
45 9 *A(^tSi'a^' ot
/cat
/xei/
Tut'Sapfw TratSe?
/cat Tifi^
Mevecrdea inl âcnXeta KaTTJyayop

ovSeVa Xdyoi^, Srjcrea
Meveadev^ Se
Tcjv
TTaihoiv to)v iô'ews Trap' 'EXe(f)y]i/opa vireêkdouTuiv e?

etêi'
Ev/Sotav
irpoiTOiv
8e, et ttotc
napa
Oecr-
avaKoynaOrjaeTai, SvcravTaytovLcrTov rjyovfxei'O^ 8ta
50 depaireia^
ra tov
Sijixov KadtcrTaTO,
w? i^crea avaawBevTa
B-r^crevg
varepou
(i)va
aTrojcrOrjpaL.
crreXXeTat
817
irapa AevKokC-
e? Kpi]T'r]p, iêveÔevTo. 8e avrov vtto irpevfJidTcov e? S/cv-
pot' 7171^ vTjcrov XafXTrpax; TrepieiTTOv ol '^Kvpioi
Kara yeVov?
ddvaTov
8dâi/ Kat d^Lcjfia o)v rjv avrog etyoyacr/xeVo?

55 AvKoixrjSr)<;
/cat ot
8ta ravra iôvXevcrev.

lyivero vcrrepovq Mi78ot
'^Kvpiov^; Troiijcrau-
'O [xeu
hr) f>r](T0)^ cn^/co? 'A6rivaLOL<;
MapadcovL ecrôu,
TO<;
dvacrrdTov;
Kt/utwi/o?
rou MtXrta8ov
^lktjv 817 row Brycreiw?

. .
Savdrov
1,
/cat
ra otrra
;
AwStivr],
kt\.
30. X{|i.vi] AxtpovaCo on the identification of these

'
(r77K6i is
used by Pausanias
a-rjubs
also
tlie
construction of
is
'AOrjvaiois i-îveTo
(J
mythological
II,
sites,
see Frazer's note,

(TTpaTcvoviTiv
-iraiScs
:
unusual.
:
Pollux,
thus defines
<Tr\Kbv
100-162.
44.
is
(7t;/c6s
ol fikv
yap aKpLîarepov
oi
tov
''A|>i8vav 01
Tv8ap
the in-
(yewv) tCjv ijpdiwv Xeyovuiy,

kuI rbv rCiv dtCov.
Si iroi-qral
cursion of the Dioscuri into

to rescue
Aphidna
In Plut. Cinion, 8,
Helen
0,
often mentioned.
the
tomb
of Tiiesous
Cf. 1, 41, 4; 2, 22, 6; 3, 17, 2; 18, 4,
called
o-tj/cos.
58.
;
on Skyrosîs rd oo-ra KojiCo-av.'^tory
5; and Hdt.
4,
73
Isoc. 10, 19; Diod.

etc.
tos k% 'AO^vas:
Plut. Thes., 30
3, 7
;
for the
of the
63; Plut. Thes. 31,
Aphidna
is
bringing back of Theseus's body, see

id.
now
identified with the hill of Kotrone,
six miles east of Decelea,
and thirteen
this
is
Diod.
4, 02.
The
Cimon, 8; Pans, oracle, in 470the Atheni-
miles from Oropus.

50.
475 n.c. had

:
commanded
'O
|Jiv
hi\
Tô-^ws o-TjKos
the only passage
in
which the term
ans to bring back the bones of Theseu.*^. Accordingly they contjuered Scyros in
94

Ch.lS,
1
18 KOjJiLoravTo^ 69 ÂdTJva<i-
to he lepov rwv AioaKovpcov ecttIv
apâiov, avroi re
i(f)'
icTTcoTes kol ol TiatSe? KadrJixeuoL a(f)L(TLv

fiep
linroiv
IvravOa Tlo\vyvcoTO<^
'laaouos
cnrovhrj
eôvra
e?
avTOVs
oe
Trj<;
eypaxjfe
5 TOV<;
yd/xov rSiv Ovyarepoiv to)v AevKL-mrov,

e's
M lk ojp
Kai ol
fxeTOi
t^
K6\)(ov<; irXevcravTa^
'^
ypa(f)yj<;
/aaXtcrra e?
virep
AKaaTov kol tovs

AuocrKovpcop to
iTnrov<5
eêt
Tovq 'A/cao"rov.
Se
t(x)p
lepov
'AyXavpov
moii,
Tefxevo^ icTiv.
'AyXavpco 8e kol rat? dSeXâts

(Ael.
470-469, under the leadership of Ci-
Var. Hist.
:
4, 5,
etc.). 2. Kal
and brought back the
relics the
01 iraiScs kt\.
the sons of Castor and
following year.
Precinct of Aglaurus Frytaneum Sanctuary of Serapis; of Ilithyia Statues

18. Sanctuary of the Dioscuri
Pollux were by
sinus (Pans. 2, 22, 5) or
name Anexis and MnaAnogon and

3, 11, 2).
Mnesileos (Apollod.
liefs
The
re-
on the throne of Apollo at
Amy-
and Sanctuaries in the Peribolus of the Temple of Olympian Zeus Isocrates Temple of Olympian Zeus Buildings of Hadrian in Athens. the 1. TO 8 icpov Twv Aioo-Kovpcdv sanctuary of the Dioscuri was also
clae (Pans. 3, 18, 3) also represented
the sons on horseback.

Tos
. .
.
3.
IIoXvyvw-
called
'AvdKiov.
1,
;
Cf.
Thuc.
8,
93;
Dem. 45, 80. Its site 45 can be approximately determined, as

Andoc.
was near the Aglaurus precinct 1, 18, 2), and this is definitely located on the north slope of the Acropit
twv and Phoebe, daughters of Leucippus, were betrothed to Lynceus and Idas, the sons of Aphareus. But the Dioscui'i, who were invited to the wedding, carried off the maidens from Messene, Castor marrying Ililaera and Pollux
typ'*''!'*
V^-JAOV
TWV
0vyciTpa)v
AtvKitnrov:
Ililaera (or Elaera)
(Pans.
olis
(see
below).
1,
This
to
is
confirmed
states that
by Polyaen.
Pisistratus,
21, 2,
who
Nem. 10, 11,2.-4. MKv it is not known what scene from the Argonautic expedition was selected
Phoebe.
Cf.
Schol.
Pind.
112; Apollod.
:
3, 10,
3;
wishing
disarm
the
Athenians, bade them assemble in the
that the subject
Anaceum, whence
their weapons were conveyed to the Aglaurus precinct. Lucian (Pise. 42) represents the needy philosophers clambering up into the Acropolis on ladders planted in this sanctuary. Its extent is indicated by the fact that troops of infantry and of cavalry assembled there (Thuc. 8, 98 Andoc. 1, 45). The "AvaKes were here worshiped under the name of Saviors
;
by Micon, but most authorities tliink was the funeral games celebrated by Acastus in honor of his father Pelias. Cf. Miss Harrison, Ancient Athens, p. 102, and Murray, Handbook of Gk. Arch. p. 370.
8.
'
A-yXavpou
T|jivos
is
the site of the
precinct of Aglaurus
a cavern about
70 yards from the Cave of

28, 40 n.)
Pan on
the
(cf.
northwest corner of the Acropolis

1,
of the
and about 70 yards west Erechtheum. It is in the region

PRECINCT OF AGLAURUS
Ch.
18,
95
"Epay Kal HavSpocro) hovvaC

10
(fyaatu
i<s
Adr)vav Êpi^Boviov
Tr)v TrapaKaTaOrJKrjv
KaTaOelaau e? ki^cdtov, airenrovcrav

fxif
TToXynpayixoveiv Udj/Bpocrov
Svo
duolâi
p.v St)
XeyovaL
Ttt? oe
cJ?
yap
(T(f)d<s Trji>
klôjtou
TreCdeo-OaL,
re,
rjv
p-aiveadai
eiôv TOP *EpL^06vLOv, Koi
Kara
Trjq aKpoTToXeoj^;,
evBa
paXicTTa diToropov, atra?

15
plxpaL.
Kara, tovto liravaÔivre^
M^Sot
crpop
rj
KaTe(f)6pevcrav
'
AdrjuaLcop xov? irXeop tl is top \py]-
Be/Lxtcrro/cXT^? elBepac
popLôpTa<; Kal tyjp oLKpoiroXip

7r\r]&LOP 8e
^v\oL<; Kal (TTavpoXs dTTOTei)(LcrapTas-
UpvTapetop
Long Hocks {MaKpal sc. lUrpat), mentioned Eur. Ion, 402 ff. A secret
of the
staircase,
some
steps of wliicli remain,
in the Erechtheum and was fed with honey cakes once a month (cf. Hdt. 8, 4 Plut. Them. 10 Ar. Lys. 758 ff. and
; ;
led
down from
It
the Acropolis into this
schol.).
10.
:
KaraOcio-av Is Kipwrov,
is
cavern.
has been suggested that by

Pans.
dTrenroOcrav
noteworthy
the lack of a
this staircase the Persians gained access
connective between the two participles.

If
to the Acropolis (cf. Hdt. 8, 53

I, 18, 2).
Pausanias had
Soiivai (paanv
or
some
Kara-
In this sanctuary the Ephebi

c.
such expression the passage would have
took the oath of allegiance (Lye.

Leocr. 7G; Plut. Alcib. 15;
303).
been normal.
deicra
TTos
Cf. Apollod.
I.e. nai
'A-y\avpu>
Athena
Dem.
ID,
avrbveis
kI(7T7]v llai>dp6(r(f} rfi
K^KpoK'i.ar7)v
'EpixOoviov:
features with
to Eur.
irapaKaTfOero, dvenrovcra t7)v
the
myth has varying
avoi-yeiv.
12.
dvoiâi YoLp
very freparen-
different writers.
According
quently
in Pausani;us, as in
Tluicydides,
Ion, 22,
gives over Erichtho-
a clause introduced by
thetically
-^dp is
nius to the Aglaurides, daughters of
thrown
in for the
explanation
Aglaurus, wife of Cecrops
according
of a statement.
So
e.g. in
Book
;
1,
to Apollod. 3, 14, G, she assigns
him
to
2; 2,2; 12,2; 13, 1; 20,3; 21,2; 22,
Pandrosus alone
13,
in Ilyg. Astron. 2,
23, 10; 25, 7
20, 5
27, 10
31. 3
to the daughters of
Erechtheus.
33, 7; 43, 3; 43,
7.
7,
14.
iravapdvTs
According to Antigonus of Carystus,

Hist. Mir. 12, the obedient sister
MiiSoi kt\.: with this compare the ac-
was
count
53,
in
Herodotus,
141-143;
8,
51-
not Pandrosus but Ilerse.

lod.
I.e.
In Apol-
which Pausanias probably had be8
the maidens were destroyed by
fore his eyes.

17. ir\Tj<rov
the snake which protected the child.
IIpvTavtWv
t<rTiv
Erichthonius
B, 547;
and
Erechtheus
(cf.
were
the
Prytaneum was the
.sacred centre
originally identical
II.
Schol. Horn.
of the life of the state, the
town
hall.
Etyni. Magn. p. 371 s.v.
'EpexOe^s),
and were doubtless appella-
Theseus established the synoikismos, the Prytaneum of Athens be-
When
tions of the .sacred serpent of Athena,
came
2,
the
Prytaneum
of Attica (Tluu-.
Its
es.sential
guardian of the Acropolis,
who
lived
15;
Plut. Thes. 24).
96

Cli.18, 4
icTTiv, iu (p vofxoi re ol ^6\(x)vo<^ eicri yeypa/x/xeVot, /cat Beoyv Filpyjvrjs
dydXixaTa
/cetrat /cat
Ecrrta?, at'Sptavreg 8e aXXot
20 xe
Kat AvrdXv/co? 6 Tray/cpartacrr^^?
ra? ya^ MtXrtctSou
/cat
e/xtcTTO/cXeov? et/cdiâ? e? 'Pw/xatdi^ re

ypaxjjav.
feature
auSpa kol pa/ca
/xere-
evTevOev lovcnv e? ra
its
/cctrw tt^? TrdXeojg Sa/aciTrtSd? 4

It is
was
fire
hearth, where the per-
a disputed question whether the
petual
burned, spoken of repeat-
kurbeis
edly as "the hearth of the city," or
Ilarpocr. s.y.'A^jvl;
Kvpêis.
"the common hearth" (Pollux

9,
1,
7;
40; Arist. llesp. Ath.
6,
8,
etc.).
In the Prytaneum was the statue of

the goddess Hestia, counterpart of the
Roman
Vesta.
sadors and illustrious citizens
Here foreign ambaswere
AvToXwKOs 6 ira-yKpaTiaand Frazer's note. The statue was by the son and pupil of Myron (Pliny N. H. 34, 79, with Jex-Blake's note). Autolycus was winner in the pancratium at the PanacTT^s
:
20.
and axones were similar. Etym. Magn.

9, 32, 8
Cf.
s.v.
cf.
entertained at the public expense (Ar.
thenaic festival in 422 h.c, and was
Ach. 124
Eq. 709
Dem.
7,
20, etc.).
murdered
in
404 by the Thirty Tyrants.

1, 1.
Socrates fixed his penalty as perpetual
He
is
a character in Xen. Symp.

"yap
maintenance
Apol. 36).
the
in the
Prytaneum
(Plat.
rds
MiXridSov Kal Ociiio-tokXeovs
sanias says the
As regards the site, PauPrytaneum was near Aglaurus precinct, and as he was
it
lK6vas: the practice of altering the inscriptions on old

to pass
Greek statues so as
the portraits of
them
off as
going eastward
probably lay on the

It
north slope of the Acropolis to the

east of the Aglaurus precinct.
was
to.
seems to have been common under the Romans. Cf. Pans. 1,2,4; 2,9,8; 17,3; 8,9,9. DioChrys.
later personages
37, p. 304, tells of a statue of Alci-
certainly on high ground, for Pausanias
speaks
(1, 18, 4)
of going thence es
biades inscribed
with
the
name
of
Near the Prytaneum was the Bucoleum, in which, before

Kdrw T^s
Solon's
7r6Xews.
Ahenobarbus, and Plutarch (Anton. 60) of statues of Eumenes and Attains

inscribed
time,
the
magistrate
called
.3),
with
the
name
of
Mark
Basileus resided (Arist. Resp. Ath.
Antony.
22.
and in which the sacred marriage of the King Archon's wife to Dionysus continued to take place at
century B.C. (Arist.
(jLoi
vTv6v lovo-iv: leaving the Pry-
taneum on the northern slope

Acropolis,
of the
least to the fourth

I.e.).
:
Pausanias
now proceeds
18. iv <S v6-
T 01
SoXwvos
kt\.
these copies of
eastward as far as the stadium. It seems likely, therefore, that the sanctuary of Serapis was situated somewhere
to the northeast of the Acropolis, prob-
the laws of Solon were engraved ou quadrangular wooden tablets called azo?ies,wliich
turned on pivots so that they

Copies of Solon's
ably
in-
the neighborhood of the
new
could be easily read.
Metropolitan church.
Serapis was the
laws engraved on tablets called kurbeis stood in the Royal Colonnade (1, 3, 1).
dead Apis, or sacred bull, honored under the attributes of Osiris he was
;
TEMPLE OF
Ch.
18,
ILITIIYIA
97
iaTLP lepou, ov *A0r]ualoi, irapa IlroXe/xatou deov iaiqydyovTo.

25 i<jTLu
AlyvTTTLOL^ he lepa SapciTriSo? eTnâv4(TTaT0v fxeu
'AXeâphpevcTLP, apâioraTov 8e eV Me/xrêt-
e? tovto
iaeXdelp ovre êVot?

Âttlv BoLTTTaxji.
i<TTLV,
ecmu
ovre rot? lepevcn, irplv dp top
Tov 8e lepov tov Sapa7ri8o9 ov rroppco ôyptop
ip6a HeipiOovp kol BT^crea avpOe^xepov^ e? AaKeSai5
ixopa Kat varepop e? Beo'Trpwrov? cnakrjpai Xeyovai. irX-qcrLOP

30 8e MKohoixrjTO pao<^ EiXetûta?,
7)1^
iXOovcrap i^ 'Tnep/BopecDP
9 A'^Xov yepicrdai ôrjBop rat? Aiyrov? w8ra't, rou? 8e

Trap' avT(op (f)acn
aWov?
Ovovai
r^? EiXet^vta? paOeip to opofxa
/cat
re EtXet^vta Ar^Xtot Kat vfxpop aSovaiP ^D,Xrjpo<;.
KprJT<; 8e
^wpas
35
7179 Ki'cocrcrias eV 'A/xi^tcrw
yepeaSai pofiilôvaLP EtXet-
dviap
/cat
TratSa
Hpa?
to,
eipai- p6poL<; Se 'AdrjpaLOL<; ttj^ EtXet-
dvias Ke/cctXvTTTat
ôapa
e? aKpov^s tov^ TroSas.
to. fxep S-q
hvo elpai KprjTLKd koI at8pa9 dpaOijpaTa iXeyop at yvpal/ce9,
TO 8e dpâioTaTOP 'EpvcrcÔopa
e/c
AyjXov
KOfXicrai.
Uplp he
40 iô? 6
9 TO tepot" teVat tov Ato? rov 'OXvfjLTTLov
'A8ptaayaXpa
llie
P(i)pai(op /3acnXev<;
top re
t'aot'
25)
;
dpedrjKe koI to
lord of the under world

fied
and was
identi-
this
may have been
spot to
ir\r\<rLov
with the Greek Hades.
His wor-
wliicli
I'ausanias refers.
29.
:
ship
was a combination of Egyptian and Greek cnlts, and became popular 27. \o>plov in Greece and Rome. v0a IIcpCOovv kt\. the agreement was to carry off Helen from Sparta, to draw lots for her, and he to whom .she fell should aid the other in winning a
8c wkoSojatito vaos ElXtiOwCas

i.s
the site
it
not definitely known, but
was
doubtless northeast of the Acropolis, in the neighborhood of the present Metropolitan church, confirmed to
some ex-
tent by the discovery at this point of the

biuse of
a statue dedicated to Ilithyia

II,
wife.
to
Cf. Plut.
The.s. 31,
according
(CI. A.
1580).
The goddess
of
whom
the oath was taken in the
childbirth
neighborhood of Marathon. Soph. 0. C. 1590 puts the site in the grove

of the
Eumenides at Colonus. There was a place in Athens near the Theseum called the Horcomosium, so named because on this spot Theseus had sworn
peace with the
had also a sanctuary in the suburbs of Agrae to the southeast of Athens, as we learn from the inscription on one of the seats of the Theatre of Dionysus (C.I. A. Ill, 319). 39. is to Upov Uvai toO Atos tov 'OXvfiirCov on the temple of Olympian
:
Amazons
(Plut. Thes.
Zeus, see Excursus V.
40.
T6aYaXp.a
98
64aavTo^ kol ^(pvcrov Kal eêt Te^vrj<^ ev
irpos TO jxeyeOo^
45 fxep elai
opwaiv
ivravda
yap
elKoves 'AhpLavov Svo
Sacriov \l0ov, Svo Se AlyvTTTLov âX/cat 8e earaat
irpo roiv Kiovoiv

jaei'
d?
'
AOrjvaioL Kokovcriv a,7rot/cov? TroXet?.
St)
ttci?
nepCôXos crraSicov ixdkicrTa Teacrdpoiv eVrtV,

7T\7]pr)<;
dv^pidvTOiv Se
'ASptaiôv
50 'AdiqvaloL
diro
TrdXews
(T<^d<i
iKd(TTr]<5
elKcou
ySacrtXew?
dvdKeLTai,
koX
virepeâkovTO
tov vaov 6ea<;
7
top koXoctctop dvadevTe<;

Se dp)(aia ev
oiricrde
dîov.
jâo?
ecrrt
Kpouov Kai Peag Kat

i<;
rw vepLôXo) Zevq âX/cov? Kat refxeuos r^9 iTTLKXrjorLv 'OXvfXTTLa<;.

eSa(^09
StecrTT7/ce,
ivTavOa ocrov
tttj^vv to
Kai Xeyovcri
[xeTOL TTjv i.TTop,^piav TTjv
ini AevKaXtwt'O? crvfJi/Sda'av vnopTrdi/
55 pxjyjpaL TavTr)
to vScop, icr^dXXovcTL re e? avro diâ
eros
8
dX(f)LTa TTvpo)v jxeXLTL fxdâvTe^.
Keirat Se eVl klovos 'lo'OKpdVTreXiireTO,
T0V9
di^SjOtct?,
OS eg
fJLVTJixrjp
Tpia
iimropcoTaTov
Qias aîov
the
statue
was doubtless
copied from the famous Zeus of Pliidias at Olympia, and the type is in turn reproduced on Athenian coins. These
represent the god sitting, nude to the

waist, with a Nike in his right
hand and the sceptre in his left. See Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner, pp. 137, 138, with pi. BB, iv. the Ian52. vaos Kpdvow Kal 'Peas guage of Pausanias would imply that this temple also was in the peribolus of the Olympieum. Yet cf. Bekk.
:
and in part outside the peribolus. and cult of Ge Olympia are closely associated with the sanctuary of Zeus Olympius near the Ilissus, and are to be distinguished from the sanctuary of Ge surnamed Kourotrophos just west or
Ilissus
Tt'nevos rfjs: this j^recinct
southwest of the Acropolis referred to
by Time.
2,
15
and Paus.
1,
22, 3.
Plut.
Thes. 27 locates a hieron of Ge in the
neighborhood of the stele of the Amazon Antiope, which we have seen was near the Itonian gate. See on Paus. 1,
2,1.
Anec.
TTttjod
I,
275, 20,
Kp6vLov ri/xevos
t6
On
the site of the various sanctu-
rb vOv 'OX^jhttlov fiexpl roO
firirpcfov
aries of Ge, see
Excursus
vit.
III.
where the editors, following Wachsmuth, Rh. Mus. XXIII, 17, read for d7op$, iv'Aypqi. So the sanetuary probably stretched up to the
TOV iv dyopqi,
5G. 'lo-oKparovs
dvSpids
kt\.
ac-
cording toPs.-PIut.
x Or., p. 839b, this statue of bronze was set up by Aphareus, the adopted son of the
HADRIAN'S IUILI)IX(JS
Cli. 18, 9
99
fxeu OTL ol
^LoxravTi
err]
Bvolu Seovra eKarou ovirore KareXvOr)
IxaOrjTa^ )(eLP, aoxfypovecTTaToi' 8e otl TroXireta? avreô/txei/os

60 Ste/xetv Kttt TO,
KOLua ov irokvTrpay^JiOvwv, ekevOeponaTov 8e

ttJ?
on
7rpo9 Ty)v
dyyeXiav
iv âipoiveia jxd^^rjs aXyi^cra?
ireXevrrjcrev ede\ovT-q<;.
Kelvrai 8e koX Xidov (i^piryiov Hepcrat
-âXKOvv TpCrroSa
rpiTTOv^.
65 XeyovcTL
dvôvTe<;,
Oeas
d^LOL
/cat
avrol kol 6
olKohofjLrjcraL
oj?
Tov he 'OXv/attiov Ato? AevKaXicova
TO dpâlov lepov, arjixeLOV dTTO(f)aiuoi'Teq

coKiqae
AevKattoXv
Xlcou
'
AOyjurjcTLv
rdôv tov vaov tov vvv ov

8e KaTecTKevdcraTo p.ev
/cat
/cat
dcfyeaTTjKOTa.
^
'AS/ataiô?
aXXa
klov<;
A0r)vai.oL<;,
vaov Hpa<;
tol
Ato5 HaveXXrjvLov
/cat
êot? rot?
TTaaiv lepov kolvov,

70
8e eTTiâvedTOLTa eKaTOv
etcrt
^pvyiov Xidov
ot
TTeTroLrjvTaL Se /cat
rat? (rroat? Kara
ret
avra
Totôt.
/cat
OLKij/xaTa
ivTavdd
Icttlv 6p6(f)(x) re iTn)(pvcr(o

/cat
/cat
dXa^dcTTpco XlOm, Trpog 8e dydXp,aai KeKocryi'qp.iva

What
follows
is
orator.
the traditional
is
almost opaline
in its
play of colors"
story of Isocrates's death, but
con-
(Century Dictionary).
07. 'ASpiavos hi KaT<rKvdo-aTO
\kkv
tradicted by the apparently genuine

letter (No. 3) to
King
the
Philip, in
which
Kal
aWa
*A0T)vatois
ktX.
the other
Isocrates sees in
career of the
buildings of Iliulrian at Athens, from
victor the fulfillment of a united Hellas at
the words of Pau.sanias, seem to be

as follosvs: (1) the Panhdlenion
war against the

Jebb,
Attic
Persians.
See
II,
:
in
L. Blau, Kh. Mus., N.F.,
XX
(1805),
109-110;
31
fl.
Orators,
62.
\COov 4pv7ov Ilcpo-ai ktX.
which Hadrian and the Empress Sabina were worshiped as Zeus and Hera; cf. Dio Cass. 19, 10; (2) the
Pantheon, already referred to
5) as
(1,
Phrygian marble was a hard limestone, known to-day under the name of Pavonazzetto.
5,
containing the cataU)gue of
all
See Bliiraner, Technol.
Ill,
the buildings of Hadrian in Greek and

(3) the Colonnade of 100 columns with the Library, singled out by Jerome <ns a wonderful work
52
f.
It
was used
in
architecture
in
other cities;
Hellenistic times, but not in sculpture
before the
Roman
period.
This work
char-
therefore was probably
a pre.sent of
is
(Euseb.
Chron.
;
vol.
2,
p.
I<i7,
ed.
Hadrian's.
Phrygian marble "
acterized by a very irregular venation

of dark-red with bluish
tints,
Gymnasium, also with 100 columns. The ruins known

Schone)
(4)
the
and yellowish
is
as the stoa of Hadrian could belong either to the gynniasium or the library,
ramifying through a translucent
alabaster-like base,
which
sometimes
more probably
to the latter.

100
ypa(f)alq
i(TTLP
75

Cli. 19, 1
Karci/ceirat
Se
e?
avra ^L^XCa.
Kal yvfjivdcnov
eTTOivvfxov
Trj<^
'AhpLavov
Al/Bvcov.
KLoves he Kal ivravda Ikojov
XiOoTOfxia^
19
Mera
8e tou vaov tov Ato? tov 'OXvixttlov irX'âiov
ayaXâ
iaTLv ' ATr6XXo)vo<5
HvOiov
eari 8e kol dXXo lepov 'AttoXXw-
vo^ iTrLKXr](TLV AeX(f)LViov.
Xeyovcn Se
cos
iêipyacrfxeuov tov
vaov
5 creus
ttXtjv Trj<? 6po(f)rj<;
dyvw'^
en
Tol<i
irdcriv
dîKoiTO %rj-
e? tt^v ttoXiv
e'?
ola 8e ^LT(Opa e)(OVTOS avTOv TToStjpr] Kal
TreuXeyixefiqfi
evTTp7re<; ol Trj<? K6p.ri<;,
w? eyivero Kara tov
TOV AeX(f)LViov vaov, ol tyjv crTeyrjv olKoSofiovvTes rjpovTO crvv

^Xeuacrict o tl Sr) irapOevos iv (opa ydjxov irXavaTai fiovr]
T/trev? Se
aXXo
jxev
avrot?
e'ST^Xwcre^'
t]
ovSeV, aTToXvcra? Se w?
iraprjye tov 6po(f)ov,
10 Xe'yerat Trj<; dp,d^r)'; Tov<g ySov?,
(T(f)icn
dveppLxjjev e? vxjjrjXoTepov
rj
rw vaM
ttjv cTTeyiqv inoLovvTO.

Trj<;
eg Se to ^wpiov,
T7]<i
6 Kt^ttov? ovofxdôvai, Kal

crffacTLv icTTL
'Ac^poSt-
TOV vaov ovSei? Xeyoâe^'o?

e'?
X6yo<^
ov
fxrjv
ouSe
15
Ty]v 'A(f)poSiT'Y]v,
17
roi)
vaov irXTjaiov
e(TTr]Ke.
TavTr]<5
yap
(T^rjfxa fxcv
iTTLypafJLjJia
TeTpdycovov Kara raurct

(TrjixaiveL
/cat
rot?
Ep/xat9,
TO Se
19.
ttjv
Ovpaviav
'A^/3oStri7^' rwz/
Temple of Apollo Delphinius Cynosargea Ilissus and Eridanus Lyceum Stadium of HeroArtemis Agrotera
Aphrodite inthe Gardens
Ilissus,
below the spring Callirrhoe and
to the southwest of the Olympieura.
There was also a Pythiiun on the Acropolis slope. See Excursus III.
2.
des Atticus.
1.
lipbv 'AiroXXwvos IttCkXthtiv A\(|>i:
oLâXixa
'AiroXXwvos IIvOiov:
in
the image
was doubtless
in
asanctuary
quarter.
of Pythian Apollo,
this
An
by
altar
was erected
in the
Pythium
upon
this
the Delphinium is said to have been founded by Aegeus, whodedicaled it to the Delphinian Apollo and Artemis (Pollux, 8, 19). We have no inonuviow
Pisistratus, son of Ilippias (Thuc.

;
mental evidence as
to the site, in
but we
6, 54)
the inscription once

in 1877, and,
are doubtless justified

that itlay to theeastof
12.
concluding
was found
of
it.
where
intact,
theOlympieum.
exactly agrees with Thucydides' copy
Kîrovs
the district called The
The l^ythium was probably
lo-
cated where the inscription was discovered, namely,
on the right bank of the
Gardens is usually identified with the low ground to the east of the Olympieum, on the right bank of the Ilissus.
CYNOSARGES LYCEUM
Ch.
19.
101
to he ayaXfia
ttj^;
Ka\ovfiP(ov Motpwi^ elvaL TTpe(T^vTdTy)v.

'A<f)pohiT7)<;
Trj<s
iv Kt^ttoi? epyov iarlu 'AX/ca/>teVov? /cat

i(TTL
T(op 'A6T]vrjaLv iv oXtyoi? Oea^ aîov.

20
he 'HpaKXeov<; 3
lepov Kokovjxevov Kvvocrapyes
'
koI
to. fxev e? ttjp
Kvva
elhe-
vai TTju XevKTju cViXeâjLteVot? ecrrt top -^piqaixou,

elcTLv
/Sojjxol
he
'Hpa/cXeou? re koI ^HjSr]^,

^
-qv
Aio? Tralha ovcrap crvvoi-
Keiv 'YipaKkei voyLitôvaiv

TreTTOLrjTat,
AXKjjLyjvy)^ re
^w/uo? Ka\ 'loXaou

epyoiv.
6? to, ttoXXci 'HpaKXel crvveirovrjae tcju

fiev
25
KvKeiov he airo
This section
riant.
is
Avkov tov llavhiopo^

near the
lish site of
eêt to 6vop.a,
American and Eng-
still
green and luxnT'iis

. .
the
17.
to Si aâXâ
.
'A<|>po8-
schools.
Cyno.'jarges included a
Tj^s TTJs ^v
vo\;s
:
Kîrois Jp-yov
'A\Ka|i,c-
Lucian (Imag. 4, 0) speaks of the Aphrodite as the most beautiful of all the works of Alcamenes he admired particularly the cheeks and
;
gynniasium as well sis a sanctuary, and was surrounded by a grove. The use
of the
gymnasium was reserved
for
youths without the

zenship.
full rights of citi-
Themistocles, as the son of
the front of the face, the graceful turn

of the wrists,
and the
it
delicate tapering
of the fingers.
also speaks of
Pliny (N. H. 30, 10)

as a famous statue,
is
an alien mother, used to exercise here, but he lessened the disgrace by persuading some well-born youths to join
with him (Pint. Them.
nes, the founder of the
1).
Antisthe-
and adds that Phidias

style of this statue
in the
is
said to have
it.
Cynic school
given the finishing touches to
The
of philosophy, lectured here,
and
acits
best repre.sented
cording to some the sect derived
of
Venus Genetrix of the Louvre, which the work of Alcamenes is now

It
name from Cynosarges

1,
13).
25.
(Diog. Laert. 0,
AvKciov: the sanctuary
generally supposed to be the prototype.
of Apollo called
Lyceum took
its
name
represents the goddess lightly

left
draped, holding an apple in her
hand, and gracefully lifting her robe
above her shoulder with her right hand.

10.
'HpaxXôvs
Up<5v
Cynosarges,
in ancient
as
is
known from references
from tlie epithet Ai/Kftos ap])lied to the god (Lucian, Anacharsis, 7) not from an imaginary Lycus, as Pausanias would have it. Wolves were dear to Apollo and appear frequently in the myths told of him. Here was the mo.st
was situated outside the city walls (Plut. Them. 1), not far from
authors,
famous gymnasium
of the foundation
at
is
Athens; the date

disputed.
Here
shady
the gate (Diog. Laert. 0,

the
051), near the
1,
13),
in
Aristotle discussed with his disciples

his
deme Diomea (Schol. Ar. Ran. deme Alopece. It was

modern Ampelokipi,
philo.sophy.
pacing
the
therefore northeast of Athens in the

direction of the
walks of the Lyceum, and from this habit liis followers were called the
Peripatetics.
The
site
is
known
to
102
'AttoXXwzô? Se

Ch.
19,
Upov i^
dp)(rj^ re evdvq /cat
Ka0
r)iJLa<;
ivofxC-
êro, Av/cetd? re 6 êog
evTavda
(opofjidcrdr]
irpcorov
(fievycov
Xeyerac
Se ort Kol TepfiiXai'?, e? ov9 rj\6ev 6

/cat TovTOL<;
Avko^
Atyea,
ecrrt
atrtdg
e'crrt
Av/ctou? aTr' avTov KokeZdOai.

fjivrjfjia,
oe
30 oTTicrdev
rov Avkelov îcrov
op dirodavovTa vtto MtVa
/SacrtXevovra Meyapojv Kop,icravTe^ *A0r]ualoL ravTTj ddiTrov<JLV.
e? Tovroi^ roi^ Ntcro^' ejêt

eluai, ^prjvaL
Xdyo?
r/3tâ<?
ep*
r^
KecjtaXfj
OL TTopcfivpds
(ZTro/capetcrat?
35
Se
avTou TeKevrdv eVt raurat?

717^'
&>?
8e ot iprJTe<; rjXOov eg
y^^*, Tct? /xei^
aXXag
e'^
i-mSpofjirj^ rjpovv ra? eV r^
MeyaptSt
TrdXetg, e? oe
TTjv Ntcratat'
KaTaêvyovTa rov
Nto'o^'
inoXLopKovv
IvravOa
0*9
ciTre-
Tov Nicrov Xeyerat dvyarepa ipaaOrjvai

Keupe ra? rptâ? toG Trarpd?.
MtVw
Kat
Tavra
/xei^
ourco yevecrdai
Xeyovac
TroTafxol Se
A6y)vaioi<i 5
40 peovcTiv 'iXtcrd? re
Kat 'H^tSai^w rw KeXrt/cw

e'g
/caret ret
avra
ovofjia ^)(a)v, e'/cStSov?

TO<;
roi^ 'iXtcrdi'.
6 Se 'iXtcrd? Icttiv ovdpefJLOv
evda TraCôvcrap ^flpeuOvLap vtto

Kat
crviôtKeti^
Bope'ou (fiacnp
cr(f)L(jL
dpTTaaOrjpaL
ÛpeiOvCa Bopeav Kat
Sta
TO KrjSo^ dfjivpapTa roip rpiiqpoiP tcop fâpfâpiKOip dnoXeaai

45
rag
ttoXXci?.
ideXovcn Se AOrjPoloi Kat aXXojv êwv lepop

^
eipai TOP iXtcrdi^, Kat Movcroi^' /Bcofioq err avTO) icTTiP

Sojv
iXtcrta-
SetKi^vrat Se Kat
'
P0a lleXoTTOPPTJcnoL
KoSpop top MeStaySacrt Se top 6

n, c).
XdpBov âcnXevopTa Adyjpaioyp KTeCpovcn.

have been east of Athens, and outside
the walls, but the exact locality has
drus (Plat. Phaedrus, 230

Ei'idaiius is identified
The
by Dr. Dorp-
notbeen determined.
39. iroTaixoC: the Ilissus rises in
feld
Mt.
(1889),
(A.M. XIII (1888), 211 ff.; XIV 414) as a stream formed by
Hymettus to the east of Athens, flows on the southern side of the city, and, after passing between the Museum hill and arocky height rising on its southern bank, disappears in the plain. There are now no plane-trees on its banks, as when Socrates discoursed with Phae-
one or more springs at the foot of Mt.

Lycabettus, which flowed tlirough the
city north of the Acropolis westwardly,
passed through tlie city wall alittlesouth

of the Dipyluni, and,
bending round the

p.
northwest spur of the Pnyx, joined the

Ilissus
(cf.
Plato,
Critias,
112
a).
TEMPLP: of ARTEMIS AGROTERA

Ch.
20, 1
103
'Wlctov ^(opiov
50 'Apre/xtSo?
Xypai
KakovfJievov /cat uao<; 'AypOTepa<; iarlu
iuravOa
Apreynv
irpcjTou
Sto,
Orfpevcrai
Xeyovaiv
to
iXdovcrav
e/c
AijXov, kol to aya\p,a
tovto eêt toôv.
Se aKOvcraai fxep ov)( 6/xotaJ9 inayajyov, Oavfia 8' t8ouo"t,

crraSto^' ecrrt
XevKov Xidov.
p.eye6o<; 8e
avTov TrjSe av rt?

'iXtcroi' oipô-
jxaXLCTTa TeKfjiaipoLTo
55 fxevop
e'/c
aucoOeu 6po<i vircp top
ixr]poeLBov<; KaOrJKei
tov TTOTafiov
vr/ao? tiî'
o^drjv
evdv re
/cat 8t7rXovi^.
roOro dpr^p 'Aî^vato? 'HpwSr^? w/co8oIlei'TeXTjcrtv e? t']7v
p-rjae, /cat ot
to ttoXu tiJ? Xtôro/xta? ri^?
oiKoSoixTjp dprjXcoOrj.
20
Êcrrt 8e 6809 0,770
rov UpirrapeCov KaXovp-epr) TpLiroê^paoi oaop

e<?
d^' &v KoXovcn TO
^(lipiop,
tovto fieyaXoL
Kai
49. xwplov "A-ypai: the district Agrae was situated 011 tiie left bank of the Ilissus, and was known indifferently as Agrae or Agra. Every year on the anniversary of the battle of Marathon five hundred goats were here sacrificed to Artemis A grotera. Tlie Lesser Mysteries of
two hundred and four meters, and breadth thirty-three and thirty-six
hundredths meters.
course.
Tliere
A
to
marble parapet
have been sixty
ran round the outer edge of the race-
seem
tiers of seats,
with room for 50,000
persons.
Denieter.were performed at
Anthesterion.
20. Street of
Tripods
Agrae
in
The
site
of
and Phryne
Temple
:
of Dionysus
Praxiteles
the shrine of Artemis Agrotera has
not been determined, nor has that

of the shrine of
:
Demeter
in
Agrae.
Capture of Athens by Sulla. 1. "EoTi 8 686s the line of this street to the east of the Acropolis is
tlie stadium is situated 53. (rrdSiov on the left bank of the Ilissus, about six hundred yards east of the Olympieum, in a valley between two parallel slopes, running from southeast to northwest; at the eastern extremity it is closed by a semicircular artificial embankment. The stadium was first built by Lycurgus, shortly before 330 B.C. in the third century b.c. it was repaired or improved by a certain Ileraclitus in the second century a. . Ilerodes Atticus fitted up the entire stadium
; ;
determined by the surviving choregic monument of Lysicrates, one of the

temples described by Tau.sanias as
ing the street.
'J'his
lin-
monument
stands
on
level
to one
ground, one hundred and thirty hundred and forty yards from
cliff
the eastern
the
of the Acropolis.
As
the
It
inscription
faces
southeast,
this side.
street
is
must have run on
a small circular temple of tlie Corinthian order, resting on a (juadrangular

base thirteen feet high.
l)art of
The
is
circular
the
monument
twenty-one
with marble.
The
total
length was
and a half
feet high by nine feet in
104
cr(f)i(nv

Ch.20, 2
i(f)e(TTrjKa(rL
xptTToSe? )(a\Kol jxeu,
jjLVTJjxrjq
8e a^ta
i(f)
fjidXLcrTCL
5
irepieôvTeq elpyaajxeva.
<fipovrjad.L
evr)
crarupo?
p.4ya-
yap eaTiv
(o
Upa^LTeXrfv Xeyerat
aLTOvcrrj^;
Kai ttote ^pvuiq^
6 tl ol KoXkicTTOv
t(ov epycou, 6p.okoyeiv fxev

8'
(f>acnv
Ota ipacTTr)v StSdiât, KaTenrelv

cfyatvoLTO.
ovk ideXeiv 6
tl
KaX\i(TTOv avTco ol
eifyacTKev
Icrhpa^JiOiv
ovv oiKeTy]^ ^pvvr]^

7Tvpo<;
OLêcrOai
UpaîTeXet to ttoXv roiv epyoiv
10 icnrecr6i'TO<;
e? to OLKT^/xa, ov fxev ovv
vdvTa ye
e^co
dcfyaifLadrj2
vaL
Ilpa^LTeXr)<; 8e avTLKa
Wet 8ta Ovpcov

Sr)
Kai ol Kap-opTL
r)
ovSeu
(f)ao'Kev elvai irXeov, el
Kai tov SaTvpov

8e fxevecv
<j)Xo^
Kai TOV "KpcoTa erreXaêXeve

15 TO.
^pvvq
dappovvTa
eKC-
TTaOelv
yap dviapov
div eTToir^cre.
ovSev, Te^vji 8e
dXovTa ofxoXoyelv
KaXXicTTa
^pvvrj fxev ovto) tov
Epwra
alpel-
Tai
A.LOvv(T(x)
8e iv
rw
vaco
rw
irX-qcruov
^dTvp6<^ eVrt Trat?
KoX hihdicriv eKTrcofxa
"FjpcoTa 8' ecTTrjKOTa ojxov koI Al6vv(Tov
Sp{xlXo<?
eiroviqcrev.
is
diameter, and
of Pentelic marble.
periboetos or "celebrated," but
it
was
Six Corinthian columns support the entablature, consisting of the architrave,
part of a group.
this
is
Possibly a replica of
seen in the Marble
a frieze ten inches high depicting the
Capitoline
Museum
in
Faun of the Rome, made
punishment of the pirates by Dionysus, and the circular roof surmounted by the base on which the tripod stood.
fanv)us by Hawthorne, one of a series

of copies of an antique
Praxitelean in style.
work thoroughly The finest copy is
3.
|Av/j(xiis
St a|itt |j.dXi,(rTa irspicx.ov:
a torso in the Louvre, which the late
Ts lp7a<r|ivo
on
toi)
was placed of the monument, underneath

the statue
it
original
the tripod, so that the three legs of

the latter enclosed
and the caldron

Paus.
:
Hrunn sought to identify as an work of Praxiteles. IG. Aiovvo-u some archaeologists have held that this is the same satyr
H.
:
served as a roof.
8; 4, 14,
2.
Cf.
3,
18,
mentioned above, but

jr\i)(Tlop.
this is not coniv ti^
4.
o-drvpos
Athenaeus,
sonant with the phrase
vaQ
rep
13, p. 591 R, tells
how
Praxiteles gave
Phryne her choice

street of Tripods,
of
the statue of
in the
Eros or the statue of the Satyr
There is nothing to show that this satyr, which formed part of a group, was by Praxiteles. Furtwangler is inclined to identify a wine-pouring satyr
and
tiiat
she chose
tell
the Eros
ruse.
but he does not

fi9,
of the
extant with this statue described by
Pliny, N. H. 34,
mentions a
Pausanias as offering a drink, to attribute the original to Praxiteles, and to
bronze statue of a satyr
known
as

SANCTUARY OF DIONYSUS THEATRE
Ch.
20, 3
105
Tou Alovvctov 0 Ian

20 lepov
'rrpo<;
tw Oedrpo) to dpâioraTov
9 iTroi-qcrev iXe(f)aPTO<;
hvo he elatv eVro? tov Trepifiokov vaol koI Alovvcol,

/cat
6 T 'EXevOepevf;
6v AX/ca/xeVry
kol
^pvaov.
(TTOv e?
pCxjjaL
ypa(f)al oe avToBi Atofucro?
ianv dvdyoiv
jxvrfO'LKaKCJv
'']\<âLL-
ovpavov Xeyerat
Oe
/cat
raSe
vtto 'EXXt^Voji/, cJ?
Hpa
riî'
yev6p,evov
WâicTTOv, 6 o4 ot
Trefxâi
/cat
25
Scjpov ^pvcrovv dpovov d(âveZ<; Scct/aov? eôvTo.,

yxep*
eVet re
iKadeêro SeSecrdai, Beoiv Se

H(f)aL(rTov
<;
roii/
ynei^
aXXwi^
8e
ouSei't
TOV
eOeKeiv Treideadai, Aidwcro?

rjv
p,d\i(TTa
TOJ' 69
ydp
tovtov TTidTd
Hcâtcrro)
/xeûcra? auetcrt
30 Ilei'êu?
ovpavov riyay' ravTct re S17 yeypafi/xeva Kat Av/covpyo? oli^ e'? Atot'va'OP' v^ptcrav
/cat
StSoi^re?
make
it
a group with Tliymilus's Eros

8^ to-n irpos
:
of a cella with a fore-temple
and an
and Dionysus. 19. Tow Aiovvcrov

Btarpif TO
antechamber.
In the cella are the re-
tS
dpxaioTOTOv Upov oil tiie identification of the most ancient sancIII.
supported the gold-and-ivory
tuary of Dionysus, see Excursus

It is
(1) (2)
necessary to identify or distinguish

this
precinct beside the theatre,

Xifjivai^,
mains of a large base, which probably image of Diony.sus by Alcamenes. The date of this temple was probably not earlier tlian 420 n.c. The statue is inferred to have been a seated figure of colossal
size.
the sanctuary of Dionysus iv

(3)
20.
^s
oipavov
TJ'ya'Yc
the reis
and
the Lenaeum.
On
the theatre
turn to heaven of Hephaestus

picted on
de-
of Dionysus, see Excursus VI.

8^ l<rtv
. . .
20. 8vo
voot: immediately soutli
and the
tlie
many red-figured Attic vases, manner of representing it was

in
of the stage-buildings of the theatre
probably influenced by the picture

temple here described.
meister's Denkmiiler, pp. 04;>-()4u;
are the remains of two small temples,
See Bau-
doubtless those mentioned here.
The
Ko-
older abuts on the south wall of the

stage-building at
its
scher's Lexikon,
I, 2()Â-'20'>C>.
Homer
western end, and and west. In this temple was probably the image of Eleuits
gives two different versions of the fall
orientation
is
east
Hephaestus from heaven, one that he was flung over the ramparts by Zeus
of
therian Dionysus, doubtless the ancient
for interference in a family quarrel
wooden one
to
said to have been brought
with Hera
that
(II.
A, 590
ft".),
the other
Athens from Eleuthcrae (1, 38, 8) by Pegasus (1,2, 5). A few feet south of this temple are the remains of the later temple, larger in size, and with somewhat different orientation, consisting
Hera
at his birth, in disgu.st at
his lameness,
cast him from heaven where Thetis and Eurynome received him (II. 2, 394 ff.). 30. IIcvOcvs Kal AvKoOp-yos: the nmrder
into the sea.
lOG
8tK"a9,

Ch.
20, 4
ÂpidSfr) Be KaOevoovcra
/cat BT/creu?
dvay6fjievo<i Koi
AL6vvcro<; rJKcop e? r^? 'AptaSvi^? ttjv dpTrayijv.

EcTTL Se TT\r](jiov rov re te/aoO rov Atot'vcrov /cat rov
/caracr/cevacTjU-a, iToiy]drjvaL
35 TT^s
Oedrpov
/xt/xr^crti/
Se T179
crKr]vrj<;
avro e?
aepôv Xeyerat
iTroLijdr]
be kol Sevrepov, to
yap dpâiov
atrta
crTpaTr]yo<; 'Fcofjiaicop iveTrpiqcre SvX.Xa9 'Aî^Va? eXwi^.
Se i^8e rov TTokep.ov.

TTepl
Mt^ptSari7? e/3acrLXeve fiap^dpcjv rwv

7rpO(âcrt9
riî^
jote^*
TOP UovTOv Tov Ev^ctiôv.
St^
8t' r'jVTiva
'P&jjU,atot9 eTToXefXTjcre /cat
oV Tponov e?
'Acrtai^ Sie^r]
r)
kol
40 ocra?
17
TToXifxu) /Siaadjxeuo^
jLtet*
TidXet? ecrêv
to.
(^tXa?
eiroirj-
craTo,
raSe
rot<?
enLCTTacrdai
e?
riî^
MidpiSdTov deXovcn
Trfv 'AdrjvaLcov
jxeXeTO)St^Xwctoj.
iyd) 8e
ocroi^
dXwcnv
eêt
5
^^' \\pLcrTi(i)v 'A9y]vaio<;, <5
Mt^ptSari7? Trpeaêveiv
e? ret? TToXet?
45 iâtov9
of
ra? 'EXXrî^tSa? i^prJTo
ovto^ dveTreiaev 'AOyjdveTreicre
Mt^ptSarTî' Bea-Bai
'FajfjiaLcov eTTLTrpoo'dev.
Pentheus by the Maenads for his insolence to Dionysus is the theme of tlie Bacchae of Euripides. It is frequently represented on vase-paintings and sculptured reliefs. Various stories are told as to the punishment of Lycurgus, king oi the Edonians in Thrace. IIomer (II. Z, 130) says he was blinded by Zeus and died soon after according to others Dionysus himself blinded and crucified him (Diod. 3, (i5), or exposed him to panthers (Hyg. Fab. 132)
;
the nature of the subjects Ilelbig thinks

paintings could not date earlier than the time of Zeuxis and Parrhasius,
tliese
nor
later than
towards the end of the
fourth century k.c. (Untersuchungen

liber
die campanische
Wandmalerei,
this
p. 257).
34.
Karao-Kcvao-iJia
was the
Xerxes
Odeum
(Plut.
of Pericles, said to have been
built in imitation of the tent of

Pericles, 13).
It
Sophocles (Autig. 955) has him im-
was a round The building with a conical roof. comic poet Cratinus compared the high
peak-shaped head of Pericles to the
mured by
prison.
the offended god in a rocky

31. 'ApidSvri 8 KaOcvSovo-a:
this incident is the subject of other
paintings described in ancient writers,
and figures largely in vase-paintings. Thus Philostratus, Imag. 14 (15), describes a similar picture in more detail.
Odeum. It was built by Pericles to be the scene of the musical contests at the Panathenaic festival (Plut. I.e.). Here too, the tragedies which were to be exhibited' at the Great Dionysiac
festival
It also
forms the subject of one
were reheai'sed. The situation was doubtless immediately east of the

theatre.
of the
Pompeian wall-paintings. From
SILLA AT ATHENS
CIi. 20, 7
107
to rapa^wSeg
8e ov 7rdpTa<;, aXX' oaov
Srjfxo<; rjv
Koi
StJjjlov
Kdy)vcuoi ok o)v ri? \6yo<; irapa tovs 'Pw/xatou? iKiriiTTOv(TLV
idekovrai.
yevoixevrjq
8e
ixd^rj^
ttoXXo)
*
nepLrjcrap ol
A6rjvaL0v<; eg
Pw/xatot, Kttt (f>ev'yovTa<^

50
ApidTicova
fxeu /cat
TO dcTTV KaTahiOJKOvcnv, Âp-êXaov 8e kol tov^

e? Toi^
âp^dpov;
ov
(T<^d<^
HeLpaid
Midpi^dTOv Se (XTpaTrjyo^ koL

avTov re TiTpoiaKovai
TToXXov?.
^
ovto<; rjv,
TTpoTepov TOTjTOiv âyvTjTe^ ol tov XlttvXov olkovvt<;

iTreKhpafjLovTa
(f)OVvovcn
koI
fxev
twv âp^dpcjv
8rj
TOV9
XBrjvatoi^
TroXiopKLa
(>
55 KaOeiaTTJKein
TaftXo? 8e MidpSdTOv (TTpaTrjyo^ eTvyâve
fxev TTepLKadyjixevo^ 'EXctretai/ Tr)v iv Trj ôjKtSt, d(f)LKoixevcov
8e dyyeXcov avacmfcra? toi^ cTTpaTov e?
T^7^'
'Atti/ct)!/ i^yti^.
//.ei^
TTVv6av6iJievo<? 6 (JTpaTr)yo<;
twv
'Vo)jxaio)v 'A^rîâ?
toG
(TTpaTov fxepet iroXiopKeiv

GO
ri7<?
d(f)'fJKev,
avro? Se TaftXoj to ttoXv

TpiTr) 8e
to.
hvvdixeo)<; e^cjv eg
Boiwroug diravTa.
vaTepov
rjixepa rotg 'Pw/xaiotg rjXdov
eV
a/x^drepa
etr;
crrpardTreSa
ayyeXoi, SvXXct
/xei^ cog
'A^Tyvatotg
to Tetôg eaXoi/cdg, TOtg
Se \\.dy]va<i TroXLopKfjaaai Ta^cXov KCKpaTrjcrOaL p-d^r^ irepX

lâip(ovLav.
65 ivavTL(t)0VTa<;
SvXXag Se
'
ojg
e'g
T17^'
Âttlktjv iTravrjXOe, Toix;

e'g
AdiqvaLcov KaOeipâ^
e'/c
toi^
KepapeiKov tov
XaôvTa
cr(f)(i)v
Se/caSog eKdaTrj^; eKeXevcrev

ov/c
dyeadai
ttjv
7
eVt OavdTO).
1,vXXov Se
dvtevTO^
e'g
e'g
A6rjvaiov<; tov
Ovpov
Se'
Xa^di^Teg iKBiSpdcrKovcnv dvSpe<;

a(f>L(rLv el
AeXôug
ipopvoL<;
70 po)6rjvar''y
KaTaXap^dvot to ^peo)v TJSr] kol Tag \\.dyjva<; ipr}TOVTOtg e)(pr]crev rj Dv^ta to, e'g toi^ dcTKOv e)(ovTa.
rj
SvXXa
Tojl'g
Se vcTTepov tovtojv ivenecrev
v6cro<;
fj
kol tov %vpLov

e'g
êpeKvSrjv dXiovai nvvOdvopai.
^vXXa
rj
Se ecTTt pev Kai to.

r}i^
TToXXovg ^ AOrjvaLojv dypLcoTepa
wg dvSpa eiôg
817
ipyd-
(xacrOaL 'Vcopalov
dXXa ydp ov TavTa
aiTLav yevdcrOai ol
e'g
75 SoKci) Trjg avp(f)opd<;, 'Ikectlov
Se prjvtpa, otl KaTaff)vy6vTa
TO T>Jg Â0r)vd<; lepov direKTeLvev d-nocnTaaa^ ApiaTicova.
108

Ch.21,
1
'A$yji>aL fxev ovto)^ vtto

^
tov
TToXcfjiov KaKojOelcrat
elcrl
tov
'Pcol
21 iiaicov au^t? A.hpiavov âcrikevovTo<^ -qvOrjcrav

vaioi^ ecKove^ ev
TT0iy)T0iv, at
8e 'AOrj-
TToWai
rw OeaTpco Koi x/oaywSta? koX Kcu/xwSta? TOiv OLcfiaueaTepcop otl fxrj yap Meuau
Spo9, ovSei? ^v
5
7T0Lr]Trj<;
/cw/xwSta?
t(oi>
e?
Soâv
rjKovTcov.
rpaywSta? Se KeZvrai tmv (âvepwv

Aa/ceSat/xoi^tov?,
FjvpLTriSrjq /cat 'ô(f)OK\rjq.
Xeyerat Se 'ô(I)Ok\ov<; Te\evTrj(TavTo<^ iajSaXelu e? T17V 'ArrtKi^z^
/cat
(T(j)(t)u
tov rjyovjxevou ISelu eVtocrat KadecrTrJKaaLP

/cat ot
(TTOLVTa 01 Alovvctou /ceXevetv
TLfjLaL<?,
im
rot? Te6veo)cri, ttjv Xeuprjua ttjv veav TLfxav

]0 es
to 6Va/3
eêiv,
XocfyoKXea kol Trjv SocfyoKXeov?
rroiy](Tiv
/cat
i(f)aLpeTO
ei(s}da(Ti
8e Kat vvv ert TrotrjixdTOJV

et/cctêti^.
Trj<;
Xoy&ji^
to eTrayuiyou
2
êiprjvL
ti71^
8e
eiKova ttjp Atcr^vXov ttoXXw Te
vcrrepop
TeXevrrj'; So/cw TTOLr]0rjpaL

ecfir]
kol
rrjq ypa(f)'rj'^
t^
to
epyov eyet to Mapadcovt.

15
Se Atcr^vXo? jxeipaKiov
crTa(f)vXd<;,
wv
KaOevSetv iu OLyp(o
cf>vXd(Tcr(op
/cat
ot
Alopvcop
rjjjLepa
em(TT<ipTa KeXevaai TpaycoSiap iroLeip
w? Se yp
set
Gorcjoneum on the south of the Acropolis Cavern above the theatre with Tripod Niobe Caand Daedalus Temple of Asclepius The Sarmatians Linen corseinthe theatre
loall
21. Statues of comic
and
tragic Poets
Hadrian were
up by the twelve
found
Ocdrpw
(C.I. A.
:
Attic tribes, and of these the inscriptions of four have been

III,
406-409).
iv
rHo
for a
los
historical
sketch and
rpa-yuSCas
description
of
the theatre at Athens, see Excur.sus
lets
2.
in the Apollo temple at

ctKoves
:
Gryneum
VI.
5.
the statues seen
the statue of Astydamas,
a writer of numerous tragedies, set
up by
practice (Diog. Laert.
an example of this Athe2, 5, 43). naeus (1, p. 19 e) mentions the statue of an obscure Euryclides which stood with the statues of Aeschylus and his fellows. Here too were statues of Themistocles and Miltiades, and beside
himself,
is
by Pausanitis were probably the bronze statues of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, set up on the motion of Lycurgus(Ps.-Plut. vit. xOr. p. 841 f.).
After telling parenthetically the anecdote about Sophocles, Pausanias mentions
the statue of Aeschylus.

is
The
by
Sophocles story
the
told
more
fully
anonymous author
l-Ô),
of the life of
each that of a Persian captive (Aristides. Or. 47, vol. 2, pp.
Sophocles (niogr.Gr.,ed.Westermann,
p.
215
ff.,
ed.
Din-
who
says that the poet was
dorf).
Twelve statues
of the
emperor
buried in the family tomb near Decelea.
THE GORDON MKDUSA CALOS

Ch.21,4
109
ttollv.
3
TTeidecrBai
ovTO<;
p.v
yap
ideXeiu
pacrra
17817
Treipcofxevo^
ravra ekeyep
eVt 8e tov
e's
Nortou KaXovfievov
icTTi Terpap-fjie-
Tiix^^^y ^ [jV^ d/cpoTrdXeo)?]

20 vov, iirl
to dearpov
TovTov MeSovcry]<; r^s Fopyoi/os

Kol Trepl avrrjp
eVt;)(/3ucro?
avaKei-
Tttt K(f>a\'rj,
alyl<; TrenoiiqTaL.
eV 8e r^ Kopv(})fj
TOV Bedrpov cnnjkaLou Icttlv iv rat?

ttoXlp
irerpai';
^
vno
Tr)v
aKpo-
Tpinovs Se
Tov<i
eirecTTL
koL tovtco
etcrti'
KttoWojv 8e eV avrw
Ntd)8T79.
KoX
" XpTepi<;
7rar8a9
dvaLpovfTe^; tov^
25 ravTTî/ TTju lîioîqv kol
avrds
1801^
dveXdcJu e?
/cat Kp7)pj^6^
rdi^ StTrvXci^
TO opo^'
7)
8e ttXtjctCov pkv irerpa
eaTiv ovSev
rrev-
irapovTi ar)(7Jpa 7rape)(6puo<; yvvaLKo<; ovre aXXco? ovre

0ov(Tr)
KaTr)(f)rj
yvvaiKa.
T'171^
8e 'AdrjuYjaLV e?
aKpoTTokiv
oltto
tov OeaTpov
TeOaiTTai KaXa>9
20.
tovtoi^ toi'
KaXwi'
dheX(f)rj<s
nalha ovTa koI
MeSovot]?
Tf)s
Fop-yovos irxpv:
three pedestals of gray marble, the

central one of which once supported a
70$ dvaKcirai
KC()>aX^
this
was
5,
set
up by king Antiochus. was tlms placed

tion
See
12, 4.
seated statue
now
in the British
Mu-
Frazer suggests that the Gorgon head

in a prominent posion the wall of the Acropolis to
seum.
the
An
inscription sets forth that
monument was
dedicated by Thra-
syllus of Decelea, in
serve as a
charm against the

:
22.
evil eye.
is still
of a victory
commemoration which he had won witli a

archonship of Neaechnuis
Tlie otlier
(TirTJXaiov
this
cave
to
chorus
tals
in the
be seen in the Acropolis rock, directly
(320-31!)
i!.c).
two
ixnles-
above the theatre, and has long been

used as a chapel dedicated to the Virgin of the
bear inscriptions counnenioratiug

Tlie
victories of Thrasycles. son of. Tlirasyllus.
Cave (Panagia
Spiliotissa).
monument
doubtless
suji-
Until the beginning of the nineteenth
ported a bronze tripod, and the statue
century,
its
mouth was adorned by

an elegant
was probably
of the tripod.
Arteiuis,
inclosed witiiin the legs
a Doric portico, forming the choregic
monument
of Thrasyllus,
The group of Apollo, and the children of Niobe

in the portico.
:
structure about twenty-nine feet five
was probably
31.
inches high by twenty-five feet wide,

consisting of three Doric pilasters rest-
Tt'eairrai
is
Daedalus
KdXws commonly
the
nephew
of
called Talos
by
ing on two steps and supi)orting an

epistyle,
which
by a
frieze.
surmounted Above the frieze were

is
in turn
ancient writers, but Clement of Alexandria (Protrei)t. 4. 47, p. 41, cd. Potter)
and Suidas
(s.v.
lUpbmos hpbv)
110
THE ATTTCA OF PATTSANIAS

Ch.21,5
T179 Te^vr]<i jxadrjTrjp (ôvevaa<i
Aat8aXo9
e? KpiJTrjv e<f)vy,
^povoi he vaTepop es '^LKeXiap e/c8tSpacTKet irapa KcoKaXou.
Tov Se
35
'Acr/cX.T77rtov
to lepop e? re
ret
ayakp,aTd
ret?
icrTcp,
onoaa
9ea<i
TOV Beov
TreTTOLrjTaL
kol t(ou iraihoiv, koI e?
ypa<â^
d^Lov
ecTTL
Se eV
avTM
Kpiqvr], irap^
fj
'
Xeyovcru IlocretSwiôs
TTatSa 'A\ipp6diov
BvyaTepa Apecos
AXKLTT7Tr)v al(r)(vvavTa
totjto)
dirodaveiv vno
crOai TTpoiTov.
40
" Apeoi^,
koX hiKiqv inl
tw
(f)6v(p
yeve-
ivTavda akXa
tSai^
re /cat Savpo/zartKO? dvd.KeiTai 5

y)<j(Tov "^Xkrjvcov tov<; ySap-
Ocopa^
is TovTov Tt9
(f)'ij(Tei
ovhkv
^dpov?
cro(f)ov<^
e? ret? Te^va<? eti/at.
âvpo/xctrai?
yap
elcri.
ovTe avrotg crtSr^pd? ecrTiv opvacroixepos ovTe a(f)Lcnv iad-
yovcnv
afXLKTOi
yap
fxaXicTTa TOiv TavTrj I3ap/3dpa)u
irpos ovv Trjv diropiav TavTTjv iêvpiqTai cr(f)Lcnv
inl pev
agree with Paiisanias in naming him

Calos.
roof, in
ter,
which
is
a spring of pure wa-
Others give him
tlie
name
244,
of
doubtless the fountain mentioned

Pausanias.
Perdix ("partridge").
8,
See Ovid, Met.

31),
by
The colonnade was

with the hope of
236; Hygiuus, Fab.
and
doubtless intended for the patients of

the god,
Daedalus is said to have nuirdered him by throwîng him from the Acroijolis, because Calos had surpassed
274.
who slept here
revelations in dreams and of marvelous

ff.). South end of the colonnade axe the foundations of what was probably
cures
(cf.
Ar. Plutus, 059
him
in
meclianical ingenuity by in-
of the west
venting the saw, compasses, and potter's wheel.
Tlie grave of Calos was on the southern slope of the Acropolis between the theatre and the sanctuary
the temple of Asclcpius!
Somewhat
to the west are the foundations of a
building which was probably the house

of the priests
of Asclcpius.
34.
tov
Si 'Ao-KX-qiriov:
and other
lists
officials of
the
the sanctuary of Asclcpius was just
sanctuary.
Two
long inscriptions furof votive offerings
tlie
west of the theatre precinct, bounded by rock of the Acropolis on the north,
nish interesting
found on the
as gold
site (C.I.
A.
II,
835, 830),
and by a retaining-wall still extant on the south. There still exist considerable monumental remains of a colonnade within the precinct; and through an arched doorway in the back wall of
the colonnade admission
small
is
and
silver representations of
hands,
It is
feet, teeth, ears,
and the
like.
noteworthy that
in describing the
south side of the Acropolis Pausanias
given to a
in
round chamber hewn
the
Acropolis rock, with a dome-shaped
makes no mention of (1) the Colonnade of Eumenes, and (2) the Music Hall of Ilerodes Atticus, two important extant monuments.
THE SARMATIANS
Ch.
22, 1
lU
45 Tot9
hopaatv ai^/xa?
6crT.tva<; olptI
cnhijpov ôpovai, roâ
T Kpaviiva Kol otcTTOu? Kol 6<TTeiVa9 d/ctSa? eVt rot? otorot?

/cat
aeipaZ<;
TrepiôKovTe*; tcou
TroXefxiwu
6tt6(Jov<;
koX tv-
ÔLP, Tov<;
i'ttttov? d7ro(TTpxlfauT<;
avaT pen oval
tov<; eVcrêf>
divTa^ Tat9 cretpatg.

50 rovTOi/.
Toip'
rou? Se datpaKa^ iroLOvuTaL tov rpoTTou
tTTTTOv? TToXXtt? eKacTTO'S Tp(f)ei, 0)9
av oure
is tStw-
kXt7/30U9 r>j9
y^9
fXfXpL(TIXl^7]<^
OVT TL
(f)epOV(rr]<i TT\rjV
vkrf<;
aypia<; are ovTUiv vopidhoiv
raurat? ovk e? noXepiOu
^po)VTai fxovov,
(TiTovvT at.
65 SteXdt're?
aWct
/cat
êot? dvovcriv eVt^wptot? /cat
aXXw?
/cat
(TvXXe^dfxevoL 8e ra? OTrXas iKKa07JpavT<; re

Trotoi'crtj'
an
avTcou ip,(êprj
^paKovTOiv ô\iaiv
ocrrt? 8e ou/c etSe noi Spa/coi^ra, nirvos

poi^ ert
ye elSe Kapnov ^Xw-
rat? ovv inl
tw Kapnio
e/c
Trj<;
nLTVO<^ <âivoyievai<^ evro-
/xat? eiKatôiv to
epyov to
/cat
Trjq 6nXrj<^
ovk av afjiaprduoi.
ôa>p (Tvppdxjjau-
Tavra hiarpricravTes
GO re?
criv
vevpois Inncov
/cat
^pCjvTai Bdtpaîv ovre evnpeneia tiov 'EWtjvlkcJv dnoSeovovre dcrdeveaTepoLS
/cat
ydp
crvcTTdhrjv
Tvm6p.evoi
/cat
7
^krjOevTes dveôvrai.
pikv
Toi/
(35
ol Se ^wpa/ce? ol
Xtuol piaôp.evoi<^
ov^
6fJL0L(o<;
etcrt
^pyjcnfxoL, Sttctcrt ya/a ['^ctt] ySta^d/xei'ot
aihiqpov
6r)pevovTa<; 8e (0(f)eXovo'LV, evanoKXoiVTai

dSoj'Te? /cat napodXeoiv.
ydp
(j(f)icri
/cat Xd^'Ta)^'
ei'
0d)paKa<? Oe Xt-
t'0U9 tSt^'
veCo),
T aXXot? lepols eariv dvaKeip.evov<; koX ev VpvdXcro<i hevhpoiv /cat rjixepcDU

rj
evda 'AttoXXwiô? koXXicttov
/cat
dcra twi/ aKdpncop dcr/ArJ? napeêrai Tiva
$ea<; rjhovrjv.
]
22
Mera
TToXti^
Se to tepot* toO 'Acr/cXr/Trtou TavTy npos T-qv d/cpde/xtSo?

iâd?
e'crTt.
2.
tovcrt
Ke'ôxTTat Se Trpd
sjiiSos vacSs
:
avTov
22. Temple of Themis Hippolytus a)id Phaedra Temple of Ge Kourotrophos and Demeter Chloe The Propylaea Temple of Nike Apteros Death ofAegeus Pinakotheke Musaeus
the temple of The-
mis, together with the sanctuaries of
Aphrodite
Pandemus, Ge, and De-
meter Chloe, mentioned below, were doubtless situated at the southwestern

foot of the Acropolis,
Tlcrmes Propylaeus and the Graces of

Socrates.
somewhere between the Odeum of Ilerodes Atticus
112
[jivrjfxa

Cli.2'2, 2
'iTTTroXvTO)e'/c
tov Se
ol
/3lov rrjp TekevTTjV avjx^rjpaL

ocrTL^;
Xeyovcnv
5
KaTapwv.
SrjXa Se, kol
âp^dpcDv yXwcrtt]'^
(Tav ifxadev 'EWtJvojv, 6 re epw? rrj^ at8pa9 /cat

(f)ov
rpo-
TO
e'g
Trji'
SiaKoviai' ToXixrjfxa.
ean
8e
/cat
Tpot^T^vtot?
Br^crevs cJ? 2
'IttttoXvtov
Toi(f)o<;
eêt
Se' cr<î(TLv
wSe 6 Xoyo?.
et ot
p.eWev aêadai âiSpav, ovk iOiXoiv

oure apêcrât
10 TrefXTTi roj^
yevoivTo TratSe?
iTTTrdXvroi^ ovre jBacnXeveiu
duT. avTO)v,
napd
TTtrêa Tpacf)r)(T6[JLepov avrov Kai fâcnXevcrovTa

/cat oi
lipoi^rjpo^;.
^povco Se vcrrepou IlaXXa?

rourov? /cretVa?
irpcoTr]
e'9
TratSe? iiravi-
crTiqaav Br^cret'
(xioiv etVe/ca,
ret
e'9
Tpott^yjua eyoêrat
Kadap/cat
Kat âiSpa
evTavda eioev YttttoXvtov
TOf Odvarov ipacrOelcra iôvXevcre.
pivpaivy] Se eVrt
(j)v-
15 TpoLl,r)VLOL<;
^'at
rd
(f)vXXa Sta
Trd(Tr)<;
eôvcra TeTpvvqixeua-
Se ou/c
e'^ dp'^rj':;
e'9
T^
ToiavTrfv Xeyovcriv,
dcr7]<^
aXXa ro epyov
77)1^
yeyeTat9
e'Tret
;j
vTjcrBai Trjq
roi^
epcura
/cat T>j9 Trepourj'^ -qv e'vn
Bpi^lv
re
'
et^êj/
atSâ.
e'9
'A(f)poSLTr]i>
/^ttav
Se
IlavSr/jaor,
A6ir]vaLov<i ^7]<tv<;
rfyayev diro tmv OTjpoiv ttoXlv,
20 avTTjv re
aejêaOai
tjv
/cat Xletô) KaTecTTrjcre
ra
/u,ei^
Si^
TraXata
-qv
dydXpara ovk
in ipov, rd Se
tlue
e'vr'
e'/xou
re^viTMv
ov
and the Acropolis entrance, but the

exact site of none of them has as yet
Acropolis.
Inscriptions
ettes belonging to her cult
and statuhave been
been determined.
3.
jiviifjia
'IiriroXv-
found on
rison,
this site.
No
trace of the
Tw
for the story of Hippolylus
and
Phaedra, see Euripides, Ilippolytus,

especially
4.3
ff.
,
887
Be
ff.
11(30
ff.
Miss HarAncient Athens, pp. 105-110, defends this Aphrodite against the slurs
actual sanctuary remains.
cast on the
18. *A(|>po5iTT]v
ttjv
ndv8T]|x,ov
Apollodorus quoted by Ilarpocr.

wavd-qixos
'
s.v.
that she
title Pandemus, and shows was a great and holy goddess,
A(f)po5iT7j says that this was "the name given at Athens to the goddess whose worship had been establishcd somewhere near the ancient
giver of increase, one of the ancient
Oriental Trinity (Pans. 0, 16,
3),
of
agora."
This indicates, in conjunc-
which the other two were Heavenly Aphrodite and Aphrodite the Averter. 20. TlciOto the Athenians annually
:
tion with the statement of Pausanias,
offered a sacrifice to the goddess Per-
that the sanctuary of Aphrodite Pan-
suasion (Isocrates, 15, 240), and a special seat was, it
demus was
close to the west slope of
seems, assigned to her
THE
Ch.22, 4
AC'RO POLLS
/cat Vrj<;
113
/cat Aijixr]-
T(i>v
a<âve(TTdT(iiv.
ecrxt
Se
KovpoTp6(f)Ov
Tpo<; lepou X)\.6r]<;')(6rjvai
to, 8e e? tol^ eVwi^v/ata?

e<?
idTiv avTwv 8t8a-
Tot9 lepevcriv ikdovra

T'>)i'
Xoyoug.
25
'E? 8e
êrat,
aKpoTTokiv
icmv
(ToSo<; /xta
krepav 8e ou napeto.
naaa
aTTOTOfxoq ovcra Kai retôg e)(ovcra i)(vp6u.
8e TTpOTTvXaLa \idov Xev/cov

p-eyedeL t(ov XiOoiv
et/cdiâ?
r^v
6po<f)r)v e^t Kat Koafxco Kat
Twi^
p^XP^ 7^ '^*^'' ^V-^^ iTnrecDV ovk eôj crac^w?

(C.LA. IH,
:
7r/3oet^.
ra?
/xei^ ovt'
enreiv, eire
ol TTaio<s
priestess in the
351).
tlieatre
22.
rfjs
KowpoTp64>ov
Solon
spoke of Earth as the "buxom NursingMother " (Frag. 43 in Bergk's Poetae

Lyrici Graeci^,
to
H, 438).
KovpoTp6(pos,
According
Ericlitho-
mass of rock extending east and west. The north and east sides are naturally steep and inaccessible the south side slopes more gradually, and needed especially strong fortifications, while on
;
Suidas
s.v.
the western side the Acropolis slopes gently toward the Areopagus, this forming the natural approach.
olis
nius was' the
first
to sacrifice to Earth
tlie
the Nursing- Mother on
Acropolis
and the Ephebi seem to have kept up the custom (C.I. A. II, 481, 1. 58 sq.). This sanctuary was either at the southwest corner or else due west of the Acropolis, and somewhere along the winding road followed by Pausanias. A'^|j.T)Tpos Upov XX6t]s from the evidence of ancient passages and of in-
surface
is
The Acropa plateau, rising toward

its
the east with
highest point (five

feet
hundred and twelve

Its
above the
is
sea) to the northeast of the Parthenon.
length from east to west

greatest breadth
about
south
three humired and twenty-eight yards;

its
is
of
from north
to
scriptions
it is
clear that the sanctuary

close
to
about one hundred and forty-eight yards. See Excursus VII. 26. rd
Demeter Chloe was

entrance
to
the
hi irpoirvXaia
for description of tiie
western
the Acropolis.
Propylaea, see
rds
.
. .
Excursus VIII.
t-n-rrewv
28.
:
Aristophanes
describes a
(Lysistrata,
831
scjcp)
tlKOvas tv
kt\.
por-
man hurrying up the
Acroi)-
olis slope beside
the sanctuary of the

Schol. Soph. Oed.
Verdant Goddess.
Col. 1600 locates this sanctuary
"near
go
or beside the Acropolis," and quotes
a passage from Eupolis,

sacrifice
"I
will
straight to the Acropolis; for I
Tlie
a ram to name had reference

foliage.
nmst Verdant Demeter."

to the natural
hue of
olis of
25. *Es Si TTjv dKpoTToXiv
the Acrop-
Athens
is
a long and precipitous
and pedestals of statues of hoisemen have been found, which faced each other on opposite sides of the way leading up to the Acropolis. An in.scription shows that they were dedicated in honor of a cavalry victory, and mentions the names of three cavalry officers, among them a Xenophon and it is clear that the original statues were not set up later than 437 n.c Another inscription on one of the pedestals shows that the
tions of the inscribed bases
;
114
THE ATTICA OV PAUSANIAS

Cli.22,
30 elaLu ol 'Buo(f)(t)uTO<; etre
aXXa>? e? evTrpd-neiav
TreiTOLrjfjieuai
ro)v
Se
TT poTTvXaidiv
rj
ev Se^to.
Nikt^? icrrlp 'AiTTepov iâd?.

pL\jja<g
ivTevOev
ddkacrcrd
ian
(Jvvottto^, kul Tovrr)
Atyev?
rj
iavTov
cos
\4yovcnv eTekevrrâev.
rj
duTJyeTO fxeu
yap
vav<; 5
jxeXacTLV
35
Tavpov
ea)(v
IcFTLOLS
8e
lcrTLOL Kokovpêvov

lcrTiOL<;
7rpo9 roi^ rrarepa Trpoelire ^prjaeaOai toI<?
XevKotg, rju orriao) TrXer) tov Tavpov KpaT7Jaa<i'
tovtcov Xyjdrju
oj?
ApLdSvrjp
d(f)r)pr]pepo<;
evravOa
Atyev?
eihev
pcXacTi TTjv vavv KopitôpevTjv, Ota TOV 77at8a TeOvdd(f)el
eVrt KaXovpevou
7T poTTvXaioiv
Atyew?.
ol
irapd 'AdrfuaiOL^
6
icTL Se iv dpicTTepa tmv

â-i^
OLKTjpa ^X^^ ypa(f)d<;

later
ovrocrats 8e
Ka94(TTr]Kev
horseman was
statue
of
converted into a
Pausanias's
Gernianicus.
conjecture was the merest guesswork,
There are no indications whatever that the walls were painted nor are there any holes
paintings or easel-paintings.
;
showing that he did not carefully read

the inscription. The sons of Xenophon were not yet born, and the date is too
early for the
in the walls to
show
that the paintings
Xenophon
:
of the inscrip-
tion to be the historian.

.
. .
31.
Niktis
on the temple of Athena Victory, see Excursus IX. 38. AIyvs the story of the death of Aegeus is similarly told by Diodorus (4,
'AirTtpov va6s
:
were hung from nails. The title of Polemo's treatise on the pictures in the Propylaea, wepl tQv ii> toXs irpoTrvXaioii irivdKuv, in its use of wlm^ rather than ypacpri, is in favor of the view that the pictures were easel-pieces rather than
wall-paintings.
The
it
careless style of
I'ausanias
makes
impossible to deterlist
61), Plutarch (Thes.,
17
and
22)
and
the
mine with
but the
(1)
exactne.ss the
of paint-
Servius (ad Verg. Aen.

the temple of
3, 74).
At
ings mentioned, and their authorship,

list
southern foot of the bastion on which
seems
to be as follows
Athena Victory
rests, a
Rape
;
of Pallas's
image by Diomeoff the
quadrangular space on the Acropolis rock has been leveled as if to receive
des
(2)
Odysseus carrying
bow
of Philoctetes; (3) Slaying of Aegisthus
some
42.
building.
This was doubtless the

of Aegeus.
:
by
site of the
heroum
ol'KT)fjLa
i\pv -ypa4>ds
its
this
chamThere
wall-
ber
still
preserves
walls with the

is
cornice, though the roof
gone.
has been much discussion whether the

paintings in this
chamber were
and of sons of Nauplins by vSacrifice of Polyxena (5) Achilles among the maidens of Scyros; (0) Odysseus and Nausicaa with her maidens (7) Portrait of Alcibiades with trophies of victory at Nemea (8) Perseus carrying tlie head of
Orestes,
;
Pylades
(4)
THE
6 ^p6vo<;
6
jaei/
nCTI'RP:
GALLERY
AiOfXTJ^rj^; tjv
115
koX 'OSvcrcrev'?,
amo9
aâvecriv exvat,
iv Atjixvo) to (i>LkoKTTJTOv toôu, 6 he iALOfxijSrjs) ttju

d(f)aLpovfxevo<;
45 'A0r)vav
i^ 'iXiov.
iuravOa [eV rats ypatov 8e
(ât?] 'Opecrri7? ecrrii'
AlyiaOov
(ôvevojv koI IlvXaSr^? tov?
TraiSa? rov? NavTrXtov ôr]dov<^ ik66i>Ta<; Alyiadco-
'A^cXXecej? Td(f>ov TrX'qaiou /xeXXoucra ecrTt (T(f)d!êa0aL IloXu^V7).
'OfXTJpo) Se ev fiev irapeidrj

p,oi
roSe to
(ofxhu ovto)<;
epyov
50 v
Se
âiverai
ojjlolu)^
TTOirjcrai
^Kvpov vno 'A^tXXe'w? aXoOrat's
(Tav,
ovheu
kol ocrot Xeyovcnv ofxov

St)
TrapêVot?
'A^tXXea e\eiv iv ^Kvpo) SiauTav, a

eypaxjjev.
Kal TloXuyi'WTC?
eypaê Se Kat
O/xr/po?
77/309
rw
irorap-oi raZ? 6/xoO
Nau-
crtKct TrXvjôucrat? e(f)L(TTdfjLepov
'OSf ccrea /cara ra avra Kadd

Se'
55 S19
Kal
;
eTTOLiQcre.
ypa(f>ai
etcrt
/cat
aXXat Kat
Medusa
(10)
(0)
Boy with water-pots

;
that the
attire
by Timaenetus (11) Portrait of Musaeus. 43. Aio|ji'^8t]s the language of PauTJv Kal '08vo-<rvs sanias implies that Odysseus carried off
Wrestler,
:
the
bow
of Philocteles.
This
is
the
young Achilles wore female and lived among the daughters of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, is told by Hyginus, Fab. 90; Bion, 2, 15 sq.; Schol. Honi. II. I, %8. 53. Navo-iK$: see Homer, Od. f, 85 sqq., for
story as told
by the Attic tragedians,
the account of the meeting of Ody.s-
Sophocles in the Philoctetes, and Aeschylus and Euripides in their lost
seus and Nausicaa.

55.
'ypa<|>al
. . .
Kal 'A\KiPidST]s
dramas on the same subject (Dio Clirys. Or. 52). But the older tradition followed by Lesches in his Little Iliad ascribes this achievement to Diomedes
(Proclus in Epic. Grace. Fragm., ed.
Athenaeus,
12,
p.
534
i>,
k,
(juoting
Satyrus, states that Alcibiadcs dedi-
cated two pictures by Aglaophon, one

representing himself crowned by Olym-
Kinkel, p. 36).
tion represents
As
to the carrying off
and Pythia.s, personifying Olynipiaand Delphi, the other Nenica.sealoil

pias
of the Palladium, the
common
tradi-
with Alcibiadcs on her

(Alcibiadcs,
1(5)
lap.
Plutarch
Diomedesas playing the chief part but assisted by Odysseus. So Lesches in the Little Iliad. Thus Diomedes on the Tabula Iliaca is seen carrying the I'alladium, while Odysseus follows liim. Other versions and moiuiments give Odysseus the chief
part in
thi.s
mentions a painting by Aristoi)hon of Nemea with Alcibiadcs in her arms. Both doubtless refer to the picture here mentioned by Pausanias.
It is
necessary, therefore, to
in
account for the discrepancy

ship.
author-
Ari.stophon was brother of Polyg;
achievement.
52.
:
'AxiX-
notus
phon.
their father
lie
was named Aglao-
Xta xiv iv DKvpw SCairav
the story
probably had a grandson
116

Ch.
22, 8
'AXKt/3taST79, t-mrwv 8e ol vlkt]'? ttJs iv Ne/xect ecrri ay]ixia
ev
TTj
ypaffifj
Koi Uepcrevq IdTiv e? X4pL(ôv
KOfxit,6p.vo';,
TiokvêKTr) îpcov ttjv Ke(f)a\r}v ttjv MeSovcn^?.
kol
tol jxev 9
MeSovcrai' ovk elpl 7rp66vixo<; eu rot? 'ArrtKot?

60
cr'r)fJLrjvai
ert
8e Tcof ypa<ô)v irapevTi top iralSa tov Ta<i vSpCas (fyepovra
Koi TOV TraKaL(TTr)v ov Ttjuatjêro? eypaxpev,

eyci)
icTTL
Movcrato?.
he
eirr]
fxkv eTreXeâjjuqv ev of?
ecm
ireTeaO ai
Movacuov
p.6vov
e?
VTTO Bopeov S(opov, hoKelv Se

TO<;
fxoL TTeTToirjKev avro, 'OvofxaKpL[xt]
KOL ecTTLV ovSev Movcratov ySeâtoj? otl
65 ^-qixrjrpa v[xvo<; AvKo/xtoat?.
Kara
crat
8e Tr)v eaoSov avTrjv
rjhrj ttjv
e?
aKponoXiv
yeveaOai
'Epjxrjv
ttoltj-
ov IlpoTrvXaiov ovopudtôvai Kai Xctptrag %coKpaT7]v
TOV
'ôj(f)povLcrKov Xeyovcriv,
Tj
o)
cro(f)M
/xctXtcrra
dvOpcoTTcov ecTTLv
70
Ilv^ta jxdpTvs, o
fxrjhe
'Avdâpatv
eOe-
\ovTa
of the
35, 60)
6fJL0)<;
Kol
St'
avro e? AeX(ôv9 dffuKOjxevov vpoaelTrev.

(N. H.
lû}KpdTr)s re 6
same name, and Pliny
TlucppoviaKov irpb ttjs is
mentions a painter of this name who flourished 420-417 i$.c., a date

this
ttjv dKp6iro\iv eaddov
Xaplrwv elpydearo
Diog.
Laert.
2,
dyd\p.aTa
5,
'AOrjvaioLs.
that accords witii
explanation.
19,
speaks of Socrates as having
He probably
57.
painted the Alcibiades.
been a sculptor, and refers to these
npo-vs: for the story of Per-
seus, see Schol. Pindar, Pyth. 10, 72
Schol. Apoll.
10,
p.
Rhod.
4,
1515; Strabo,
5,
same figures of the Graces. See also Plmy, N. H. 36, 32, and Schol. Ar. Nub. 773. The Chiaramonti relief in
487
Ovid, Met.
242 sqq.;
Rome
is
Ilyginus, Fab. 64.

Ovo|xdKpi.Tos
:
63. ircTroi-qKcvavrd
Musaeus, Hipparchus from
relief attributed to Socrates.
supposed to be a copy of the There are
Onomacritus, invited to
also other copies, a fact
which suggests
edit the so-called oracles of
a celebrated original.
representing
Compare also an
was expelled by Athens for having been convicted of forging an oracle, and fled to the coast
of Persia (Hdt. 7, 6). to
archaic relief in the Acropolis
Museum
Hermes and the Graces,

to the
Considerable doubt rests on the relation of
He
is
also said
any of these
work
as-
have forged poems in the name of Orpheus (Clem. Alex. Strom. 1, 21,
131, p. 397, ed.
cribed to Socrates.
see Plato, Apology,
67.
2uKpdTT)v:
20k-21a; Diog.
II, 50,
Potter).
See Epic.
ff.
Laert. 2,
5,
37
E. Zeller, Die Philo-
Graec. Eragm., ed. Kinkel, pp. 238

66. "Epfjifiv
. .
.
sophie der Griechen^,
concern-
Kttl
XdpiTas
also
ing the story of the response of the

oracle.
mentioned by Pausanias
in 9, 35, 7,
THE SEVEN SAGES

23 "EWrfve^; he
(TO(f)Ov<;.
117
i
aXka
re
Xeyovcru
koL auSpa^; kiTTa yeveaSai
rovTuiv /cat tov
elvai (f}a(XL tov

6
KvêXov
/cat
Aiaîov Tvpavvov koX Wepiavhpov Kavroi Wepidvhpov Yli(Tl(TTpaTo<; koX

fxaXXov
/cat
Trai? 'iTTTTta?
(fakoipdpcoiroL
cro(f)a>TpoL
to.
re
5 TToXefxiKOi Slot /cat
Tjaav
oca
-qKev e?
Koa^xov twv TToXiTOiv, e? o
TOV iTrndpôv OdvaTov

?
iTTTTtag
aXXa
re i^prjaoiTo 6vp.oi
yvvaiKa ovofxa Kiaivav.
"iTTTTapxo^;
TTLaTOL Se
10 aLKLo,
e'?
TavTy)v
yoip-,
eVet re diredaveu
Xeycj Se ovk eg crvyypa(f)r)v irpoTepov rJKOvTa,

*
aXXa>9
AdrjvaLOJV rot? TroWot?

'
'iTTTTta? etêt^
eV
o SLe(f>9Lpv, Ota eTaipav
ApLcrToyeLTOvo^ iincrTd-
lxevo<;
ovcrav koL to fiovXevfxa ovSa/xw? dyvorjcraL So^dt,ojv
dvTi Se Tourwi^, eVet TvpavvCSoq i-TTavOrjcrau ol 11 etcrtcrrp artSat, _âX/c>J Xe'atiâ ^ Adrjvaioi^ Icttiv
e'?
fxvTJjxrjv rrj? yviât/cd?,

re'
irapd Se avTrjv dyaXjxa 'Ac^poStrr^?, o KaXXtov

15
(fiacnv
dvddrjfxa elvai
23.
T/te
/cat
Sagrcs
ipyov KaXa/xtSo?.
8).
/Secen
Hippias and Leaena

OÂer objects of
lis,
o/ Greece Diitrephes
Cicero also seems to have told the
story and mentioned the lioness in his

lost
on the A cropnTemple of Brauronian Artemis and the Wooden Horse Tliucydides Phonnio.
intei-est
tlie
work
"On Glory"
(see
Philar-
among them
gyrius, ad Verg. Eel. 2, G3).
The anec8,
dote also appears in Polyaenu.s,
45
G18,
Clem. Alex. Strom.

ed. Potter;
4, 11), 122, p.
1.
cirrd
(roj>ovs:
for a
list
of tlie
Athen.
13, p.
500
;
.
and
Plu-
Seven Sages, see Paus.
10, 24, 1,
who
Lactantius Divin.
Instit. 1, 20.
names Thales
of
of Miletus, Bias of Pii-*
tarch and Polyaenus mention that the

li(mess stood in the
ene, Pittacus of Mitylene, Cleobulus
Lindus, Solon of Athens, Cliilon
that she
of Sparta,
and as the seventh,
in the
Propylaea, and had no tongue to commemorate the fact that Leaena betrayed none
of her associates.
place of Periander of Corinth, follows

I'lato (Protag. 34;5a) in
From
the order in
the Chenian.
ited
naming Myson Periander was discred-
which
it is
mentioned, the statue prob-
ably stood in the southern end of the

eastern portico of the Propylaea.
14.
by Ildt. 5, 92. but he is usually counted among the Seven Sages. Cf.
Diog. Laert.
1,
a-yaX|xa
'A<|>po8(Tris
what
is
13; Anthol. Pal.
7, 81.
probably the pedestal of this statue

lias
7.
Aâivav: Pausanias was evidently
been found on the Acropolis.

3!)2), in
It
not aware that the story about Leaena
bears the in.scription, KaXXias
'Itttto-
had already been told by Pliny (N. II. 34, 72) and Plutarch (I)e garrulitate,
vUov av^dT)K[t]v (C.LA.
I,
old
Attic characters, anil dates from
some
118
HXrjaiov Se
^Xr]ixeuo<;.
criv
rj
'

Ch.
23, 3
icm
ALLTpe(f)ovq
âXKOv? di^Spta? otaTolq êre eirpaêv OTTocra keyovd(f)LKOixPOv<^
ovto<; 6 AuTpe(f)r]<;
aXXa
AOrjvaioL Kat Bpct/ca?

i<5
fJLLcr9(oTov<i
vcrrepov
Ar)ixocr6i'7]<;
XvpaKovaa^
eêVXevcre, tovtov^
/cat St)
oj? vcrTepr]-
20 crav 6 AuTpe(f)r]<? airrfyev ottlcto).
Kara tou XaX^tStKoi^
ecrêv ^vpnrov, evOa Bot&jrwt'

(70<?
et*
fxecroyaia ttoXi? MvKaXiô'-
î/-
TavTrjv i7ravaâ<; Ik 6a\dcrcrr]<? 6 AuTp(f)r]<i etXe.
Mv/caXi^crcrtajj^ Se
ov [jlopov to /xct^t/xov ol Bpct/ce? dXXo, Kat

fJiapTvpel oe [xol
yvzât/ca? i(f)6vevcrau kol Tratoa?.

25
Holcotcop
ydp
ocrov? dvecrTr)(Tav Sr)fialoL, (okovvto at TToXet?

vtto
ttjv
eV
ifxov,
/cat
OLaffyvyoPTcov
akoxriv tcov dud pconcov

fxr)
el
oe
Mv/caXT^crfrtofi ot /Sdp/Bapoi
Trdcriv d-noKTetvavTe^ iTre^rjX-
6ov, vcrrepov av rrju ttoXlv direXaôv ol Xei^BevTe^.
toctov- 4
rov
jxep irapecTTy] fxoi
Oavfxa e? Tr)P elKopa tov Attrpeôv?,
30 oVt otcrrot9 eê/BXrjTo,
KWrjcnv
otl
ixr^
Kpiqcrlv ovk eiriâypiov

OTrXtreuoi^ra?
co<?
ov Toêveiv
t^St]
AoKpov^ yap
icrfxev,
rov<;
Ôttovvtlovs
Kara rd MTjSt/cd
Toâ kol
ovs 'O/^T/po?
e? îXtov
eiroiiqcrev
(f)ep6-
jxevoL
(T(f)evS6va<;
eXdoiev ov
fJLTjv
ovSe
MaXtevcrt TrapefieLve jxeXerr] tmv to^wv, Sokco 8e ovre rrpoTe35
pov eTTicTTaadai
8td fjLaKpov
cr(f)d<;
nplv
rj
^tXoKTiJT'Tqv, TravcracrOai re ov
irXrjcTLOv
TOV 8e AuTpe(f)Ov<;
ret? d(f)ave(rTpa<; ypd(f)eLv
ovk iOeXco
Td<;
yap
et/co^'a?
Oea)v
dydXfxard
ecTTLv
Tyteia?
re, rjv 'Acr/cXi^Trtov TratSa eivat

n.c.
5.
Xeyovcn,
11.
/cat *Adr]vd<;
34, 74, says tliat
time between 47G and 450

lias,
see Plut. Aristides,

see
On CalOn Calagriech.
1,
102).
Pliny, N.
Cresilas
made
a statue representing a
the
mis,
Brunn,
I,
Gescli.
d.
wounded man swooning, doubtless

one
liere
Kunstler,
10.
129 sq.
:
mentioned.
Tliis also
was
AiiTpe4>ovs x'^'>^s dv8pids

7,
on
probably witliin the eastern portico of

the I'ropylaea.
38. 'AOrivas eirCtcXrio-iv
.
. .
Diitrephes see Tliuc.
29
sq.
The
episode of the Thracian mercenaries
'Yîetas
took place in 413 n.c.

bearing the inscription
Tpecposdwapxfv.
The pedestal
'Ep/jlSXvkos
riutarch, Pericles, 13, says that this
for this statue has also been found,
image was dedicated
to
commemorate
injured
Au-
the restoration to health of a favorite
KpâCKasiw6e(Tev(C.\.A.
workman
of Pericles,
who was
THE SATYRS
Cb.
23, 7
119
he kido<;
irTLKkyjcnv
40
/cat
Tavri7?
'Tyteta?.
ecrrt
ov /xeya?,
dXX' ocrov Ka0L^cr6aL ixiKpov avopa
inl tovtm Xeyovcnv,
rjVLKa Al6uv(to<; rfXOev e? ttjv yrjv, duanavcracrOaL tou StXi^vov.

Tov<; yoLp T^XtKto. Tcjp XaTJjpojv TrpoTJKOvTa<; 6vop,at,ov(n,
îky)vov<;
Tvepl 8e
XaTvpojv,
oItlve^; elaiv,
irepov vXeop ide<;
Xcov iTTiCTTacrBai
45 6ou.
(f)r)
TroWot? avT(ov tovtcov eueKa
Xoyov^; ^X-
oe
FjV(f)r)ixo<;
Kap
dvrjp TrXecov e? 'iraXtai' afxapreiu

TTfv iô)
VTTO dv4p.oiv
Tov tt\ov Kol c?
OdkaacTap, e?
rjp
ovktl
TT\eov(TLv, kêve^drjvaL.
vrfcrov^ 8e etiât yikv
ekeyev
epr^'/xov?
TToXXct?,
1^
8e aXXat?
oIkcIv dpSpa^; dypLov<;
ravrai? 8e
o
ovK Idekeiv
vTJaoL<i Trpocricrêiv tov<; iâura?

/cat
roii^
ota irpoTepou re
eôi^ra?,
50 TTpo(Tcry(ovTa<;
e^'ot/cout'Tcui'
ou/c
direCpcof;
^Laa-Brjvai 8' ou^'
/cat rore.
el^/at
raura? KokeiaOai
fxeu vtto TOiv
vavroiv Sarvpt8a<?,
LTTTTcov
8e rov<i lvoiKovvTa<; KaTrvpov<; koX
ov TToXv fxeCov^
^X^*"^
^^^
Tol<; l(Tîoi<^
oupa?.
rovTov^,
w?
rfCTdovTO, KaTaSpafiovTaî
eirl rrju
vavv
rat?
(fxoprjp jxeu ovSeei^ ttJ
55 fxCav lepai,
rat? 8e yvvaL^lv
eTn')(.ipelv
rr/t-
t.\o<;
i<;
8e 8etcrai^ra9 rou? iâura'? /Sdpâpop yvvalKa eK/SaXelp
rrju
fj
vrjaov
e? ravTrju ovv v^pit,eiv tov^ %aTvpov<i ov p.6vov
Ka0CTTr)Kv,
dXXa
/cat
^
to ndv
6p.oioi^
awfia.
7
Kat dXXa eV
CO
rrj
Adrfvaioiv d/cpoTToXet Oeacrdêvo'; ot8a,

7rat8a, o? ro TrepippavTi^piov
Av/ctov ToO Mvpoji/o? ôkKovv

by a fallfrom the Propylaea. Athena, accordiiig to the legend, communicated
to Pericles in a
Pynhus
tion
(X.
II.
84. 80).
The
inscrip-
and the discrepancie.s throw doubt
dream
the treatment
on the story of Plutarch.

art, see
On
represen-
by which the
N. H. 22, 44,
ciated
man was
cured.
Pliny,
a.'^.so-
tationsof thegodde-ss Ilygieia in ancient
tells
a similar
storj',
W. Wroth, "Hygieia,"
82-101
;
J. U.S.
however with the Parthenon.
(1884),
F.
Koepp, " Die
The
laea,
pede.stal is still in place, just out-
Atti.sche
Ilygieia,"
A.M.
:
{1885),
side the eastern portico of the Propy-
255-271.
(50.
with the inscription Adtvatoi

'
rei
Ô'^kovv iraiSa
after leaving the

.southea.'^t-
'AeevalaiTi'Tyit[aiUvppoii-iroi-nffv'A0fvacos
Propylaea, Pau.sanias goes
(CI. A.
I,
835).
Pliny also menIlygieia
ward
ronia.
to the i)recinct of
Artemis Hrau-
tions a statue of
Athena
by
As
the pei-irrhanterlun
was a

120

Cli.23, 8
eêi, Kol M.vpcjvo';

(Tfxevov.
Uepaea to
i<;
MeSovcrav epyov elpyaSe ecTTLU diro Bpavpcovo<;
KoX 'Apre/xtSo? lepov iari lipavp(opLa<;, Xlpa^treTi^vTj TO
Xov? pev
StJpov to
65 pcouL,
dyaXpa,
/cat
Trj Beco
ovopa
CO?
to dpâlou ôavov laTiv ev Bâvr)
ApTepcq
\eyov(TLV
TavpLKij.
/cat
itttto?
8e 6 KaXovpeTrotiqpa to
vo^ Aovpto? dvoLKeiTaL âXKov?.
otl
pkv to
'ETTCtov py)^dvr)pa
/xt)
yjv e?
StaXvcrtv tov retôv?, otSej^ oorrt?
Trdaav
CTTtcêpet rot? ^/avl" ti/ evyjOetav
Xeyerat Se
e<?
re
KelvOV TOV
70 /cat
S17
LTTTTOV oJ? TWI/ 'EXXtÎ/OJV evhoif )(OL Tov<; dpi(TTov<^,
/cat
rot)
âXKOu to
(r)(rjpd
Ictti
/cara raura-
/cat
Meiêcrêu? Kat TevK/oo? VTrepKVTTTovcnv i^ airrov, irpoaeTi Se

basin containing water which stood at
the entrance of every sanctuary that
Artemis, which Iphigenia was said to
have brought from the Thracian Chersonese to Brauron in Attica, was equally
worshipers might sprinkle tlieniselves

before entering the precinct (Polhix,
1,
claimed by Brauron, Sparta,

in
Comana
PauIn-
8;
1,
25;
that
1,
32),
it
has been conof
Cappadocia, and Laodicea in Syria.

1,
jectured
tliis
bronze statue
See
real
33,
3, 16,
7-11
8, 46, 3.
the boy with the basin
may
have been
sanias himself elsewhere locates the
placed for this purpose at the entrance

to the precinct of
image
at Sparta (3, 16, 7-11).
Brauronian Artemis.
:
scriptions indicate that as early as 346n.c. there were two images in the Brauronian sanctuary at Athens(C. I. A.
Gl.
Mvpwvos
(N.
11.
Ilcpo-ca
cf. 2, 27,
2.
345
Pliny mentions a statue of Perseus by
Myron
the
04, 57),
which may be
II, 751, 754,
755-758), one designated
same
as this.
Furtwiingler (Mei-
the idol (hedos), the other the image

(agaliria).
sterw. pp. 882-388) conjectures that two
The
.
latter
was the statue

this state-
extant heads of Perseus, one in
Rome
are
attributed to Praxiteles.
65.
I'lriros
.
and one
replicas
in the British
Museum,
Aovpios
of this
common
:
original.
ment
dovpioi
is
62. 'ApW|jii8os
Upov
southeast of the
confirmed by Ilesychius (s.v. i'TTTTos), who also mentions the
Propylaea
is
a terrace in the shape
four
men
peeping out of the wooden

1128)
of an irregular quadrangle, one hun-
dred and fifty-seven and one half feet from east to west, which was doubtless the ancient precinct of Artemis.
Aristophanes (Aves, speaks of " horses as big as the

horse.
Wood-
en Horse," and the scholia mention the

Acropolis statue.
tal
no evidence of the existence of a temple. It was probably merely a precinct with images and an altar. npa|iT\ovs the image of the Tauric
There
is
Blocks of the pedeshave been found on the Acropolis,

inscription which states was dedicated by Chaeredemus Coele and made by Strongylion.
it
bearing an
that
of
THUCYDIDKS PIIORMIO
Ch. 23, 10
121
(
Kol ol TratSe? ol
iTTTTOv ecTTTJKacni'
To<; TTju
Oi^cre&jg.
avSpiduTcoi' 8e ocrot /xera tou

OTrXLToSpojxelu daKrjaau-
ÊiTTiâpLvov fxkv
eiKOpa kiroiqae Kptrta?, Oluoîw 8e epyov Icttiv e?
75
ôvKvhihriv Tov 'OXopov ^pr^cTTOv
\\jri<^Lcrp.a
ydp
iuLK-qcrev
Oivo^LOs KarekdeZv e? 'Adijvas Bou/cuS 18171^, KaC

devTL
bl Soko<f)Opr]-
W9
e?
KarrjeL fivrjjxd icTTLP ov iroppo) TTv\oiv
MeXtrtSoji^.
rd ok
'^pp,6\vKov
tov
TrayKpaTLacTTrjv
/cat
ôpp.L(i)va 10
TOV 'AcrtuTTtôv ypaxjfdvTcov irepcov irapiripx

80
e? 8e <l>opp.i(xiva
Tooo^'S
e)(a>
7^Xo^' ypdxfjai.
ôpp.ioivi
ydp
rot?
eVtet/cecrti'
'AOr]vaC(ov ovTi 6/xotw /cat e? irpoyovoiv 8o|'ai' ov/c d<âvi
avv/3aLPv oêCkeiv xpô.- dvaxcoprj(Ta<i ovv e?

Orjp,ov
roi'
'
ITatavtea
ivTavOa etê
8tatra^', e? o
vavap)(ov avrov A6r)uaL0)v
alpovfxevcov iKirXevaeadaL ovk
etâcr/cei^
oêiXeiv re
yap Kat
Pausanias elsewliere
(9,
30, 1) speaks
of Stiongyliou as extremely skillful in
been excepted from the general amnesty. (Cf. Classen, Thukydides, Einleitung''',
modeling oxen and horses.

73.
pp. xxiii
ft.)
The accounts
:
of
'irixap(vov
the base of this
statue has been found, bearing an inscription (C.I. A.

I, 370), which records was dedicated by Epicharinus himself and was made by Critius and
Thucydides' death are discrepant one says that he died in Thrace (Plut. Ci-
mon,
that
it
4), a second that he was murdered in Athens (Marcellinus, Vit.
Thucyd. 31-33,
Gr.
ed.
55),
a third that he
pp. 202 sq.).
:
Nesiotes, the sculptore of the group of
died a natural death in Athens (Biogr.

,
the tyrannicides
(1, 8, 5).
Inscriptions
Westermann,
(9,
show that the true

here and in
spelling
was Kpinos,
it
78. 'EpfioXvKov TOV ira-yKpaTiao-T'fjv
not KptTtas, as the manuscripts have
Herodotus
105) tells of
Hermoly-
74. OtvopCw 6, 3, o. Pausanias implies, without expressly
cus the pancratiast
who
distinguished
himself at the battle of Mycale, and
saying, that there were on the Acropolis
statues of Oenobius, Hermolycus,
was afterward killed in battle atCyrnus in Euboea and buried at Geraestus.

70. s 8t 4>op|i((i>va
:
and Phormio.
ished in
Thucydides was ban424 B.C., and was in exile

4,
this
anecdote about
Phormio
of
is
related with
some variations
book of
of
his
twenty years (Thuc.

that his return
104
5, 20),
it.c.
so
in Schol. Ar. Pac. 347,
<m the authority
was
in 404
Pau-
Androtion
in the third
sanias' statement implies that he did
Attica; Androtion was a pupil of Isocrates
not return under the general amnesty

of that year, but
and a contemiioraiy
Gr., ed. Miillor,
I,
Demos;
by a
special decree
thenes (Suidas,
Hi.st.
s.v. 'AvSporfwi'
Frag.
secured by Oenobius.
He may have
Ixxxiii).
122
85 ol, irpiv

Ch.
24, 1
av
eKTiar), Trpoq tov<; crr/aartwra?
crOai
(f)p6pr]iJia.
ovtoj^
apêiv ôpp.La)i>a
24
ra XP^^
XBrjvaloi
ovk ew'at irapeêyctyo
ttolutcos
e/ôvXouTO
ottoctoi^ axêike ^laXvovaiv.

%L\r]i'oi>
'Ei/ravâ ÂOrjpa ireTToiiqTaL top

OTL
Srj
Mapcrvav
<T(f)a<;
r)
Traiovcra,
Trj<s
TOv<;
/3ov\oixur]<;.
avXov^
dveXoLTO,
epp1<^0ai
Oeov
tovtcop irepav (hv eipr]Ka ecnlv
Xeyofxevr]
etre
r]crco<? [JioixV
^p^'? top
Tavpov rov MtVw Ka\ovp.evov,

KeKpdT7]Kv 6 Xoyo'?
avy)p etre drjpiov tjv
ottoIov
repara
etiktov
yap ttoXXm kol TovSe

yvvalKe^.
e?
/cetrat
davfxa(TLU)Tpa /cat Ka$'
y)ixd<;
Se
/cat
^ptô? 6 A.6 dpiavTO';

'
eêvy]veyix4vo<^ 2
KoXôu?
VTTO
Tov Kptov
0v(Ta<; Se
avrov
otco Srj 0(o,
w?
Se
et/cctcrat <Att>
tm Ka^vcrrioi /caXou/xeVw napd

vojjlov
'Opô/xei^tot?,
e'?
10 Tovf; jxrjpovi;
Kara
iKTefXMv tov '^XXtjucdv

et/cdiê?
avTov<;
KaLOfxepov^ opa.
kXov<;
icTTiv
KelvTai Se e^rj^ dXXai re
/cat
'Hpa-
ayêt
Se',
W9 X6yo<;
eêt, tov<; SpdKOPTa<;.
'A0r]pd re
/cat
dviovaa
Athena
e/c
r^y? KecftaXrj^
tov Ato?.
ecrrt
Se
raupo?
24.
striking Mnrsyas,
and
the
the Marsyas of the Lateran.

a-ias
K'^X'H
'
4.
Qr\-
Acropolis Worship of Zeus Polieus The Parthenon Statues of Athena in the Parthenon Apollo Parnopius.
1.
other statues of gods
and men on
Theseus's fight with the
'AOr^vd
is
Mapo-tiav iraCovera
Marsyas i)icked up the pipes which Athena had thrown away in disgust, and afterwards attained such skill in playing upon them that
the story
that
he challenged Apollo hijuself to a musical contest.
See Ilyg. Fab. 105; I'lut. de cohib. ira, G; Athen. 14, p. Old;, f. It has been conjectured that this group
Minotaur is frequently represented on and vase-paintings, both redfigured and black-figured; also in one of the metopes of the so-called Tlieseum. The Minotaur is portrayed regularly with the body of a man and the head of a bull. probably the statue by 7. ^pCôs Naucydes of a man sacrificing a ram, mentioned by Pliny (N. H. 34, 80), is 11. 'Hpathe one here mentioned.
coins
:
kXc'ovs
tovs SpaKovras
1
cf.
Pind.
2,
was
identical with a
work
of
Myron,
Nem.
4,8.
mentioned by Pliny, N. H. 33, 57. There are several representations of the

satyr which are doubtless copies of
some famous
original,
probably the one

best of these
is
here mentioned.
The
on the representations of the birth of Athena, which was the subject of the sculptures on the east pediment of the Parthenon, see Excursus X. 13. ravpos dvaOrifia
12. 'AGiiva:
1,
50; Theocr. 24,
ApoU.
ATHENA ERG ANE EARTH

Ch.
24,
123
icf)*
dvad-qfia tt}^ /SovXrj'? 7179 eV ÂpeCco Trdyo),

15 6r)KP
7)
oto) 817 dpe-
jSovXij
TToXXd
oi?
8'
^
dv
Tt? ideXcop eiKaôt.
XeXeKxai
rj
he ixoL Koi TTpoTepov
AdrjvaioL^ irepicrcroTepov tl
toI<;
aXXot? e?
Tci êtct
eVrt (nrovSrjs
TrpcoroL fxev
yap Âdrjpdv
.
iTTCDPOjxacrap 'Epydprjp, irpioTOL 8' aKcoXov? 'Epfxd<;,

cr(f)LaLP
ofxov
8e'
ip TO) pa(o
cnrovoaLcop oaip.oiP Icttlp.
6aTL<; Se to,
20 critp Te^PTf ireTTOLiqjxepa
iTrinpoade TideTai tcop iq dpâi6T'r)Ta

Kpdpo<; icTTLP iinKeLipe-
rjKOPTCjp, Koi TctSe ecTTLP ol OedcraaOai.

lxPO<;
dpTjp
KXeoLTov, Kai
eicrrt
ol
tovs oVvâ? dpyvpov<;
TroL7)crP 6
the bull
erally
KXeotra?"
of bronze,
8e kol Fi^? dyaXp.cL LKerevovcrr^f;

instance of the piety of the Athenians.
was
known
as
"the
Athen.
and was genbull on the

9,
There
is
much dispute
to.
as to the correct-
Acropolis "
Ilesych. s.v.
(cf.
p.
396
1>
ness of the text and as to the temple here
/SoOs
iv ir6\fi).
Near by
alluded
tliat
was the
figure of a
ram
in silver bronze,
there
The natural implication is was a temple of Athena Er-
coupled with the

(Hesych.
17.
Wooden Horse by the comic poet Plato on account of its size

s.v. Kpibs dffeXySKepus).
. . .
gane between the precinct of Artemis Brauronia and the Parthenon along
the road followed by Pausanias, but
there
this.
is no monumental evidence of Here actual remains of a building
'A0Tivdv
'Ep-ydvTiv:
elicited
this re-
mark was probably
by the
epi-
sight of an image, altar, or temple of
known
been
as
tlie
Chalkotheke or "store(C.I.
Athena Ergane, or the Worker, an

ess of the useful arts.
house for bronzes"

laid bare.
tion, see Dorpfekl,
A.
thet applied to the goddess as patron-
On
this
II, Gl) have whole ques-
There
is
much
discussion as to the site of this image,

altar,
or temple, some authorities locat-
A.M. XIV (1889), "Chalkothek and ErganeTempel," and Michaelis, Der Parthe304-313,
ing
it
between the Artemis Brauronia

Five in-
non,
p. 306.
22.
KXcoCtow: accordin.scription
precinct and the Parthenon, others to
ing to
6, 20, 4,
where the
the north of the Acropolis.
scriptions have been found containing
dedications
to
Athena the Worker

IV,
18. dKiXovs 'Epjias: cf.
4,
on this statue is quoted, Cleoetas was famous for having invented a method for starting horses at the Olympic
games.
23.
(C.I. A. II, 1428, 1429, 1434, 1438;

373271, 205).
4,
His ingenuity was shown in

nails
silvering the
Ti\<i
of
the statue.
33, 3.
Thuc.
27 mentions the
in the
a-yaX|ia:
(card
an
inscription, TtJs
stone images of Hermes, shaped like
Kapiro(p6pov
fiavrelav^
cut in the
square
pillars,
commonly placed
doorways of private houses and

tuaries in Attica.
|iv
:
of sanc-
rock about thirty feet north of the seventh column on the north side of the
19.
o-irovSaCwv 8ot-
this
image
is
mentioned as a third
determines the
Parthenon, counting from the west, site of this image. The
124
THP:
ATTICA OF PAUSAXIAS
Cli. 24, 4
vcrai oi tov Ata, etre avrot? ofx^pov oerjcrav * A9r)vaLOL<; eure

25 /cat rot?
Tvacnv EXXrjaL crv/xâ? au^/xd?.

/cat
ivravda
/cat Ttjitdro, e?
êos 6 Kdiôjjô?
avrog
/cetrat Kdi^cui'
YlpoKvqv 8e
rot' TratSa êôvXevfJieurjp avTTjv re Kat roi^
Irw
ave6r)Kev
'AX/ca/xeVr;?.
TreTTOirjTaL
he /cat to <^vtov Trjq e'Xata? 'A$r)va
KOL KVfxa dva(f)aLPO)v Uocreiowi'

30
/cat
Atd? ianv ayaXfia to re

(L
Aeoj^ctpov?
/cat
6 6vopial^6p.evo^ Ylo\iev<;,
there
is
ra KaOecrTrjKOTa
date of the inscription, judged from

the style of the letters, the
first
was the end
of
colloquy.
nothing more than a peaceful Probably the group menIn this the two deities
or the beginning of the second
tioned here by Pausanias was of the
century a.d.
is
On
vase-paintings Earth
as
usually represented
woman
from the ground, her lower and this may have been the form of the image. 25. TiiAoOeos ktX. the two statues stood on a single pedestal composed of four blocks of Pentelic marble, two of which
rising
show and calmly await the issue. Poseidon has his left foot advanced and
latter type.
their tokens
limbs not appearing,
resting on a rock, while with his right
hand he grasps
rests her right
tree,
his trident Athena hand upon the olive

;
and
have been found on the Acropolis, bearing the inscription,

Tim66Ioj
K6pti}v
Tt^[o]^û.
and behind her are her serpent See Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner, Num. Comni. on Pans., pp. 130 ff. with pi. Z, xi-xvi. This group
shield.
Kovulfos] (C.I.A. II, 1360).
closely resembles a
marble
relief
now
in
20. npoKVTiv: Michaelis thinks this
we have
in
Smyrna
20.
(see Frazer, II, 302, Fig. 23).

6vo|jia|6)ic-
group
in a statue discovered
t6 tc Acwxctpovs Kal 6
:
1830,
It
now
in the Acropolis
Museum.
vos IloXitvs
coins also probably pre-
represents a woman standing, clothed

;
serve the types of these
two
statues,
in long flowing robes
against her right

pressing.
the older being the xoanon, or an archaic copy of

it
knee a naked boy
is
The
in stone, the later

it.
by
In
left
workmanship
is
decidedly inferior, but
Leochares an idealized copy of
Pausanias states that Alcamenes "dedicated " it, not that he made it. Then
it
the one, Zeus strides forward, the
may
not be the great Alcamenes.
hand extended, the right drawn back and grasping the thunderbolt in the act
of hurling
in
it
;
The
style points to the
end
pp.
:
of the fifth
in the other,
left
or the beginning of the fourth century.
an easy attitude, the
Zeus stands knee bent,
See A.M.
(1870),
304-307.
on coins of
28. TO <}>vt6v Ti\s \aas
Athens this subject is represented in two different ways (a) in the one there
:
is
the actual contest, as in the strife
(epts)
represented in the western pedi;
hand holding the thunderbolt down, the left extended over an altar round which is entwined a serpent. See Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner, Num. Comm. on Pans., pp. 137 ff. with pi. BB, i, ii, iii. 30. rd Ka0<rTnthe right
half
ment of the Parthenon
(b)
in the other
Kdra
Is TTiv 0v<rav kt\.
this
account
THE PARTHENON
Ch.
24, 7
125
69 T7}v
ypdcfio).
dvaiav
ypa(f)a)u ttjv
eV avrot? keyo[Xvr]u atriau ov
TGv Ato9 Tov ricXtea;? Kpidas /caraêVre? eVt tov

6 l3ov<;
ctTrrerat
^(ojxov fxejXLyfxeva^ irvpols ovhefjiCap eôvcn (f)v\aKiju
Se
35 Twi'
oV 9
Trjv
Ovaiav erotâo'ai^Te?
(f)vXdcrcrovcrLu
airepfxdTQjv (jtoLTcov
..
.
inl tov ^cjfiov.
KaXovaL 8e TLpa
Tiov lepecop /Sovcfjouov,
ovTO) yd.p icTTLu ol vofxoq
/cat
Tavrrj tov
uekeKW
pi\\)a<^
otêrat
(f)-vycov
oi
oe are rof
dv^pa
40
6<i
eSpacre to epyov ovk eiSdre? eg Slktju vndyovai
TOP ireXeKw.
Tavra
fxev TpoTTOv
tov elprjixevov Spoxriv

e'?
is 8e tov
vaov
5
ov Ilap0v(ova ovoixdtôvcriv,
tovtov Icriovcriv OTToaa .iv
rot? KaXoujLieVot? derot? /cetrat,

yevecTLv, tol 8e o-mcrdev
rj
ndvTa
e'?
tiî^
'A^^7^'a9 eêt
llo(TtScovo<? tt/do?
e/c
'Adrjvdv icTTLv
eptg
45
VTre/3
T179
y^?*
avro 8e
re iXe(f)avTO<; to dyaXjxa
eTTi/cetrat ot ro)
Kat
'^(pvcrov TreiroLrjTaL.
%(f>Lyyo<^ eiKoyv
/ie'cro) /xe^' oui^
Kpavec
oe eg
ttî^
%(f)Lyya Xe'yerat, ypdxjjo) irpo-
ek66vTos
e'?
TO,
Botwrta
/zot
rou Xdyou
Ka^' eKdTepov
jxdêadaL
8e
TOV Kpdvov; ypvires elcnv lireipyacryLivoi.

7ra9 iv Tol<i CTrecrLv
50
tovtov<; Tov<i ypv- g

irepi
toi'
'Aptcrea? 6
IIpo/coj'i^T70'io9
TOV ^pvcov
Se
)(pvcrov
'
(^rfcriv 'A/)tjU,ao'7rot9
Tot?
vTreya
'lo'O'T^Sdi'aji^
ov ^vXdacrovcnv ol ypvne^; dvidvai

fjLOvo(f)6d\fxov<;
Trfv
yrjv
eivat 8e
yeveTrj<;,
Apifiaanoix; jxiv dvSpas
ndvTa^; iK
ix^f-v
ypviras 8e diqpia Xeovaiv et/caa^/xeVa, irTepd 8e
Kal (TTOixa deTov.

55
koI ypviTwv fiev iripi TocravTa elprjcrOo)
TO 8e dyaXpLa ttJ? 'Adrjvds opOov icTTiv iv x^twvl

of the Boupfionia or Diipolia, as this
TToSifjpeL 7
ancient ceremony of Zeus was indifferently called,

is
Miss Harrison, Prolegomena, pp. oO ff. .IlapOtvwva: on -10. s 8* tov vaov.

.
supplemented by
I'aus.
the Parthenon, see Excursus X.

41.
1, 28, 10, and is described niore fully by Theophrastus, (juoted by Porphyry (I)e abstinentia, 2, 29 sq.). The day on
6ir6o-a ^v tois kqXovji'vois dtTols
Kcirai: see
Excursus
to
for an
account
of the pediment .sculptures of the Par-
which the
sacrifice
took place was the

See
thenon.
sus X.
44.
a'yaXiJLa
see Excur-
14th of Scirophorion (June-July).
126
/cat ol

Ch.24, 8
Kara to (TTepvov
rj
Ke(f)a\r)
MeSoucn^? eXeâvro? icmv

irrj-^cop,
ilxTreTTOtrjixevr}
koI 'NiKrjv re ocrov Tecrcrdpoiv
Iv he
T^ <eTepa> X^^P'' ôpu eêt, /cat ol 7rp6<; rot? ttoctiv acTTTt? re Kctrat /cat ttXtjctlov tov So/aaro? SpaKcov ecrrtV- etr; 8' az/
60
'Ept^^wto? ovTO^ 6 SpaKcov.

T /cat
ecrrt
Se
rw
/SdOpo) tov dyaXjuta-
T09 erpeLpya(Tp.ivr] â^'8wpa9 yeuecn'?.
TreTToiiqTai
ok 'Htrtoow
irpiv
aXXot?
cJ?
-v^
Ilat'Swpa yevoiTO avTT] ywr)

tjv tto)
TrpcoTr)
'
Se
r]
yevecrdai UauScopav ovk

lS(x)v
yvvaiKUiv yevo<i.
ipTavOa
ecKova
65
otSa 'ASpiavov âcrtXew?

^
jjlovov, /cat /caret Tr]u ecro-
Sov
^l(j)LKpdTov<; aTToheiâjxivov
iroWd
re Kat davjxacrTd epya.

/cat
Tov
vaov Se ecrrt iripav AttoWojv âX/covs,

UapvoiTLOi'
Se
ro ayaXjxa
ort
\4yovcn êihiav voirjaai.

(T(f)L(rL
KaXovcrti^
irapvoTTcou (^XaiTTovTcov TTju yrjv aTTOTpexfjeLv 6 0e6<?

ri^? ^w/aa?.
ttolco.
ehrrev e/c
Kat ort
/xe/^
dneTpeêv
t7S')7
tcracrt,
Tpono)
^tTTv-
70 Se
ov XeyovcTL
opov<;
rpt? Se avro?
irdpvoTTa'^
e'/c
Xov rov
61.
ov /cara ravra otSa <^6ap4vTa<i, dXXct rou?

there seems
IlavSwpas
"Yeveo-is
tan regiment in 302 n.c. (Xen. Hell,

4, 5,
have been a close connection in mythology and ritual between Fandora and Athena. According to Suito
lOsqq.).
130,
p.
it
It
was
of bronze
(Dem.
23,
063).
Iphicrates himself
alluded to
in a
fragment of a speech
2,
das
s.v.
WapdivoL,
Pandora was
preserved by Aristotle (Rhetoric,

23, p. 1397 n).
daughter of Erechtheus.
rificed
Philochorus
In the Parthenon were
isquoted to the effect that whoever sac-
also painted portraits of Themistocles
an ox to Athena was obliged to sacrifice a sheep to Pandora (Ilarpocr. and Said. s.Y.'Eiripowv; Etymol. Magn.
p. 358, s.v. ixipoiov).
For the legend
and Ileliodorus Ilalis Here too was kept the silver-footed seat in which Xerxes sat watching the battle of Salamis
(Pans.
(Pans.
1,
1,
2)
1,
37, 1).
of
Pandora,
the
first
;
woman,
see
(Ilarpocr. s.v. apyvpSwovs 8i4>pos).

67.
lo
Ilesiod,
Theog. 561 sqq. 0pp. 47 sqq. 'ASpiavov: the in64. clKova

. .
ITapvoiriov. the worship of Apol-
Parnopius was prevalent among the

p.
scribed pedestal of a statue of Hadrian
Aeolic Greeks of Asia (Strabo, 13,

613).
has been found between the Parthenon and the Propylaea (C.I. A. Ill, 488).
With the
epithet Parnopius, Lo-
cust, cf.
Smintheus, the Mouse-God,

(II.
clKova
. . .
'I<j)i,KpdTovs
this statue
also applied to Apollo
A, 39).
Furt-
was bestowed in recognition

tes' services in
of Iphicra-
wjingler (Meisterw. pp. 659-671) attrib-
cutting to pieces a Spar-
utes the statue to the elder Praxiteles.
STATIK OF PERICLES
Cli.25,1
127
fxeu ^(ocr
^tato?
efxirecra)!^
dueixo<;,
rovq Se vcrapTO'^ tov

al(f)i'Lhi<p
0ov Kavjxa lax^pop KadelXeu eVtXa/Soj^, ol 8e

KaTakr)^devTe<s dircoXovTo.
piyei
26
Totavra
fieu
avrot? crvfifiaCuovTa elhop-
ecrrt
Sc
ev
rrj
A0r]paLO)u aKpoTToXei kol IlpLKXrj<? 6 "Bavd'nnTov Koi avTO<;

adpOiTTTros, o? evavjxd^'qcrf.v
/xei^
iirl
MvKdXrj
Mr^'Sot?.
dXX' 6
Xle/Dt/cXeou? aj/Sptag iTcpcjOi dvaKeirai,
tov Se
"B.avd'i.Tnrov
TrXr)crLou
ecmqKev
AvaKp4o)v 6
(hp
Trjio^, irpwros pêrd Xan<f)d)

Troirjcra<;
rrfv
Aecrîav rd ttoXXo.
eypaxpev ipoiTiKa
Kai
ol
TO cr)(7Jpd icTTLv otop dSoPTO<; dv iv pÔrj yevoiTO dvOpd)-
TTov.
yvpoLKas Se
ttXtjctlov
AeLPopPr}<;
cisni of
'lu) T7]p
'Ivdôv
/cat
25, Other statues on the Acropolis
Olympiodorus
tie
of Greek states against the Macedonians
Athens after the hatChaeronea Confederation of

of Phalc-
Leosthenes Demetrius runi Lachares.

2.
IIcpiKXTisoSavOCiTirou: this statue
were doubtless used in voting the ostraXanthippus (see Aristotle, Resp. Athen. 22). Pausanias is mistaken in speaking of the battle of Mycale as a seafight it was a land-battle. Xanthippus commanded the Athenian forces on this occasion. See Hdt. 9, 98-100,
;
may have been
the one made by Cresilaswhich Pliny mentions (N. H.34, 74).
14
Plut. Pericles, 3.
is
5.
'AvaKpccov
there
in the
Jacobsen Collection at
of
What is probably
has been found,
telic
a part of the pedestal
Copenhagen a statue
merly
in the Villa
Anacreon,
for-
in
a fragment of Pen-
marble, bearing the inscription

[Kpeo-Jt'Xaj
iiroie (C.I. A. Three ancient busts of Pericles are extant, all copies of one original, which is conjectured to be
[UepjiKXôvs
Borghese at Rome. It represents the poet as a bearded man in the prime of life, .standing and playing on the lyre.
IV^,
403a,
p. 154).
The
original
was
doubtless a fifth-century work, and one

well
known, as there are extant four

Kekul^ assigns the original
Furtwiingler to Phidias,
it
Cresilas' statue.
cles
They represent
Peri-
replicas of the head, the best one being

in Berlin.
bearded and helmeted, with serene and noble countenance. The best of the three is in the British Museum.
See Furtw. Meisterw.
pp. 270-274.
d. griech.Plaslik,
:
to Cresilas,
and both judge

identification
is
the statue on the
Acropolis here mentioned. Against this

the
f.act
avTos WdvOiiriros
a few
that Pau.sanias
years ago a potsherd was found on the

Acropolis, bearing the inscription SdiÔi-inroi
says the statue represented the poet as
drunk, while the Copeidiagen statue

represents
'Appt0ow5 (C.I. A. IV, 570,

in 1891 a
p.
192
him as
sober.
sq.)
and
potsherd similarly
in
Jrb. d. arch.
In.st.
VII
(1892),
See Kekuk', 119-
inscribed
was found
Piraeus Street (C.I.A. IV, 571).
Athens near These
120; Furtwiingler, Meisterw. p. 92 sq.

8.
Ativoji^vTjs
Pliny (N. H. 34, 50)
128

Ch.25, 2
KaXA-tcrro) rrjv AvKdovo<s TreiToiqKev, ats d^côrepat? iarlp

.
10
69 airav
ofxoLa StryyT^/xara
rfj fxeu
epw? Ato? kol
Hpas
0/^7^7
'^ctt
dWayrj
TTore
e? jBovv, KaXXicrrot 8e e? dpKTov.

votloj TiydpTcop, ot irepi
Ilpog Se Tw retêt rw
/cat
^paK-qv
roi^
IcrOfiou ttJ?
k<xl
IlaXXTyVi^?
^KYjcav, tovtcov tov

'
Xeyofieuov noXeixov
15
fxa^-qv 7rpo<; 'A/xaôiâs
AOrûaCoju
ttjv iv
Kat TO Mapa0(x)pi Trpo^ Mt^'Sov? epyov koi
YakaTwv
coi^
Mvcrtct (f)dopdi> dv4$r]Kv "ArraXo?, ocroj^ re 8uo

(TTOv.
ecTTrjKe 8e /cat 'OXf/x7rtoSw|0O9, p.eye9ei re
7rr))(cov
eKa-
enpaê
Xa/3u)v
7rot9
20
Soâv
/cat
ou^
rjKicrTa
rw
/catpw, cftpovrjixa iv dvOpoy8t'
Trapacr^ o/xet'O? crvt'e^w? eVrat/cocrt Kat
avro ov8e
eV ^prjcTTov ou8e e? ra fxeWovTa iXiTL(,ovcn.
to
ydp
/cat
drv-
XVI^^ ^^
^'^
Xatpwiêta avracrt rot? EXXi^cTtj^
''7P^
/ca/cov /cat
ov^
/Ltera
rjKicTTa
hovXov^
iiroLTjae
tovs
vnepiSoPTa^;
ocrot
Ma/ceSot'wi^ iTaÔr^crau.
TToXewt'
etXet*,
rdq
8e
fxev orj ttoXXo,? <t>tXt77'7709
Twi^
25
'Aîîâtots
Xoyoj
(Tvv64pievo<^
^PYV
ri79
e'?
(T(f)d<;
fxdXiaTa
cKct/cwcre,
vrjcrov^ re
d^^Xofxevo^ Kat
jJLeu
ra
^
iâvrt/ca Travcrag dp)(rj<;.
kul )(^p6uou
/cat
Tiva rjcrvâcrav
hOiqvaioi ^lXlttttov âcriXevovTo<^
varepov 'AXe^dphpov
//,e^'
TeXevnjaavTo^ 8 'AXât'8pou Ma/ce8djê9

^
âcnXeveip
Tracra dp^rj,
elXovTO 'Apthalov, AvTiTrdrpco 8e eVerer/jaTrro

mentions a sculptor Dinomenes, who flourished 01. 05 (about 400 \i.^:.).
12.
17
The material was probably

Marble copiesof
are preserved in the
of bronze,
figures of these groups
rt-ydvTwv
these
figures
I,
doubtless dedicated by Attains

of
were king
his
museums
all
of
Eu-
rope, five of Gauls, three of Persians,
Pergamus,
to
commemorate
one Giant, and one Amazon,

senting the vanquished.
of figures in bronze at
repre-
Gauls (cf. 1, 4, 5). They were located, as Pausanias states, on the south wall, and doubtless divictories over the
The Athens
statues were probably i-educed replicas
Pergamus, exeSee Frazer,

here to
II,
rectly over the theatre,
as
Plutarch
cuted by Epigonus.
(Anton. 60) relates

giants
how
the figure of
322-325
Harrison, Ancient Athens,
Dionysus in the group representing the was blown from its place by a hurricane and fell into the theatre.
pp. 474-477.
17.
From
,?6\
,"?
follows a digression on Olympiodorus
and
the contest with the
Macedonians.
THE LAMIAN WAll

Ch.
25, 6
129
30 /cat
AOrjuaiOLf; ovKeTc diê/CTo, e<âtVeTO et tou TrduTa
^povov
ecTTat eVt Ma/ceSoo't to '^W-qviKov, dXX' avroi re rrokefxelu

(opixrjirro
Kol dXXovs e? to epyov TJyeLpov.
iyivovTO oe at
p.ero.o'yova'a.i TroXet? IleXoTroi'VT^crtwi/
pkv Âpyoq 'ETTtoaupo?
îKvoiv TpoL(,rjv 'HXetot <f>Xtd<Ttot MecrcrryVr;, ot Se ei^w tov Ko35 pivBioiv IcrOixov
AoKpol
<3>w/cet9
BecrcaXot Kctpvcrro? 'AKap
pdue<^ 69 TO AtTOJXtKo^' o'vt'TeXov^Te?
Botwrot 8e
^)y)âi(iiv
fxr}
rfprjpcopêvrjv ttju yrjv ttju Hr]/3aLSa vefxafxevoL Sect
Hifjâs
av0L<;
'
AdrjvaloL ct^ktlv i-rroiKLlôjcnv ovTe e? tyjv (Tf/x/ota^taf
iTacrcTovTO /cat e? otroi^ rjKoi^ hwdiJ.e(o<; tcl MaKeSouoju tjvôv.

40 TOV<i
Se e? TO crv/Xjaa^t/coj/ ra^^êWa? /card TToXet? re
e/cct- 5
crrof? ^yoi/ OTpaTiqyoX Koi tov iravTO^; dpêiv rjprjTO

vaZo<; Aeco(T0ei'rj<; TToXewg re d^tw/xart /cat
ABt)-
avro?
ett'at SoKoit'
TTokefxcou e/xTretpo?.
Tov<; EkXr]va<?
vnrjp'ê Se ot /cat TT/ao? Trdi/rag evepyecria
ottoctol
yap picrOov vapd Aapeio) Kat aaTpdriî'
45 TTat? icTTpaTtvovTo 'EXXTîê?, dvoiKicrai cr(f)d^ e?
rTepcrtoa
OiXyjcrauTO^ 'AXe^dvSpov AecjicrBivr^q

e?
T-)7i^
(f)9r]
KopCcra^ vavcriv
'^X77taa^' e/aya
Evpwrrrjv. Kat
81^ /cat
rore
cui^
e?
avTop
XajXTrpoTepa i7nSeL^dfxeuo<; Trapiaêv diroOaviJiv dOvfJirjcraL

irdcri /cat 8t'
avro ov^ rjKLCTTa

ot
(r(f)aXrjpaL
(f)povpd re Ma/ce/cat
50 Soiôjt'
ia-yjXOeu 'A$r]vaioLf;,
/cat Tet^y)
Movvv)(^Lau, vcrTepov 8e
^
ITeipatd
fxaKpd eaôv.
AvTiirdTpov 8e aTroBavov-
TO? 'OXuyu-TTtd? 8ta/3dcra e^ 'HTreipov ^povov fieu TLva rjpêu

dTTO/cretVacra 'Apt8atoi^,
ou ttoXXw Se vaTepou iKTroXiopKr)TrXijBeL.
Belaa vno KacraduSpov TrapeSoBrj rw

55 Se /3a<TtXeu(Ta9
Xoyo?
rd YiavaKTov Telô^
Se
'ABr]vaLOL<;
Tixos
:
Kdcrcra^'Spo?
/xot /Ltdzâ
e'9
ABrfvaiov; eVeêto't
Trj
iu
Attlky)
/cat
SaXafjuua etXe
Tvpavvov re
50.
enpaê yevecxBai ArjfjuJTpiou tou

on
dis19,
ndvaKTov
H.c.
it
situated
320).
Cas.sandeilater garrisoned
Tolioroetes
it
it,
but
it
the borders of Boeotia, and captured

in
Demetrius
recaptured
322
by the Boeotians, who

(Thuc.
5, 3,
and
re.stored
to the
Athenians (PhU.
mantled
42;
Dem.
Demetrius,
23).
130

Ch.
25, 7
âvocTTpa/TOv, [ra rrpo?] Sdâi^ el\r](f)6Ta inl crocpta.

fiev Srj
60 oiv
tovtov
veo<; re
Tvpavviho^
(f)L\oTLix(i)<s
e-rravcre Aryî^r/aio?
Âvnyopov,
KoX
crai'Spo<;
vaLovs
^TJjjiov,
8e
6
8e
npo<; TO 'FjkXrjvLKOP hiaKeCfxevo^
Kctcr-
Setpou
yap
tl
vtttjv
ol ixl(to<; is
Tovq 'AOrj-
avdis Aa)(^dpr]u TrpoeaTrjKora, e? eKelvo rov

oiKeioicrdLixevo'^
TOVTov Tov duSpa
Tvpavviha eneicre
lôvKevcrai, Tvpdvvoiv d)v uajxeu

65 dpijfjLepov
^
rd re
e? dpOpconov^ p^dXiara
Ar]jxrjTpL(p
Koi e? to delov dcêtSeVraroi^.

jxeu 'qv eg T-qv
Se
tm
AvTiyovov Siacfyopd
op.o)'^ /cat
tov
Srjjjiov -^Srj tcov
'Adrjvaicov,
KadelXe Se
Aa^dpov<^ Tvpavviha- d\L(TKop,evov

Kadekoiv
Se TOV TELôvs eKSiSpdcTKeL Aa^dprjs 9 Botajrou?, are 8e

do'TTiSa?
70
e'l"
dKpoir6\eco<;
^pvcrd<i
koi
avTo
Trjq
vttoj8
'Adr]vds TO dyak/xa tov irepiaipeTov aTToSvcra?

TTTeveTO evTTopelv fxeydXco^; ^piq^jidTcov.
Tiiiv
'
Koayiov
fxev
Aa^dp-qv
ovv tovSe 6
eveKa KTeivovcriv dvSp<; KopcovaioL
A-qjxiJTpLO';
AvTuyovov Tvpdvvoiv iXevOepdxra'S 'A6r]vaLov<i to re Trapav(T<j)LcrL
TLKa fxeTa ttjv Aa^ctpov? (pvyrjv ovk direSojKe

75
tov
UeLpaid Kai vcTTepov
iroXefico
KpaTy]aa<? iayjyayev eg avTO

ecrrt
(f)povpdv TO acTTv, TO M-Ovcrelov Kokovpêvov rei^tcrag.

Se ivToî TOV irepLôXov tov
Trj<;
dpâiov to Movcreiov aTTavTLKpv

Movcralov dSecv
vcrTepov Se
/cat
dKpoTT6Xecxi<i
X6(f)OS,
evOa
diro-
OavovTa
80
yijpa.
Tacfirjvai
Xiyovcriv
Kat pvrjjxa
avToOi dvSpl (pKoSopijdr) ^vpco.
t6t Se A-qpiJTpLos ret^tVag

-ov rroXXoiJs [/cat]
1
26 etê
67.
^povco Se vcrTepov dvSpas ecrrjXOev

TTiv
Aaxdpovs rupavviSa: see

d.
76.
to Moucrctov:
Pausanias omits
Droysen, Gescli.
253.
Hell. II, 2,
251-
from
his description the hill district
He removed from
the Parthenon
southwest of the Acrojiolis embracing

the Pnj'x, the the
hill
the three hundred Persian shields sent
of the
Nymphs, and
by Alexander the Great to Athens to be dedicated to Athena (Arrian, Anab.

1,16,7; Plut. Alexander, 16). Athenaeus (9, p. 405 e) quotes a comic poet as saying that Lachares "had made
Museum
hill,
but here incidentally
mentions the
26.
last.
i.s
The monument
still
here mentioned
conspicuous,
Athena
naked.''
OU/mpiodorus Artemis Leucophryene Statue of Athena by Endoeus The Erechtheum Image of
OLYMriODORUS
Ch.
2f),
131
fxuTJfXT]
re irpoyovoiv Kai
i<;
oiav fxeTa/SoXrju to dîiofxa tjkoi

to?
T(ov
*A0TjpaLO)u,
avTLKa re
elôu alpovvTai crTpaT-qyov
'OXvfiTnoSojpov.
5
6 8e (rtâ?
eVt tov<; Ma/ceSdiâ? rjye koI

TrpoOvyiia
y4povTa<i
/cat
/xetpct/cta
o/xotoj?,
tt\4ov
rj
pfofxr}
toi;<?
KaTopOovcrdai
to. es TToXefxov IkTrltâiv
eVeêX^di/ra? Se
rd ^w/atoj'
MaKeSd^'a'i p^^XV ^^ iKpoLTrjcre /cat cfivyovTcou e? ro Movcretoi/ ÂdrjvaL pev ovtox; dno MaKehopcju 'qXevetXei/.
depoiOiqcrav,
^
XB-qvaioiv ok
ttolvtoji'
dycjuLcrapeucou d^L(o<; Xoyov
10
Aew/cptTog pdXtcrTa 6 TlpcoTapôv Xeyerat roXprj ^pr^crao"ât

iT/Dog
TO epyov
Trp(OTO<?
pkv yap eVt rd
ret^jô?
dve^y], 7rpcoTO<;
ttj
he 9 rd Movo'etot' icnjXaro, Kai ol irecrovTi ev

Trap' *A0r]vaLO)v /cat
pd^J) Ttpal
aXXat yeyovacn
T^
15
Att
rw
'KXevdepLcp, to
/cat riî' acTTtSa dveOeaap ovopa tov AecoKptTov Kai to KaTop3
Ocopa i7nypdxlfavTe<;.
'OXvpTTLoScopo) 8e ToSe p4v icTTLv epyov

/cat
peyLCTTOv ^w/Dt? TOVTOiP div eiTpaê Yleipaid
M.ovvv\iav
dvaaujadpei/os
'EXeucrti'a
iroLovpevoyv 8e M.aKeh6v(i)v KaTaSpoprju e?
'EXeucrti^tov?
crvuTaâs
eviKa
tov<;
rT7i^
Ma/ceSdiâ?.
irpoTepov Se ert rovrwi^ eafâXovTo^ eg

20
'Arrt/CTyi'
Kacr-
crdpSpov vrXevcra? ÔXvpTTLOOcopo^;
e'?
AtrwXta^' /BorjOelu AtrojAdr\vaioi<^
Xov9
eTTeicre,
koX to cryppayiKov tovto eyeveTo
aiTiov pdXiCTTa OLa(f)vyeli' tov Kacrcrdvopov TToXepov.

TTtoSo/poj 8e
'OXu/x-
rovro
/xei'
ev *A07]vaL<; elcrlv ev re dKpoiroXei /cat

ei/
ev TTpvTaueLO) Tipai, tovto 8e

25 ot 'EXctretav ejôi^re?
'EXevcrti^t ypa(f)TJ
Kai
Oco/ce'cof
âXKOvi' 'OXvpTTCoScopov ev AeX<ôt9
aiê-
decrav, otl Kai TovTOL<i rjpvvev diroaTacri

Tyj<;
KaacrdvSpov.
4
8e eiKdiôg ttXtjo-lov rrj? 'OXvpTnohcopov âX/covi/ 'A/are-
/u.t8o9
dyaXpa
that fell
ecrTrjKev eTTiKXyjcnv AevKO(f)pvTJvr]<;, dveOecrav
Athena
from Heaven
:
Caiwhich
See
The outer Cerainicus contained

graves of tliirteen
sault on the
28.
the
limachus.
4. 'OXvp,iri68b)pov
Plutarch (Denierevolt,
who fell in the asMuseum hill (1, 20, o).

:
trius, 40)
mentions this
d.
A(vKo<t>pvTJvT]s
this
title
was
a
pi'obably took place in 288 n.c.
given
Artemis from
Lcucophrys,
Droysen, Gesch.
Hell.
II,
2, 300.
town
in the valley of the
Maeander.

132
8e ol TratSe?
30 &efjii(TTOKXrj<;
fxiv

Ch.26, 5
ol
ejntcrro/cXeov?
Mayvr]Te<; yap,
(hv
Tjpê
Xaâ)^ irapa âcrtXeoi?, AevKOKfypvyjurju

iv
Tiixfj.
Apre-
ay ova IV
fxe
Act Se
eTre^LOUTa
valo<;,
a<îK4(x6ai
tov \6yov
irpocro),
iravra
fxeu
6/otota>9
ra 'KWrjVLKoi.
"Ei^Soto? ^v yepos
09
/cat (fievyovTL
i<s
'AdrjSto,
AaiSdXov he
fxadrjTij^,
AatSaXw
35
TOV KctXw BdvaTov iTrrjKoXovdyjcrev
Kpyjrrjv
totjtov KaOrj-
fxevov icTTLv 'AOrjvd'^ ayaXfxa, eVtypa/aâ e)(ov cos

fxev
dvadetrj,
TTOLTjcreLe
8e Ê^'8o^,09.
KaXXta?
OLKrjixa 5
ecrrt
8e
/cat
'KpeÔeuov KaKovfJievov
'Tttcitov,
40 ov8et' ert
/ScofJiOL,
irpo 8e 7179 ecrd8ov Atos ecrrt ySw/xos
ei'â
oti^w
efxipvôv
Ovovaiv ovhev,
vopLitôvaiv.
Tre/x/xara
8e êVre?
^prjaaaSai
icreXdovcTL 8e etcrt
no(Tet8coj/o9, e(^' ou /cat 'Epe^êt
dvovaiv
e/c
rov âi^ypa<âX
Tevfxaro^, /cat rjpoiO'i Bovrov, Tpvro^ 8e 'Hâtcrrov
Xenophon
(Hell. 3,
2,
19;
4,
8,
17)
age of Artemis at Ephesus.
He
flour-
The mentions her sanctuary there. temple at Magnesia on the Maeander, alluded to by Pausanias, was an Ionic
structure built by the architect Her-
ished at Athens in the latter part of the

sixth century b.c, the age of Pisistratus.
A seated statue of
Athena,
now
in
mogenes (Vitruv. 3, 2, 6 According to Strabo (14,

though
at
inferior in size
7,
praef. 12).
p.
647)
it
was
Museum, is usually ascribed to him. The Callias who dedicated it was probably the opponent of
the Acropolis
Pisistratus
(6,
the third largest temple in Asia, and,
mentioned by Herodotus
votive offerings to
and number of the Artemis temple

its
121).
:
37. otKT]fjia 'Ep\6ciov KaXovficvov
on
Ephesus, was far superior in
the Erechtheum, see Excursus XI.

41.
P(d|jio(:
architectural features.
The remains
of
the temple were excavated in 1801-
identified
the Athenians frequently Erechtheus with Poseidon
1893 by the
Institute.
German Archaeological
Endoeus some ground
as an Athefor thinking
(Hesych. s.v.*Epexêi5s).
(C.I.A.
I,
An inscription
33. "EvSoios: although Pauis
387) has a dedication to Po-
sanias speaks of
nian, there
seidon Erechtheus.
This priesthood
he was an Ionian Greek, as two inscribed bases of statues by him found in Athens are in Ionic characters (C I. A.
.
was styled that of Poseidon Erechtheus (Ps.-Plut. Vit. X Or. p. 843 n, c; C.I.A.
Ill,
805).
The
for
seat reserved in the
I,
477, AeXTt'of apx- 1888, 208 sq.).

also
He
"the priest of earthholding Poseidon and Erechtheus"

theatre (C.I.A. Ill, 276).
was
is
known
to
have made images
42. riptoos
Bovtou:
for temples in Ionia, including the im-
Butes was either a twin brother of
tup:
Ch.26, 6
KRECHTHEUM
133
8e eVt rrkovu
T(x)v roi)((ov
tov yvov<; elal tov BovraSwi^ Koi

OLKrjixa
yap eVrt to
St-
[icat] vhcjp icTTiv
evhov dakdcrkoI
45 (TLOU eV (ftpeaTL.
tovto
p.kv
davfxa ov jxiya-
yap oaoi
pjeaoyaidv oIkovctlv, aXXot? re
ecrrt /cat Kapcrii/ 'Ac^poStcrtev-
(Tiv ctXXa. rooe to (f)peap e? o'vyypa(f)r)i> Trapeêrat KVfJLaTcov
^X^^ ^^^
cr)(rjixai">0
t'oroj 7^^'euoa^'Tt.
/cat
Tpiaivr)^ icxTiv iv
Trj
ireTpa
Taxrra 8e Xeyerat ITocretScui/t p.apTvpia e?

ttj';
Tr)iv ap.(j>i-
cr^rjTiqcnv
^^w/aa? (f)ap7Ji>ai.
^
lepa pukv
ojxoioif;
yrj
Tri<i
Adiqva^ icTTiv
rj
re
aWr]
ttjv
ttoXi? /cat
17
7ra<Ta
/cat
yap
6croL<;
0ov<;
rjcrcrov
/cotiô)
KaOecTiqKev aXXov"? eV
ÂOrjvav ayovcnv
rot?
OtJixol<;
eV Tip.^
55 p.i(r0kv
TO
creêtv,
ovhev
tl
Se dyKtrraTov eV
17
TToXXot? irpoTepov voStjfxojv
erecrtv
Tjj
crvurjXdop
dno twv
e/c
Icttiv \\.0r]udq
ayaXfia Iv
^Typ.17
vvv dKpoirokci, t6t 8e 6uop.ai,oixevr] TroXet-
Se e? auro eêt Trecrelu

eire ovtco^ ctre
3, 14, 8)
row ovpavov.
e^^^t,
Kat rovro
rrj
jLtei^
ov/c liTeêLp.L
aXXw?
made
Xv^yop 8e
As
êw
is
Erechtheus (Apollod.
p. 13
or a son
of olive-wood (Scliol. Dein. 22,

to the type, there
of Poseidon (Kustalh. on
;
Homer II. A, 1,
209
S(i.,
13, p. 597).
Etymol. Magii.
p.
s.vv.
some dispute whether the goddess was

represented seated or standing.
^
Bovrddai and BovTidrjs).
The ancient
58.
family of the Butads or Eteobutads furnished both the priests of Poseidon
Erechtheus
and
the
priestesses
2,
of
Athena
poor,
I'olias
(Aeschin.
147
liar-
and Phot. s.v.'Ereo/SourdSatetal.).

of this
The statesman Lycurgus was

family.
55. 'AOiivds
lamp with its perpetual light in the Erechtheum is mentioned by Strabo (9, p. 396). During the siege of Athens by Sulla it wiis allowed to go out for lack of oil (Pint. Numa, 3; Sulla, 13). The date of Callimachus is not positively known, but he probably
\vxvov:
the
a-yaXiia
kt\.:
this
re-
belongs to the close of the

tury.
fifth
cen-
mark
is
evidently intended to explain
To
liim
is
attributed the inven-
the epithet Polias (from
ttoXis) which was the regular title of the Athena of the Erechtheum (.see Frazer, II, 573 sqq., Appendix). The phraseology was sugge.sted by Thuc. 2, 15, who says that in early tin)es the word 7r6Xij was restricted to mean the Acropolis. Cf. C.I. A. I, 1, 4, 139. The image was
tion of the Corinthian capital (Vitruv.

4, 1, 9).
He made a
seated image of
7).
Hera
34,
at Plataea (9, 2,
Pliny (N. H.
KaKii;6-
92) says that the epithet
rexws, " Refiner away of Art," was aiiplied to him because of hisexce.'ive
fa.stidiousiie.ss
it
;
Vitruvius
of
(4, 1, 9)
that
was on account
"the elegance and
134
^pvcrovv
GO

Ch.26, 7
KaXXtynaô?
rrjv avTTjv
inoL-qcrev
e/x.TrXi^cra^'Te?
Se iXaiov
17/Ae-
TOP Xv)^vou
tov fx4WovTo<;
eTov<?
ava^xevovaiv
tco
pav, eXaiOf Se eKelvo tov /xera^v, inapKel ^povov
Xvî^w
Kara
to,
avTa iv
rjfJLepa
/cat
vvktl âivovTi.
Sr)
Kai ol Xlpov
KapTTacTLOV dpvaXXl^; evecTTLv, 6

ecTTiv dX(x)(Tip,ov
05 9
irvpl
Xivcov fxovop ovk
(fyolvL^
8e vircp tov Xvî'ou âX/cov? dvtJKcov

6 8e KaXXt)u,a^09 6 roi^
TOV 6po(f)ov dvacnra
ttjv ar/xtSa.
Xv^^'o^' TTOLijcra'^y aTTOoecov
twv
7rpa)Ta>v e? avTTjv ttjv Te^vrfv,
ovTOi cro(f)La ttolvtcdv ecrriv aptcrro?

iTpvTTrjcre
wcrre /cat Xi6ov<; Tr/awTO?

,
koX ovofxa edeTO KaTaTiq^vre^vov

i(f)
rj
dejxevcov
dXXwv
l
KaTecrTTjcrev
avTco.
T'rj<?
27
Ketrat Se iv tm vaco
TloXiaSog
'Kpixrj<i
^vXov, KeKpo-
TTO? elvai Xeyofxevov dvd9rjp,a, vtto

7TTOV.
SL(f)po<;
f)
KXdScov
ixvpcrLvr]<;
ov crvvo-
dvadyJixaTa 8e oiroaa dîa Xoyov, to)v jxev dpâCwv

oAcXaSta? eVrt
AatSaXov
TroLrjfjLa,
Xdcpvpa 8e dno
MyjSoiv MaaicTTLOV 6(opa^, 6? etê^' eV nXarataig t^j' i^yefxovLav

Trj<;
iinrov, kol dKLvdKr]<;

jxev
Srj
MapSoviov
twv
Xey6ixevo<i eivat.
'A0r]vaL(i)v
MaatcTTLov
iTTnecov
TeXevTTJcravTa vtto
olSa
MaphovCov 8e jxaêaafxevov
tcroj?
Aa/ceSat/AOi^tot? ivavTia
KoX VTTO dvSpo<; STrapTidTov TreaovTo^ ovh^ dv vireSeâvTO

10
dp^Tjv ouSe
VLOL
A.Brjvaioi^ TraprJKav (jiepeaOai AaK'e8at/xoTTepl Se

Trj<;
TOV aKLvdKTjv.
work
eXata? ovSev )(ovcriv dXXo

11. irepl
84
tiis
subtlety " of his
in marble.
See
tXaias:
Tausanias
Furtwiingler, Meisterw. pp. 200-200.

27. Offerings inthe Temple of Athena
does not
tell
the site of the sacred olive,
Polias
The
Olive Tree
The
but from other sources we learn that

it
Arrc-
was
in the
phorlc Maidens
Statue of the Priestess Lysimache Group of Erechthcus and Eumolpus Statues of Tolmides and his son Athena statues Boar Ilunt of Heracles with Cycnus Heracles and Theseus Afinos and
Ficjht
of tlie
Pandrosium to the west Erechtheum (see Dion. Hal. de
the Minotaur.
1. v tS va Tfjs IloXidSos on the Old Athena Temple, see Excursus XII.
:
Dinarcho judicium, 3; Apollod. o, 14, Herodotus (8, 55) speaks of it 1). as within the precincts of the Erechtheum. I'liny (N. H. 10, 240) and Hyginus (Fab. I(i4) speak of this sacred olive as existing in their time. Herodotus's account of the burning and sprouting again is not so marvelous
ARKEPIIOROI
Cli.27, 4
135
i<;
elnelv
iirl TY]
t]
tjJ
Oew fxaprvpuov yeviadai tovto

MtJSo?
ttoXlp
tov dywua top
^w/aa-
\4yovcri Se koX raSe, KaraKavOrjuaL jxeu rrfv

Trjv
Ikaiav, yjPLKa 6
15
ivenpiqaep
CTrt
XBiqpaioi^,
KaTaKavdelcTOLP Se avdr^fxepop oaop re
Svo fiXaaTrjcrac
Tw
Kol
va(o Se rrj^ *A0rjpa<;
Uaphpocrov
pao<; (Tvp^t]<;
icm
ecTTi
dSeX(f)(ji)p
Wdphpodo^ d Se fxoprj.
dnapTa^
e'?
tt^p
irapaKaTadTJKiqp dpairio^; to)p

p.d\i(TTa irapiaêp,
fioi 0avfj,d(Tai
ian
irap-
20 fxep
ovK
<;
ypcopLfia, ypdxjjcu Se ola (Tvp.âipei.
depoi Suo TOV paov
Trj<;
HoXtaSo? oIkovctlp ov
Se
iroppa),
fxep
KaXovcn
Se * AdrjpaioL
crcfyd^ dppr]<f)6pov<;
avTat ^popop
Ttpa Stat-
Tap eôvcri irapd

(TLP ip
Trj Beo), irapayepofxeprji;
Trj<;
iopTrj<? op(o-
pvktI ToictSe.
dpaBelcraL
crcfiLcrLP
inl ra? K(f)a\d<; d

rj
25
Tf
Tr]<i
'A0rjpd^ lepeia OLOcocn
(jyepetp,
ovTe
StSoucra ottoIop
TL BlScjctlp etSvta ovte rat? (f)povaaL's
iTTicTTafxipai^;
eicrrt
Se TTepCôXo^ ip
StrT79
Trj TroXet Tr]<; St'
KaXou/xeVrys ip KijiroL^ 'A<^/3o-
ov TToppoj Koi
avTov /caôSo? viroyaLos avTOfxdTT]

KdTOi fxep
tl
Orj
TovTrj KaTiacTLP at TrapOepoL.

30 TTOVCTLP, Xay8ouo"at
ra
(f)p6ixepa Xet-
Se
aXXo
KoixLlC,ovaLP iyKeKaXvjxjJiepop
e'9
Kal ra?
fiep d(f)Ld(rLP i^Sr^
to ipTevdep, erepa? Se
7rpo<;
Trjp
dKpo4
ttoXlp TTapdepov';
(8, 55).
dyovaip dpT uvtmp.

:
Se t(o pa(p ttJ^
17.
UavSpocrou vaos
1,
as to
birth,
Pandrosus, see
18,2.
The temple was

Athena ToA.
Ill, 481).
eleven, chosen
between the ages of seven and by the king archon to
situated just east of the Erechtheuni.
The Epheboi
lias
sacrificed to
(C.I.
sanias.
perform the service described by TauThey wore white robes, and

if
and
to
Pandrosus
gold ornaments
worn by them be-
The
pedestal of a statue to one of the
girlscalledAnephoroi bears an inscrip-
had served Athena Polias and Pandrosus (C.I. A. Ill, 887; cf.
tion that she
C.I.A.
II,
lo90).
Thallo, one of the
of the Arrephoroi began the weaving of the sacred robe presented periodically to Athena. The festival here described was called ylrrcp/zorm.and was held in the month of Sci-
came
sacred.
Two
seasons,
was worshiped along with Pan.

.
rophorion (June-July).
(i41
.sq.,
(Cf. Ar. Ly.s.
dro.sus (0, o5, 2).

20. -irapOcvoi Svo
.
and
Schol.;
dppr]<f>6poi
Etymol. Magn.
dppT]<t>6povs: the
j).
140, s.vv.
and
dppr]<f>opfTi>
Arrephoroi were four
girls of
noble
Ile.sych.
and Suid.
s.v. dppri(f)opla, etc.)
13G
^

Ch.
27,
K9r)va<;
ecrrt
jxkv
vy]pL<;
TTpecr/3vTL<;
ocrov re tttJxô^
fidXiCTTa^ (fiafxepT]
35
8ta/cofo? elvau Kvcnixd^ri, ecxTL be dyakStecrrajre? di'Spes e? fxdîqutoi^

to,
/xara fieydXa
fxep
âXKOv
Kai tou
'Epe^êa KaXoOcrt,
^
8e EuyLtoXTTOv
/catrot XeXr^de
ye
ovhe
Adrjvaioiv octol
dpâla
tcracnv, 'l/x/ACtpaSot' etiât
TTatSa KvfxoXTTOv [tovtov^ tov diToOavovTa vtto 'Epe^êw?.
eVt 8e TOV
40
^dOpov koI avSpidpTe^

/cat
elcrl
BeatVero? 6? efxav'
revero ToX/xtSr^
avro? ToX/xtSr^?, 09
AOrjvaCcop vavcriv
rjyovp.evo<; dXXov<; re CKdKcoae kol HeXonouviqaLcov ttjv ^&>-
/aav
ocrot
to.
vdp.ovTai
ttju
irapaXiaVy koX KaKehaip.ovioiv
iirl
VvOlm
vecopta eveTrpiqcre kol t(ov TrepioiKOiv Bota? etXe Kat
rr^v K.vdr)pi(iiv
vrjaov
e's
8e
riî^
SiKvwviav
Trofqcrdpievo<; diro-
45 âcTLV, 0)9 ot Siôvi'Tt TTî' yrî^ e? jxd-^rjv KarecTTiqcrav,

fxevo<;
a(f)d<;
rpe^d-
KaTeSiayê
irpo^;
rrjv
ttoXlv.
vtrrepov 8e
/cat
w?
inavrjXdev e? 'Aî^Va?, iarjyaye fxev e? Evôtav

'
Ndôu
AdrjvaLcov KXr)pov)(ov<;,
iaeâXe 8e
rî^
e?
Botwrou? crTpaT(o
TTopOrjaa^ 8e rrj^
50
yrj^; rr^v
ttoXXtjv /cat irapacTT'qcrdixevo'i tto-
XiopKia âipdiveiav, w? e?
AXiapriav TrporjXdev, avro?

770,1/
-j^î^
re /xa^djLteiô? drredave /cat to
(XTpdrevpia y^TTOLTO.
ecrrt
rd
fxeu e? ToXjLttSryi^
roiavra iTTwOapofx-qv ovra,
8e 'AOy]ovSep,
which
i/a?
dydXfxaTa dpâla
. . .
Kai
cr<î(TLV
direTdKy]
jxep
33. v^pis irpeo-piiTis

tliis
is
Avcrtp.dxi
figures of priestesses of Athena,
probably
of of
Demetrius,
priestess
made by Lysimache who was

tlie
statue,
stood near the Krechtheuni.
Inscribed
bases of some have been found (C.I. A.

II,
Athena
II.
for
sixty-four
L'w7, 1378, 1386, 1392 b, 350) and
years (Pliny, N.
dote of her.
34, 70).
Plutarch
perhapsthearchaicfemalestatuesinthe
Acropolis
(de vitioso pudore, 14) tells an anec-
Museum were
:
of this group,
Demetrius was a realist who cared more to produce a good likeness than a beautiful woi'k of art
(Lucian, Philops. 18-20; Quint. 12, 10,
9).
40. To\|ji8xi
with the following accf.
count of Tolmides
113;
Thuc.
0;
1,
108 and
Diod.
18.
9,
84;
12,
Plutarch,
Pericles,
in
.
The
battle of Coronfia
He probably
fionrislied in the first
half of the fourth century n.c.
This
statue
was doubtless one of a
series of
which Tolmides fell was fought in 447 11. c. He and his men were buried in the outer Ceramicus (1, 29, 14).
THESEUS
Cb.27, 9
137
fieXduTepa Se
55 Xa/Se
/cat TrXrjyrjv
rj
IveyKeiv
iomv daOevecTTepa-
ine-
yap koI ravra
(f)X6^,
ore icrê^rjKOTajv e? ra? pav<;
Kd-qvaioiv ySao'tXev? elkev eprjixou tojv iv t^Xikio. Tr]v irokiv.
cni he crvo? re Orjpa, rrepl ov

SojuLov, Koi KvKPO<;
(j)a(TLP
aa(f)<;
ovheu olha
el
tov KaXic
'HpaKXel p,a^6p.evo<;
tovtop top Kvkpop
aXXov? re
(ffopevaat Kal
Avkop Hpa/ca TrpoTeOepTwp
60
0'<f)L(TL
piOPop.aîa<; adXcop, nepl oe top TTOTafiop top Ylr^peiop

v(j)
dneOapep
'Hpa/cXeou<?.
ov<; e?
To)p Se ep TpoL^rjpL Xoyojp

(o<;
^rjaea Xeyovatp
icTTlp
HpaKXrjq iq Tpoil^yjpa iXdcjp rrapd lltrêa /caraêlro eVt

SeLTTPO)
T(o
TOV XeopTo<; to Sepfxa, icreXdoLep Se Trap' ovtop

/cat
65
aXXot T
Tpoil^rjPLajp TratSe?
tov<;
HT^crev?
efiSojxop jxaXiCTTa
(o<;
yeyopa)<; eTo<;
elhop,
fxep Sr)
Xolttov^;
7rat8a<?,
to Sepjxa
(jievyopTa^;
(jyacLP
olêaOat,
Br^crea.
Se
vneêXdopTa
ovK ayap crvp
<^dy8&>
irapd Toip SiaKOPOiP dpndaai neXeKVP

rjyovp.e
Kal avTLKa eVteVat cnrovhfj, XeoPTa elpau to Sepfxa

70 POP.
oSe fxep T(op Xoycop TrpcjToq e? avTOP

iirl TOVTO), Kpr]TrlSa<;
Icttl TpoiS^r]PLOL<;
6 8e
Alyea
viro ireTpa /cat î<ôq delpat

i<;
ypcopicrixaTa eipai
i*^r)(Ta
tw
TiatSt /cat toi^ pukp

/cat
'A07Jpa<; dnovXelp,
he, oj?
eKTOP
Se/caroi^ eToq eyeyopei^ ttjp ireTpap
dpdxraPTa oiêaOai
75 TO'UTOv
ttjp TrapaKaTaOyJK-qp TTfP Atyeiw? (fiepopTa.
he etKcjp ep d/cpo7rdXet TreTToir/rat roG Xdyov, âX/coG
TrdpTa 6/xotoK ttXtjp T17? TreTpa<i
dpeOecrap he kol dXXo Ht^-
'.
crew? epyop, /cat 6 Xdyo? ovroj? e? avrd eêt.

58.
Kprjat ttjp re
Ilesiod,
KvKvos 'HpaxXci )i,ax6|uvos cf. Scutum Ilerculis, 345 sqq.;

:
ens and on other ancient monuments. See Baunieister, Denkmiiler,

p.
1780;
Eur. Here. Fur. 389 sqq.; Apollod.

7, 7
;
2,
Died.
4, 37.
Imhoof-Hhuner and Gardner, Num. Comm. on Pans. p. 140, witli pi. Dl), ii.
70.
71.
KpT]iri8as
;
Al-yâ:
cf.
2,
32,
7;
aWo iio-^ws p"yov

Thes. 14;
Diod.
on Theseus's
59;
Pint. Thes. 3,
ject of
Diod.
the
4, 50.
The subrock and

liis
capture of the Marathoiiian bull, see

Plut.
4,
Theseus
lifting the
it
Hygi-
finding under
birth
is
tokens of
nus, Fab. 38.
I'au.sanias .says
Theseus
represented on coins of Ath-
.sacrificed the bull to
Athena; the other
138

Ch.
27, 10
aWrjv
80
yrjv Kat ttjv Itti
voTafiM TeOpivL Tavpo<; ekvixaiv^To.
TToiXaL 8e
dpa
to.
Orfpia (fioêpcjrepa 'qv rol<i
avB pMiroi^
Trj<;
cos
T iv Ne/xeia
Xecuz^ /cat
6 W.apvdcrio'; koI SpaKovTe^;

Trept re
'EXXa-
So9 TToXXaôi) Kol V9

Trj<;
KaXuSwva
/cat
'EpvixavOou kol
KopLuOia<; iv KpofMvcovL, wore Kat iXeyero rd jxev dveivai
Tr)v
TTdiv
y^v,
TO,
8e W9 tepa
elr]
Oecov,
rd 8e Kat e?
Tipucopiav dvdpd)yT^t*
dêicrBai.
Kat rovrov ot KpT^re? tov Tavpov e? tt^v
85 TTejJLxpaL (TcfiCaL TlocretSai^'a (ftacnv,
on
daXdacrr]^ dp-^cov Mt-
vojs
Trj<;
'KW'qpLKrjq
iv
TLjxrj.
ovSezô<?
HocreiScopa rjyev
Srj
dWov
deov
lo
jxdWop
kojxkt 6 rjv at fxev

Kp7]Tr]<;
tov ravpov tovtov
<l)aaLv 69
TleXoTTOvvrjcrov ck
kol 'HpaKXet tmv Sw
SeKa Ka\ovixev(ov eva Kat tovtov yeveadac tov ddXov

90 e?
oj?
8e
TO ireoLov
d(f)eLdr]
to
Kpyeioiv, êvyet 8ta tov Kopcvdcov

riî/
IcrOôv, (êvyei Se eg
orjjjiov
'y]^!^
'Attiki^v Kat T179 'ArrtK^^? e?
TOV MapaOcovicov, Kat aXXov? re oTrocrot? eVervê Kat

'AfSpoyewi^ direKTeive.
Mtiôj TTatSa
va<;
TrXevcra'?
MtVoj? 8e
t'avcrti^
eV 'Adij-
ov
ydp
95
'Av^poyeoi TXevTrj<;
pyjOr] ol TTapOevov<;
irreiBeTo dvauTLov^ elvat crcjid? Trjq
eg toctovtov iKdKcjcrev, eg o crviê^w-
e'g
KprJTrjv iiTTd kol 7rat8a9 to"ou9 dyecv

oIktJ-
rw
crat
Xeyofxevo) Mivco Tavpco tov iv Kvcoctctm Ka^vpivBov
rot*
8e eV tco MapaOa)vi Tavpov vcrTepov

tji Oeo)^
i'*)rj(Tev<i
e'?
ttjv
dKpoTToXiv iXdcrai kol Ovaai Xeyerat

100
Kat to dvdO-qjxd
eVrt TOV oijixov tov MapaOtovicov.

was metopes of the so-called "Theseum"; and on a
authorities, to Apollo. Tiiis exploit
tlie
excavated by Mr. Arthur Evans.
See
represented on one of
Annual
of the British School at Athens,
Nos. vi-xi (1899-1905); Roland M. Bur-
fine red-figured va.se in the British
Mu-
rows, Tlie Discoveries in Crete, Lonlight
seum
(J.II.S. 11, 1881, 04, with pi. X).
AaPvpivOov: on the story of the Cretan Labyrinth, see

97. TOV v Kvoxro-u)
Lexikon, II, 1778 ff. The Labyrinth has in recent years been identified as the palace of King Minos
Roscher,
in Cnossus,
The excavations brought to numerous clay tablets, sculptures, fre-scoes, and the like, and have made known a pre-Mycenaean civilization,
don, 1907.
called the
Minoan, which
will
probably
prove to be the connecting link be-
and has been thoroughly
tween the arts of Egypt and of Greece.

BRONZE ATHENA
Cll.28, 2
139
otoj )(a\Kovv avedei
28
KvXcopa be ovSep eôj

crav Tvpavvioa oyutw?
cra(f)<; elTrelv e<f)'
ôvXevaavTaret e?
TeKfxaipoixai Se roivhe
ivKa, OTi 6too9 KaXXiCTToq /cat

vrj'i
Sdfai' iyevero ovk acfya-
avekofxevo^ hiavXov viKr]v ÔXvpinKy^v Kai ol Ovyarepa
5 VTTrjpê yyjixai
BeayeVov?, 69 Meydpojv ervpdvviqcre.

^
ôjp\^
ok
rj
ocra Karekeâ Svo jxep
A6rjvaioL<; etcrt Se/carai ttoXc-
lxT](TacTLV,
ayaXpa
\\07]pd<; )(a\Kovp
Te^^yrj
dno
Mi^'Swi^ tcjv
<?
Matt79
paOcova
d-TTOÔLVTOiv
tStov
Kai 01
Trjv eVt
dcTTTiSo? fjid^-qv
10 icTTiv
AainBoiv Trpo? Kej'Tav/9ov?
/cat
iireipyacrpidva Xeyovcn Topevaai

Cylon
M vi^, rw 8e
oVa aXXa Mut ravrct

Sunium,
28.
Reliefs
Athena
of Phidias
say the point of the spear and the crest

of the helmet were visible from
Walls of the Acropolis Caves of Apollo and Pan The Areojyagits Sanctuary of the Seinnai Statues of Pluto, of Ilcmies, and of Ge Grave of Odysseus Exof Phidias Clepsydra
cursus on the Athenian courts.
1.
on the shield of the Promachos Bronze chariot and Lemnian Athena
but on the voyage from Sunium to Athens.
after
The Acropolis can be seen only Cape Zoster is passed. The misformerly given as to
Michaelis (A.M.
it
conception of this passage has led to the

false calculation
the height of the statue, namely seventy

feet or thereabout.
II (1877),
KvXwva: Pausanias's explanations

In
all
89 sq.) calculates that

feet,
was
are hardly right.

statue
probability the
offer-
about twenty-five
or with the ped-
was set up as an expiatory
estal thirty feet high.
W. Gurlitt(Ana-
ing for the massacre of Cylon's followers in violation of proinises given to
lectaGraccieusia, Graz, 1893, pp. 101121) presentsan interestingargument to
them when
lis.
in
sanctuary on the Acropo5,
the effect that
tlie
bronze Athena was
See Ildt.
Pint. Solon, 12.
Thuc. 1, 12(); Cylon's Olympic vic71;

(See
preserved at Constantinople
1
down
to
205 A.!), and hasbeen described in detail
tory
J.
was won
1
in Ol. 85, (540 b.c.
by a Byzantine author.
A quadrangular
is
H. Wright, Ilarv. Stud, in Class.

ff.)
=
platform, suitable for a pedestal about
Phil. Ill,
7.
eighteen feet in diameter, which

^'^'^ '^
cut
a7aX|j.a 'A6i]vds x'^'<*>^^
in the
Acropolis rock about thirty feet

is
the image .styled by Demo.sthenes (19,
from the Propylaea,

pcvo-ai,
usually identi-
"the great bronze Athena." and u.sually known as the Promachos or champion, though this epithet was first
272)
fied as the site of the statue.
10.
to-
MOv: Athenaeus (11, p. 782 h) speaks of Mys as famous for chasing or

working in relief on metal, and mentions a cup rej)re.senting in relief the sack of Troy with an inscription attributing the design to Parrhasius and the
applied to
597.
it
in Schol. Dern. 22,
1.3.
p.
(Cf. C.I.
A. 111,038.) It was prob-
ably set up at the close of the Persian
war.
Observe that Pausanias does not
140

Ch.28, 3
re Kol TO, XotTTO, Tiou epyoiv

Fivrjuopo^
\6(f)0<?
Hap pdcnop
rj
KaTaypdxjjaL tov
ravrr/g Trjs 'AOtjpols

0,770
tov Sdparo? alâxr) koI 6

TT pOCTTTêOVa iv
TOV KpdvOV^
(TvvoTTTa
15
XoVVLOV
icTTlV T^Sf]
Kol dpfxa KeuTaL )(âXKOvu diro Botwrajv SeKdTT]
KOL XaX/ctSeojt' twv ev Euôta.
^vo Se aXXa iaTiv dvadrj-
/xara, WepiKXrjs 6 'BiCivOiTnTov kol tcov epycov
tmv êtStov
êa? fjidXicrra dîov 'A$7]vd<; ayaXjxa diro tcop dvaOevTcov Ka\ovfJivr]^ ArjjxpLa^.
Trj
oe aKponoXei, tvXtjv ocrov Klixcov (oko-
S6ixr]creu avT'^<; 6
MtXrtctSoi;, irepiâkeiv to Xolttov Xeyerat
workmanship
to
Mys.
Mys
is
men-
nes, 4, G) speaks of this statue in ex-
tioned as a famous artist in his line by Pliny (N. H. 33, 155), by Propertius
(4, (8,
travagant terms as the most praise-
9,
14,
ed. Paley),
;
and by Martial
34 and 51
century.
14, 95).
He
doubtless
flourished in
fifth
the latter part of the

Cf.
H. Brunn, Gesch.
d. griech. Kiinstler, II, 97,

14.
ap}i,a:
409
sq.
the victory over the Boeo-
worthy of Phidias's works, and for his from the Lemnian Athena " the outline of the whole face, and the tenderness of the cheeks, and the shapely nose." For similar exalted praise cf. Aristides. Or. 1, Vol. II, 554, ed. Dindorf
ideal of feminine beauty selects
and Chalcidians occurred about c. The prisoners were kept in chains until ransomed, when their fetters were hung on the Acropolis. Out of the tithe of the ransom the Athetians
Pliny, N.
II.
34, 54
Himerius, Or. 21,
507
15.
5; Anthol.
170.
Append. Planud. 169 and Furtwangler (Meisterw. pp. 3sqq.,

i,
with
pis.
ii,
iii,
xxxii, 2) argues that
nians
made
the four-horse chariot of
Herodotus (5, 77) .says it stood on the left as one entered the Proi)ybronze.
laea,
Lemnian Athena are to be seen in two marble statues of Athena in Dresden, another at Cassel, and a head in Bologna. The Dresden statues
copies of the
and quotes the
in.scription
in
elegiac couplets.
From fragments
I,
of
and the Bologna head are in the style of Phidias, he argues, and copies of a
bronze original.
nists in
the inscription that have been found

(C.I.A. IV, 334a, 78;
He
thinks the statue

colo-
334) Frazer
was dedicated by the Athenian
infers that the original chariot set
up
Lemnos
before they set out

n.v.
about 507
set
n.c.
was carried
off
by the
from Athens, between 451 and 447

18.
rf)
Persians, and that a
new
chariot was
8c aKpoiroXei:
the southern
up
in its place after 450 b.c.
chariot nmst have been
The moved between
wall of the Acropolis was built out

of the
produce of the spoils won from
the time of 1 lerodotus and that of Pausanias from outside to within the Acropolis
the Persians by Cimon, especially at

the great victory of the
(I'lut.
Eurymedon
precinct.
1.
25,
1*3.
ITepiKXi^s: see
on
1,
18.
Aii(Av(as:
Lueian (Imagi-
Cimon, 13; de glor. Ath. 7; Corn. Nepos, Cimon, 2). The ancient
ACROPOLIS FORTIFICATIONS
Ch.28, 4
141
ttjv aKpoiro-
20
Tov reiôv^ neXacryov? ot/oycrai^ra? vrore vtto
\iv
<f)aaL
oe oiTLve';
yap 'Aypokau /cat 'Tnep^Lov rjcrav ovSeu aXXo ihvudfxr)v fxaOelu

. .
TTwOavofxevo';
rj
St/ceXov? to
i^ dp^T]<; 6vTa<; e? AKapvaviav fieTOLKyjcrat.

^
KaTafidat he ovk e?
25 TrpoTrvXaca
Trrjyi]
ttju /carw
ttoXlv dXX'
oaou
vtto to. 4
re vSard? eVrt kol Tr\y)criov 'AttoXXcuiô?

UfXapyiKbv; Schol. Ar. Aves, 832,
p. 659, s.v.
masonry
of
the circuit wall
is
still
s.v.
some parts obscured by a mediaeval or modern casing. At the southeast corner a piece
standing, though in
of
1139; Ktymol. Magn.

XapyiKov; Bekker,
1.
He-
Anecd. Graec.
p. 299,
Cimon's wall
is
is
visible,
forty-five
feet in height.
it
Westward
of this point
This Pelasgic wall appears have had nine gates (Suidas, s.v. d-rreSa; Bekker, Anecd. Graec. p. 419,
IG.sqq.).
to
pretty well hidden by the later
1.
27sqq.; Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 489).
casing and buttresses.

is
The north
wall
ancient Greek work, probably of

;
Themistocles's or Cimon's time

of the colonnade of the old
pieces
Athena
temple, destroyed 480 k.c, are built

into it. The eastern wall seems to have been entirely rebuilt on the old foundations in the Middle Ages. Besides these extensive remains of Cimon's wall, there exist at various points
These were probably arranged within each other at the western entrance of the Acropolis, where the wall may have been trebled or quadrupled. It seems to have subsisted as a fortress as late as 510 ij.c, when Hiiriiias was besieged "in the Pelasgic fortress" (Hdt. 5, 04
;
Arist. Resp. Ath. 19).
If
not already
it
pulled
down by
the Athenians,
was
doubtless dismantled by the Persians in
pieces of a
wall.
much
older fortification
section,
480
B.f. (Hdt. 8,
53
9, 13).
Yet a preto
Thus a well-preserved
cinct to the northwest of the Acropolis
twenty feet thick, extends from the Propylaea to the southern wall. Other pieces have been uncovered at the soul heast corner of the Acropolis
continued to
times
the
bear
down
of
2.
Roman
(h-
name
Pela.sgicum
17;
Pelargicum (Thuc.
cator, 42, 47).
Lucian, Pis-
and
to the
20.
IltXao-yous oIk'^:
southwest of
primitive wall
the
is
Parthenon.
This
(ravrds irort viro ttjv dKpoiroXiv
both
401)
built of polygonal,
Herodotus
(0, i;!7)
and Stiabo
(9, p.
almost
three
length.
unhewn blocks, measuring from

to
state that the IVlasgians dwelt at the
four and one half feet in

It
foot of Mt. Hymettu.s.

25. ini-y^: Pausanias,pa.ssiiig
probably ran originally
all
through
round the edge of the Acropolis.

prehi-storic fortification
Pela.'^gic
is
This
the Propylaea, turns to the right and
doubtless the
wall here mentioned by Pau-
descends by a stairway to the spring The spring is called the Clepsydra.

still
sanias.
Other writers speak of
this
;
Pelasgic or Pelargic wall (Ildt. 6, 137
to be seen, situated (m the northwest face of the Acropolis rock and

flight of steps
Dion. Hal. Antiq.
Rom.
1,
28; Photius
reached by a narrow
142
lepov iv
X(t)va

Ch.
28, 5
(TTTrjXaLCi)
'
Kpeovcry 8e Ovyarpl 'Epe^^êw?

voyiitôvcn.
. .
'AttoA.-
ivTavda crvyyevecrOai
wg
7rjX(f)6Lr}
^^tXtTTTTtSi^s e?
AaKeSaLjxova ayye\o<; dTTo/Se^rjKOTUJV MijScDV
e?
Trji^
y^^?
eTTavrjKOJV Se Aa/ceSat/xovtoug
vnepâXecrOaL
jxr)
(fyair]
30 Trjv eôSov, elvai
yap
rj
Srj
vofjiov
avTols
irporepov /aaôvaeXyji^y]'?
fxevov^ iûevaL vplv

crQai
irXrjpy]
tov kvkKov
eXeye
Trj<;
yevi-
TOV Se ITai'a 6
<l>tX(,7r7rtS-)79
irepl
'
to 6po<i evTvAdr]uaLOL<;
p.kv
eirj
ôvTo. ol TO HapOiviov (^dvai re
to? e.vvov<^
KoX OTL 9 M.apa6o)va

35 deo<;
rjêi
crvixâ^rjaoiv.
Tert/xr^rat
ovto^
ovv 6
inl TavTy
ecTTi
Trj
dyyeXla
\_KaOo kol 6
Apetos
TTctyos.]
he *Apet09 7Tdyo<; KaXovfxeuo'S, otl irpoiTO^ "Apr]';

For
s.v.
back
of the pedestal of Agrippa.

it,
ancient references to
see Ar. Lys.
911 sq. and

KXeiyvdpa
;
Scliol.,
and Ilesychius,
;
Schol. Ar. Aves, 1694
Plut.
:
Antonius, 34.
'AttoWwvos
Upov
for
Areopagus or Mars' Hill is determined by Herodotus (8, 52), who says that it was opposite the Acropolis, occupied by the Persians when they laid siege to Athens; by Aeschylus (Eum. 685 sq.),
the tale of Apollo, Creiisa, and the infant Ion, see Eur. Ion, 10 sqq., 283
sqq.,
who says
Lucian,
his cave
the
Amazqns occupied
represents
it
in
their contest with Theseus;
and by
sitting in
492 sqq., 936 sqq.,

cave there
is
1398
sqc].,
who
and
Pan
1482 sqq.
lo's
After the mention of Apola lacuna, but the
listening to the speeches
in the
court of the Areopagus (Bis
subsequent account of Pan leaves no
Ace.
12).
Hence
it is
the rocky height,
doubt that Pausanias had mentioned Pan's cave, which was adjacent. Cf.
Eur. Ion, 938: efOa IlafAs ddvra
TrAas.
/cat jSw/xoi
three hundred and seventy-seven feet

high, west of the Acropolis, from which
it
is
separated by a depression.
seats
On
The two caverns which
are side
the top of the hill are the remains of
by
side at the northwest corner of the
some rock-hewn
where assembled
Acropolis just beyond the Clexjsydra

are usually identified as the caves of
the court of the Areopagus in the open

air (Pollux, 8, 118).
E. Curtius thinks
Apollo and Pan.
On
the sanctuary of
that the apostle Paul
was taken not
to
Apollo, see Excursus III and Miss Harrison, Primitive Athens, pp. 66-83.
the Areopagus
hill,
but before a com-
Hein
mittee of the council seated before the
rodotus
(6,
105) tells the story of the
Royal Colonnade
sqq.).
KpC9r]
(Ges.
Abh.
II,
527
institution of the worship of
Pan
36.
:
on
irpwros "Apt]s tvravOa
Athens.
Lucian (Bis Ace.
9) locates
Euripides (Electra, 1258 sqq.)

first to
the cave of
Pan a
little
above the
agrees with Pausanias in saying that
Pelargicum.
couples
it
Aristophanes (Lys. 911)

the site of the
Ares was the

hill.
be tried on this
641
with the Clepsydra.

:
Cf.
Dem.
I,
23, 66, p.
1.
35. "Apeios iraYos
Anecd. Gr.
444,
7 sqq.
Bekker, According
;
arp:opagus
Cli.28, G
143
SeSryXoj/cet'
evTavda
eKpiOrj,
Kai
jxol
koI raura
e<^'
6 koyo'S
a>9
AXippodiov dueXoL Kai

^w/ids
OLKTjv.
ot(o KxetVete.
(f)6u(p
Kpidrjvai Se koX
rry? p,rjTp6<i-
varepou ÔpecTTqv keyovatu eVt rw

40
Koi
ttî^
i<TTLU
^Kdrfva'; 'Apeia<;, 6v dueOrjKep aTTo^vyon/
TOV<; Se
dpyovs \l$ovs,
icf)*
w^'
kcndaiv
octol StVa?
vTT)(ovcrL
Kal ol StwKoi/T9,
Toi/ /Aci/
TySpew?
roi'
8e 'At'at-
Seta? avT(t)v dpofxalôvcn.
UXrjaiov he lepov deoiv ianv a?
/caXovcrii/
'
AOrjpaloL %(T(f)LaLv
45 fjiud<;^ 'HcrioSo? Se 'Eptz/i}? eV Heoyoi/ta.

2il(T)(vko<;
npcoTos he
Try KecftaXfj
hpdK0VTa<; eiroiqcrev ofxov rat? eV
dpi^Xv
(f)o/3e-
elvai
Tols he dydXixacnv ovre tovtol<; eireaTLv ovhev

KCtrai
pov ovre oaa aXXa

nXourwi^ Kat
50 ocrots
êwv
rrj<i
toji/
viroyaLcou.
/cetrat 8e /cat
FipfXTJ';
Kai
ayaXjxa-
iuTavOa dvovai
dir o\v
jxeu
eV
Apeio)
nayw
ttju
aWiav iêyepero
a aadai,
by Schol. Eur. Or. Ares was the first to be tried on the Areopagus; next, three generation.s afterwards, Cephalus for
to Hellaniciis (cited
represents Orestes as occupying one

seat, while the eldest of the
1648, 1051)
Furies took
the other.
44.
Zcîvds
on
4
:
this
euphemistic
the Tnurder of his wife Procris; then,

after three
name,
cf. 2, 11,
vab% deCjv as' Adrjvahi.
for the
more generations, Daedalus murder of his nephew Talus then, after three more generations, Orestes for the murder of his mother
has been suggested that Areopagus means " the hill of
Clytaemnestra.
cursing," the
It
first
Tlie situation
is
determined by Aesch.
Eur. Eleclra, 1270;
Orest. 050 et
al.
Eum. 804
sqq.;
;
Iph. Taur. 001
See
place
Milchh. S.Q.
is
XXIX,
10 sqq.
The
doubtless the deep chasm at the foot
part of the com-
of the low precipice on the northea.st

side of the
ship,
hill.
pound being from apa "a curse," with reference to the Furies, who had a sanctuary on Die liill, and were sometimes known as "Arai." The derivation
is
On
the names, wor-
and
.sanctuaries of the Furies, see

I,
Ro.scher's Lexikon,
13.'30
sqq.
1,
Ac188;
cording to
Schol.
Aeschin.
possible.
42.
:
Tov 8c 'AvaiScCas
4, .30,
t6v (liv "YPps according to Zenob.
Schol. Soph. O.C. 30; Clem. Al. Protr.

47, p. 13(Sylb.), there
were three
.stat-
Theoi)hrastus wrote of the altars

Cicero,
ues of the Furies, two by Scopas of
of Injury and Ruthlessne.ss.
Parian marble, the third an older work
de
leg.
2,
11, 28,
speaks of a
et
tumeliae
citiae.
fanum
ConImpudi-
by Calamis. On a votive relief from Argos they appear as three maidens of

mild aspect clad
in
Euripides (Iph. Taur. 001)
long robes, each
144

h.28, 7
dvovcTL be Kat aXXas qdvoi re 6/xotw? koX olcttoC

iuTO<;
ecTTL
8e Kol
Tov nepiôkov
TCL
(xprjixa
OtOtVoSo?, TTo\vTrpayixovo)v he
Kop.icr9evTa
evpiCKOv
oara eK ^rfôiv
ret
yap
i<;
tov
BdvaTov
55 P'Oi
'ô(f)OK\el Treironqpeva
ecfiT]
tov OtStVoSo?
'0}xrjpo<;
ovk ela
Soât TnaToi, os
M-qKLCTTea TeXevTijcravTos OtStVoSo?
TnTa.(îov
^Êcrrt
eXdovTa eg
Syj/3a<; dyajvLcracrO at.
8e ' AOyjvatoL^; kol
dX\a
hiKacTTrjpia ovk iq toctovto
80^179 rfKovTa.
TO fxev ovv KaXov/xevov llapd^vaTov kol TpcTrj<i
ycDVOv, TO ixev iv d(f)avel

60 (TvviovTOiV is avTo,
TrdXew? 6v
/cat
in eXa^tcrrot?
TO 8e dno tov
(X^y]fJiaTO<;
eêt ret ovofxaTai<g
âTpaîovv 8e Kat ôlvlklovv dno ^pcofxdTCJV kol

jxepeviqKev ovop^dtêcrOai.
ToSe 8ta-
to he p,eyi<jTov
/cat
e? o TrXetcrrot
crvviaaLv, 'HXtatai^ KaXovcrt^'.

with a serpent in her right hand and a flower in her left. See A.M. IV, PL n.
52.
|xvT]|j.a
ovrocra 8e eVt rot? <f)Ovev(rLv,
taneum
10.
Phreattys.
Kalkmann,
pp. 65 sq., seeks to prove that the source of Pausanias
OlSi-iroSos
3,
according to
Val. Max.
5,
ext. 3, it
was
situated
. .
Pollux, book
8,
was the same as that of namely a manual origiGurlitt, p. 274,
inter
et
.
.
ipsum Arium pagum

.
nating from Caecilius.

source.
]Minervae arcem. the Areopagus was included

city
After
in
also recognizes the use of a literary
the
58. napd(3w<rTov: said to have

p. 651, 50.
through the building of the wall
of Themistocles, the grave of Oedipus
its name from its position in a remote quarter of the city. Cf. Etymol.
received
with the entrance to the lower world
Magn.
etc.,
and the Semnai was transferred to tlie Colonus Ilippius. See v. Wilamowitz, Aus Kydathen, p. 103. the excursus 57. aX\a SiKaorriqpia on the Athenian law courts is occasioned by the mention of the Areopagus. The term diKaar-qpiov is applied
:
in Poll. 8, 121,
It is mentioned and Schol. Ar. Vesp.
also 120,
who
also
name
the
'Ypiyi^vov.
:
61.
BaTpaîovv 8c Kal <loiviKiovv the Green Court and the Ked Court, not
33 confirms the distinction of cerPossi-
el.sewhere mentioned. Arist. Pesp. Ath.

p.
tain Athenian courts by color.
both to the aggregate judges sitting in court and to tlie place in which they
held their sittings.
bly these designations have obscured
Pausanias's referto the latter.

1.
ence
is
pi-iniarily
He
Areopagus; 4. Ba3. Trigonum 2. Parabystum trachiurn; 5. Phoenlcium 6. Heliaea; 8. Delphinium 9. Pry7. Palladium
enumei-ates ten courts:
; ;
;
and these two are and the coui't ewi X-uKui mentioned in Pollux's list, as the other eight in the two lists
their real names,
identical with the Metichion
are the same.
63. 'HXiaCav
its
this, the
greatest court of Athens, which fre-
quently gave
name
to all the courts
COURTS OF
Cli.2S, 10
.irsTICE
toI<;
145
a-noKTeiva-
eartp aXXa65 <jLV aKovaicji^

TO<s
/cat
eVt IlaXXaSta) KaXovatv,
fj
Kpiai^ KaOearr^Ke.
koI otl fxep Ar^/AO^wt' npo)ovhepes

(fyaalv
'
ivravOa vnecr^ê
Sidcfyopa
Si/cag, ayi(î(T ^-qrovcnv
e<^'
otoj
;
o,
tovto
elprjTaL.
ALOfXTJSrju
dkovar)<;
'iXtou rat? vavcriv ovLcrct) KopiitêaOai, /cat

êtt* a>9
17817
re vvKTa ive-
Kara âkripov
TrXeoi^res
yivovTai
/cat
tov^ 'ApyeCov;
70 a;? e?
Trj
noXefxiav dTrojSrjuaL ttju yrju, dXXrjv ttov Soâvra^ iv
vvKTi Kat ov TTju ÂTTLKr)u eluai.
ivravOa
A'r]ixo(f)(t)VTa
\eyovcTLv iK/ôrjdyjcraPTa, ovk eTTKTTdpievov ov8e tovtov tov<;
dno
75
T(ou veoiv
/cat
oj?
elcrlv
'Apyetot,
/cat
dvhpa<^
avTwv
'
diro-
KTivai
re
TO IlaXXctStoi' dpirdcravTa olêcrOaLj

TTpoi.o6p,evov
Adrjvalou
avopa ov
vtto
tov
lttttov
tov
Ariixo(f)(t)i>TO^
duaTpanrjvat
/cat crvfXTraTiqdivTa d-rroOaveLU-
inl tovtu) At^-
lxo(f)(opTa VTTocrêxv 8t/ca< ot p.ev
tov crvfJiTTaTrjOcvTo^ rot? irpo-
(TiJKOvaLu, ol Se
Apyeioiv (âaX
rw
/coti^w.
eVt AeX^tt'iw 8e
8t/catw (pafxe-
10
KpicTL^ KadecTTrjKeu
ipydcraadai
(f)6uop
avv rw
80 iôt?, OTTOtdf rt /cat T^crev? Trapeô/xeiô? dnecfyvyeu, ore II aX-
Xai^ra iTravacndvTa Kat rou? 7rat8a9 eKTeive

7^pt^'
Tj
17
vporepop 8e
KTeCuaura
ITpvraiêioj
Wt70'V9
d(f)eL$rj, /caêtcm^'/cet Tracrt (f)evyeLi>
Kara ravrd
OvrjCTKeiv
fxeuovTa.
and the
to
8e
eVt
probably in the neighborhood of the Areopagus, to the east side of the political agora between the upper part of the Theseuin precinct and the gymnasium of Ptolemy. See Judeich, Topog. p. 315. The derivation of the word is uncertain. See
collectively, lay
killing of a slave, a resident
alien, or a foreigner."
78. tirl AX<)>iv(i>>
:
on
1
tlie site
of this
sanctuary, see
Arist.
and note. Cf. Hesp. Ath. 57: "If a man con1,
19,
fesses a homicide but asserts that
it
was
legal,
he
is
tried in the court
Wachsmuth,
in
11, 361ff.
04.
Iirl
IlaX-
of the Delphinium."
Poll. 8,
Dein.
2.3,
74,
and
as
Xa8C(^: the Palladium, a sacred place
119, tell the
same legend
to Si
iirX
the southeastern
part of
Athens
Pausanias with regard to the founding of the court.

vta>
:
{airb IIa\Xo3ioi; Kal ' ApSrjTrov Kal AvKtlov,
83.
cf.
IIpvTa18,
Piut. Thes. 27).
According to Aristotle
as to the Prytancum,
Dein.
.see 1,
(Resp. Ath. 57) ca.ses tried in the court

of the Palladium were "involuntary
3 and note, and
'23,
70: "If
a stone or a piece of iron or any such
homicide, and conspiracy (against
life),
thing
fall
and
strike a
man, and the
146

C11.2S, 11
KaXovfJLevoi', ei^da tco cnSyjpo) kol iraaiv o/xotw? rot? di//vôts

85 hiKOitôvcnv, inl T(oSe
dpâadat
voixit^w.
Xdiqvaiojv /SacnXev/3ov(f)6uo<^
iirl
ovTO^ 'Epe^êw?, Tore irp^Tov /3ovv eKTCtueu 6
Tov
/ScDjJiov
Tov rioXteaj? Atog- Kac 6
[xeu
aTToXnrwv
TaiJTr]
top
TreXeKvv dirrjXdev ck tt^? x^P^'^ (êvyiovj 6 8e TreXe/cu? TrapavTLKa d(f)eL07] <e9 Oakaaaav) Kpi9e\<i kol e? Tohe dvd irdv To<;
90 KpiveTai.
Xeyerat p^kv
St)
/cat
dWa
tmu
dxjjv^cov
avTopara n
KctA.-
einOelvai crvv tco St/catoj TLpcopiav dvd p(i)iToipeaTTv<;
ivTavOa
yovvTai
ol Treêuydre?,
d7reX06vTa<^ erepov iinXd^r] acftdq

e'/c
95 eyK\7)p.a,
irpo^ dKpoiopdvov^
rij?
yrfq
diro
i>ed)<;
aTToXo-
TevKpou npcoTou \6yo<i eêt TeXapwuL
ovtco<^
dnoraSe
XoyyjcracrdaL prjhev is tov Atai^ro?
OdvaTov elpydadau.
pev ovv
elpTjcrdoj
to.
poi Tojvhe eveKa, OTrdcrot? peTecxTL aTrovSrjs

hiKacTTiqpLa.
29 yvcovaL Ta e?
tov Se 'Apeiov irdyov

tcl>v
vXirjcrLov
SeiKvvTai vav<; TTOirjBeicra e? ttjv

person
Havadrjvaicov Tropnyjv.
who threw
the
thing
is
not
tlie
ship wliile his accusers listened

;
known, but they do know and are in possession of the thing which killed the man, then the thing is brought to trial at the court of the rrytaneum."
93.
V.
from the shore if convicted lie was punished with death, if acquitted he
returned into banishment.
Kesp. Ath. 57.
29.
Cf. Arist.
4>paTTvs
Milchhoefer (Karten
5G
f.)
The
Att.
Text
the
i,
locates
Phre-
ylcadeitnj
Grove of Artemis
Panathenalc
Ship
The
im-
vjith
extreme point of the peninsula which bounds the entrance of the harbor of Zea on the east, contrary to the earlier view of Ulrichs, Reisen und Forschungen, 1, 173ff., who puts it at a point on the shore a little
attys
at
ages of Artemis, Artemis Ariste, and
Artemis KalUste
sus Elcxdhereus
Temple of Diony Tombs in the outer
to the southeast of the entrance to Zea.
Dem.
for
24, 77
ff.
states that before this
men who, banished an involuntary homicide, were accused of another and voluntary homicide, and that the accused spoke from
court were tried
Ceramicus on Hie street from the Dij^ylum to the Academy. 2. vavs the ship was moved on wheels, and to its mast was fastened the new robe, embroidered with scenes from the battles of the Gods and Giants, which was presented to Athena every
:
fourth year at the great Fanathenaic

festival.
The crew of the ship consisted
ROAD TO ACADEMY
Ch.29, 2
147
to 8e eV ArjXo)
e's
KaL TavTTqu jxeu

ttXoZov ovheva.
5
rjSr)
ttov
tl<;
vTrepe^dXeTo
ttcj
viKrjaavTa otSa, KadrJKOP
ivvea eyaera?
dwo
'
T(t)u
KaTacTTpcJixaTCDP.
SijfjLOL^;
Adr)paioL<; Se koI eôj ttoXcw? eV rot?
kol Kara ra?

Td(f)OL
6oov<;
uewv ecmv lepd kol "qpaxou
/cat
dpSpcou
iyyv-
Tarui ok 'AKaSrjixia, ^(Dpiov TTore
dv^po^
tStQ>Tov,
yvp.vdaiov
Se
10
evr'
iyiov.
Kartovcrt 8' e? avTy)v irepiôko^ Icrriv \\pTipnr

'ApLaTr]<; kol KaXXtcrrT^?eirr]
009
/cat
ôava
cu?
yitei^
eyoj
Sokw
eVt-
Kat ojJLoXoyel rd
kXiJ(Tl<;
rd
lldjX(f)(o, Trj<;
'Apre/xtSd?
e'?
etc^t^'
avTai, Xeyofxevov Se
/cat
aXXot'
auras Xdyoi/ etSws

e's
virep^tjcrofxaL.
of priests
Kat j'ao? ov fxeya^ eVrtV,

Cic.
2).
oi^
roO Atoi/ucov
31, 24;
and priestesses wearing golden crowns and garlands of flowers. According to Philostr. Vit. Soph. 2, 1,
7,
Athens by the Dipyium (Livy,
De
fin. 5,
1,
Lucian, Scytha,
the route followed by the procession
with the ship was from the Ceraniicus

to the Eleusinium, then
So Pausanias quitted Athens by same gate by which he had entered. Three roads started from the lîpylum
the
;
siniuni to the I'ytliium, identified
round the Eleuby Diirpfeld with the Cave of Apollo, where the ship was moored. Cf. A. G.
Leacock, de ponipis graecis, in Ilarv.
Studies, XI,
1 if.,
one northwest to the Academy one west to Eleusis and one southwest to Piraeus. The suburb outside
gate
;
;
the
Dipyium was
called
tlie
Ceramicus,
or Potters' Quarter.
As
the adjoining
and the derivation

I'ausanias has
(juarter, inside the walls,
bore the same
of carnival there given (p. 6, note).

6.
|i
name, modern writers
call the
one the
ir6Xcws
now
completed his account of the city
itself,
and, quitting Athens by the Dipyium,
Outer Ceramicus, the other the Inner Ceramicus. In the former the remains of the Athenians who fell in battle were
buried by
tlie
he describes the monuments of the Of important omissions Ceramicus. made by him, perha])s the most note-
state.
Public graves
lined the road on both sides,

scriptions bore the
and
in-
names
of the dead
worthy
all
is
that of the I'nyx, or jjlace of

is
and
!>.
told
public assembly, the site of whicli
in
'ApT)ii8os
where they had fallen. this Artemis appears

:
probability determined, being on the

slojje of
to liave been identified with

Cf.
Hecate.
iv t<^ Ke-
northeast
the low rocky
hill
Hesych.
s.v.
KoXXiVttj-
tj
lying between the
Museum
hill,
the
paneiKifi iSpvfji^vri 'VjKaTrj. rjv tvioi ApTe/xiv
Areopagus, and the Hill of the Nymphs.
\^yova-i.
13.
vaos ov
(xc-y'^S
"^^
^^
^''^'
Here are exteusive remains indicating

the use of
tlie site
as a meeting-place.
image of Kleutherian Dionysus, see 20, 3, note. Tliis procession seems

have taken place at
tlu;
1,
to
*AKa8T)(xCa: tiie road to the Academy, which I'ausanias now follows, left
city Dionysiac
festival in the inouih of
Klaphebolion
148

Ch.
29, 3
Tov 'EXevêpeiw? to ayaXfxa dva nap

15
eTO<;
KOjxii,ov(TLV
ev
3
reray/aeVaig
Tdi(f)OL
r)ixepai<;.
lepa fxev (T<^Lcn ravTy TocravToi icm,

jxev
8e
SpaavôvXov
dpiaTov
npcoTov tov Avkov, dvSpo<; t(ov
re vcTTepov /cat ocrot irpo avTov

jjiOL TOL
TTOLVTa
yeyovaaiv
jixot TO.
'
AdrjpaLOL^; Xdyt-
TTapivTi Se
TrXeicu
rocraSe eg
TTi(TTiv
dpKeaei tov \6yov
TvpavviSa yap
eiravcre
twv Tpid-
20
KovTa Kakov/xevcop avu dvSpdcnv e^tjKOVTa to

6pixr]0l<i
/car'
dp^dq
iaTiv
Ik îqôiv, KoX
KOrjvaiov^ CTTaaidtôvTa^; StaXXajxeipaL
yrjuai /cat crvv6ep.evov<^ eTrettre

ovTO<i Td(f)o<5, CTTt
ôpiJiLOjpo<;.
irpoiTO'^
/cat
fiep
8e avT(o Ilept/cXeov? re
XajSpCov Kal
4
ecTi Se Kat Trao't ixvyjjxaTa 'A^T^vatot? OTrdo'ot?

/cat
25
drrodavelv (Twenecrev eu re vav/xaîat?

ttXt]!/
eV /xctâts ireât?
TovToi<i
octol
Mapad(t)UL avTwv ifyoivicravTO
yap
/caret
^(opav
elcrlv ol Td(f)OL St'

e'?
dvhpayaOCav,
ol Se
aXXot
/caret r^7^'
oSoi/ KelvTaL TTjv
'AKahrjixcav, /cat
crcôii' ecrrctcrtv
eVt rots
ra(ôts crr^jXat ret ovofxaTa /cat roi^ Srjfxov

(March-April).
Cf.
eKdaTOv Xeyovcrat.
Momnisen, Feste
Munycliia, and overtlirew the Thirty
der Stadt Athen, pp. 394ff.
The return
procession took place in the evening;
and the epheboi
after sacrificing at the
He brought about an alli(403 u.c). ance between Athens and Thebes (395 n.c), and, after doing good service
for Athens at Byzantium, Chalcedon,
shrine escorted the image by the light

of torches to the theatre (C.I. A. II, 470, 471).
and Lesbos, was

(389 b.c).
killed at
Aspendos
gay troop of dancers, di.sguised as Seasons, Nymphs, and Bacchanals, appear to have attended the image, moving to the music of
flutes (Pliilostr. Vit.
10.
Pausanias seems to have
been ignorant of, or ignored, the treasonable charges brought against Thrasybulus. Cf. Lysias, 28 and 29.
Apollon.
1,
21).
23.
IlepiKXcovs
:
rt
Kal
XaPpCov Kal
fin.
0pao-vPov\ov: Thrasybulus took
ôpfxCwvos
5, 2, 5,
according to Cic. de
part in the victory of Cynosseina (411

B.C.), reduced the revolted cities of Thrace (407 B.C.), was superseded after
the
tomb
of Pericles lay to the
right
of
the
road.
Pericles died
in
429
tans
b.c. in
Chabrias defeated the Spar-
the battle of
Notium
(407 b.c), but
Aegina
fleet
off
(388 b.c.)
and
the
took part in the victory of Arginusae

(406 B.C.).
Spartan
Naxos
(376 b.c);
He was banished by
the
he was killed at the siege of Chios

(357 b.c).
Thirty Tyrants, but, collecting a small
band
at Thebes, took Phyle, then with
victory off Naupactus (429 b.c),
Phormio won the naval and
a larger force gained the Piraeus and
died shortly after.
GRAVES OF HEROES
Ch.29, 6
149
30 irpoJTOL Se iToi(f>r)(rav ov<; Iv
^paKrj
iroTe iTTLKparovvTa^ f^^XP^
Apa^7j(rKov
defxevoL
ttJ^;
^wpa? 'HSwfot
/cat oj?
i^tra^'
(f)ovvov(TLU
aveXinaToi eVti<;
XeycTat oe
Kepavvoi
iricroiev
avrovs5
arpaTiqyoX 8e aXXot re
TerpaTTTo
35 TTore
rj
Kat Aeaypo<;,
w
o?
/xaXtcrra eVetoi^
Svpap-L^;, /cat Ae/ceXev9 Sok/xxi/t^?,
'Apyetdi'
TvevTadXov
NejLtetaJv durjpr)ixPOu viK-qv aireKTeivev
Evpv-
ôLTrjp
ÔTjdovvTa AlyivrjTai^.
(TTparov Se eifw ti^9 'EXXa/xer'
So9 \S.07]paioL TpiTov rovTov eareikav TTpta/xw

Tpcucrt
yap
/cat
rrdvTe^
EXXrî/e?
ciTro
/oter'
/coti'oO
Xoyov KaTecrT7](rav
Tptrov
tote
e?
TToXejxov, ' AdrjvaloL 8e tSia

40 /aai' 9 T'l^v
'loXaov re e? SapSco Kat

/cat
hr)
8etrei<;
vvu ^Yoiviav icTTpaTevaav

ecTTi
tyju
c>
SpaKTjv.
8e efXTrpoaOev tov
p,i^yjp.aTO<; CTTijXr] fJia\ofXvov<;
eôvcra
t7r7ret<;-
MeXai/a>7rd<? crc^tcrtV ecrrt /cat
Ma/capraro?
^copa?
ouofxara, ou? KareXaêv drrodavelv evavTia KaKehaipiOviiov

/cat
Botcuroij^
TTCLyp.4vov<;,
evda
Tr}<;
'EXewvta?
eicrt
45 77/309 Tai'ay/aatov? opot.
/cat
(êo(raXw^' Tdô<^ icrTiu LTnreoiv

crvv 'Ap^t8a/xa> IleXo-
Kara iraXaLav îkiav IkSovroiv, ore

TTOvvrjcrioi
TrXrjcTLOv
TrpMTOv iaeâkov e? rr^v
KTTiKrfv CTTpaTid,
/cat
To^drat? Kprjaiv
co
au^t? 8e iariv
\\.d7]paL(t)u piviqi^Ct'
fiara KXetcrêVov?,
50 evpedr],
30.
to.
e?
raf
(f)v\d<;
at
KaOeaTacriv
ol
ac-
/cat
lirTrevcTii'
.
aTrodavovaiv rjPLKa (jvveTrekdôvTO

. .
irpwTot 8c Td<)>Tj<rav
:
fi^xP**
âl
combat having been given and

(5,
about 465 u.c. ten thousand of the Athenians and their allies, who had been sent to colonize AraphipoUs, were cut to pieces by tiie
Apaîio-Kov kt\.
cepted (Hdt.
92;
. .
!,
75).
Edonians
(Thuc.
8,80).
1,
at
Drabescus
;
or
9,
Datum
;
100
4,
102
Hdt.
75
Isoc.
Leagrus and Sophanes were the

Eurybates,
MaKapraros Melanopus and Macartatus prt)bably fell in the battle (457 n.< .) in which the Teloponnesians and Boeotians were engaged against the Athenians, Argives, and The.ssnlian cavalry. Tlie Thessa42. McXdvtdiros
.
Kal
leaders of this expedition.

the pentathlete,
iians deserted
eaily in the action.

:
thousand Argive volunteers to aid the Aeginetans against Athens, killed three adversaries in single combat, but washim.self slain by Sophanes, a Challenge to morled a
who
45. co-o-aXuv Td<)>os

22.
see Thuc. 2, 18-
The
took
first
invasion of Attica by the
Peloponnesian army under Archida-
mus
jilace in
431 n.c.
49.
KXci-
<r6^vows: ("leisthenes increased the Attic
150
ecrcraXot tov

Ch.
29,
7 7
KiuSvuov.
ivravOa kol KXecovaloL Keivrai,
jxera 'Apyeicjv e? tyjv 'Attlktjv iX66pTe<;
i(f)'
otco Se, ypdxpo)
TOV Xoyov
fiOL
KaTe\06vTo<; 69 tov<; 'Apyeiov;tj
koL A67]uaLcov
'
8' ecrri Td(f)o<i, ot irptv 55 77/30? AlyLvy]Ta<;.

or)
cTTpaTevcrat tov Mrjoop iTroXeixrjcrav
rjp
be
dpa kol
(TttJXt)-
Srjjxov SLKaiou ôvXevfJia, el
/cat
AOiqvaioi jxeTeoocrai/ oovXot? ornxoaia Taf^rjvai koX

SrjXol Se dyaOov<; (T(f)d^ iv
ecrrt
TOi
ovojxaTa iyypa(f)rji'aL
T(o TToXepiOi
yeveaOai nepl
TovSp(t)i>
ovojxaTa aXXajj^, oidôpa oe

60 /cat
cr(f)Lcn
ra ôipia
tcou dycovcov
yap tmv eTT"'OXvvdov eXOovTOiv

<?
ol So/ctjLtajrarot /cat MeXi^-
crapopo'?
Trjv
avoi
Kâptav vavalv dpaTrXe-ucraq 8ta tov

eTdcfirjcrav Se /cat ot TeXevTijcravTeq 8
MaidvSpov
yeioiv.
65
(.iTd(f)r](Tav.)
TToXefjiovvToq
KaacrdvSpov kol
ol crvfifxaîjcravTes rroTe
ttjv Trpoq
'
'Ap-
Trpa'^drjvat Se ovtoj
crvfjLfjia')(Lav
(T<îcri
Apyelov; Xe-
yovan
To<^
tribes
Aa/ceSat/itovtot? ttju ttoXlv tov 0eov crelcrav-
ol etXwre? eg ^\6(op.r)v direcrTiqcrav,
dêa'TiqKOTdiv 8e ot
This was
See Dem.
Frai:;.
I,
from four to
KXewvatoi
ten.
See
Ildt. 5,
aid,consi,slingof two thousand infantry
60, 09; Aristot. Resp. Ath. 21.

51.
:
and three hundred cavah-y.

probably in the year 349
21, 197, p. 578
;
these
men
took sides
n.c.
with the Atlienians at the battle of
Piiilochorus,
,
132
Tanagra
There exists an inscription (C.I.A. I, 441) which is

(457 n.c).
in Frag. Hist. Gr.

sq.
ed. Miiller,
405
conjectured to be a
list
of the Cleonae-
ans
who
fell in this battle.
MtXô-avSpos: on Melesander see Thuc. 2, 09. During the winter of 430b.c.
50. Sov-
429
he was sent to the coasts of
Xois: in great emergencies, as
toward
Caria and Lycia with six ships to levy

contributions and put
the close of the Peloponnesian
War and
down
the ene-
before the battle of Chaeronea, the
Athenians appear to have freed and
armed
Justin,
their slaves (Lye.

5,
c.
Leocr. 41
0).
00.
I-k
"OXvvOov: the
Athenians sent three expeditions to the relief of Olynthus when hard pressed by Philip. The first two had only mercenary soldiers. On the third
occasion, at the special request of the
my's privateers. He landed in Lycia, but was defeated and slain with some of his men. 03. 'ApêCwv at the battle of Tanagra (457 n.c.) one thousand Argives
:
fought with the Athenians against the
Lacedaemonians (Thuc.
Diod. 11, 80).
1,
107
sq.
Pausanias here follows
Thuc.
1,
101 sq.,
who
tells
the occa-
Olynthians, a native Athenian force
sion of the alliance between
Athens
commanded by Chares went
to their
and Argos.
giiavp:8
h.29, 11
of heroes
/cat irapa.
'
151
AOiqvaLCDV fierf-
AaKehaLfiovLOt ôrjOov^ koI aXXov?

TrefXTrovTo
ol Se
cr(f)L(TLi>
iTTikeKTOv; ai^Spa? aTroaTeWovcri koX
(TTpaTrjyov Kiixcova top MtXriaSov.

70 ol
tovtov; anoiT4p.iTov(Tiv
\6'r)vaioL^ Se
ottlctco
AaKeSaLfxouLOL irpo^ vnoyfjiav
ovk aveKTo.
(Tvixp,aîav
i)
i(f>aLPTO Trepiv^picrBaL,
koX w? iKoyiitôvTO
AaKehaiixovLcoi'
'
iiroLijcraPTO
ovcTL
'ApyeioLS
i^6pol<;
tov diravTa
^povov.
vcrrepov he fxeWovcnq^ Adrjpaicop ip
Tapdypa
yLpeadai Trpo? Botwrou? kol AaKehaLfjiOpiov^

75
jxa^r)^, d(f)LKOPTo
fxep ôpTa<;
Trj<;
A0r]paLot,<;
\\pyLOi ôi)dovpTe<;
^
/cat
TrapavTLKa
nXeop
TOV<;
Apyeiov^ pv^ iireXOovaa
d(f)L\eTO to cracê?
piKTjq, 9 Se Tr]P
vcTTepaiap virrjpê Kparrjcrai Aa/ceSatyu-ovtot?

^
HecrcraXoiv
TrpoooPTcop
AOrfpaiov^.
/caraXeât Se
fxoi
KaX
10
Tovahe
eTTrjXdep, 'AttoXXoSw/doi' êpojp rjyeixopa^ 09 \\0rjpaio^
80 jxep rjp, iK7Tix(f)0ei<; 8e
vno Apairov craTpdirov

^
Trj<;
l(j>
'KXXt^-
(TTTOPTCo
^pvyCaf; 8teûXae Hepti'^tat? Ty)P ttoKlp ia/3e^XriTr)p
k6to<;
HepLpdiap ^tXtTTTTOu crrpaTM
ovt6<;
/cat
re
ovp
ipTavda TeOaTTTac kol Ei;y8ouXo9 6 ^TTipddpov
ai'8pe9 019
dyado2<; ovcrtp ovk iTTrjKoXovOrjcre TV)(r) ^prjaTt]. Tot9 p-cp eVt80 6ep,epoL<^
TvpappovpTL Aa^dpeL, ol 8e rov IIet/Datw9 KardXruJjLP
ifiovXevcrap MaKehopojp (ftpovpovPTcop, irpXp Se elpydcrOat to
epyop
VTTO TO)p (JVPeiooTOiP prjPvdepTe<^ dncoXopTO.
KelpTat oe
rJKLcrTa 6
11
/cat ot Trepl
KoptpOop
/cat
7recroj^Te9
'
iSy]Xa)ae Se
tov<^
ou^
vtto
0o<;
90
ipTavOa
av0L<;
ip AevKTpoi<i
EXXijpcop
et
KaXovpPOV<; dphpeLov<; to prjhep dpev Tv)(r]^ etvat,

Aa/ceSatjU.o^'tot,
St^
KopLpdicop tote
/cat
'AOrjpaicop^
ctl
oe
/cat
Apyeioip koI Botwrwi/ KpaTTjcraPTe^;, vcTTepop vno Botwroii/

82.
4s TT]v
n<pivO(av: see Diod.
1(5,
supplies.
Tlie next year Philip
was
Evof
was be.siefied by Philip in 340 h.c. The I'ersian king. alarmed at the growth of Philip's
75-77.
Perinthus
obliged to raise the siege.
83.
PovXos
Eubuhis,
tlie
adversary
power, commanded his satraps to aid the city. Accordingly they threw into
Perinthus a force of mercenaries, w
ith
Demosthenes, was an able demagogue and orator (Dem. 18, 21, p. 233; 21.
207,
p.
581
Ae.schin. 2, 8
:
and 184;
3,
25
Din.
1. 0(5
Pint. Phocion, 7).
152
fxovcov iv

Ch.29, 12
KevKTpoL^ e? ToaovTOv
iKaKcodrjcrai'.
fxeTo.
8e TOveL
(TTT]Xr]i>
eVt TotcrSe kcrrdvaL ttjv

iJ^^v
to,
iXeyela,
Tot's
iv Ev/Boia
rrj<;
/cat
Xiw
rjirei-
TeXevTTfjcracn, tov<; 8e eVt roi? i(r^dTOL<;
'Acnaprji;
pov hia<^9ap'qvai
Sr)\o2,
tov^ 8e eV
St/ceXtct.
yeypafJifxevoL 8e 12
ewrtj' oi re ctt parriyoi ttXtju Nt/ciov,

TOt<?
Kat rwi' (TTparioiTuiv 6p.ov
dcrrot? IlXaratet?17
Nt/cta? 8e eVi T(^ê napeLOrj, ypd(f)oj
100
8e ovSeu 8ta<ôpa
tXtcrTo?,
6?
et^r^
Arjixoadevy^v p.ep (tttov/cat
hd'^ IT oiTjcraa 6 ai toI<;
aXXot?
ttXtjp
avTov
tt^z^
w? -qXiaKero av-
Tov eVtêtpetr
aTTO/cretiât, Nt/cia
8e
napdSocnv eOeXovrrj
ttJ crTtjXr), /cara-
yeveaOai
tovtiov eveKa ovk iueypd(f)r] Nt/cta?
yv(oa0el<; at^jLtaXwro? i9eXouTrj<; elvai /cat ov/c dvrjp TToXep.co

105 TrpiiTcop.
etcrt
8e
eV
dXXr)
CTTijXrj /cat ot ixa)(eadp,evoi irepX 13

rather than
to
94. vKop(v0<>>: the
Lacedaemonians
of Athenians,
the second revolt of
defeated the allied
army
Chios
in
the Social
War
(357-355 b.c),
Argives, Boeotians, and Corinthians at
when the
force dispatched probably
Corinth in 394 n.c. The Athenian force numbered six thousand foot and six hundred horse their losses were heavy. See Xen. Hell. 4, 2, 9-13. Demosthe;
consisted of mercenaries (l)iod. 10, 7
Corn. Nep. Chabrias,

98.
irkyyv
4).
NikCov
the account of the
nes (20, 52,

as
p.
472) si)oke of this fight
conduct of Nicias during the last terrible days in Sicily, as given by Thucydides
(7, 7()-85),
"the great battle" at Corinth.

11, 1()73,
does not justify the

It is true,
C.I.A.
gives a partial
list
of
harsh criticism of Pausanias.
Athenians engaged.
preserved in
its
Among them was

monument
is
Dexileus, whose private
however, that the responsibility of the disaster rested mainly on him, and if
original position, with
an inscription (C.I.A. II, 2084). 95. v Evôlq. KalXiu: the reference to Euboeaisprobably tothesubjugation of the whole island by Pericles in 445 n.c.
(Thuc.
pedition
1,
he had listened to Demosthenes the Athenian force would probably have

escaped destruction.
the Athenians had in
his
Tliis
apparently
in
mind
omitting
name from
the roll of honor.
114).
Upon
in
the revolt of
105.
TTtpl poLKTjv Kttl v
McYoLpois
cf.
Chios from Athens
412 n.c. an exdefeated the

14 sq.
as to the fallen in Thrace,
C.I.A.
was sent by the Athenians

in Chios,
IV,
2,
440 o.
In 445 n.c. the Megarians
which landed
revolted from Athens and put the garrison to

tlie
rebels, besieged
them
islartd
in the capital,
sword (Thuc.
1,
114).
and ravaged the

24, 55, etc.).
less to those
(Thuc.
8,
is
107. 'AXkiPioLStis: in
420 n.c. Alcibiades
The reference
doubt-
effected an alliance
between Athens,
In the
who
fell in this
expedition
Argos, Mantinea, and Elis.
GRAVES OF HEROES
Ch.
29, 13
153
%pdKy)v
TLveia
/cat
iv Meya.poL<; koI rjVLKa 'Ap/caSa? tov^ iv Mai^-
KoX
'HXetov?
/cat
ineLcreu e?
'A\Kty8taS7^9
AaKeSai fjiouiwu
Se
ol
rrepl
OLTTOcrTrjvaL
ol
irpiv
îKekiav d<^tKeo"ât ArjixoaOeiTa.(f)r](Tai>
vr)v SvpaKOvcTLOJi' KpaTtjcravTe';.

110
/cat
Tov 'EXXyjcnroPTOv
vavixa^rjcrapre^;
/cat /cat
ocrot
MaKcSoi/wi/
KXeaJ^'09 e?
evavria yiyoivia'avTo iv XaLpcuveta

A/x<^t7roXti' <TTpaTev(TavT<;, ol re
ot /xera
ei'
AryXtoj toj
TavaypaLcov
Te\VTT]aavT<;
/cat
/cat
ocrov^
e?
e?
ecrfraXtai^ \0}a6evrj<; tjyaye
ot
TrXevo'a^'Te?
of 418 n.c. the
Kv7r/3oi'
6/xou
KifxcouL,
tcov re
avv
summer
Lacedaemo5,
bria
and Byzantium,
laid siege to Chal-
nians defeated the allies in the battle

of Mantiuea.
74.
cedon, and levied contributions about

the Hellespont.
See Thuc.
43-47, (>3-
See Xen. Hell.
1,
3;
fragment of the treaty of alliance, of which Thucydides gives us the complete text, was found engraved
Diod. 13, GOsq.; Plut. Alcib. 20-31;

for the inscription,
108 sqq.
Ta
110.
S<roi
CI. A. IV, 44(5a, MaKc86vwv Ivav:
on a slab of Pentelic marble between the theatre of Dionysus and the )deuni of Herodes Atticus (C.I. A. IV, 4G6, Thucydides's copy may be 14 sq.). 109. Kparô-avfrom this very stone. Ts: before the arrival of Demosthenes
(
Ti-yttvCo-ovTO v Xaiptovcicji
(c.
Lycur-
gus
Leocr. 142) say.s that one thoufell in
sand Athenians
the battle,
;
and
he
that they received a public burial
also speaks of the inscriptions carved
on their tombstones at the entrance of

the
(413 u.c.) with large reinforcements
the Athenians had been successful in

several engagements with the
Thuc.
enemy
22
sq.).
^111. 4s 'Api4>iiro\iv see The Athenians lost six hundred men the enemy only seven.
city.
5,
:
7-11.
(Thuc.
6,
67-71, 08-102;
7, o,
:
all
irpl
Tov 'EXXyjo-irovTov
stone, found in
a tombAthens about 1882, in
probability stood over the grave of
these
men
in the
Ceramicus.
It is
slab of Pentelic marble, five feet high
tion contains a list of
and twenty inches wide. The inscripmen, arranged

according to tribes,
Both generals were slain, Cleon from a stab in the back as he was fleeing, Brasidas while charging at the head of his men. 112. tv Ar^Xiw: .see Time. 4, 91, 101. The Athenians were defeated by the 15oeotians, with the lo.^sof about 113. one thou-sand regular infantry.
Atwo-e^viis:
see
1,
1,
3;
1, 2;",
3-5.
who
fell
in
the
114. s Kvirpov:
fleet to
Cimon
sailed with a
Chersonese, in Byzantium, and "in

other wars," and underneath
it
Cyprus, where, after defeating

After his death the
is
an
the Persians and capturing a luimber

of cities, he died.
epigram to the
probably
B.C.
effect that they perished
in the flower of their youth.

fell in
They
Si-iym-
the campaign of 400
and army won another great victory by sea and land over the
Athenian
fleet
when Aloibiades captured
Persians at Salamis in Cyprus.
See
154
tup:
ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS
Ch.
29, 14
115 ^Q\vfjL7no^(op(t) TTjv cf)povpap
eKJâXovroiv rpioiv
/cat
/cat
SeVa avKat
8/369
ov TrXetov?.
(f>a(Tl
Se \\dy]pa2oi
'Poj/xatot? ofiopop 14
Trepxjjai,
Ttva TToXefJiovcn TTokepôv (TTpa/riav ov ttoWtjv

vcTTepov vavfjLa^Las
'Poj/xatoii/
Tipo? Kap^Tôoi'tov? yivoixevrj<;

(TTLv
TpLT]pL<; irepTE 'Arrt/cat
irapeyevovTO
ovv Kat tovtol<;

/cat twi/ crvv
120
ivravOa rot? av^pacnv 6 racô?.

avTU) SeSi^Xajrat /xev
-^817 îtot to,
ToXjUtSov 8e
/cat
epya
oV rpoirov eTeXevTT)ttî^
crav
IcTTOi
8e orw cftiXop Keipi4vov^ crcâ? /caret

/cat ot crvt' Kt/xwiî
68ov ravT'qv.
Kat vavcriv
/cat Tt/xd- 15
/cat
KeivTai 8e
to fxeya epyov
/cat
Tret,-?!
av9y]fxepov KpaTTJcravreq
125 6eo<;,
TeOaiTTai he
Kopmu
8^
SevTepoL
/Ltera
MtXTta8T7i^ Kat KLfxcova ovtol Trarrjp

\ap,Trpd.
/cetrat
TTat?
epya aTToheiâp.evoL
Kat
Ztrjvoiv
evTavda 6 Mvacreov Kat XpucrtTTTTO? 6 SoXev9, NtKta? re 6

NtKO)U,7^8oi'
^wa
api(rTo<^ ypdxjjai roiv
i(f>'
avTov, Kat
ApfxoiTnrapvofXLfxa
8to9 Kat
130
"
KpLcrToyeiToiv ol top IleLcn(TTpdTov TralSa
ôv
TO.
OLTTOKTeivavTe^,
pyJTopeq
re
^(f)La\Tr)<;,
6?
ra
Iv
1,
Kpeiut irdycp fjidXtcTTa e\vp,rjvaTO, Kat

112; Diod. 12, 3 sq.; Plut.
sq.;
AuKoOpyo?
Thuc.
for
him
in the
Ceramicus at the public
115.
tlie
Cimon, 18
Corn. Nep. Cimon,

see
27,
1,
5.-
3.
expense; in
6 NiKop.'^Sov
tliis
tomb the
i)hilosopher
'OXvfjLirioSwpco:
:
20,
sq.
was afterwards
:
laid."
127.
i(p'
NiKâs
t*
120. To\p.(Sou
p-ya p70v
:
see
1,
123.
to
the expression here used,

avrov,
is
Persians at the
in
on the great victory over mouth of the Eury-
îâ dpiaroi ypdtf'ai tQiv
comf(J5a
monly understood
est
to
mean " tlie
great-
medon
Diod. 11, 01
Pamphylia, see Thuc. 1, 100; Phxtarch, Cimon, 12 sq.

;
figure-painter
either
of
his time,"
meaning
ures.
ler,
human
or animal
fig-
As
monument
of this victory, the
See Brunn, Gesch.

II,
d. gr. Kiinst-
Athenians dedicated a bronze palmtree at Delphi (10, 15, 4).
194-200.
Pliny
list
(N. H. 35,
assigned this victory varies

torians from 469 to 405 n.c.
The date among his7,
130-133) gives a
of his subjects,
most of which are mythological, and

says also that he painted dogs very successfully.
126. Zirjvwv: Diog. Laert.

20, gives a decree of the
11
and
131.
AvKovp-yos
the parof
Athenians "in
ticulars as to the public
services
which the thanks of the state are rendered to Zeno in his lifetime for his services in the cause of virtue, and it
is
Lycurgus are probably derived from the decree of the Athenians in his honor, proposed by Stratocles in the
archonsliip
of
provided that a tomb shall be built
Anaxicrates
(307-306
ACADEMY
Ch.
30, 1
155
AvKocfypovo^.
AvKOvpyo) 8e
iiropicrOri fxev
roXavra
rj
e? to hr]fx6- 10
(TLOV TrevTaKoatoi^ trXeiova Kai eâKtcr^tXtot?
ocra WpiK\y]<^
ttJ 6e(o
6 "BavBiiTTTov avpTJyaye, KarecTKevacre he iro/xTreta

135
kol
Nt/ca? ^pvcra<;
/cat TTap64voi<;
Koajxov eKaTov, 9 he iroXefiov
onXa Kai êX-q kol

fievcov, TO,
rerpa/cocria? vavp,a)(ov<jiv elvat TpLy]peL<;
olKohofXTJp,aTa he eirereXeae fxev to BeaTpov eTepcov virapâ-
he eVt T179 avTOV TToXtreta? a (OKohofJcrjaev ev

eiatv oIkol kol to Trpo?
ocra. fxev
ITet-
paieZ
140
pecj<i
tw
Av/cetw /caXov/xeVw
yvpLvaatov.
(Tov,
ovv apyvpov
TreiroLrjfxepa tjv
tol
Ka\ xpvhe oIko-
Ka^^dpy)^ koI ravra icrvXrjcre Tvpavvri(Ta<;e<; 17/^0,9
hofiTJixaTa KOL
ert î/.
30
Upo
B.C.).
he
TTji;
eaohov
Trj<;
e? ÂKahr]ixLav eo"Tt ySw/xo?

phisus.
Êpwro?
For a copy, perhaps condensed,

8r,2.
The exact spot
is
just south of
see Ps.-Plut. Vit. x. Or. pp. 844,
the rocky knoll, identified as Colonus

Ilippius,
After enumerating his

ors to be conferred
many
services,
on which are the graves of

of ancient writers ac1,
the decree concludes with a
list
of hon-
Charles Lenormant and K. O. Miiller.
on the memory of
all
The testimony
4
;
Lycurgus, and a provision that
de-
cords well with tradition (Paus.

Cic.
30,
crees in his honor should be engraved
De
fin. 5,
1, 1
Livy, 31, 24).
on stone
Acropolis.
tablets
and set up on the For extant fragments, see
site
C.I.A.
of
II,
240.
The various buildings
Lycurgus here mentioned have been already noticed by Pausanias (1, 1, 2;

1, 19,
of buildings once upon this have been discovered. The Academy derived its name from one Academus or Ilecademus, whose shrine, as a
No remains
8;
1,
10, G; 1, 21, 1), or referred
to in the notes.
30. AllarH of Eros, of Anteros. and The Torch-Iince of Prometheus Other altars in the Academy Plato's
was in the Academy (see 1, 29, 2 Dem. 24. 114, p. 73(5 Schol. Ar. Nub. 1005, etc.). The first mention of Ilipit in historical times is when
hero,
;
Schol.
parchus, son of Pisistratus, built a wall
tomb Tower of Timon Altar of Poseidon Jlippins and of Athena II ippia Ileroums of Theseus and Pirithous, of Oedipus and Adrastus.
around it at great expense, which he compelled the Athenians to pay (Suidas

S.v. rb 'Iirirdpxov reixlov).
Cimon
first
converted
it
from a dry and dusty
place into a well-watered grove with
1.
4s 'AKa8T](iov
tradition assigns
to a place three
trim avenues and shady walks (Pint.
the
name
of
Academy
Cimon, 13
Laert. 3,
cf.
id.
Snlla. 13
Diog.
quarters of a mile northwest of the
7).
it
Uend the
in
beautiful de-
Dipylum,
in the
broad belt of olive

the banks of the Ce-
scription of
Aristoi)hanes,
it
who
wood bordering
mentions the gymnasium
contains
156

Ch.30, 2
*
e)(a)v eTTLypafJiixa cu? Xay3ju,09

OeiT).
XOrjvaioiv Trpcoro^; Êpwrt dua-
Tov 8e eV TrdXet
/3w/xo^'
KaXovjxeuov 'Ai^re/awro? dvct-
Orjixa eiuai
5
Xeyovcn
fxeTocKOJi', otl Me'Xi^s 'AOr]i>alo<; jjl^tolkop

dTip.dt,(iiv
dvhpa Tifxayopav epaadevTa

Ti/Mayopa? 8e ayaa
/cat '^v^rj^;
d(êivai
Kard
Trjq
Trerpa? avTov iKekevcreu e? to infj-qXoTaTOv avTrj<; dvekOovTa
etx^^ dêtSaj? Kat irdvTa

/cat St)
bp.oiio<;
KekevovTL TjOeXe âpitêadai rco p.eipaKio)
Kat (êpoiv
iavTov
10 9
d(f)rJKe-
MekrjTa
Se, oj?
dirodavovTa etSe Tifiayopav,

77eo"eti'
rocrovTO peravoLa^; ekOelv w?
re aTTO T179 irerpa's
TT]'?
avTrj^ Kat ourwg d<êt9 avTov iTekevT7]cre.

^
Kat to ivTev-
Oev Satpova
CTTT]
AvTepojja tov dXdaropa top Tipayopov KaTeIv 'AKaSi^/xta 8e ecTTt Ilpoprj6e(D<; 2

77/309 ttî^ ttoXi^' )(ovTeq
TOtg peTOLKOLTco, oVTep(p 8e
dvT avTov peTecTTiv

13.
hk
(Nub. 1002 sqq.).

school, which
Here Plato held his became known in consc1,2; Suidas

to
IlpoiiiiOtws P|i6s
Apollodorus,
quence as the Academy (Diog. Laert.

3,7;
4, 1, 1; Cic. l)e fin. 5,
quoted in Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 50, gives a fuller description of this altar. Restates that it was dedicated jointly to
s.v. 'AKa577;uia, etc.).
After his death,

be
0;
the
(I'lut.
the
Academy continued
Diog. Laert.
headquarters of his school

exilio, 10;
De
Prometheus and Hephaestus. The altar was at the entrance to the Academy, and from this altar the torch-race appears to have started.
4, 2,
4, 3,
15. \a|xird8as:
19; 4,8,00).
When
Sulla laid siege

of the
(Tlut.
torch-races were held at eight Athenian

the PanathPrometheus, Hephaestus, Pan, Bendis, Hermes, Thesens, and the festival in honor of the dead. See Frazer's' note. Tiie course in the Ceramicus, probably that here mentioned, was followed in the first three. Pausanias mentions one way of running the race the other way was to have lines of runners posted at intervals, and the first man after lighting
festivals at least,
to Athens, he cut
Academy
Sulla,
80).
to
down the trees make siege engines

"EpwTos
.
.
namely
of
enaea, the
festivals
12;
Appian, Bellum Mithrid.

.
Pwfjios
'AvTc'pwTos:
accordingto Ath.
13, p. OOOi), Chariiius,
who
dedicated the altar of Eros, was a
friend of the tyrant Hippias.
Athenaeus also gives the metrical inscription. Suidas (s.v. MAtjtos) tells the
story of the altar of Anteros, with
some
variations from the account of
Pausanias.
his torch at the altar ran with
it
at full
TOMB OF PLATO
Ch.
30, 4
157
fxrjhe
TovTcp KaCoLTO, 6 TpLTO<; icTTiv 6
KpaTMv
el
tj
Se /cat
ttolctlu
aiTocrêcr 6 .17), ovSeis
icmv
ot(o
KaraXetVerat
vlkt].
ecrrt
Se
20 M.ov(T(xiv re y8w/xo? /cat erepoq 'Epixov /cat eV'Sof
'A^r/m?,
rot'
oe Hpa/cXeof? eiroirjcrav
koX <^vr6v iaTiv e'Xata?, 8eure/30t'
rovro
Xeyojaet'ot' âvrjvai.
fxurjfjLci
'AKaSr]fXLa<; Se ov iroppo) IlXarwt'o?
eariv^
co
nponpoe-
eaijfJiaLuev 6 0o<^ apLtrrov to.

25 cnjixaive Se
e'?
<îko<jo<îav ecreadai
ovrw.
Saj/cpari7? r>J
npoTcpa vvktI
kvkvov
rj
e'<?
llXdrcop
rot* /coX-
cfJieXXev eai-crOai ot ixaOrjTr]<; icriTTrjvaL ol
TTOf eiSei^ ouiipou
ecrrt Se
kvkvo)
rw opviOi
fxov(TiKrj<;
Sofa, ort
Atyvoji' rwt'
'HpiSavov irepav vnep yq^;
rrj^
KcXriK^J? Kvkuop
avopa ixovcnKou yevecrOai

30
ySacrtXe'a (âcrt, TeXeimjcrai^Ta Se
ATToXXwt'o?
yucoixT) ju.eraâXett' Xeyovcrtt'

/xet*
avTov
e'<?
rot-
opviOa.
iyoi Se ySacrtXevcrat
Tretôât Atyvcriv
air'
avhpa ixovaiKov,
/caret
yeueadai Se
/xot
airiarov opviOa
av^po^.
rovro
rirj?
^wpa?
(âtVerat 7Tvpyo<i TiyLtwiô?, 09 p.6vo<; etSe p.rih4va Tpo-
TTOv evSaijjiOpa elvai

35 dv0pu)TTOv^.
speed and passed
yeveaOai
irXr^v tov<;
dkXov^ cjievyovTa
KoXcui'os
'AKaSr;/^/^.
is
SeLKVVTaL Se Kat
it
^w^09
it
KaXovp.evo<;
tj*
on
to tlie second,
21.
was situated
ovcipov:
t^
he to the third,
etc.
cXaias
tiie
27.
this story
3,
;
told
more
sacred olive trees called

tiie
ix.opiaL
grew
to
in
fully
ed.
by Diog. Laert.
5; Biogr. Gr.,
Academy;
their
number was at ffrst

be
twelve,
and they were believed

(1,
Westermann, p. 380 dogmate Platonis. 1,1.

03.
irvp-yos T(|iwvos
p.
:
Apuleius, l)e
offshoots of the original olive tree on
cf.
Riogr. Gr.,
the Acropolis
27, 2; Ar.
;
Schol. Soph. Oed. Col. 701
Nub. 1005 Suidas and

;
cd.
Westorniann,
that
303,
where
it
is
said
Plato established a school
Photius,
Lexicon,
s.v.
fiopiai).
The
near the abode of Timon the mi.santhrope, who, tliough he
penalty for injuring one of the sacred

olives
was embittered
was
;
originally death, later ban-
againstallmen,borethesociety of Plato
with
ishment
the case
was
tried
by the
7, 41
;
much
benignity.
35.
KoXuvos
court of the Areopagus (Lysias,
Vinrios:
Thucydides
(8,
67) locates Co-
Ar. Kesp. Ath. 00).
The penalty was

according to
tlie
lonus about ten furlongs outsi<le of
not enforced
23.
in Aristotle's time.
fJ.vT)(ta:
Athens.
Hence
it
hns been identified

fifty feet liigh,
nXoLTwvos
it
with a rocky knoll about
Pausanias
was not far from
Acad3, 41,
emy
according to Diog. Laert.
about a mile and a quarter nortli-northwest of the Dipyluin. Here Sophocles
158
tTTTTto?,

Cli.31, 1
TToSa
8'
hidiôpa ovv
icrfBakoiv,
evOa
rrjs
'Attik^?
upoiTov iXdelv Xeyovcnv OiStrfj
jxev
koL raOra
'Ojxyjpov voLTJcreL, Xeyovcn
/cat ôjfjLO^
nocretSwi/os
'Ittttlov
kol ^K0rjva<;
'iTTTTta?,
rjpuov 8e UeLpiOov kol Srjaeojs OtStVoSos re kol 'ASpdcrTov.

40
TO Se aXcros rov riocretSwiô? KaL tov vaov iueTrprjcreu Avtlyovo<i
koX aXXore crrpaTia
KaKoxra'?
'
AdrjvaloLS
TTjv yyjf-
31
ArjjxoL
Be
ol
jxiKpol
rrj'?
'Atti/ctJ?,
co9
erv^jêv
KaorTO<;
placed the scene of the Oedipus at

Colonus.
vegetation
Megara
(1, 39, 1-3).
Thus the order
is
He
describes
Col.
its
luxuriant
sqq.);
not strictly topographical (see Introduction, pp.

0, 7).
(Oed.
0()8
he
The system of demes
himself belonged to the township of
or townships in Attica, local divisions
Colonus (Suidas
s.v.
So0ok\^s).
He
with independent municipal govern-
speaks of the spot as sacred ground, the possession of Poseidon, and inhabited
also
ment, was
fully
first
organized or at least
Ath. 21).
is
developed by Cleisthenes in 508
by Prometheus; here
also
was a
B.C. (Aristot. Re.sp.
Thenumit
sanctuary of the Furies (Soph. Oed. Col.

37 sqq.).
31.
Objects of interest in the smaller
ber instituted by
is
him
uncertain;
to
inferred from Ildt.
denies of Attica
The Hyperboreans
Artemis Golaenis and Aniarysia. 1. Af)|ioi leaving Athens and its suburbs to the northwest, Pausanias now
:
one hundred. of one hundred and seventy-four demes (Strabo, 9, p. 396). The names of one
have been At a later time we hear

5, 69,
hundred and
forty-five are authentica-
ted by inscriptions or the testimony of
takes up the description of the rest of

Attica embraced in
the rest of the book
is
ancient writers.
Out
of these
one hun-
cc.
31, 1
(1, 39,
39,
1,
3;
dred and forty-five demes, we

exactness,
know
the
44, 10)
its
location cf twenty-eight with tolerable
devoted to Megara, the city and
and of thirty-seven more

;
territory.
He
first
mentions the chief
approximately
while
tlie sites
of the
points of interest in the small Attic
demes(l,31,l 1,32,1); hethen names the Attic mountains (1, 32, 2); then describes
more demes
(1,
(1, 32,
1, 33, 8);
then Oropus
of Attica
(1, 34);
then the islands

1,
35, 1
30, 2);
then
(1,
the road from Athens to Eleusis

36, 3
remaining eighty are still undetermined (see A. Milchhoefer, Sitzungsb. Preuss. Akad., Berlin (1887), p. 42; Pauly-Wi.ssowa, s.v. Attika). Pausanias mentions about twelve in this and following chapters. Elsewhere he names a few more, namely Sunium (1, 1, 1), Piraeus (1, 1,
2),
1,
38, 5);
next Eleusis
38, 8-9);
itself
I'halerum
1),
(1,
1,
2),
(1, 36,
6-7); then the road from Eleu-
3,
(1,
Aphidna
(1,
(1,
17,
(1,
Ceramicus (1, 5), Colonus
sis to
Boeotia
(1,
finally the
30, 4),
Laciadae
38, 2),
37, 2),
Scambo(2, 30, 9),
road from Eleusis to the borders of
nidae
Anaphlystus

Df:MES OF ATTICA
Ch.
31, 1
159
'AXt/xovcrtot9 jxeu
OLKLadeCsy TctSe
c?
fjLpyJixrjv
irapeiôuTo-
êcrixo(f)6pov AiJixiqTpos /cat K6prj<; icrTLP
Upou, iv ZwaTrjpL 8e
inl
5
da\.a.cr(Tr)<;
kol y8w/xo9 *Adr)va<; kol 'AttoXXwiô? koI *ApTreKeiv fxev ovv ArjTO) tov<s TratSa? iuTavda
oj?
fnho<; Kal ArjTovs-
ov
(f)aaL,
XvaacrOaL 8e top iûKTTrjpa

opopa.
reôfxepyjp, koI tco
^copio) Stct TovTO yepecrdai to
Tl pocnra\TLOt<;
^
Se ecrrt
Kol TOVTOi<; Koprj^ kol AyjprjTpo^; Upop,

Mr]Tpo<; deoip
10
Apayvpaaiot'^ 8e
Upop
Ke(f)a\rjcn Se ol
AioaKovpoL popitôpTai
pakLCTTa, MeyctXov?
Sphettus
(ib.),
yap
acfyas ol TavTrj Oeoix; opopatôvaip.
Decelea
(3, 8, G),
'
and
:
and Sunium.
lage ancient
To
the west of this
vil-
Stiria (10,
8). 2. AXijiowo-iois Halimus was a deme of the tribe Leoii35,
blocks and
vestiges of
walls have been found, and also inscriptions bearing the
tis.
According
to Strabo, 9, 308,
il
lay
between riialerum and Aixone, at a distance of thirty-five stadia from Atliens (Dem. 57, 10, p. 37(3). In accordance with our location of I'halerum, Halimus must be along the coast between St. George (Trispyrgi) and St. Cosmas (see Excursus I). The historian Thucydides belonged to Halimus
(Biogr. Gr., ed.
203).
Prospalta. See Milchhoefer,

(1887), 281-280;
names of men of A.M. XII

'Ava^vpao-iois
Karton von Attika,
Text
iii-vi,
12.^
8.
Anagyruswasademeof thctriboKreclitheis (Harpocr.

crios).
and Suid.
s.v.'Ai'a7i'pdit
Strabo
(7, p.
808) locates
on the
It is
south coast of Attica, between thedemes

of Halae Aexionicae
and Thorae.
Westermann, pp.
:
100,
commonly placed
at Vari, a small vil-
3. 0, p.
Zwo-rfipi
according
to
lage to the east of
Cape Zoster.
See
Strabo,
308, Zoster
was the name
Milchhoefer, A.M.
XIH
:
(1888). 3(iOiii-vi,
of a cape on the south coast of Attica,

to the south of
302
15.
Karten von Attika, Text

0.
Aixone, the deme south
K4>aXf|<ri
Cepiialo
was a
Ar.
s.v.
of
cape
7.
Halimus; and he adds that off the tiiere is an i-sland called Phabra.
the
tribe
;
deme
of the tribe
Acamis
is
(Schol.
Aves, 476;
Ke<pa\rj6ev)
.
Harpocr. and Suid.

Cepliale
npoo-iraXrlois: I'ro.spaltawasademe
located near
of
p.
1071
Acamis (Dem. 43, 64, Harpocr. and Suid. s.v. UpoaEupolis
Keratea, a village in the interior of

Attica eleven or twelve miles north of
irdXTtot).
named one
of his
comedies The Prospaltians, after the

inhabitants
who had
the reputation of
Sunium. Hero sepulchral inscriptions have been found containing the names of natives of Cephale (C.I. A. II,
2151, 2154);
inscription
at Cephale."
al.so
being litigious (Athen.

the site of the
via Kuvara,
7, p. 32Ga). This deme was doubtless on or near
a stone bearinJr the

of
"boundary
Ai>hrodite
modern
is
village of Kaly-
Sec Milchhoefer, A.M.
which
in the interior of
Attica about
midway between Athens
tika,
XII (1887), 28(;-201; Karten von AtText iii-vi, 12, 10.
160

Ch.31, 2
eV Se YlpacnevcTLv ' A7r6W(ov6<?
iom
pa6<;
ivravda
ret?
Tnep-
ôpioiv aTrapâ? leVat Xeyerat, irapahihovai 8e avra? Tirepfiopov<?

fJLu
'Apt/xacTTTOL?, 'AptjUtao'Trot'? 8' 'lorcTT^Sdcrt, TTapa

Kopîtêiv,
Se
15
TO-uT(t)u
%Kv9a<; e? ^LvcoTrrfv
^
ivrevOev Se (f)pecr0at
8ta 'EXXi^t'wi^ e? Hpacrta?, hOrfvaiovi 8e etvat rov? e? A^Xoi^
dyovTas
'
ra? 8e
d7rap)(a<; KeKpv(f)dai fxev eV Kakapurj Trvpcjv,

vvr'
yipaxTKecrdai 8e
ovSeucov.
ecrrt
8e
jjLvrJixa
inl
Upacnals
'^pvai)(dovo^,
oj? iKOfXiiêTO oTrtcrw
/xera t^p* decopiav ck Ar)tt^? reXevr"^?.
Xov, yevofJivr)s ol
20 8e
Toi^
Kara top vXovv

'
Kpavaov
A[X(f)i
âcrikevcravTa
Adrjuaicou
on
p,v
iê/SaXeu
KTvoiv KrjSecrTr]u ovra, eVt irpoTepov eiprfrai fxoi
(fivyoura
8e avrov crvv toIs (TTacnatTaLS e? roi^ Srjjxop top Aa/x-Trrpea

11.
v Se npacrivo-iv
Prasiae was a
the revised Athenian version of the

fifth
deme of the tribe PandionLs(Steph.Byz.

s.v. Xlpcto-tat).
century
b.c.
18.
^tra. ttiv 6-
east coast of
was situated on the Attica, on the spacious

It
pCavcK A^\ov: the "sacred embassy"

referred to
is
the one
which the Athe-
bay now called Porto Raphti, about sixteen miles northeast of Sunium, between the demes of Potamus on the south and Stiria on the north. It was
in ancient times a port of Attica (Schol.
nians sent annually to Delos.
The
ship in which Theseus was believed to
have sailed to Crete conveyed the elivoy to Delos in the ship were also the
;
chorus that was to sing the
hymn
to
Ar. Pac. 242

45).
gives,
Herodotus (4,33) on the authority of the Delians, an entirely different route by which the offerings of the Hyperboreans were for:
'YircpPope'wv
;
Thuc.
8,
95
Livy, 31,
Apollo, and the victims for sacrifice.
Before the sailing of the ship the priest

of Apollo
crowned
till
its
stern
and from
that
moment
the .ship returned no
warded to Delos. He has them conveyed first to the Scythians thence westward from people to people until
;
one might be put to death in Athens. This gave a respite to Socrates. See Plato, Phaedo, 58 a-c, 59 d; Xen. Mem.
4, 8, 2
;
Plut. Thes. 23
:
id. Nicias, 3.
they reached the Adriatic sea
thence
22.
AapnTTpta
this
;
deme belonged
southward
to the people of
Dodona
to
who
transmitted
them over
to
the
gulf of
Malea and across
Euboea
thence from city to city to Carystus,
and finally by the Carystians to Tenos, whence the Tenians took them to Delos. Frazer thinks Herodotus gives us
the original Delian version, Pausanias
it included two Upper Lamptrae and Lower (or Seaside) Lamptrae (Marpocr,.Suid., and Phot. Lex. s.v. Aa/U7rrpers; He.sych. It was on the southern s.v. Xa^Tpd). coast of Attica, between the demes of Thorae and Aegilia (Strabo, 9, p. 398). Upper Lamptrae has been identified
to the tribe Erechtheis

villages,
PHLYA MYRRIIIXUS
Ch31, 5
161
aiToBavelv re avrov koX Ta^rjvai

[/cat] iv rotg
25
(fyacn, /cat
ecm
/cat
e'/xe
ôv
iiTL
ei'
AajxTTTpevaL
Kat
yap
ovto<; utKrjcre
Kpavaov fJLpyjfJia. "lojvo*; 8e tou Hounapa 'A07]vaLOL^ /cat A6r)vai(i)v

*
Tov TToXe/xou Tov TTpo? 'EXcvorti/tov? iTTo\efxdp^7](Te

IIora/Aots
e'crrt
TCt4
(^09
T179
^wpa?.
raura
/ixei'
Si^
ovtoj Xe'ye-
rat, XveT)crt Se etcrt /cat Mupptvovcrtot? rot? pikv 'AttoXXwiôs
Atot-vcroSorou Kat 'Apre/xtSo? SeXaa(f)6pov ^wp-ol Aiofvaov

30 re
'\v6iov
/cat
i/vfxcf)(ov
'Io"/x^7^'t8&^'
Kat T^y?,
17^
MeyaXTyi/
^rnx'r)Tpo<;
êoi' 6voixoiC,ovcn
uaos Se irepos eêt ^cojxovs
'AvT7crt8ajpa9 Kat Atog KxTycrtoi; Kat Tt^p&ii^^? \\dr]i'a<; Kat

Kd/3T79 ITpwroydt'T^? Kat Sep-viov 6vop.at,op.4v(j)V
Oecov
to 8e
eV Mf/D/Dti'oOi'Tt ôavov eVxt KoXati't8o9

35 (Ttf ÂfiapvcTLav " ApTepuv.
\B p.ovel<;
Se rt/xwe'9
7rvv0av6[xei'o<; Se cra<ê9 ovSei^
with the modern Lambrika, a deserted

village
about three and one fourth miles south

It bordered on the deme Athmonia, which was certainly on the site of the modern Marusi, two miles
about four miles northeast of

Iv IIoTanois:
of Cephisia.
Vari.
27.
Fotami was a
s.v.
denie of the tribe Leontis(Ilarpocr.

lIoTa/iis; Suid. s.v. 5/()uaxa/5'e0).
oil
It lay
north of Chalandri.
Girt, col. 2,
1.
(See C.I.A. Ill,

II.
the east coastof Attica between Tho-
ricus
and Prasiae (Strabo,

11. 4, 24).
9,
p.
308
Mvppivowo-Cois
to
13;
:
II, 204(5;
1113.)
this
dome belonged
Byz.
riiny, N.
It
comprised three
the
tribe Pandionis (Steph.
Potami,
C.I.A.
known
864.
as Upper,
Lower, and
II.
Diradiotian (Schol. Ilom.

II,
U, 545
and Phot. Lex. s.v. MvppivoiJs). It was on the site of Merenda, a ruined
village in the interior of Attica, ea.st of
See A.M.
(1885),
105 sqq.).
It is
commonly
identified
Mt. Ilymettus, about one and three

fourths miles .southeast of the large
village of
II,
with some ruins bordering on the bay

of DaskaliOjSouthof Prasiae. Pausanias
fails to
Markopoulo.
(See C.I.A.
mention the deme of Thoricus. 4Xvvai this deme belonged 28. originally to the tribe Cecropis, and was
:
A.M. XII (1887), 277 .S(i.). 34. 'A0|jiovis: Athmonia or Athmonum was a township of the tribe (ê575;
cropis (Ilarpocr. s.v. 'Adfiovfvi; Suid.
s.v. 'A0fj.ovla
;
afterwards transferred to the
new
tribe
Ptolemais
(Steph.
;
Byz.
s.v.
4>\veh;
\i;â).
Steph. Byz.
s.v. "AOfôvov).
it
Suid. s.v. ^Xveia
Ilarpocr. s.v.
At a
later
time,
apparently,
was
In-
Euripides was a native of Phlya (Ilarpocr.

I.e.).
transferred to the
new
tribe Attalis
Phlya
is
identified
on the
(Schol. Ar. Pac. 100;
cf. 1, 5, 5).
authority of inscriptions with the
mod-
scriptions prove that
Athmonia was on
in
ern Chalandri, a thriving village about

five
ornearthesiteof Marusi. avillage
the
miles northeast of Athens, and
Athenian
plain, seven miles northeast
162
THP:
ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS
avTct? eVicrra/aeVou? Tovq i^'qyrjTa'^ evpov, avro? Se avixôKXojLiat TTySe.

TifJLCiXTLv
ecTTiv
'Afxapwdo^ iv Ev/3oia
/cat
yap
ol ravrrj
'AfjLapvcriap, ioprrjv Se koL 'AdrjualoL
Trj<;
'Afxapvaia^;
dyovcTLu ovhev tl ^vôeiov dcfyavecTTepoi'

40
TavTrj p,kv yevdadai
TO ofOjxa eVt tovtco rrapd 'A0p.ouvcrLv -qyovfxai, ttju 8e eV

MvppLvovi>TL KoXaLuiSa
irrai 8' 17817 /xot
TT/ao rr^9
oltto
KoXaCvov KokelaOai.
St^/xoi? <^dvai
Trj<;
17
yeypaoj?
twv iv rot?
ttoXXou?
eicrrt
Kat
dp\7]^ iâcnXevovTO
Ke'/cpoTTO?*
Ke'/cpor//
Se 6 Ko-
Xat^'09 di^8po? ouofxa irpoTepov

45 ot
Mvppt^'ovcrtot XeyovcTLv
eySacrtXevcrev
ecrrt
C05
dpâvTo<;.
8e 'A^jâpi'ai 6
8^/xo9
/cXea.
^
ovTOL decop 'AiroWcoi'a TLjxcJcnu 'Ayvtea Kat 'Hpa-
Kat Âdrjvd^
^(t)ix6<;
iariv 'Tyteta?
riî^
8' 'iTrvrtat'
A0y]vdv ovopidtôvai Kat Alopvctop MeXTrofJiepoi'
/cat
Ktcrcroi^
(âvrj-
rot'
avTov Oeov, tov
KLcrcrou to (f)VTOP
ivTavda irpojTov
50 iât Xeyoi/re?.
and one and one half miles Marusi obviously preserves the surname of Amarysian
of Athens,
the Athenian
army
at the beginning of
south of Cephisia.
Artemis.
1724.
the Peloponnesian
War no
less
than
three thousand infantry (Thuc. 2, 20).

It
See C.I.A.
II,
1722, 1723,
ens
:
was situated sixty stadia from Ath(id. 2, 21), in a fertile and welldealt in charcoal (Ar. Acli.
37. 'A|ia,pwv6os v EvPoi(j
Amaryn-
cultivated district (Luc. Icarom. 18).
thus was a village distant seven stadia
The people
from Eretria (Strabo, 10, p. 448), where an annual festival was held by the
Carystians as well as the Eretrians in
34 and 332, and Schol. Ach. 34); they
honor of the Amarynthian Artemis

(Livy, 35, 38).
Cf. Strabo
I.e.
on the
part of the Eretrians in this festival.
The site of the sanctuary has been identified, with some probability, in the foundations of some buildings to the east of Eretria (see Lolling, A.M. X
(1885), p. 354).
45.
'Axapval
Stip.os
Acharnae be-
longed to the tribe Oeneis (Steph. Byz.

s.v.
'
Axa.pva).
It
the denies of Attica,
was the largest of all and furnished to
were regarded as stout soldiers (Ar. From Thuc. 2, 1, 20, sq.). and Diod. 14, 32, it follows that Acharnae was seven miles northwest of Athens at the foot of Mt. Parnes. It doubtless occupied with its suburbs the territory embraced by the villages of Menidi and Epano-Liossia, one and one half miles from each other, where traces of an ancient township and ruins have been found. On Acharnae see Leake, Athens, II, 35-38; Bursian, Geogr. I, 334; Milchh. Karten von Attika, Text
Ach. 180
ii,
42; and
A.M. XIII
(1888), 337
ff.
; ;
PENTELICrs PARNP:S II YMETTUS

Ch.32,
1
163
/cat
1
32
^^PV
Y\apvr]<i
^^ ' A^0r]vaLOL<; iarl HeureXiKOP evda Xtôro/Atat,

Trap)ôfjii'7]
(f)veL
0TJpav avcou aypiojv Ka\ apKTiov^

/LteXtcrtrat.?
koj,
Tfi'qTTos OS
vop.a^
iTnTTjheLordTaf; ttXtju t^9

4,
32. Mountaitis of Attica with their
Thuc.
images and altars

objects of interest
ria
The marsh.
for
2, 2:};
Marathon and The Macasj>rin(j
90; Athen.
5,
p.
210 a,
etc.
its
On
ron.
is
the west Parnes joins Mt. Cithae-
The modern name

324
;
of the range
2,
Ozca.
See also Thuc.

Aristot.
1.
IltvTcXiKov:
the correct ancient
Ntib.
Hesp.
23; Ar. Ath. 19
name
(Thuc.
I'entelicus
was Brilossns
9, p. 399, etc.),
Strabo, 9, p. 399; Lucian, Bis ace. 8;

id.
Strabo,
Icarom. 11
Stat.
Theb. 12, 020 sq.;
was sometimes called Pentelicus, as by Pausanias aud Vitruvius (2, 8, 9), a name derived from Pentele, an Attic deme (Steph. Byz. s.v. IlevrAr;) on
but
it
Steph. Byz.
Tos
:
s.v.
lldpt/rji.
3.
'Yji^tflat-
Ilymettus
is
the
regular,
topped chain of
hills
which bounds the

It ri.ses
it
plain of Athens on the east.
the southern slope of the mountain,
south of Mt. Pentelicus, from which

is
near which were the quarries (Strabo,

I.e.;
divided by a valley about three miles
Theoph. De
vectig.
1, is
lapid.
1,
G;
cf.
2(5).
De
4;
Livy, 31,
Xen. Mt.
wide, and extends soiithw.ard almost

in a straight line until
it
ends at Cape
of
Pentelicus
tain, at the
the pyramid-like
moun-
Zoster.
The higher portion
the
northeast extremity of the
range (three thousand three hundred
Athenian
ries
olis.
plain, ten miles
from Athens.
The white surface
of the ancient quar-
can be clearly seen from the Acrop-
and seventy feet) north of the glen of Pirnari, which divides the chain into two, was called in ancient times the
Great Ilymettus; the lower part
to the
Its height is three thousand six hundred and thirty-five feet. The monastery of Mendeli borders on the site
south of the glen was called the Lesser or Waterless (Anydrus) Ilymettus
of
the
ancient
deme
2.
Pentele.
The
Parnes
(Theoph. De sign. temp.

Odes,
13 sqq.
1
1,
20).
The
quarries are in the gullies above the
honey of Ilymettus was renowned (Hor.

2, 0,
;
monasteries.
ndpvT]s
id.
Sat. 2, 2, lo; Cic.
was one of the three chief ranges of mountains in Attica, the other two being Ilymettus and Brile.ssus or Pentelicus
De fin. 2, 34,
12
Ovid, Met. 10, 284 .sq.
Strabo, 9, p. 399, etc.). The story goes that when Plato was a babe the bees
of
(Theoph.
De
sign.
temp.
3, 43).
Ilymettus
filled
his
mouth with
;
As the
it
location of the.se
is
two
the
is
known,
follows that Parnes
still loftier
range (four thousand six hundred and

thirty-five feet)
honey (Aelian,Var. Hist. 10, 21 Biogr. Gr., ed. Westermann, pp. 382, 390). Poets spoke of the flowery and fragrant
Ilymettus (Ovid,
which bounds the plain Athens on the north, forming with its offshoota the great mountain barrier between Attica and Boeotia. This is confirmed by ancient authorities.
of
Cf. Plato, Critias, p. 110 u, with Schol.
Theb.
12,
022).
Met. 7, 72; Stat. Ilymettus was also

is
famous for its marble, which
a bluish-
gray streaky marble, far inferior to Pentelic in quality (Strabo, 9. p. 399;

lior.
Odes,
2,
18, 3 sq.
Pliny, N. H.
164
'AXal^Mvcuv.
THE ATTICA OF PAUSAXTAS

Ch.32, 2
'AXa^wcrt yap avuijdeL'i ofiov toi? aXXot5 es

koI /xeXt<Tcrat, ouSe
5 voixa<; LovcTLv eltrli' a<êToi
a(f)a<;
is
(rifx-
ySXov9 KaOeipâvreq exovcriv

Trjs
at Se ipydSôvTai re cu? erv^ôv
^copas KOL
(TVfxcfives
oltt
to epyov avTols icmv, ihia 8e ovte

TTOirjcreis-
Krjpou ovTe /xeXt
avTOv
tovto
p.v
roiovTov
Ylevre- 2
iaTLv, ' AdrjvatoLS 8e

10
to. opt] /cat
Oewv ayakfxaTa eêt
X^crt jxev
Kdrjvas, eV 'TjxrjTTco 8e dyaXfid

8e
/cat
icmv
'TfxrjTTLOV
et<Ti
Atd?,
^cofxol
'Ofi^pCov Ato?
/cat
'ATroXXwi^d?
npooi//tou.
/cat ^cofxos
/cat
eV Yloipi'r]6i UappyjOios Zevq âX/cov? eVrt
%r)p.a\ov Atd?
eicrrt
Se eV r^ UoLpvyjOt
/cat
aXXo?
'Attt;/cat
/ScofMOSy OvovcTL 8e
15 jLttov /caXovt'Teg
eV avTov
/cat
tot jxev "Ojx^piov Tore 8e
Ata.
Ayêafxhs opos icmv ov jxeya
A to 9
ayaXâ
8e
17
'Ayêcr/xtov.
r&iv vrjcroiv is d(f)y]yriaiv TpairecrOai,
eVeêt/xt.
is still,
ri/atj'
rd
is tovs 3
Icrov
hijixovs côvTO- avOis

17, 6; 36, 7, 114).
orjixos
icrri
yVapaOcov
Hymettus
as
mention Mt. Aegaleus, a chain

to the strait of Salamis.
It
of hills,
remarkable for the wonderful purple glow which comes over it as seen from Athof old (Ovid, Ars
3, G87),
Am.
extending southwest from Mt. Parnes
forms the
western boundary of the Athenian

plain, dividing
plain, in
18.
it
ens by evening
the cup of
light.
Socrates drained
from the Thriasian

Eleusis.
hemlock at the hour when the sunset glow was on Hymettus

(Plato,
which
is
8f|p.6s o-ti
MapaOwv
Marathon
Phaedo, 116 1$,

:
c).
was a member
of an ancient confeder-
15. 'A7x<''H'<'S
this
mountain, not
hills
acy called the Tetrapolis, consisting of
elsewhere mentioned in ancient writers, is
Marathon, Oenoe, Probalinthus, and

Tricorythus (Strabo,
Byz.
;
probably the range of

as Tourko-Vouni,
now
8, p. .383;
Steph.
known
extending
s.v.
TerpdiroXis;
Plut.
Theseus,
northward from Athens in the directionofCephisia, which forms the watershed of the Athenian plain. The chain terminates in the conical rocky hill which towers aloft northeast of Athens, nine hundred and ten feet above the sea, and is doubtless the ancient Lycabettus (cf. Plato, Critias, p. 112a
;
Diod. 4, 57), four towns said to 14 have been founded by Deucalion and later merged by Theseus into a single state with the other petty communities
of Attica.
situated between Prasiae
Three of these towns were and Rhamin the
nus on the east coast of Attica,
following order from south to north:

Probalinthus, Marathon, Tricorythus
(Strabo, 9, p. 399).
Antig. Histor. Mirab. 12

s.v. 'n.dpvr)^,
Phot. Lex.
fails to
etc.).
Pausanias
Oenoe was near

MARATHON
Ch.
32,
165
Kapvcrrov
T7J<;
Trjq
TToXecti?
twu
ÂdrjuaCcov dTre^^cof koI
iv
20 EvySoia-
TavTT) Trjq 'Arrt/c^?
eaôv
oi
^dpâpoi
/cat p-d.XV
T eKpaTT^dr^crau Kai Tiua^

Td(f)0<;
w? dvrjyovTO dncokeaau
TOiv veoiv.
crTrjXaL
he iv T(o TreStw ' AOrjvaLCDP iaTiv, inl 8e

tcjv diroOavovTaiv
avrw
Ta ovofxara
Kara
(f)v\d<; eKacrroji^
e)(OvaaL,
Kol irepoî YlXaraievcTL Bolcotcoi'

25
/cat
SovXot?
ip.a)(êcravTO
ixprjjxa 4
yap Koi SoGXot

MtXrtctSov Tov
tote npcoTou.
KifjL(i}vo<;,
Koi duSpo^ iaTiv tSta
(rvix^darjq varepov ot ttj^ reXevrrJ?

8t'
Ilapov T ajxapTOPTL koI

(TTdvTL.
avTo e? Kpicnv 'AOrjvaioL^ /cara/cat tTTTrajp' ^/ae/xertôi^roji^
iuTavOa dud Trdcrav vvKra

somewhat
Kai avopoiv fxaôixevcov ecrnv aicrueauaL 6'eo-^c

the others, but
inland.
KaTaaT'qvai oe e? Se
It is
The
and about three fourths of a mile north

of ihemarsli.
plain of Marathon, in which occurred
now popularly called
the famous contest in 490 u.c. between
Athenians and the Persians,

cent-shaped stretch of
flat
is
a cres-
land curving
round the shore of a spacious bay, and bounded westward by a semicircle of steep mountains rising abruptly from
the plain.
The northeast corner
is
narrow rocky promontory running southward far into the sea, now known as Cape Stomi or Cape Marathon the southern end of the plain is terminated by Mt. Agrieliki, an eastern spur of
;
was excavated by the Greek government in April-June, 1890. At a depth of about nine feet below the present surface of the plain was found an artificial floor about eighty -five feet long and twenty feet broad, upon which rested a layer of ashes, charcoal, and human bones. Also later a trench was
Soros.
It
discovered containing the remains of

the victims sacrificed
to
the
heroic
dead.
The
black-figured vases found
Mt. I'entelicus.
six miles
The length of
the plain
is
with the bones and ashes of the dead belong to the period of the Persian
from northeast to southwest

;
about
miles.
wars; hence there
is
no doubtthat the
its
breadth varies from one
human remains
are those of the one
and one half
to
two and one half
The shore
troops.
is
a shelving, sandy beach,
well suited for the disembarkation of
great
swamp
occupies most
of
22.
tlie
northern end of the plain.

this is to
rdôs:
be recognized
in
hundred and ninety-two Athenians who Xo 117). fell at Marathon (lldt. 0, traces have been found of the mound over the remains of the fallen Plataeans and slaves. 2(5. MiXridSov: Ildt. G, 132-130, and
Corn. Nep. Miltiades,
of Miltiades.
7.<*q.,
mound
conical in shape, of light red-
narrate the
dish mold, about thirty feet high
and
events which led to the
trial
and death
related
two hundred paces
in circumference,
30.
ovk to-nv otw rvv^-
situated in the southern part of the

plain, about iialf a mile
vYKv: cf. Hdt.C), 11 7,
where
it is
from the sea
that in one instance blindness
was the
'
166
30

Ch.32, 5
ivapyrj diav eTriTT^Se? êv ovk ecTTiv otco avviqveyKev, dvrjk6(o 8e ovTL Kol aXXo)? (jvyiâv ovk ecttiv ck
opyrj.
ixd)(y]v
tmv
SaLjjiovoiP
(re/3ovTai Se ol M.apa$a)VLOL tovtov<; re ot
napa
ttjv
diredavov ry/Dwa? ovop.dlôvTe';

TO opojxd
icTTL
/cat
MapaOcova
crvve/Sy]
dcj)'
ov
T(p Sijixcp
Kol 'HpuKXea,
(f)diJievoL
irpwrot? 'EkXijSe w? Xe5
35 v(ov (Tîcriv
'Hpa/cXea deov vofXLcrdrjvaL.

iv
rfj p-d^rj
yovcriv
dvSpa
napelvaL to etSo?
/cat ttjp
cTKev^v
aypoLKOv
ovTo<? to)v /Bap/Sdpcjv ttoXXov? /caraôiêvo'a? dpo-
Tpco /xera to
epyov ^v
avTov
d(f)av't]s
ipopevoi^ Se ^ A0r}vaiOL<; dXXo
pev 6 Oeoq
e?
e^^prjcrev ovSev,
Tipdv Se 'EêrXato^'
e'/ce-
40 Xeucrei^ rjpcoa.
TTenoLr^TaL Se /cat Tpoiraiov Xidov XevKov.

cJ? ndpTojî
tov<;
Se MfjSov^ 'AOrjvoLOL peu ddxjjai Xeyovaiv
octlov
prjv
dvOpcoTTOv veKpov yfj Kpvxjjai, Td(f)ov Se ovSeVa evpelv iSvvdovTE yap ^wpa ovte dXXo (rrjpelop rjv tSeti', e? opvypa
Se (f)povTe<; acfidq
45 0COUL TTiqyrj
w?
TV)(OLev
eaeâXov.
ecrrt
Se iv t(o
Mapa-
KaXovpeurj
co?
e'/c
M a/cap ta,
lîpvvdo<^
/cat rotctSe
e? avTrjv Xeyov-
aiv.
'Hpa/cXi79
(fiiXop
eêvyeu l^vpvcrOea, irapd

Tpa)(2vo<;.
KyvKa
ovTa
/xerot/ctêrat
âaiXevovTa
eVet
Se dTTeX06uTo<; i^ dfOpconcov 'Hpa/cXe'ov?
e'^r^ret
rov? TratSa?
EvpvaOevq,
e'<?
'Aî^Va? Trepirei
(T(f)d<;
6 Tpa^ti'to? dcrOeveidv
elvai,
50 re Xiy(i)v Trju
avTov
/cat
Srjcrea ovk
dovpaTOP
TipoypeZv
d(f)LK6pei'OL Se ot TratSe? t/ceVat irpoiTov TOTe IleXo7ropvr](TLOi<;

TTOLOVCTL
TToXepov
71/309
Adr]paLOV<;,
Sy]a-(jt)<; cr(f)d<i
ovk
e'/cSdi^-
T09
atrovi^Tt
EivpvcrOel.
;
Xeyovat Se
Schol.
tlie
'A^Tîâtot?
yeveaOai
cups
(Find.
result of
meeting a hero
cf.
.
. .
prizes
0,
were
silver
Ar. Av. 1490.
32.
o-PovTai
'Hpa-
Olyiup.
45.
134 sqq., and Schol.).
KXt'a: cf. 1,15, 3. This was one of the two most revered shrines of that hero in Attica the other was at Cynosarges
;
(Harpocr.
IIG, tells
s.v. 'H^d/cXeta).
Hdt.
G, 108,
how, before the
battle, the
Athenians encamped in the precinct of Heracles at Marathon. Here games Avere celebrated in honor of the hero;
MaKapia: the story of Eurysand death in Attica, whither he had marched against the childi-en of Heracles who had found a refuge in the Tetrapolis, is told also by Strabo, 8, p. 377; Diod. 4, 57; and is the theme of Euripides's Ilcraclidae.
theus's defeat
Cf.
Thuc.
1,
9; Isoc. I'aneg. 58 sq.
BRAURON
Ch.33,
1
167
)(pr]crfxov
rdv
iraiZiov aTToOavelv ^prjvai
twv 'HpaKXeovs
(T<f)icrLu
tlpol
55 ideXopTTjv,
eVel aXXcu? ye ovk elvai ulktjv
ij/ravda
MaKapCa
Trrfyrj
A-qcaveipas Kol 'Hpa/cXeov? Ovyarrip aTTocrcââcra

*
kavrrjv ehoiKev
Adr]vaLOL<; re
d(f)' avTrjf;.
KparrjaaL rw
Se eV
TroXe/Lio)
/cat
rrj
to ouojxa
ecrrt
rw Mapa6(opL
top
(f>6uop
Xifxpy] 7
ra TToXXa eXwSTy?GO
e? TavTi7i^ aireipia toju oScov (pevyovre's

/cat crcfiLaL
iairmTovcriv ol fidpâpoi,
top ttoXvp
eVl Toi^TO) orvfJi^rjpai Xeyovcnp'

etcrt
virep Se
ttî^
Xljxpt^p (jyaTPaL
XiSov twp
lttttcop
twp
/cat
ApTa(f)ppov<; /cat (rrjfxeia ip ne7rora/u,o9

e'/c
T/3at9 (TKr)prj<;.
7r/309 avrrj
rr}
pel Se
7179
XCpipr]^. to. fxep
XLfxpr) ô(TKyj[Jia(rLP
vSwp
eVtrr/Setoj' irapeô-
G5 fiepo^, KaTOL Se XT^t-
iKôXrjp Tr)P
e'?
to Tre'Xayo? ctXûpo? ^Sry

rrXyjpri<;.
yiperai
re/DCe)
/cat
lÔvoiP t(op OaXadcrioiP

Ilat'O'? Icttip
oXiyop Se
d7r(w-
Tov TreStov
yaei^
e'9
opo^
/cat
aTnjXaiop 0ea^ d^topSe'
eicroSo?
avro aTeprj, TrapeXOovcn
tlaip oIkol
to.
/cat
XovTpd
70
/cat
KaXovjxepop Hapof; aliroXiop, Trerpai
TroXXa
al^lp eiKacrjxepai.
33
Mapa9(x)P0^ Se
^'eta^' tt)v
aTre'êt
r^
e'/c
yu.ei'
lipavpo)p, ep6a 'Ic^tye-
AyayLefxpopo^
Tav/awz^ (f)vyovaap to ayaXp.a
dyofxeprjp to 'AprejLttSo? diro^yjpaL XeyovcL, KaTaXcTTOvcrap Se

58.
X()t.vi]
:
cf.
1,15,3.
This
swamp
occupies most of the nortliern end of

the plain.
grass,
It is
Ne)nesis witliout winys.

1.
Different Peoples of Ethiopia
Atlas
of
now covered
with reed-
Bpavpcov
Brauron was one
and is separated from the sea by a narrow strip of sandy beach. Between the marsh and the mountain slopes is the modern village of KatoSouli.
the twelve confederate towns of Attica
before Theseus's time (Strabo,0, p.3t)7).
Strabo
(9, p.
390) locates
it
on the east
coast of Attica between the denies of
Herodotus, in his account of

tlie
Prasiae and Stiria to the south, and

Myrrliinus,
I'robalinthus,
it.
the battle, does not mention
marsh,
was represented in the painting of the Painted Porch (1, 15, 3) and is mentioned Schol. Plat. Menex. 358, and
but
it
thon to the north of

the coast
6,
Its position
and Maraon
Aristid. Panath. p. 203.
33. lirauron Image of Artemis lihamnus and Nemesis Khamnusia
is known from Ildt. 4, 145; and there was a river Erasinus at Brauron (Strabo, 8, p. 371). This leads to its identification with Vraona, a villaKe which meets the conditions
138
168
THJ:
ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS
Ch.
33,
TO dyaXfJia ravTr) kol e? ^Kdrjva^ Kai vcnepov e?

5
Apyo?
d(^t-
KecrBai
ôavov
ToJi^
fxep St) /cat
ovtoOl iarlif 'Apre/xtSog apâlov,

Tr)v
/xa- 2
TO Se
e/c
âp/SdpcDP olrtveg Kara yuwfxrjv eôvcri
ifxrjv, iv eTepo) Xoyco Sr^Xwcrco
MapaOcouo'^ oe crraotou?
riî'
Xtcrra i^rJKOPTa diTeêi 'Pa/xjôC?

e? ^^poiTTOv.
10 Trot's eicri,
irapd Bakacro'av lovcriv
KOL at
jae^' ot/ciô'et?
eVt daXdacrr) rot? dvdpo)lepov,
piKpov 8e avro dakdcraiq^ avoi Ne/xecrew? eVrtv
and the name of which appears to be the modern equivalent of Brauron.

5.
8,
the remains of the
two temples. They

on
stand side by side, but not quite parallel
|6avov: see
1,
23, 7
3, IG,
7-11
to each other, the larger being
40, 3, with Frazer's notes.

8.
the nortli side toward the sea.
The
'Pafivovs
Rhamnus was
deme
s.v.
larger temple
is
seventy-one feet long
of
tlie
tribe Aiantis (Steph.
Byz.
'Pa/xvoGs),
situated on the northeast coast
of Attica, nortli of Tricorythus (Strabo,

9, p. 399).
by thirty-three feet broad on the stylobate. It was a peripteral hexastyle Doric temple, with twelve columns on
each of the long
sides.
It
was one
of
tlic
fortresses
The outer
col-
of Attica
into whicli the people col-
umns
are unfluted except for a very
lected their property
Philipof
when in dread of Macedon(Dem. 18,38, p.238).
small distance at the top and near the
bottom, which indicates that the temple
The place was chiefly famous for its temple and image of Nemesis (Strabo,
9,
was never
finished.
consisted of pronaos, cella,
The interior and opisway.
pp. 396, 399;
Pliny, N. H. 30, 17;

s.v.
thodomos, arranged
in the usual
Hesych., Said., and Phot. Lex.

'Vafxvov(jla N^/xecrts,
etc.).
The lower
portions of seven columns
The orator
(Suid.
It is
Antiphon belonged
six
to
Rhamnus
on the south side and one in the pronaos are still standing. The architectural features render
it
s.vv. 'Ai'Tt^cDj'and'Pa/Lij'oOs).
about
probable that
and one half miles north of KatoSouli, which agrees well with the sixty stadia estimated by Pausanias. The site is an isolated rocky height of considerable natural strength, jutting out
the temple
was
built about the middle
of the iifth century n.c.
The discovery
on a and of
of an inscription (C.I. A. Ill, 811)
statue dedicated to Nemesis,
fragments of the sculptures described
and upon which are the ruins of the fortress. Not far away on a terrace at the head of a deep and woody glen are the ruins of two temples, that of Nemesis and a smaller
into the sea,
by Pausanias, prove that

ple
this
was the
sanctuary of Nemesis. The smaller tem-
was a
em plum
in
ant is, conthirty -five
sisting of cella
feet long
and pronaos,
one, iirob.ably of Themis.

o-ws
.
. .
10.
Nsfi*'-
Upov
upon the
terrace
al-
ready mentit)ned, one luindred and fifty feet wide and facing the sea, lie
by twenty-five feet wide. Inscriptions and statues found in the temple prove that it was in use at least from the fifth to the second century is.c. and was in all probability a temple of
RHAMNUS
CU.
Tj
33, 4
169
Beuiv /LiaXtcrra du0pcoTroL<; v^pi(TTai<;
icmu
aTrapatn^ro?.
SoKCt 06 Koi T0t9 OTTOâdiv c? yiapadoiva twv fiapfidpcop

d7ravTrj(raL ixyjuifia eK
tt]';
deov TavTr]<;
KaTa(f)pouijcrai^T<;
yap
15
^jxrjhevy (r(f)LaLP iixTToSwv elvai

ctJ9
ra? 'Adrji'as iXelv^ \idov

iTOvr](Tiv.
Yidpiov
eV
iêipya(Tfxevoi<s
-qyov e? TpoTraiov
TovTov <t>etota<; rov \idov elpydcraTO ayaXfxa

crew?, TTf KecjiaXrj Se iireaTL
Trj<;
p,ev eivai Ne/xe- 3
deov (TTe<âvo<; i\d(f)ov^ e^cov

tyj jxeu
KoX Ni/CT79 dydXfiara ov fxeydXa- rai? Se êpcriv eêt
KXdhov
20 (fadXr)
fjLTjXea^;,
rfj
Se^ta
Se
(jadXrjv,
At^tOTre?
tov<;
8e
eVt r^
ireTTOiTjVTai.
avpfiaXeadaL he to e?
enl
AWiOTra^
ovre avro? etôi' ovre dTreSeôjx-qv TOiv orvvievai ireidoixevoiv,

oX ireTTOLrjcrd at
cr(f)d<;
Trj
(f)LdXr) (fyacrl
8ia TTOTajxov 'n/cea-
vov
25 Ti^?
OLKeZv
*flKeav6v.
VTTO
yap AWiona^ en ^D,Keav(i) yap ov
avrio, Ne^Lteo-et Se elvat Trarepa

Trora/xo),
daXdcrar) Se ea^drrj 4
\^y)pe<^
dvdp(i)TTOiv
7rXo/u,eVi79
vpoaoLKOvaLv
koX
KeXrot,
/cat
vrjaov ^ClKeavo<; eêt Tr)P BpeTTapcou-
AWlottcdv
he T(ov virep Xvrjuiq<^ enl OdXacrcrav ea\aToi tyjv Êpvdpdp Ka-
TOiKOvaiv
(f)dy(i)P
\)(0vo(f)dyoi,j /cat
6 /coXtto? op nepLOLKovcnp 'l^^vo-
opofxdêTaL.
ol he St/catorarot
Meporjp noXip koI nehCop

/cat ttjp rjXiov
30
AiOioniKOP KaXovfxepop oIkovctlp- ovtol

t,dp elcTLP ol heLKPVPTe<;,
rpdne-
ovhe
(tcJ^lctlp
(l-C.)
earip ovre ddXacraa ovre

it
Themis. Some authorities hold that it was the original sanctuary of Nemesis if so, it continued in use after the larger temple was built.
;
was the work

latter
of Agoracritus
of Paros, a pupil of Phidias.

it
was by the
Probably under the superstory of the
vision of Phidias.
The
10. N<|i^<rcs
the image of Nemesis
block of marble
fable.
is
doubtless a popular
was ten
Hesych.
cubits
s.v.
high (Zenob.
for
v.
82
Part of the colossal head of the

is
'Pafivova-â
"S^fxea-is),
was much admired

size (Strabo, 0, p.
30, 17).
its
;
and beauty and
statue
in the British reliefs
Museum, and
at Athens.
fragments of
from the pedestal
300 Pliny, N. H. Ancient writers disagree as to
are in the National
Museum
the sculptorof the image.
According to
the lexicog-
Furtwangler conjectures that the Ceres of the Vatican is a copy of the Nemesis
of
Pausanias, Zenobius
raphers,
(I.e.),
Rhamnus
30.
(Meisterw.
p. 119).
:
image was by Phidias; according to Pliny and Strabo

others, the
and
ttiv r\kU>v
rpdir^Jav
cf. 0,
20, 2.
The Table
of the
Sun was
in the
land
170
7TOTafxo<i

Ch.33, 5
aXXo<? ye
-q
NeiXo?.
elcrl
8e Koi dXXoL irpocroiKOi

Nao"ajaai-
M.avpoi<? AldioTTe<; cL^pc NacrafxcovcDU Trapy]KOPT<;.

pe<;
ydp, ovs 'ArXai^ra? 'HpdSoro?,

At^tra? KaXovcn, Al^vcov
ol 8e jxerpa (fidixevoc yrj<;
35 elSevat
ol
ecrârot
Tr/ao?
ÂrXavrt
ot/coucrt cnreLpovTe^; p,ev ovSev, diro
8e dpLTreXoiv ^wi^re? dypicov.
TTora/AO? Se ov8e rovrot? rot? KlBLO\\fLv ovSe rot? Natra/xoiatV

icTTLv ovSeCq
TO
ydp
irpoq
tm "ArXavTi
vScop, rpLcri irapeôTTOtet iroTapiOV,

\\)dppLO<;.
[xepop a./9â9 pevp.acni', ovoev tmv pevjxdTCJV

40
dXXa
TTcti^
oôtwg avTiKa eêt avWa/Sovcra

ArXat'ro? OoXepov re eVrt
tj
ovtco<;
At^toTre? TTOTaixo) ye ovSeul irpocroLKOvcnv 'flKeavcp.
to 8e
vScjp TO eK Tov
Acat
Trpo? rrj "^VyV

rail'
KpoKoSeiXoL
SiTTTJ^êajp
rjaav ovk eXdcrcrov<;, irpocTLovTCJV Se

9
riî' TTTjyiqv.
dv6pdiiTCxiv KaTehvovTo
45
TTOLelp
TTapiaTaTO he ovk oXte/c
yot? ro vScop tovto dva(âLv6jxevov av^t?
Trj<^
xjjdjxjxov
TOP NetXov Atyvvrrtot?.
6 Se
ÂrXa? {opoq)
v\jj7)Xov
fxev ecTTiv ovtco<; coo'Te
Kai Xeyerat
rat<? Kopvff)aL<; xpavetv
tov
ovpavov, dfiaTov Se vno vSaro? kol SevSpoju d 8ta Travro?

7re(f)VKeret /xei^ St^
Trpo? rov? Naca/jtwiâ'? avTov ytvctjcr/cerat,

i(jp,ev.
50 ro,
Se eg ro vre'Xayo? ovSeua ttm TrapairXevaavTa

e'?
TdSe
/xei'
TocrovTov elpijcrOo)
iTTepd
8'
ex^ owre rovro ro

irrei
ayaXfxa NejoteVew? oure aXXo

ixrfoe
TreTToirfTai TOiv dp-^âicov,
^/xupvatoi?
ro.
dytwrara ôava eêt iTTepd-
ol 8e vcrree'yodi' e'ê-
poi*
eVt(âtVeo"ât
55 Xouo'ti'
ydp
r'i7^'
êoi' fxdXtcTTa eVt roj
eVt TOVTO) NeyLtecret TTTepa cocrnep

oTTOcra eVt tco
EpcjTi ttolovctl.
ecTTiv
vvv oe
TjOTj OLeL[XL
^ddpco tov dydXpiaT6<i

toHdt.3,
of the long-lived Ethiopians,
who dwelt
;
taneonslyfrom the ground." According

1
on the Indian ocean. "It was said to be a meadow in the suburb of their city
every night the rulers set forth great
piles of the boiled flesh of all kinds of
7 sq.,
and
others,
King Camit.
byses sent spies to see and report on

33. Nacrajiuves
:
cf.
Hdt.
4, 184,
172
and
182,
who
says that the inhabitants
quadrupeds, and every day

in the belief that
it
all
who
chose came and partook of the meat,
was produced spon-
were called Atlantes, but does not identify them with the Nasamonians, whomhedescribesseparately.
of Mt. Atlas
OROPUS
Ch.34,
171
'EXeVry Ne-
elpyacTfJLeva, TO(T6i>Se e? to tracê? TrpoSr}\(i)(Ta<;.
[xecnu fxr]Tpa eluaL

iTTicrêlv avrrj
Xiyovcriv 'EX\^7^'e9, Xiqâv Se jxacrTOv
kol Opeâu
iraTepa ok
/cat
ovtol kol Trainee

etiât
GO /caret TavTo. 'EXeVry?
Ata
/cat
ov TvuSdpeoju
pofxi^ôvcn.
Tavra
p.4vr]v
dKr]KO(x)<;
êtSta?
crvv
TreTToiiqKev 'EXepyjp viro A>^'8a9
dyorov?
Trapd ttjv
Ne/iecrti^, ireTroti^/ce
8e Tvvhdpeojv re
/cat
Tratoa? Kat
ecrrt Se
'
dvSpa
ittttw
TrapecTTrjKOTa 'lirnea
/cat
ovopa-
Ayapepi^cov kol Mei/eXao?
Ilvppo? 6 'A^tXXeiw?,
'Ope-
65 7rp(OTo<; ovTo<; 'Eppiovrju ttjv 'EXeVr;?

<TrT79
crr]<;
ywat/ca Xa^cou-
oe Ota ro e? rrjv piqrepa roXprfpa TrapetOr], Trapapetvdre

e's
atrav
fiddpcp
Eppi6vrj<;
/cat
avrw
/cat TKov(rr]<; TratSa.
eî79
oe eVt
eTepo<;
rw
e'?
Êttoô? KaXovpevo^
/xet'
/cat veavia'; Icrriv
rovrovg aXXo
-qKovcra ovSeV,
aSeXôvg Se
eti/at
70 (T(f)d<; Oti/017?, d(^' 7^9
eVrt ro ovopa
ro) Sy]pco. Trjq 'Arrt/c^<? /cat Tat'a1
34
Tiî'
Se
yiî/ rî^
npoiTrlav pera^v
to i^
dp-^rjf;
ypLKrj<;,
JioLcoTiav
ovcrav^
eôvaiv
i<f)'
rjpwv
57. 'EXc'vxi Ne'nco-iv (XTjr^pa
for the
tlieir
control until the fortification of

8, GO),
it.
story that Nemesis,
and not Leda, was
Decelea (Tliuc.
tians recovered
11.
when
the Bocoin
the mother of Helen, see Apollod. 3, 10, 7; Tzetzes, Schol. Lycophr. 88.
70.
S^[io>:
Probably
383
c.
the Oropians voluntarily surren-
OlvoTis, d4)'
lis ia-Ti
to 6vo|xa tS
in Attica
dered their land to the Athenians (Isoc.

14, 20),
there were two
domes
but
in .3GG h.c. the lioeotians
called Oenoe, one near Marathon, which

is
regained possession (Diod. 15, 7G; Xen.

Hell. 7, 4,
1
;
probably here referred to, and one on the Boeotian frontiei", four miles
1, 15, 1,
Ae.sch. 2, 85); but in 338
n.c, after his conquest of Tliebes,

Philip restored Oropus to Athens, There were further changes of control, as in Strabo's time, when it was Boeotian (Strabo, 9. pp. 301
,
southeast of Eleutherae (see
note;
Ildt. 5,
74
Tiuic.
2, 18).
34. Orojms
The Dream
1.
Temple of AinphlarauH
Oracle.
:
403), but after-
TT]v 'flpwTrtav
the district of Oro-
wards
of
it
became and continued AtheTiie plain

tlie
it
pus was long a bone of contention between Attica and Boeotia (Strabo, 9,
p. 390).
fell
nian, as in Pausanias's day.
Oropus extends along

live
shore
f(U-
Originally
it
was Boeotian.
It
about
into the hands of the Athenians probably at the end of the sixth cen-
tury (Ildt.
5, 77),
and continued under
narrows to a point two or three miles from the shore where the Asopus issues from a beautiful defile. The site of the town
miles
;
inland
172
^

Ch.34, 2
XOiqvaZoi, 7ro\eiJ,Tj(raPTe<; fxkv tov TrdvTa
vnep
tj
avTr}<;
^povov,
^)'t]/3a^
KTrjadfjceuoi 8e ov irpoTepov êySatco?

5 iX(x)v
nptu
^Lkimroq
eSojKe <T<îcnv.
rj
fiep
ovv ttoXi? icrriv
im
âXctcrcrrys
{xeya ovhev e? (TV'yypa(j)r)P TTapcôfxivrf

rrj<^ TT6Xeo)<;
'
direêi 8e SwSe/ca
crraStov? /xaXtcrra lepov tov 'Afiffaapdov.

e/c
\4ye-
rat 8e Afxcjuapda) (fyevyovTi

tu9
%r]îov SiaaTrjifai ttju yrjv Koi

ttXtju
avTov
ofjLOV
Kol TO dpjxa vneOeâTO-
ov tovtyj
crvfi-
10
^rjvai
(fiacTLv,
dX\d
<7)>
Icttiv ck %y)ôiv lovacu e? XaX/ctSa

^
Apfxa KaXovfxevov.
6eov 8e
Kix(îdpaov TT/awrot?
/cat oi Trcti^re?
îlpo)7rLOL<;
KaTecTTT] vofjiLêLv, vcTTepop 8e

Tai.
EXXy^ve?
rjyr^v-
KaTokeâi 8e Kal aXXov; e^w ycvojxevov; TOTe dvdpdy
TTOV?, ot
l-'S
êwv Trap'
EXXT^crt TLfxds eôvcrc,
to'l<;
8e
/cat
dvdKeivTai
TToXet?,
'EXeov? eV XeppovTJcra) UpajTeacXdo), Ae/SdSeta Botw
TO)v Tpo(f)(ovL(o
Kai npcoTTioi<i vao<^ re ecrrtv A[i(f)iapaov

Trapeêrat 8e 6 ySw/xo?
/cat
/cat
dyaXfxa XevKov XiOov.

'Hpa/cXeov?
/cat
/xepT7
to êj'
Ato?
'AttoXXwiô? etrrt Ilatwiô?, to Se

/cat
rjpoiCTi /cat r)pd)Oiv
dvelTai yvvatî, Tpvrov 8e 'EoTta?

/cat twi/ iraihoiv 'A/>t(^tXoôf
^
'Ep-
20 pôv /cat
'
Ap(f)Lapdov
e'?
'AX/cyLtatwf
Se 8ta TO
of
^KpufjivXyjv
epyov ovTe iu Apcfaapdov Tivd, ov

wide, consisting of a cella, fronted by
a portico of six columns between two
Oropus is now occupied by Skala Oropou, a hamlet on the shore of a bay

within sight of Eretria, from which
it
antae
of
it,
it
was not
peripteral.
In front
is
separated by a strait forty stadia in
tlie
temple, about thirty feet from
the width. 7. Upov TOV 'AfKfuapdou sanctuary of Amphiaraus is distant

:
are the foundations, twenty-eight
feet
by fourteen
feet, of the large altars
about four miles southeast of Oropus.
here described by Pausanias.

araus, the seer
The distance
Pausanias.
is
greatly understated by
Amphiand hero, took part in
Mavrodhilissi.
The place is now called The ruins of the sane-
the Calydonian boar hunt, the Argo-
nautic voyage, and the expedition of

tlie
tuary were excavated by the Greek

Archaeological Society in 1884-1887.
Seven against Thebes.
The remains
of the temple are in the

pi-ecinct.
It
oPwixos: the great altar was divided into five parts, dedicated to vari17.
western end of the
appears
feet
ous gods and heroes here enumerated,
to have been a Doric temple, about

ninety-five feet long
The
that
existing remains
it
by forty-three
seem to sliow was formed by uniting several
SANCTUARY OF AMPIIIARAUS
Ch.34,5
173
firjv
ovSe
napa rw 'A/x^tXd^w
/cat
TLfxrjv e)(et-
TerdpTr) 8e ecrrt
Tov ^(ofxov fxolpa 'A(f)pooLTris koI HavaKeias, in 8e 'lacrov?

/cat
'Tyeta?
^X$r)va^
/cat
Yiai(x)uia<^
Tre^TTTT)
Se TreiroiiqTaL
Kr](f>L(Ta).
25 pvix<f)aL<;
KOL Haul
TTOTap.oi<; 'AêXojo* /cat
no
he 'A/x^tXd^w
/cat
/cat Trap' 'A^r/p-atot?
ecrnv iv
ttj
TrdXet ôj/xo?
KtXt/cta? eV
MaXXw
Trrjyr)
fxavrelov dxfjevSeaTaTov tCjv in ifiov.

ttXtjo'lov
ian
Se îlpcDnioL^
tov vaov,
iqu
'A/x^tapciov
tJ
/caXovo'tt',
oure Ovovre^ ovhkv e? avrrjv ovr eVt /caâpcriot?

'
30 ^(ipviî )(prjcrOaL vofxiôvTes
voaov 8e
dKecr0eL(Tr)<; di/Spt yitaf-
rev/xaroi? yevofxivov KcaOecrTr^Kev

inLcrrjixou e?
tt^p' Trrjyrjv,
apyvpov
dcfyeluai
tj
^pvaov
Tavrr)
yap dvekdelv tov

roip'
'Aix(f)tdpaou
XeyovaLV
17817 êdi^.
'lo<f)a)v
8e Kp'wcro'to?
i^TjyrjTMf
XPV
(Tp,ov^ iv lâfieTpo) Trapetêro, \\.p,(j)idpaov

35 rot? e? H7773a9 crraXetcrti^ 'Apyetcov.
^prjaai
e7n7
<^dp.evo<i
raOra ra
rd e? rov?
TToXXoug inaycjyov dKpaT(t)<;

^
et^ê-
xcopL<; 8e ttX-^v ocrov<;
i^
ATr6kX(ovo<; jxavrjvaL Xeyovcn to dp)â2ov, fjidpTewv
ov8t9
8ta-
yjpy](jp.o\6yo'^ y]v, -yvwi/at

40.
*
dyadol 8e oveipaTa i^rjyTJcraadaL
/cat
TTTrjaei^
opviOojv Kal onrXdy^va lepeCojv.
80/cw 85 5
AfiffiLdpaov oveipdTOiv 8ta/cpto'et /MaXtcrra TrpocrKei(TdaL

8e, TjViKa
hrj-
X09
ivofxCadr] deo'?, 8t' oveLpdTOJV [xavTLKrjv /cara-
(rTT](rdfxevo<?.
Kal irpoiTov pkv KadijpaaOaL vopiit,ovaiv dcrrt?
rjXdev 'Aix(f)Lapd(i) ^p-qcrop.evo'^

separate altars which stood side by side.
ecrrt
8e
Kaddpcnov
tco
Oeco
Why the worship of the divinities mentioned should have been united at a single altar
jy
at
Deor. concil. 12), while Amphiaraus Oropus charged not less than nine
obols (C.I.G.G.S. 235).

28. irr\y(]: the custom of throwing money, as a thank offering, into springs and rivers is often mentiDiU'd in ancient writers. The younger Pliny (Ep. 8, 8, 2) .speaks of coins at the bottom of the
can only be conjectured.

:
27.
MaXXw
according to Plutarch (De
defectu oraculorum, 45) and I)io Cassins (72, 7), the oracles of
Amphilochus
dreams. The
at Mallus, like those of his father at
Oropus, were imparted
in
charge for one of these infallible com-
Romans .threw Clitumnian spring. money annually into the Lacus Curtins in fulfillment of a
munications of Amphilochus was only
vow made
for the
two obols (Lucian, Alexander,
P.);
id.
health of Augustus (Suet. Augustus,
174
dveiVj

Ch.
35, 1
dvovcTL oe kol avTco
Kal Ttacriv octols icrrlu eVl tco
45 ^(Ojxcp TO,
ovofiaTa
TrpoeêLpyaafxevcov 8e tovtcoi^ Kpibv Ov-
(TaPTes Kal to hepfxa viroaTpcjcroifxevoL KaOevSovcrtv dpafxevovT.<i
hrjXojcnv ovelpaTO^.
'
35
NT^trot 8e
AdrjvaioL^; ov noppco
Trj<;
^wpa?
elaiv,
rj
fxkv
dWr]
5
viqcTo.).
YlarpoKkov Ka\ovp,evrj
ra
8e
e's
dvrrjv
17817 [xol SeSijKcjTaL
8e vnep Xovviov ttjp 'Attlkyju iv dpLcxTepa irapa
irXeovcnp
e? ravTiqv dTTo/BrjuoLi
Xeyovaiv EXeurjv jxeTa
rrju
rfj
e's
dko)(TLv TTjv 'iXtov,
Kal 8ia TovTO ouojxd iaTLV 'EXeViy

/cet/x-eViy
. .
.
XaXa/xi? 8e Kara ^KkevaZva
TrapiJKei Kal
T'^v M.eyapLKTJv.
T7J<; ixr}Tpo<i
irpoiTov ok rfj vyjcrco
Oecrdat tovto
dno
SaXafxli'O'; T179
AcrajTrov, /cat vcTTepov AiyLVT]Ta<s

in the shape of
57).
festival,
The Egyptian priests, at a certain threw money into the Nile (Sen-
an irregular crescent,
Its
is
with
its
horns facing westward.

its is
is
eca, Quaest. Nat. 4, 2, 7).
length from north to south
about
The Attic islands: ratrodus, History ofSalamis Objects of interest on the island Vast size of Ajax Geryones and Ilyllus. 1. NiiCT-oi on the island of Patro35.
Helene, Salamis
nine miles;
east to west
greatest breadth from
about ten miles; the

about twelve hundred
sea.
highest point
and
fifty feet
above the
In ancient
times the island produced iioney and

olives (Eur. Troad. 794-799)
The island beyond Snniuin is now called Makronisi, and lies off the southeast coast of Attica. It is bare and rugged, nine hundred and twenty feet above the sea at its highest point, and about eight miles long from south to north. Strabo (9, p. 309) and Pausanias (8, 14, 12) speak of it as desert. The isle of Cranae, according to Homer (II. Y, 445), was the retreat of Paris and Helen. Pauclus, see 1, 1, 1, note.
(Strabo, 9, p. 395).
and cheese The town of Sala-
mis was on the Bay of Ambelaki, facing towards Piraeus. Strabo (9, p. 393)
says there was a
still
older city called
Salamis, facing towards Aegina.

tiie
In
agora of Salamis was a statue of

25;
Solon, erected in the early part of the
fourth century b.c. (Aeschin.
1,
sanias elsewhere
(3,
22, 1)
identified
Cranae with an island off Gytheum. Others, however, identified it with this
island off
Dem.l9, 251, p. 420). Some ruinson the northwest promontory near the monastery of the Panagia Phanaromene have been identified as those of the fort Budorum, captured in 429 u.c. by
the Peloponnesians,
Sunium
(Eur. Helena, 1670
who
were, liowit
sqq.; Strabo, 9, p. 399; Schol.

II.
Hom.
is
ever, compelled to evacuate
the next
r, 445).
6,
day (Thuc.
:
1,
93 sq.; Diod. 12, 49).
ZoXafxCs
the island of Salamis
8.
TTjs 'Ao-wirov:
Diodorus
(4,
72) says
SALAMIS
Ch.
35,
175
Tov^ (Tvv TeXajxcJVL eTTOLKrjcrai

10
îXaiov Se tov VjvpvaaKoVi

vrjarov,
'
Tov AiavTos TTapaSovvai \eyovcnv 'AOrjpaioLS rr^v

yepofievop vn avT(i>u 'Adrjuaiou.
TOVTiov varepou TroXXot? eTecriv
XaXa/xtt'tou? Se
AOtjuolol
yvovre^ ideXoKaKrjcraL
15
dpaaTdTov; inoLiqGrap, Kararw ttoXc/aw tw Trpo? Kacrcrai'hpov KoX Trjv ttoXlv yv(x)fxrf to irXeov MaKeSoacv ipSovpatKol Ai(T)(r)TdSov re Kareyvwaav ddvarop, 09 Tore rjprjTo e?
(r(j)d<i
Iv
T7}P
POP XaXafXLPLOL<; aTTOixprjixopevcjeLP irpoSoaiap.

pd<; T
XaXafJuua arpaTrfyo^j Kat e? top irdpra in(oixo(rap XP^' ecrTt 8e dyo-
in epetVta Kat
pao<; AiLapTO<;,
dyaXjxa 8e i^ ijîpov
^
^vXov
20 TLfxal
SiafxepovcTi 8e koI e? rdSe
avTw
re Kat EupvcrctKCt,
rw Atairt napd Adiqpaioi<; Kat yap l^vpvcrdKovs ^Sw/xo?

:
that Salamis, one of the twelve daughters of
Tows
the surrender of Salamis to Ca.sin
Asopus, was carried
off
by
l*o-
sander seems to have happened

it.c.
318
seidon to the island which afterwards bore her name, where she bore to tlie god a son Cychreus, who became king of the island. The island is said to have
(Polyaen.
II,
4,
11; Droysen, Gesch.
d.
ninety years
been once called Sciras and Cychrea

after the heroes Scirus
For the next 230). was probably held by a Macedonian garrison. In 229 i$.t'. Aratus restored it to Athens (Plut. Aratus,
Hell.
1,
it
;
and Cychreus
s.v.
34
Pans.
2, 8,
Droysen,
III, 2, 57).
(Strabo, 0, p. 393;
Steph. Byz.
At
this time the
punishment here
inflicted.
al-
Aeschylus (Pers. 570) speaks of -'the Cychrean shores."

Kvxpeios ndyoi).
0.
luded to
19.
may have been

:
t5 AlavTi
the Athenian ephetlie
Lacedaemonians acted as arbitrators between Athens and Mcgara for the possession of Salamis, Solon is said to have alleged that I'hilaeus and Eury.saces, two sons of Ajax, received the Athenian citizenship and surrendered the island to Athens (Plut. Solon, 10). Pausanias makes Philaeus a son of Eurysaces and grandson of Ajax. But Pherecydes (quoted
4'tXaiov
:
when
the
boi regularly took part in

festival of
annual
Ajax on the
island of Sala-
mis,
when
the features were a proces-
sion, a sacrifice to Ajax, athletic sports,
and a
sowa,
regatta.
(He.sych. s.v. AiavTeia;
C.I. A. II, 407-471.)
See Pauly-WisI,
Real-Encycl.
92(i
.sq(],
s.v.
Aianteia.
20.
:
Evpvo-dKovs
the re'/xfos
EopvcdKeiov,
in
lo-Tiv ^v *A9TJvats
Pwôs of Euin the
rysaces,
named
was
Biogr. Gr., ed. We.stermann, p. 187)
quarter of Melite,
the agora.
the neighborhood
and Herodotus
writers agree,
of Ajax.
(0, 35),
with
whom later
Go-
of the Colonus Agoraeus, beside or in
make Philaeus a son
(Harpocr.
s.
vv. F,vpvadKetov
Cf. J. Tiipffer, Attische
and KoXwv^Tos; Suid.

etc.)
s.v. EvpvaaKrjs,
nealogie, pp. 269 sqq.
12.
dvaard-
176

Ch.
35,
eariv Iv 'A0y]vaL<;.
SeiKPVTai 8e Xl6o<; iu 'âXafilvL ov noppo)
Tov Xt/xeVo9
9 rr^v
eVt tovtov KaOripêvov TeXa/xcu^'a opav \4yovcnv

ol tojv TTaioajv e?
vavv dTronXeouTcou
T(x)u
AvXtoa inl top

4
Koivov
25 pA,va
'EWrjifcou (TTokov.
XeyovcTL o ol rrepi ttjv XaXacr(f)icrLP
oiKovvre^ aTTo6av6vTo<; Atai^ro? to avBo^
iv
rrj
TrpcJTou yfj Tore âvrjvai
XevKOP
ecTTiv,
vnepvOpop, Kpivov
KOL avTO eXacrcrou kol

Tol<;
to. (f)vXXa-
ypdpijxaTa 8e eireaTiu ola

tcou jxeu AloXecov
vaKLvdoL<; kol tovtm,

oiKiqcrdvTOiv
ot Trjs
Xoyov 8e
jwv
varepov
30 TjKovcra,
\Xiov e? ttjv Kpiaiv tt^v Itu rot? onXoLS
vavayLa<; 'OSvcrcret avfi^dcrr)'; eêve^drjvai
Kara top
ixye0o<;
rdcfiov
tov AlavTO^ Ta oirXa Xiyovcri
to oe 69 to
ret tt/ô? 5
avTOv Mvcro? eXeyev dvijp.

e(f)a(TKev
tov yap Td(f)ov
TOV alyiaXov
eVt^Xucrat ttjv ddXacrcrav Kac Tr}v icrooov
e? TO pvrjfxa ov âXevTTyv TTOcrjaaL, /cat fxe tov veKpov to fxeye35 Oo<; TeKfjiaLpecrdai
TySe iKeXeve
to.
irevTaOXov
rot<;
yap
TratSo? elvai
OL
Kara Slctkov ixdXiCTTa
eVt
yovaaiv
ocTTa, KaXovjxe-
vas Se vno tmv laTpcov

ecrâTOL
iJLvXa<;.
iyco Se, ottoctol fxev oIkovctlv
KeXrwf
ovSev
eôvTe<; ojxopov Tjj Sid Kpvfiov ipijixa), ov?

[xev
Ka/Sapet? ovofjidôvcn, tovtcov

40 ot vEKpcov
ovk iOavpâcra to
firJKo^,
TL Staô/D&j? eôvcriv AlyvirTLcov
oirocra 8e
6
a^ta
i(f)aLveTo
eivai fxoi 0ea<;, Sir^yrjcrofiaL.

d(TT(x)v
M^dyvqcn rots
eVl ArjOaio) Tip(oTO(l)dvr]<^ tiov

25. d-iroOavovTOS Al'avTos
:
dveuXeTO iv ÔXvpurta
the story of the discovery of
is
the usual
p,-yOos
legend
fell
is
to the effect that
when Ajax
Ajax's bones
told also
by Philostra^
the
on his sword at Troy the purple hyacinth sprang from his blood inscribed with the letters Al Al, the
syllable of his
first
tus (Ileroica, 2, 3),
name
;
twice repeated
bones were those cubits tall. The grave of Ajax was at Rhoeteuni in the Troad (Apollod. Epit.
Vat., ed. Wagner, p.G7; Quint.
5,
who states that of a man eleven
(Ovid, Met. 10, 210 sqq.; 13, 391 sqq.;
Smyrn.
Pliny, N. H. 21, GO
Schol. Theoc. 10,

II.
653 sqq.), where there was beside the
28; Eustath. on Horn.
B, 557, p. 285).
differs
The legend given by Pausanias

and was not the hyacinth.
tomb a sanctuary, with a statue of the hero, which Mark Antony carried off
and Augustus restored (Strabo,
595).
13, p.
in that the flower sprouted in Salamis,
31.
to
SALAMIS
Ch.
36, 1
177
7701X179
viKtt?
r)ixpa
fXLa
irayKpaTiOv Kai
tovtov
XrjcTTal
Kephavelv
ttov tl
hoKovvTeq icrrjkdou e? tou rdcpou, eVt 8e

OeaaofiepoL tou vKpov ra? ttXcv
45 rot? \rjaTal<; iarjecrau 17817
pa<i
ovK eôvTa Stecrrwa'a?,

wfxojv
dXXa
ol
cru/xfûe?
^v ocrov
vtto
an
rojt'
e?
ra? eXa^tcrra? irXevpa?, Ka\ovp.eva<i 8e

ecTTL
iarpwv voOa^.
8e M(,Xi7crtot9 Trpo rr}? TrdXew?

a7r'
A 01817
ttju
vrj(ro<;,
aneppcoyacn Se
/cai
avTrj<;
vrjalSe^-
'Aarepiov
Ta(f)rji'aL
50
kripav 6vofxdt,ov(yi
yovo'ti^,
eii'at
roi'
AcTTepiov iv avTrj
Xe-
8e
'
AcrrepLOP jxeu "AvaKTO^;, "ApaKTa 8e ri79

6 veKpoq ovSeV rt fxelou TTiqôiv Se/ca.
T179
7rat8a
e)(et 8' ovi^
ro
8' e/xot
Oavfxa Trapa(T^6v, Av8ta9
di^w ttoXi?
iartp ov
Xofftov
7tl(ttlv
fxeydXr} T-qfiepov Ovpai

.
ivravOa TrepippayevTOf;
<;
Sta
55 -êLfjLCJva
ocTOL
i<âv'r)
to CT\rjp.a irapeôpra
w?
ecrriv dpdpcjTrov, inel did p.ey^do<i
ovk ecniv
oTrcj^;
dp ehoêp.
avTLKa Se X6yo<; rjXdep e?
tov<; 7roXXov<;
T-qpvopov tov Xpv-
crdopo<; eipau fxep top PKp6p, elpat 8e Kat top
Bpopop
/cat
ydp
T]Sr)
0p6po<;
dpSpo^
Icttip eVetpyao'/i-eVo?
opovq Xtâj8et npo/cat
60 fioXrj
/cat
êijxappop re TroTafxop ClKeapop eKdXovp
ôcjp
Kpacrt,p iffiaadp rtiâ? epTvêip

Opexfjat
dpovpTa^, Sidrt eêt XdeVet 8e acfucrip ipap- 8

rrjpv6pr]p, ov jxprjfxa
iJiop(fid<;,
aj<j
yo9 /3ov? dptcTTas
top T7]pv6pr)p.
FaSeipot?
etiât
TLOvfxevo<; aTrecfiaLPOP ip
fxep ov,
oepopop 8e irapeôpiepop
OLa(f)6pov<;
ipTavOa
117
65 ot T(op AvSoi)p i^r]yy]Tai
top oPTa iSeiKpyop Xoyop,

117 rrj<i,
fxep
6 PKpo<^ TXXov, 7rat9 8e 'TXX09

Ta/xo9 copofjidcr07]
<f>a(Tap oCaLTap
dno
totjtov 8e 6 tto'OfKfydXrj
*Hpa/cXea 8e 8td
riî^ 7ra/9'
noTe
36
TXXop dno tov noTafxov KaXeicrat top nalda. indpeijXL ydp eg roi' npoKeifxepop X6'Ev XaXaiXLPL 8e
yov
TovTO
/Ltv
ApTepiiho^ icTTip lepop, TovTO he Tponaiop

tcith
War of Athenians Philip, Monuments on (he sacred of Demetrius. Eleusis Antheniocritus Modiro ivny lottnsThcseer Scirus Cephisodonts 0jii(rTOKXf)s kt\.: during the
36. Other antiquities on Snlnmis
Pstjttalia
to
2.
son
Tpi-iraiov
rîs
v(kt|s iiv
festival
178
ecTTTiKep aiTO
THE ATTICA OF FAUSANIAS

Ch.36, 2
Trj<;
PLKr]<;
rjv SejjucTTOKXrjs
6 Neo/cXe'ov?
amo9
iyepero yeviaOai
5
toI<;
'
KWrjaL
/cat
Kv^peco?
ecTTiv lepou.
vavfxa)(ovi>Ta)v Se
iâvcrt
Adr]vaLO)v vr/aos Miy'Sou?
SpaKovra iv rats
'
Xeyerat
(f)aprjvaL-
tovtov 6 Oeo^
^y^prjcrev
A0r]vaLOL<s
Kv^pea
XovixeuT]
etiât roi' yjpcoa.
vrjcros Se Trpo SaXa/xti^d? eVrt Aca- 2
^vrraXeta
es ravT'r]v tojv
âp^dpcuv
ocrov rerpaKo-
(XLovs aTTofirjvaL Xiyovcnv, yjTTCDfiei'ov Se tov

10
acpôv vavTiKov
crvv Te)ûr) fxeu
TTenoLTjixeva.
3
KoX TovTov<i aTToKeadai

Xecav
T(t)u
(f)a(rlp
iinSLa^dvTojv e? Trjp ^vttolrrj pyjcrcp
'FXXtJpoju.
ayaX/xa 8e eV
icTTLV ovSeV,
'louo't Se
crtv
Uauo^
Se W9 eKacTTOv ervê
e'^
ôava
'
eV
'EXevcri^'a
'AOtjpmp
rjv
AdrjpaloL KaXove's
ohop lepdp, 'ApdefjLOKpLTov
TreiTOLr^TaL ixprjjxa.
tovtop
myth
of Ajax at Salamis the epheboi would row to the trophy and offer sacrifice to Zeus of the Trophy. For ancient ac-
conclusion that in the original
counts of
tlie
battle of
;
Salamis see
78sqq.
:
Aesch. Persae, 350 sqq.
Ildt. 8,
Cychreus was himself the serpent. 8. ^vTTdXeta: Psyttalia, now called Leqysokoutali, is a rocky island about a mile long, but low and narrow, at
the southern entrance to the strait of Salamis.
calls
it
Cy4. Kwxptws Diod. 11, 15 sqq. chreus enjoyed divine honors at Athens
There are various forms of the legend connecting Cychreus with the serpent. According to
(Plut.
Cf.
Strabo, 9, p. 395,
who
Thes. 10).
"the eyesore of Piraeus." See Aesch. Persae, 447 sq(i.; Hdt. 8, 70 and
;
and Diod. 4, 72, he slew an enormous serpent which devasApollod.

3, 12, 7,
95 Plut. Aristides, 9, for accounts of the massacre of the Persians on the

island.
Pausanias alone mentions the

of the Persians
tated Salamis;
cited
according to Hesiod,
number
14.
who landed on
by Strabo, 9, p. 303, the serpent was bred by Cychreus, and called the
it
the island.
68ov Updv
after treating the
serpent of Cychreus, but
wa.s expelled
islands, Pausanias returns to
Athens
by Eurylochus because it ravaged the island Demeter, however, received it at Eleusis. A later explanation, found in Steph. Byz. s.v. Kvxpetos wdyos and elsewhere, is that Cychreus was himself surnamed Serpent (Ophis) on account of his cruelty, for which he was Pausania.s' expelled by Eurylochus. story of his appearance as a serpent in
;
and proceeds thence

the Sacred
to Eleu.sis along
is
Way.
This
the road
by which the initiates in the Mysteries went from Athens to Eleusis

(Harpocr.
p. 594).
s.v.
iepa
656s;
Atheii. 13,
miles.
The distance Is about twelve The present highroad from AthIt .starts
ens to Eleusis follows closely the Sacred
Way.
from the Dipylum, run-
the battle, with these tales, point to the
ning in a northwesterly direction, and
THE 8Acrp:d way

Ch.
3C, 4
179
KTJpvKa ik66vTa,
oJ?
15
Meyapevaiu iariv duoaKoraTov epyou,

fxr)
ot
Tov XoLTTOv
TYju
^lopav inepydiôLUTo, KTeivovcnv 'Audefio-
Kpirov
/cat
(Tîcri
ravra SpdaaaL irapap-dvei koi is ToSe

coa"Te
4
jxyjpLixa
eV toIv deolv, ot? ovhe 'ASptauo^ [6] âo'tXeu?
/cat irrav^rjdrjvaL fx6poL<s
ein^pKeaev 'EXXr^Vwi^.
/xera Se tov
20
AvdejxoKpvTov T'qv aTrfXrjv yioXoTTOv re Td<ô<i iarlu dîoidevTos

'
Adr]paL(t)v
kol tovtov aTpaTrjyelv, 6t llXoura^^w
ôrjdovvTes hie^rjcrav e? ^vôiav, koX ôypiov %KLpov eVt
TotwSe Kokovpevov.
d^'17P pdvTL<i rjXBev
'EXevcrti/tot?
e/c
iroXepovcn irpos 'Epe^ê'a
Aoj8wi/t79
ovopa
1.Klpos, 69 Kat rrj?
25
X/ctpaSo? tSpvcraro *A6r)vd<; eVt 'iâXrjp^ to dp'âlov lepov

after passing the deserted monastery
of Daphni, descends rapidly towards
the shore, which,
after entering tlie

skirts tlie rest of
Thriasian plain,
the
it
way
to Eleusi.s.
:
20.
'Av6p.oKp(Tov
Anthemocritus
shortly before
was sent by
the
I'ericle.s,
ontbreak of the
to
]*eloponnesian
to
which I'ausanias does not reach There are some traces of a stream which crossed the Eleusis road about one and one half miles from the Dipylum, the probable site of Scirum. See Milchh. Kart. 1a and Text ii, 15. The place had a bad reputation as the haunt of prostitutes and gamblers
phisus,
till 1,
37, 3.
War,
plain
Megara and Sparta

the
com-
(Steph.
liyz.
;
s.v.
S/ci'pos
Alciphr.
that
Megarians were en-
Epist. 3, 8, 25
Ilarpocr.
ffKipdcpia).
At
croaching on the sacred land.
He died
the festival of Scira, on the twelfth day

of Scirophorion, the priestess of
on the embassy and the Athenians, charging that the Megarians had nmrdered him, declared war against Megara,
Ath-
ena, the priest of Poseidon-Erechtheus,
and voted that Antlicniocrilus

is,
sion
should be buried beside the Thriasian

Gate, that
the Dipylum.
See Plut. according
Pericles, 30;
ros.
Ilarpocr. s.v. 'Avde/xoKpLT Td<j>os

:
and the priest of Helios went in procesfrom Athens to Scirum (Harjiocr. and Suid. s.v. '^Kipov; Schol. Ar. Eccles. 18). 24. tK At>>8(ovT)s that Scirus was from Dodona is stated only here.
MoXoTTOv
Philocliorus, frag. 42, speaks of
liiin cas
to Plutarch, Phocion, 12-14, Phocion,
an Eleusinian seer named after Athene

Sciras.
who was
sent to the relief of Plutarch
The
Megarian.s, on the other
tyrant of Eretria
when
the latter
threatened by Philip in
was 350 n.c, was
hand, contended that the name of the seer was from their notorious hero Sciron
(cf. 1,
:'.!),
superseded by Molottus,
the hands of the enemy.
who
fell
into
0;
l,44,(!and8; Harpocr.
22. SKipov:
s.v. ZKipov). s.v. ^Kipos,
Suidas and Pliotius, Lex.

derived the
Scirum
is
manifestly located beside a
name from
the
torrent at
some point on the Sacred Way between the Dipylum and the ("e-
Salaniinian hero Scirus.

80s
.
. .
25.
Sxipd1,
'A6T)vas
already mentioned,
180

Ch.
Sfi,
TTeaovTa Se avTov Iv
TTOTafxov
êifjioippov,
rfj ôlXXI ^ctTrrovcrti^ 'EXcutrt^'tot TrXyjcrCov
/cai
rw
re ^(Dpioi
to ovoixa dvo tov
rjpcDO^ icTTL /cat
tw
Trora/xw.
TrXyjcriov Se TreTToirjTai Krjcfiicro- 5
S(jL>pov jxvrjixa Stjjxov
TTpocrravTO^; /cat ^tXt777r<u

ret
rw
/^rjixrjTpLOV
SO Ma/ce8d^'a)^'
fiacnXevovTi eg
^xakiCTa ipauTLcodepTO';
avfx/3acrt-
pidôv^ 8e imj'yeTo Kr](f)L(T6S(opos 'A9r)vaiOL^ yeveadai

Xet9
e^j/T7
/xei'
"ArraXo^'
toi^
Mvcrot'
/cat
IlToXeâtoi^ roi' AtyvTrrtoi',
Se avTovopa AtroiXovg
/cat
vqcncoTMu 'PoStou? Kat KprJ/cat
rag.
35
wg Se
/cat
e^ AtyvTrrou
Mvcrtas
/cat
napd twv
peydka
Svtâ-
KprjTMv rd ttoXXo, vcnipitôv at ôijdeLaL, 'PdStot Se p6vai<i
vavalv Ic^vovTe^
(o(f)eXovv,
7rpo<;
OTrXtra? rou? Ma/ceSdi'as ov

e'g
evTavOa KT^t^tcrdSwpos
'iraXtav (Tvv aXXot? 'Adrj
vaio)v TrXevcras iKerevev

juti^
dpvvai 'Fcopaiov^
ot Se
cr(f)L(TL
/cat
(XTpaTTiyov TripiTovcriv, ot rd (^lXlttttov

cu?
/cat Ma/ceSot'coi^
40
e's
rocrovTO KaOeikov
varepov Uepcrea rov îkiTnTov

e'g
ttJu re
dp^-qv dno/SaXeLV Kat avrov al)(pdXcoTou

j/at.
Tr)<;
'iraXtai/ dÔrj-
fJ^tXtTTTTO?
Se
iî'
ovTO^ 6 A-qprjTpLov npcoTO^

Ar}pyJTpLO<i
ttjv
yap
ra
rav-
T17?
OLKLa'S
ecrx^
Ma/ceSdi^wi^
cu?
dp^rju
Trpd-
dnoKTeiva^ 'WeâvSpop rov Kacradi^Spov TratSa,

45
Tepov eêt
Merct
4
/Ltot
rov Xdyov.
Kryc^tcroS&jpov
37
Se
rov
Some
ro
purjpa
TedanTai
pev
1,
and note.
late writers (Pol-
shortly before the battle of Cynosce-
lux, 9, 90, etal.) speak of a sanctuary of
phalae, in which Philip
of
Macedo-
Sciradian Athena at Scirum, but they
nia was defeated by the
Romans under
probably confused Scirum with the
Flamininus.
We
have no information
Phalerum temple. If one had been here, Pausanias would probably have mentioned it; other geographical writers are equally silent (Strabo, 0, p. 393
;
concerning Cephisodorus beyond what
Pausanias
tells
us here.
On
the death
of Alexander, see
1, 10, 1.
37. Other monuments ofdifitingnished
Steph. Pyz. s.v. Sxtpos).

28.
men on
/ctX.
:
the Sacred
Way Acest'mm
across the Ce-
Kt]({>io-o8wpov
)ivT]p.a
cf.
Phytalus
phisus
Polyb. 17, 10,
who
speaks of the em-
bassy of Cephisodorus to
Rome
as tak-
Temple of Cyainites Ilarpalus Temple of Apollo Cephalus

and
his descendants.
Antiquities
ing place in 01. 145, 3 (198-197 n.c.),
THE SACRED WAY

Cli.37, 2
181
kol iv rco vaco
'HXiohiopo's
AXt9
TovTov
'ypa(f)rjv Ihelv eorrt
rw
fxeydXa) T179 'A^Tîâ?-
Tedairrai, 8e Be/xtaroKXrJ? IloXtap^ôv,
TpLTo<? (ZTToyot'o? eyu.to'roK'Xeou?

5
rov s^p^r)
/cat Mry'Sot?
ivav-
Tta pavixa^'r](TavTO<i.
'AKecTTiov
TTapijcro)
tov<; tov<;
roi;
8e KaTojTepo) tov yvov<; ttXtju
aXXov?
'A/cecrrtw
Se
rrj
He^'o-
kXcov^ tov Socô/cXeou?
Aeoi^rof tovtou? re e? roi/ rerap-
rov TTpoyovov Aeovra SaSovôvg -navTa^ vTrrjpê yeveaOaL,

Kal irapa tov ^'lov top
10
avTrj<; irpoiTov p.kv
tov aSeXôi/ So(ô-
Kkea
etoe
OaoovôvvTa, inl oe tovtco tov avhpa êfnaTOKXea,

tovtiq
2
TeXexmjcravTOf; 8e kol tovtov (^)e6(f)paaTov tov TialSa.

fiev TV^Tjv TOLavTrjv crvfJL^rjvaL Xeyovcri
Trpoekdovai Se oXt-
yoi/
AaKtov
Tjxev6<; icTTLv rjpcooq kol Srjjjio^
ov Aa/ctctSa? ovojxvrjfjia,
fxdôv(TLv
15
OLTTO
TovTov, Kol NiKO/cXeov? TupavTLvov icTTL

S6^r]<;
09 eVt jxeyLCTTov
/cat
trvi'
KiBapco^Mv dirdvTOJV rjXOev.

ti7<;
ecrrt
Se
Ze(f)vpov re ^co/xo? Kal AyJixy]Tpo<; lepov /cat
TratSd?-
Se
cr(f)L(TLv
kOiqvd
/cat
nocetSwi/ eôvat
rt/xa?.
eV rovrw
rw
2.
'^(opCo)
(i>vTaX6v (f)acnv oikco Ay][xr]Tpa heâadai, kol ttjv

:
'HXioScdpos
of
tliis
nothing further
is
%<")
tlie
was the
Seconal
most important
first
in
known
man.
it
Pausanias's ex-
Eleusinian mysteries, the

hierophant.
It
be-
pression leaves
uncertain whether
Michaelis
iiig tlie
was
liereditary
(1,
the picture was a portrait of lleliodoriis
in the family of the

13.
Ceryces
38. 3).
or a painting by him.
AaKidSas
tlie
deme Laciadae
(Stepii.
s.v. XaKiabai).
(Parthenon, 41 a), Preller (Ausg. Aufs.

p.
belonged to the tribe Oeneis

Byz. and Thotius, Lex.
120),
and Schubart
(Jb.
f.
Ph.
LXXXVII,
301) took the latter view.

is
Among
22).
its
members were
(Pint.
Miltiades
id.
0.
'AkccttCw: Acestium
list
also
menpre-
and Cimon
Cimon, 4;
:
Alcib.
tioned in a
of noble
women
18.
vTaXov
the spot where
served, C.I. A. II, OoG (AKisTiov Sevo-
Phytalus was believed to have received

the
first
Another inscription (CI. A. II, 1414), found in the precinct of Demeter at Eleusis, mentions a
k\4ov% Axo-pv^ws).
'
fig-tree
from Demeter was

ffvKrj,
called Jliera Syce (lepi
cf.
s.vv.
3,
Photius,
p.
Etymol.
etc.).
Magn., Athen.
statue of Sophocles, brother of Acestiuni, set
up there by
his wife.
Aces-
tium and her brother probably lived about the beginning of the first century
B.C.
Here the processions rested on their return from Eleusis and here Apullonius the sophist was buried
74
i>,
;
(Philostr.
Vit.
Soph.
2,
20, 3).
tlie
The
The
office
of torchbearer (SaSod-
incorrect form Arinr]Tpav in
second
182
ueou dvTL
20
fJiOL

cii.:;:,
.-5
ro{)T(i)v
oovvai
ol to (j>vTov Trj^ crvKrj<;-
jxapTvpei 8e
TO)
Xoyo) TO iiTLypaiJLfxa to
im
tco
^vtolXov
Toiffxo-
iuddh' dpa^ '"jp^^ ^^vTaXo^ ttotc Seâro
crep.vy^v
Ay]fxr]Tpav, 6t irpcoTOu ovrwpa? Kapirov e^y)vev,

r]v
lepdv (rvKrjv BvqTOiv yevo^ lôvoixdtêiSrj
i^ ov
25
Tt/xa? ^vTciXov yevo^ ecrêv dyrjpoi^.
TlpXv Se
r\
Sia^rjvaL tov K.rj(f)iaov (êoScopov fxvrjixd ecTTi

/ca^'
Tpayoiîav VTroKpipafxevov tmv
avTov dpicTTa.
dyd\p.aTa
/cet-
8e eVt TCO TTOTajxco MprjcrLfid^rj^;, to 8e eTepov dvddrjixa
pofxevov ol TTjv Koixr^v
tov TratSo? eVrt rw
Kr](f)Lcr(p
Kade-
(TTdvai Se Ik TTokaiov koI rot? Tracri tovto 'EXXr^crt

30
ttj 'OfxT](f)7]cn
pov
Tt?
av TeKfxaLpoLTO
TTOirjcrei,
o? tov IlTyXea evâcrOai
Tw ^Trepêtw Kepelv dvacroiOevTo^ Ik Tpota? 'AîXXeiw?

Kop^rfv.
Tr)V
Ataâcrt 8e tov Kr](f>Laov ^copo^ iaTiv dpâto? MeiX'tîou
Ato5
eVt TOVTO) Sy}(Tev<^
vno
TOiv
dnoyovcov tmv ^vrctXov

first
line of the epitaph
quoted by Pausa-
0o8c6pou: Theodorus lived in the

half of the fourth century n.c.
nias proves that the inscription

late origin.
was of
He
often played the Antigone of Sopho11
25.
IIplv 8
Siap-rivai
TOV Kti4)io-6v
cles
Aeschines in his youth acted
the sources of the Cepliisus are at the
with him, taking inferior parts (Deni.

His pathetic playing 19, 240, p. 418). brought to tears the cruel tyrant Alexander of Pherae (Aelian, Var. Hist. 14, His voice was renowned for its 40).
naturalness,
south foot of Mt. I'arnes and the west

foot of Mt. Pentelicus.
Thence
it
flows
southwest through the green stretches

of olive groves the length of the Athe-
nian plain.
At
the point where the

it
and
its
adaptation to the
road to Eleusis crosses
probably stood
character he was representing (Arist.

Phet.
3, 2,
the ancient bridge built for the convenience of the pilgrims by Xenocles of
22sqq.
p.
1404
n).
27. Mviiwho
tells
crifidxTis:
see Apoll. 2,
5, 5,
Lindus (Anthol. Pal at.
0, 147).
As
the
procession was filing over this bridge
by Heracles from the centaur Eurytion, whom she was being

of her delivery
occurred the fireofjeersand jibes, often
forced to marry.
33.
altar,
10,
is
mentioned as one of its characteristic features (Ar. Pan. 384 .sc|q.; Strabo,
0, p.
Pw|ji6s
the site of this ancient

II,
400
Ilesych. s.v. yecpvpicrrai).
according to Milchh. Kart.

to
the west of
the Cephisus,

THE SACRED WAY
Cli. 37,
183
/cat
35
KaOapcTLCDU eruê, \r)aTa<; Kai aXXou? aTTOKTeiva^

TO.
SiVti'
7rpo9 ritrêoj? (Tvyyevrj.

ecrrt
Toi(f)o<;
Se
ecm
fieu
avTodi ^)eoSe-
KTOv Tov âarjXiTov,
he MvrjaLOeov
/cat
tovtov Xeyovcrtp
laTpou re dyadou yevecOai

/cat
duadeZvai dyaX/Aara, eV ols

/caret TT^t* oSo^' iâo?
e)(aj
6 *Ia/cô9 TTeTToirfTai.
(o
koS 6jxtjt at Se
40 OL fJiya<; /caXov/xevo?
Kua/xtrou
craê? Se ovSei^
rti'ct
Xeyeiu
etre npcoTOf; KvdfMov<i ecnreipev ovTO<i etre

y)p(t)a,
iirecfyyJiJiLcrap
e'?
OTL
rctiv
Kvdp.oiv dveveyKeZv ovk ecrrt (K^lctlv

6(ttl<;
ATjpLrjt^
Tpa
4"j
Tr)v evpeaiv.
Se ^Si] reXeri^v 'EXeuo'ti^t

otSei' o
etSe^'
ra
KaXovfxeva 'OpcfuKa eVeXeâro
Xeyoi.
ixurjixaTcov Se 5
a p.aki(TTa
e'?
fx4ye6o<i /cat /cdcr/xof

e'?
r^/cet,
ro
/xei'
ai'Spd? eVrt
'PoStov fxeTOLKijcravToq
iTToiiqaeVj
crlv
e'?
'Aîfiâ?, ro Se
e'/c
"ApiraXog Ma/ceSwj/
o? ^ XXeâvhpov dTroSpd<;
ri79 'Acrta? hiefirj vav^
riî'
Kvpc^TrrjVy d(f>LK6ixepo<; Se Trap'
A0r]paiov<;
vir'
av-
T(ov crvvXT](f)0r}, Sta^êtpa"? Se ^pTjixacni'

50
aXXou? re
ert
s.v.
is
/cat
rou?
'We^dvSpov
wliere
(f)iXov<;
direhpa,
nporepov Se
tragedies (Suid.
IlvOoPLK'qv
Sabas. 6
;
2,
now stands the church of St. As to Zeus Meilichius, see 2, 0, 20, 1. He was especially appealed
and purificatory
cere-
QeoS^KTri^).
40.
;
Kvafx^Tov: nothing
known
of the hero
to in expiatory
us here
monies.
When Xenophon
returned
from the expedition of the ten thousand, he offered burnt offerings to Zeus
Meilichios (Anab.
7, 8,
Cyamites beyond what Pausanias tells (cf. Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or. p. 837 c Hesych. Phot. Lex. s.v. KvafilT-qi) The site of this shrine may be that of a
.
small chapel
f)f
St.
George, at the west-
3-5).
The
fes-
ern edge of the olive

IIwOovtKtiv
wood on
the north
honor was annually celebrated outside Athens on the 23d of Anthesterion (FebruaryMarch) (Thuc. 1, 12(); Schol. Ar. Nub. See Preller-Robert, Or. Myth. 408). Miss Harrison, Prolegomena to I, 130 the Study of Greek Religion, pp. 13 ff. 36. 0co8^KTOv: the tomb of Theodectes is also mentioned, Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or. p. 837 c, according to which the altar had fallen into ruins at the time of the writer. He was a rhetorician, a pupil of Isocrates, who afterwards wrote
tival of the Diasia in his
;
side of the road to Eleusis.

50.
:
Athenaeus
(13,
p.
595 a,
b, c) tells at
length of the infatu-
ation of Alexander's treasurer Harpa-
Athenian hetaera Py thonice, and of the two sumptuous tombserected by him to her memory, one at Babylon, the other on tlie Sacred Way to Kleulus for the
sis.
Cf. Diod. 17, 108.
I'lutarch (Pholatter
cion, 22)
mentions the cost of the
tomb
as thirty talents (about 32,500).
Dicaearchus, quoted
A then.
13,
pp.
504 k-595a, describes the exact site of
184

Ch.
37, 6
eyrjfie, yevo<; fxev
ovk otSa oiroOev, kraipovaav Se ev re ÂOrjep(i)To<; rrpo'fjX.Oep
^'at9
a>?
Koi ev Kopipdo)- TavTr]<; eg toctovtou

jxprjixa
Kol
aTToOavovar]^
TTOcrjcraL TrdvTOiv
onocra EXXtjo'lv
icTTLV
55
dpâla
Oea<^ /xaXtcrra a^tov.

(h
"Ecttl 8e lepop iv
Kelrai Ayjfx'iqTpo'? kol TTJq TratSo? dydX- 6

^
fxaTa Koi ^XOrjvd<^ re kol 'AttoXXwiô?

fxopu)
XttoWwvi
8e eTToirjOy]
TO e
dp^rj<;.
KecftaXov yap top Atjlovo^ crvueêXovTa
XeyovcTLP
7y
Âix(f>LTpTJ(ovL Tr]Xe/36a'^ ttjp prjcrov olKrjcrai irpcoTOP,
vvp
dn
iKeivov K.e(f)aXX'r)PLa KaXetrat
jxeTOLKelv ok
avTov
ttJ?
/cat
60
rew? iv ^TJâL<; (fyevyovra i^ ÂOtjvmv Sid tov UpoKpuSof;

yvvaLK0<; (f)6vov.
SeKdrr) 8e vcrrepov yevea
XaX/ctvo?
Aatro<? dvoyovoL KecfidXov TrXevcravTe<; e? AeXcôi;? y]TOvv tov
Beov KaOoSov e? 'AOtjva's

^
6 Se cr(^tcrt /ceXevet
Ovaai irpoiTov
yrj<;
AiToXXoivi ivTavOa Trjq ÂttlktJ^, evOa dv IScoacv inl Trjq

yevofxevoL^ Se avroi?
i(j)dvri
65 TpLijpr) deovcrav.
Kara to ttolklXov Ka~
Xovjxevov 6po<; SpaKcov

/cat
cnrovSrj /caret tov (fxoXeov Icov
ÂttoXXcovl re dvovcriv ev tco ôipico to-utco /cat vcTTepov
70
(T(f)d<;
eXOovTa^ e?
Tr)v ttoXlv daTOV'?
enoLyjaavTO \\9r)va2oL.
/cat
jLtera
Se tovto 'A(^po8tTT79 I'adg eVrt

Bea'i aîov.
it
npo avTov retô?
dpyoiv XlOcov
the tomb, showing

in the pass of
must have stood
this
legendary connection of the Attic

with the island of Ceas old as Aristotle,
Daphni.
The
site
he-
lieio Ceplialus
longed to the deme Ilermus, of the

tribe Acamantis(IIarpocr. Suid.; Steph.
phallenia
is
who
him
spoke of Ceplialus as residing in the

islands called Cephallenian after
(Arist. frag. 507,
Byz.
55.
s.v. "Ep/ixoj).
:
Up6v the site of this sanctuary of Apollo is probably occupied by the picturesque mediaeval monastery of Daphni, which stands at the middle
of the pass over Mt. Aegaleus, on the
ed.Vd. Kose).
Strabo
(10, p. 450) also tells the story of the
joint expedition of
Cephalus and'Am-
south side of the road.

tery
The monaswas probably founded in the thirteenth century by the Burgundian dukes of Athens, and is renowned for
its
and the subsequent settlement of Cephalus in Cephallenia. The legend is probably based merely on the simiphitryo,
larity of the
(!0.
names,
:
A<|)po8(TTis vaos
the remains of
Byzantine mosaics.
57. K^<|>aXov
temple of Aphrodite are to be seen in the pa.ss of Daphni about a mile west
this
THE SACRED WAY

Ch.38, 2
185
1
38
Ot Se
fxcou,
'Petrol KaXovjxepoL pevfia fxopov irapdôvTai irora-
eVet to ye vScop
OdXaacrd iari
(T(f)Lcn
TreiOoiTO Se
av
Tt9 Kat CU9 (XTTO Tov XaX/ctScoji' KvpLTTOv peovcTLv VTTO
Trj<; yrj<;
9 da.\acr(Tav KoikoTepav iixTrLnTOi>Te<i.

5 K6pr)<;
XeyouTai he ol 'Peirot
lepoL /cat ATJfMrjTpof; elpai, /cat rou? i^^v? e^ avroiv
rot? lepevcriv eariv alpelu /xovot<.

TTVpOduofxaL,
77/30?
*
ovtol to dpâlov.,
d\Xov<;
(o^
iyo)
A0r)paiov^
tov^
opoL Trjs yrjq

2
*EXevaLVLOL<; rjcrav, /cat Sta/8acrt rou? 'Petrou? Trpairo? w/cet
Kpd/cwv, ei/â
10 To^*
'
/cat i^vz^ ert ySacrtXeta /caXetrat Kpo/ccuiô?.
rov-
AOiqualoL tov KpoKcopa KeXeov OvyaTpl crvpoLKrjaaL Sat-
crdpa XeyovcTL
Xeyovcn Se ov irdvTe^, dXX'

elcriv
oo"ot
tov Srjfiov
dvevpelv
probable
TOV '^Kajx^covLScov
eyoi
he
KpoKajvo^; fxev
of a stone dike.
of the monastery, on the nortli side of
means
It is
the road.
Many
inscriptions are cut in
that in ancient times the water of the

salt springs
niches in a rugged wall of rock to the

rear of the sacred precinct, containing
was not dammed up, but

to flow directly into the
was allowed
first
dedications to Aphrodite (C.I.G. SOT-
sea in brooks.
Here took place the
GOO; C.I. A. Ill, 3823).
The
precinct
.skirmish of the Peloponnesian war,
was excavated
in 1891 and 1892 by the Greek Archaeological Society. Outside

its
resulting in the defeat of the Athenian
cavalry (Thuc.
9.
2, 19).
:
the precinct at
southeast corner are
the foundations of a large quadrangu-
eight feet,
by thirtycomposed of rude mas.ses of stone, as at Tiryns, doubtless "the wall of unwronght stones" mentioned by
lar building, eighty-two feet
Crocon was the legendary ancestor of the priestly family of the Croconids at Alliens. lie is here
Kp<SKwvos
spoken of as hu.sband of a daughter of Celeus, which is inconsi.stent with the tradition that Crocon wa.s son of Triptolemus,
Pausanias.
jotis
Crocon Euviol The daughters ofCelexis Cerijx Zarex The Cephisus at Eleusis
38.
who was
a son
of
Celeus
I,
The
Bhiti
(Paus.
27'.];
1, 14, 2).
See Bekker's Anec.

KoipwviSai;
Ilarpocr. s.v.
Suid.
s.v. KvpuviSai.
a.
J. Tiipffer,
Attische
Attic
1.
The Rharian plain
boundaries toward Boeotia
Eleulherae
A ntiope and her children.
The hero Eleusis
Genealogie, pp. 101 sqq. 11. tov SVj|xov TOV SKaiiûviSuv Scamboii idae was
:
the principal
deme
of the tribe Leontis

s.v. Zko/u/Sw-
Oi
8c 'PiToi:
the Rhiti at the
(Harpocr. and Stcph. By/,,

viSai).
present time consist of a large pond

of clear salt water fed
Its site
has been
much disputed.
<).
by a number of
Ililzig-Rluemner, following K.
ler,
Miil-
copious salt springs, formed by dam-
Attika, 223, locates
it
in the Eleu-
ming up the water
of these springs by
sinian plain, directly behind the Phiti.
186
Td(f)OV

Ch.38, 3
ov^ oto? re
iyevojjirjv,
to 8e Ev/xoXttov
fxvrJiJLa
Kara Tavra
FtVfJioXTrou
/cat
'EXevcrti^tot? a7r(j)aLuov Kai ÂOtjvolol.

15
tovtov tov
dcfyiKeadai Xeyovcriv
Xtoi/179
e/c
SpaKf)^ nocretS&ii/o? TratSa oVra
rrjv
Se X.lovtjv Bopeov Ovyarepa tov dvefxov

'OjXTJpcp Se
/cat
'Xipet^vtas (ftacrlp etvat.
e?
joteit^
to yevo^;
icmv
ovSev avTOv
eTrecrt roi^
irenoLrjiJLevov,
eTrovofidêL
8e
dyyjvopoL
Iv toZ<;
EujuoXttov.
yevop.ivr}'^ Se 'EXevo'ti'tot? /xa^T^? tt/do? 3
20
KO-qvaiovi diredave pev 'Epe^êu? 'AOiqvaLcou jâcrikevq, dne-
Bave Se 'l/x/xapa8o? Ev/xoXttov.

TOV TToXepov,
k6ov<;
&5?
KaTokvovTai Se eVt rotcroe
'EXev<Tti^tou9 eg to,
aXXa
'
Adrjuaccou Karr]TotP"
6vTa<; Ihia reXelv rrjv reXeTiji'.
rd 8e tepa
ê-
otv Evju-oXtto? /cat at 0vyaTepe<; SpaxjLP at KeXeoO, /caXovcrt

25 8e
/cat
(T(f)ds
Tldp(f)a)<;
re
Kara ravrd
/cat
'O/xrypo? Aioyepeiap
Happeponrjp kol
ii,
rpiTiqv Xaicrdpap
others
it
TeXevrrjaavTO^ ok
to
in
See Milchh. Text
48.
By
was regarded
as a city-deme, located
Homeric hymn where we read
Demeter,
our texts
v.
154,
dfiifwvos
either to the northwest of Athens, per-
haps at the beginning of the Sacred
Ev/xdXwov, but the epithet mentioned by Pausanias occurs in the following line,
Way
(so Frazer, I.e.
Milchh.
Demen;
being there applied to Celeus, irarpos

dyrivopos.
ordnung des Kleisthenes, p. 19 v. Wilamowitz, Hermes, XXII (1887),

120 sq.), or south or southeast of the
In the text used by Pausa-
nias the epithets were perhaps trans-
posed.
all in
Eumolpus
is
not mentioned at
the legend-
Topogr. 308, 3, and Loeper, A.M. XVII, 376 f.). Judeich puts
city (Lolling,
it
the Iliad or the Odyssey.
19. 'EXuo-ivois (idxTis:
directly north of the Acropolis, just

at
ary war between Athens and Eleusis
beyond Cydathenaion
west
foot
the
south-
probably had
usual tradition
its
is
basis in fact.
The
of
Mt. Lycabettus.
14.
Topogr. 160.
0p(;iKi]s
See
. .
that the general of
EvjaoXitov
nocciSuvos iraiSa ovra Kal

:
Xi6vT)s
for a similar tradition,
see
Lye.
c.
Leocr. 98; Apollod.
3, 15,
4;
was Eumolpus (Thuc. Menex. p. 239 b Isoc. 4, 08; 12, 193; Lye. c. Leocr. 98) and that he was slain by Erechtheus (Apolthe Eleusinians
2,
19
Plat.
and Schol. Eur. Phoen. 854. Others say simply that he was a son of Poseidon (Isoc. 4, 68 12, 193 Ilyg. Fab.
; ;
lod. 3, 15, 4; Schol.
Eur. Phoen. 854). Pausanias asserts here and elsewhere

(1, 5,
2;
1,
27, 4) that not
Eumolpus
:
46),
See
J.
Tiipffer,
alogie,
irov
:
pp. 24 sqq.
Attische Gene19.
but his sen Immaradus was slain by

Erechtheus.
of
tov
E{!|i,oX-
25.
to
"OjiT^pos
our text
Pausanias doubtless refers to the
the
hymn
Demeter mentions
ELEUSIS
Cb.
38,
187
EtiftdXTTov
Kijpv^
ve(iyrepo<;
XetVerat TUiv TraCScjv, 6v avrol
Kt] pvKe<; 6vyaTpo<s

eLuaL Xeyov(TLu,
30
KeKpoiro^;
'AyXavpov
ov ttjp
/cat
'Kpfxov iralSa
dXV
ovk Ev/xoXttov.
dff}*
"Kcttl Se 'l7nro66(i}VTO<; rjpôv,

Kttt irX'qcrtov ZaprjKO^;.
(f)vXr}v 6vofxd(,ovcn, 4
tovtov p,a6eiv rrapd
A-rrokXcout. p.ov-
aiKrjv
(f)a(TLVj
iyo) 8e êvov fiep affyLKOfxevov e? rrju yr]v Aa/ce-
haifxoviov T eivai So/cai /cat

OLTTO
ZdpaKa
iu
Tjj
el
AaKcovLKrj ttoXlu
TOVTOV TTpo^ daXdcTcrr) KaXeZaSai

'
Se rt? Zdpiq^ eVt-
35
^(optos AOrjvaLOLS
yjpco^,
ovSev e? avTov eôj Xeyeiv.
pet Se 5
Kr}(f)Lcro<? TTpo<; 'EXevcrti/t
^laLorepov irapeôpievo^ tov Trpore-
pov pevfxaTovTO)
Kat Trap' avrw kuXovctlp ÊpLueou, Xeyovre.'; 70v

rfpirao'e rrjv
UXovTOiva ore
Kopyjv KaTa^rjvjxi ravTrj.
7Tpo<;
rw
KrjfjiLaa) Xrjo'Trju
HoXvmjixova
the sea a
ovofxa, TlpoKpovo'Tiqv
and flows into
tlie
four daughters of Celeus, as follows

KaXXtSiKT; Koi
KXeiffiS^/cr; Atj/xw
ri
ron, near Eleutherae,

little to
t ipdecraa
êv
the east of Eleu.sis.
KaWiffdi]
dirdLffewv (vv.
TU)v irpo-fevearaTt]
For most of the year

stream
it is
bed of the
106 sqq.).
Various expla-
is
almost dry, but occasionally

with a violent torrent, which
its
nations have been given of the utter

inconsistency.
sanias's
filled
would seem that Pautext differed from ours, or

It
is
overflows
plain.
banks and devastates the

54, 28, p. 1279,
Dem.
speaks of
that the text of Pausanias
errone-
the havoc wrought by these destructive floods.
ous, or that Pausanias through inad-
Had rian caused an embank-
vertence said
Homer when he meant

some other
poet.
ment
to be raised for the protection of
possibly Orpheus or
Eleusis (Eusebius, Chron. 2, p. 160,

ed. Schone).
K^pv|: other traditions are to the effect that Ceryx was by Hermes a son of Ilerse (C.T.G. 0280) or Pan27.
37.
'Epivciv: see Plat.
Theaet.
the sick
p.
143 b, wliere Eucl ides escorts
drosus (Pollux,
8,
103; Schol. Horn.
II.
the port of
and wounded Theaetetus from Megara as far as Erineus
A, 334), the other daughters of Cecrops.
See
J.
Topffer, Attische Genealogie,
pp. 80-92.
30. 'IiriroOowvTOs T|p2ov: cf. 1, 5, 2
1,
;
His shrine is mentioned by 39, 3. Hesychius (s.v. 'Iirirodouivreiov) and by Steph. Byz. (s.v. Zdpri^), who here copies
on the road to Athens, a distance of 30. XTjo-n^v IIoabout fourteen mile.s. Ovid Xv-n-^liova 5vo|ia, npoKpovo-rqv (Met. 7, 438) also names the Cephisus as the dwelling-place of Procrustes, but
Plutarch (Thes. 11) and Diodorus
(4,
59) locate the hold of the robber at
Pausanias.
Kt)îo-os irpos 'EXw<rtvi
:
30.
the
his.
Hermes or Heinnis on Mt. CorydalThe famous story of the beds of

is
EleusinianCeplii.su.s rises in Mt. Cithae-
Procrustes
given
by
Apollodorus

Ch.38, 6
40 Se iTrLK\r)(TLV, Sr)crev<; aireKreivev.
'EXeucrti'tot? Se ecrrt
/cat
ii.kv 6
TptTTToXe/xov uao'^y ecrrt 8e TipoTTv\aia^ 'Apre/xtSo?

cretSwiô?
11 o-
riarpo? <^peap re Koko-vjxevov KaXXtôpoz^, ei^â
TTpoiTOv ^^Xevcrivioiv at yv^'atKe9

T']7i^
ôpw
ecxTrjcrav /cat xjcrav
e<?
êdi'.
rd 8e
TreStoi^
to 'Vdpiov cnraprjvai npcoTov Xeyovau

/cat
45 /cat
TrpwTov av^rjcrai /caprrov?,

cr<j)i(Ti
Sta rovro ovXat? ef avTov
)(^prj(r0aC
/cat
TTOieZadai 7re/x/u,ara e? ra? ^vcrta? Kadel3ct)jjio<^
crrrjKep.
iuravOa aXw? Kakovfxevr] TptTrroXejotov Kat

ed.
11.
(Epitoma Vat.,
54 sq.).
Wagner,
pp.
architects.
anti(iuity
The building ranked
in
among
the finest examples
40. 'EXtwo-tviois: Eleusis,
nowknown
of temple architecture.
The
site of the
as Levsina, a town of about twelve thou-
temple of Triptolemus mentioned by

J'ausanias
is
sand inhabitants, is situated neai' the south west corner of the Tliriasian plain, at the east end of a low rocky hill a
mile long, wliich runs parallel to the
seashore at a distance of a few hun-
altogether uncertain.
is,
41. vaos: this

ity,
with great probabil-
conjectured to be the small temple

northeast of the Great
It consists of
whose foundations are preserved about

thirty paces
dred yards.
The
ridge of
tlie hill
was
Propylaea.
a cella witli
colt
town lay on the level ground at its foot. The remains of the sanctuary of Demeter are at the eastern foot of the hill. Here the rock has been leveled to form an artificial terrace, on which the group of buildings which composed the sanctuary was placed. The site has been completely excavated by the Greek
the acropolis of Eleusis; the
two
porticoes, having
umns between antae. Ka\ov|ji.vov KaW^xopov

lichorum,
is
42.
:
two Doric
<f>ptap
the well, Cal-
mentioned
(vv.
in the
Homeric
It
hymn
to
Demeter
270 sqq.).
was discovered in 1892 just south of the Great I'ropylaea. Solemn oaths were sworn by women beside the well (see
Alciphr. 'Pdpiov:
3,
G9).
44.
to 8t ircSiov to
to
Archaeological Society, 1882-1887. In

the Homeric hynni to Demeter (vv. 270
sqq.) the goddess bids the people of
see
Homeric hynm
De-
Eleusis build her a great temple and altar.
450 sqq.) concerning the Rharian plain, which lay waste and leafless while Persephone was under
(vv.
meter
The
old temple
was burned by the

0, 65).
ground, but became abundantly
fertile
Persians in 480 or 479 b.c. (Hdt.
with the return of spring.

situation
is
The new sanctuary was

least
(9,
built or at
The exact not known. The name of
begun under Pericles, and Strabo p. 395) and Vitruvius (7, praef. 10)
Ictinus as the architect.
name
Plu-
tarch (Pericles, 13) mentions Pericles's

part, but ascribes the
from Rharus, father or who had received Demeter hosi)itably on her wanderings in search of Persephone.
the plain
is
grandfather of Triptolemus,
work
to other
Cf. Suidas s.v. 'Paplas.
FXEUTHERAE
Ch.
38, 9
189
7
SeLKvvraL
ra Se eWo? tov retôug tov Upov to re oveipov

ou TeXeaêr<Tti^, ottoctwv 04a<; eipyovcrfjacrLV.
aireiTre ypd(j)eiv, /cat roi?
60 rat,
Si^Xa hrjirov
d(f)'
jxrjSe
irvdeadai ixerelvai
'EXevcrlua
8e rjpoia,
eTvaL Koi
ov
ttjv it6\lv ouofidôvcLV, ol p.kv 'Epfjiov

toI<;
valSa
Aaetpa? 'îKeavov dvyarpos \iyovcn,

flyvyou eluai Trarepa 'EXevcrluL
(T(f)icrt,v
Se eVrt
TreiroLTjixeua
T(ov X6y<ou are ov TrpocxovTOiv

55 crOaL SeScuKacrt
iiroiv
yap dpâioL akXa re nXdaaol

r)p(oo)v.
8
Kat fidXtcTTa e? ra yeprj t(ou
*Ek Se 'EXevcrlpo<; TpaTro[XvoL<; eVt Botwrwp' ecTiv ofxopo^

*
A0r]vaLOL<;
r)
FlXarati?.
irporepov jxep
yap
'EXev0epevcTLi> opoL
^
7rpo<^ TTjp
'Attlktû rjcrav
Trpocr^copr^crdvTOiv Se
A.6rjvaioL<;
TOVTcov,
ovT(o<; yjSrj
Botwria? 6 Kidaipiov iaTLu opoq.

ov TToXejxo) ^Lacrdeures,
'
irpoaettoXl-
60 -^(opiqaau Se 'EXeuê/aet?
dXXd
reta? re intdvixijaapTeq irapd

%r]âi(DV.
ip tovtco
^
AOrjvaLoju
iâos
/cat
Kar' e)(ô? to
/cat
tw
TreStoj
eVrt Atoiûcrov,
to
ôavov ivTevOcv Adrjvaioif;

'EXevêpat?
65 aTTcoTepo}
48.
iKOfXLcrdr]
to dp)(âlop
to Se ip
iTo)
i(f>'
rjjxwp
is
[JLLfxyjcnp
iKcipov TrenoLiqTaL.
/cat Trap'
Se oXiyop cnnjXaLOP icTTip ov p-iya,

tov Tttxo^s TOV Upov
:
avTo
'.)
tA
8 vt6s
gray walls and towers of Eleutherae

are at the entrance of the pass over
Teixosas usual desigiiatesafortificationwall, which, as the excavations have
Mt. Cithaeron.
The
ruins of Elouthetlie
shown, surrounded the sacred precinct. 50. 'EXcvo-iva Si tjpwa another form of the name is P21eusinus (Ilarpocr. and Suid. s.v.'EXeuo-tna). According to one
rae are important as one of
finest
extantspecimens of Greek
fortification,
Both Strabo
sanias (here,
(0,
pp. 411 sq(i.)

0, 1, 1, 6)
and
I'au-
and
represent
legend Eleusis, or Eleusinus, was the
Eleutherae as the frontier town of Attica
king
who
received Demeter
when she
and immediately adjoining Plataca

Eleutherae claimed to he
birthplace
came
ter,
to the city in search of her daugh-
in Boeotia.
but in the
common legend it was CeSee Horn.

vv. OGsqq.; Pans. 1, 30,
lens
who
received Demeter.
HymntoDem.
57.
of Dionysus and to been founded and named by him (Diod. 0, 06, 1; 4, 2, 6). Here
the
have
6; Schol. Ar. Eq. 698.

Spot: from Eleusis the road to
is
tradition placed the graves of Argives

slain in the
war
of the
Seven against
;
Eleutherae, which
at the
same time
Tliebes (Eur. Suppl. 756-750
Plut.
the highroad from Athens to Thebes,
Thes. 20).
see
1,
62.
and
vads
note.
Aiovvwov
goes northwest acro.ss the plain.
The
20, 3
190

Ch.39,
1
vSaTos
OTTt)
Trrjyr) xjjv^^^pov
Xeyerat oe e? jxeu to cnriqXaiov
cJs
'Avri-
TKovcra KaTadoiTO is avro tovs TratSa?, nepl Se
Trj<; tttj-
y^? TOP TTOt/xeVa evpovTa tov<; TratSa? ivTavda (T(f)a<5 Xovcrat TTpMTov diToXvcravTa tcju aTrapydvcov. 'KkevOepwv 8e 'î> fxeu
70 ert
Tov retôv?,
iî^
8e xat oIklmu ipeCina
SyjXrj
Se rovrot? ecrrt
TToXt?
oXCyov virep tov TreSiov vrpo? rw Yîdaipoivi oiKLcrBelcra.

e'|-
39
'Erepa Se 68o?
e'pô/xeVoi?
iiroLrjcre
TT^t*
'EXevcrtiô? 77/309
(fypeap
Meyapa
" KvOiov
ayet
TavT'r]v
680V
ecTiv
KaXovfxevop.
AijjjLrjTpa
Se Ila/x^&j? eVt tovto)
tm
(fypeaTU
KaOrjaOai
ixerd TTjv dpTTayrjv ttJs TratSo? y/oat elKacrjJievrjv

5
ivTevOev Se
avTr)p are
yvvaiKa 'Apyeiau
tov TTaiSos
vtto tcov
OvyaTepoiv tmv KeXeov
KopiicyOrjvai irapd Tr)u [xrjTepa /cat ol Trjv

TTLCTTevcraL
MeTapeLpav
ovtcj
TTjv dvaTpo(f)rji>.
e'crrt
oXlyoi Se dnajTepo) 2 êr' avro Td(f>oL
TOV
66.
(f)peaTO<?
iriiYTJ
:
lepov Merazêtpa9
/cat
twv
a copious spring at the

hill of
western foot of the

is
Eleutherae
usually identified as this spring, in
southward one third of the way from Eleusis formed the boundary between Attica and the territory of Megara
(Strabo, 9, p. 305; Diod. 13, 65
;
which the twin babes Amphion and Zethus were washed by the shepherd who had found them in the neighboring cave. For the legend of Antiope,
see Pans. 2, 6, 1-4
;
Plut.
Them.
1).
:
2.
4>pâp
"AvOiov Ka-
Xovfxcvov
this is
perhaps the spring
now
Well
called Vlika, one
Apollod.
3, 5,
miles west of Eleusis.

is
and one half The Flowery
Die Chrys. Or.

39.
15, p. 261.
doubtless the UapdivLov (ppiap

to
Antiquities on the road
Eleusis to Megara
thius
Sanctuary Metanira of Graves of those slain before Thebes MythAlope and Cercyon Theseus
from
(Horn.
side
Hymn
Dem.
vv. 98 sqq.), be-
Tfie spring
A n-
which the goddess sat, sad at heart, underneath an olive-tree. The stone on which Demeter sat was known as
ayiXatTTos irerpa (Schol. Ar. Eq. 785;
ical history of
1.
Megara.
distance from
Apollod.
1, 5,
Hesych.
s.v.).
Pau-
'Ercpa
8e 686s: the
sanias places the meeting of the god-
Eleusis to
is
Megara by road or railway about fourteen miles. After passing along the low ridge which terminated
in the acropolis of Eleusis, the road
dess outside the city, not at the well
Callichorum in the
ters
8.
city, as
some
wri-
supposed (see 1, 38, 6, note). ip6v Meraveipas on Metanira

:
skirts the shore for the rest of the
way.
see Iloni. llynni to

;
From two pointed summits of Mt. Cithaeron known as Mt. Cerata, or "the
horns," a chain
of
hills
advancing
161 and 206 Noun. 19, 82 Apollod. 1, 5, 1. Ta<J>oi. Twv Is 0^Pas the common soldiers of the Argive army under the Seven
Dem.
ROAD TO MEGARA
Ch.
39,
191
3
.
9 Br^'/Sa? {aTaXepTOjp)
10
Kpeojv yo.p, o? iSwdcTTeve Tore iv
Bi^ySats AaoSa/Lta^'ra
iniTpoTrevcou top 'Ereo/cXeov?, ov natKcrevcrat'To? Se

tt/oos
riî^
T']7t'
prJKe Tols TTpocrrjKovcriv dveXop,POLS âi//af
*ASpd(TTOV
T]cra
kol
p,dr^rj^
Kdiqvaioiv yevop,pr]<;
rrj
BotwTou?, T7crevs ws eKpaTiqcre

'EXevcrtt'ta^'
15
p-d^rj
Kopiaa^
e?
rou? vKpov<; ipravOa edaê.
^rj ft aloe 8e
dvaipecTLv to)v veKpcou Xeyovacv ideXovToi hovvai kol crvvd\\iaL
p,d^r]p ov
(paat.
perd
Se tcjv 'Apyeitov tov^
Td(f)ov<s 3
icTTLP 'AXottt]^ pvrjpâ, iqp

po'i
TeKOvaap 'Unrodoiopra eV
IlocretSoii-
diToOapelp ipravOd (fyaaip vtto tov Trar/aos Kep/cuoro?. elpat
Se 6 KepKvayp Xeyerat Koi rd

20 iraXaCeLP
e's
dXXa dhiKO^
e'?
tovs êpov^ kol
ov ftovXopepoL<?
/cat
6 totto? ovtos iraXaicrTpa /cat
ejLie
e'/caXetro
Ke/a/cuoro?, oXiyop tov

Tovta
TrXrjp r](Tea)<;, r](Tev<; Se
KaTeTrdXaiaep avTOP
TO nXeop
TraXaicrTLKrjp
25 /cat TTctXi^? KaT(TTr)
vcTTepop
yap an
re^piqp evpe 0r]<jev<; vpcorof;
eKetPOV StSacr/caXta
irpore-
pop Se e^pfiiPTo
jLteyeêt
popop
/cat pdipxj
'
irpos ra? TictXa?.
TocraOra Kara ypcoprjp

Tjp
rr^p ip,r}p
A0r]paLOL<;
ypwpipunaTa
(xtto
ep re Xdyot? Kat deoipripacrip, direKpLpe Se

dp^T]<; 6
rwi/ ttoX-
Xq>i/ e'^
Xoyo?
/xot
ra
e'?
(Tvyypa(f)r]p dpyJKOPTa.
against Thebes were buried at Eleutherae (Eur. Suppl. 750-759

29),
;
'A\6irri).
Plut. Thes.
but the generals were buried near

(Plut.
Eleusis
Thes. 29).
Euripides
Hippothoon gave his name an Attic tribe (1, 5, 2 1, 38, 4). Poseidon turned Alope at her death into a spring named for her (Hyg. I.e.),
to
;
(Suppl. 634 sqq.) tells the story of The-
which was at Eleusis (llesych.

'AXiTrrj).
s.v.
sens compelling the Thebans by force

of
24. iroXaio-TiKtiv -yap t^x*^"

:
arms
to give
up the Argive dead

(I.e.)
for
tvpt iio-tvs
according to I'olemo the
burial,
but riutarch
follows the
it
Athenian Phorbas, the trainer of Thesens,
story acceptable to the Thebans, that
invented the art of wrestling;

Ister,
was by persuasion.
'AXomis nvrina see Hyg. Fab. 187 for the story of Alope and Hippothoon. It was the theme of one of
17.
:
but
sens
wliom Pausanias perhaps

Pind.
.
followed, ascribed the invention toTliehini.self (Schol.
Nem.
5, 89).
27.
Too-avra
dvVJKovra: at this
Euripides's
tragedies
(Harpocr.
s.v.
point ends the description of Attica,
192
30
'EA.vcrt^'t

Ch.
39, 4
Se ^817
7r\r](r 16)^(0 po<;
<t7>
KaXovfJievr]
Meya/ai?
ttJs
'
A07}pai,(ou Tjv Kai avrrj to
dpâlou,
Hvka
tov ySacrtXea;?
/caraXtTTOt'Tos UapoCovL.
vo<;
fxapTvpta Se
jxol Td(f)o<; re ITai^Sto-
iv
TTj yrj
/cat
Ntcros Alyel fiev Trpecr^vTOLTO) tov navTo^

AdrjvaLcou apêiv, avro? 8e "iAeydpwv
yevov^
35
7rapa)((i)p'ij(Ta<;
CLXP''
KoX
Trj<i
ôpivdov âcnXeveiu a^twêt?-
Ntcrata re en
Kol vvv êyapeixTiv erriveiov d'n auTov KaXetrat.

vorrepop /BaaiXevouTOf; (XTpaTevovcnv
(TLOL
KoSpov
8e
eV
'Adrjva^ YleXoirovpT]-
Koi
'
o)?
ovoeu OLTrooeL^dfjievoL Xafxirpov eKop.itôvTO oniao),
Meyapa
40 xoiv Toi^
AOiquaicop ik6vTe<? KopLpOiojp kol tcju dXXcop crvp.p.d-
ideXovaiv eScjKau olKrjaai.
Meyapelopojvco'i
ovTO) Trjv ttoXlv (f)aaLP eVt
Kapo? tov
iv
Trj
yfj
TavTT] â(TiXevovTO<^
^y]lxr)Tpo<i avTot?,
tote irputTov Xeyovcnu lepd yeuecrdai
rore dp0pco7rov^ ovopidcrai
Meyapa.
Botturot
ovtoj
45 ixkv
avTOL
TTept
(r(f)wu
Meyapet? Xiyovcri
ITocretSwiô?
7rpo<?
8e
eV
'Oy^T7crT&)
Meyapea
toi^
oiKovvTa dcfuKeadat
(TTpaTLa
JioLCt)T(x)u
(f)aaL
Ntcrw tou
MtVw
TroXep.ov avv-
hiOLcrovTa, ireaovTa 8e avTov ev ttj p-d^r) Ta^y^vai re avTov
and there follows up to the close of the book the description of Megara (ij MeyapiKT] (TvyypacpT^., 2, 19,
gara originally belonged together, but
he presents better evidence than Pausanias.

1, 5,
ij
<Tvyypa(pr]
rj
32.
3;
1,
Td<{>os
IlavSiovos
see
.
Meyapis, 9, 19,
2).
41, G.
.30.
KoSpov
tir'
f),
pa-
31. TTJs 'AGrivaCwv

cf. 1,
42, 2.
^v Kal auTT) kt\.: Pausanias here sides with
o-iXevovTOS
o-TpaT-uov<riv
:
'AOrjvas
IleXoirovvTio-ioi
Hdt.
70,
and Stra-
the Attic tradition, so that the whole

section
tic
is
bo, 9, p. 393, agree with Pausanias's
a polemic against the domes-
account of the concpiest of Megara by

the Dorians.
40.
Megarian tradition. The proof that Megara originally belonged to Attica

isnot given, for the statement that the
Mc-yapâ: the paternity of Meis
gareus
in dispute.
Hyg. Fab. 157
Megarian king Pylas left the land to the Athenian Pandion merely indicates that
says he was a son of Poseidon by Oenope, daughter of Epopens; Apollod.

that he was a son of Hippomanes and came from Onchestns to help Nisus, but was killed by Minos
3, 15, 8,
Megara was
for a time gov-
erned by Attic princes.

392) also
Strabo
(9, p.
mamtains that Attica and Me-
MPXiARA
Ch.
40, 1
193
Kol
Trj rrdXet
Meyapa
ouofxa diro tovtov yevecrdai, irporepou
50 Ntcrct KaXovixevr).
Swoe/carT^ o vcrrepou fxera
Kapa tov ôpcoa(j)LK6p..vov
veo)^
yevea Xeyovcnv ol
Meyapel^ AeXeya
KXiycrwt'os 8e tov
i^
AlyvTTTOv âcnkevcraL kol tov<? du6pw7rov<; Kk-qdrjvai AeXe-
ya? eVt
(T0aL
T179 dp)(rj<;
avrov-
AeXeyo? yfIlai^Stoiô?
IlvXai^,
TOV
IlvXa 8e '^Kipoiva
koI vcTTepop
Trj<;
tovtov crvvoLKrjcraL
roJ
55 â^'Sto^'09
OvyaTpi,
NiVw
e?
dfX(f)Lcr^T]Trf(TLv
iXdelu irepl
dp^rjq [^KipcDPo] Kai
a(f>L(TLV
0.710-
AlaKov
StKacrat, /3ao"tXetav
/xei/
SiSdi/ra Ntcroj /cat rot?

noXefjiov.
y6uoL<;, ^Kipoivi 8e rfyep-oviav eivai

rot' ITocretSaii/o?
Meyapea
'](f)Li'6rj
8e
OvyaTpl Nicrou crvfoiKijaavTa

(f)acrLv dp)(7Jp
8ta8e-
00
âaSai
/Aoi'
ttjv
tov Ntcrou
7rt
tov 8e KprjTiKov ttoXc-
Kal
TTî^
Ntcrou ySatrtXevoi^TO? dXcocnv T179 TrdXew?
ou/c
IdeXovaiv ei8eVat.
8e
eV
40
Êcrrt
r^
TrdXet
lie
Kprjvr]
rjv
criîcriv
^Koh6ix7](Te
1,
Steph. Byz. s.v. M'7o/)o, that a son of Apollo

that he
51.
;
was
identified Plut. I.e.;
them
(see
35,
2,
note;
Plut. Qiiaest. Gr. 10,
Harpocr.
s.v. I.Klpov).
The
was a son
:
of Onchestus.
i^
A(Xc-ya d({>iK6|icvov
cf. 1,
Al^virrow
Pao-iXf vo-ai
speaks of
Hence Ovid "the Lelegian Walls" and

44, 3.
Megarians admitted that he was slain by Theseus, not however when he was robber-hunting, but when he wrested Eleusis from the Megarians (Plut. I.e.;
Pans.
40.
1,
7,
"the Lelegian shores " of Megaiis(Met. 443 8, 0). A colony of Leleges from
;
30, 4).
SjyruKj of Theagcnes
Megara, led by Tylus son of Cleson, was said to have founded Pylus in Messenia(4,30, 1). 54. SKipwva: the Athe-
dian
Ni/))i])lts
Sithni Imayes of Roman Entand of

the
perors, of Artemis Soteira,
Twelve Gods
of Zeus
nians represented Sciron as a murderer
and robber
by Theseus (1, 3, 1 Megarian writers, on the 1, 44, 8). contrary, assert that he was an excellent man, the friend of the good and the foe of the bad (Plut. Thes. 10). He made the highroad from Megara to the Isthmus of Corinth (1, 44, (i). The Athenians distinguished between Sciron the robber and Scirus an early settler of Salamis, but the Megarians
slain
;
Statue of Zens by Theocosm us Contests of Megarians and Athenians over Salamis

Acropolis
1
.
Oli/mpieinn with temple
T'ji
Antiquities on the
Caria.
iroXci Kp'f]vr\
:
"EcTTi if Iv
the
modern town of Megara occupies the site and preserves the name of the ancient city.
It is
on the slopes of a
hill
with a double .summit, about one and
one
lialf
miles from the sea.

is
The
plain
about Megara
six or seven miles long
194
THE ATTICA OF TAUSAXIAS

Ch.
40,
HeayeVi79, ov koX npoTepou tovtcov
iireixvijcrOrji'
dvyarepa av-
Tou crvvoiKicrai KuXwi^t 'AOrjuaCo).
ovto<; 6 HeayeVi^g Tvpavvrj-
cra? (pKohofXTQae T'qv Kprjviqv fjieyeOovs eveKa koI Kocrjxov /cat

5
is TO TT\yj9o<; T(op klovmp 6ea.
ra? 8e î6viha<s
Xe-
yovai Meyapets eluai

\_dvyaTpV\
/cat
jxcu cr(l)Lcnv eTTt^wptas, fxia Se avTiov
crvyyeveaOai Ata, Meyapoj^ re TratSa ovTa Ato?

Sr) tt)? vvix(f)r)<; eKcfyvyelv Tr)v evrt
TavTr}^
Aev/caX.twt'os ttotc
e)(ôp-
10 inofx/BpLap,
TO'?
TTCt)
eK<^vyeiv he Trpo?
ro,
a/cpa ri^s Tepaviaq, ovk
Tov opov<; TO
opofjia TovTo,
dWa ^'^7êc^ât
ttjs
Top.ev(j)V
yepdpoju 77^6? ttjp /Sorju tCjv opviOwv
avTov
yap
ne-
Sta
ov
2
TovTO Tepaviav to 6po<; ovop,acrdy]vai.

TToppco
15
8e KpT]pr]<;
TavTr]^
dp)âl6p ecTTiv
lepov,
eiKoves
8e
e'<^'
-qjxcoi'
edTOLcnv ev avTco /SaatXecou Vfoixaioiv

by as many wide, and is inclosed by Of the hills except toward the sea. two citadels mentioned by Pausanias 1, 42, 1), the eastern and (1, 40, lower hill was doubtless the acropolis called Caria, the higher western hill was
;
koll
ayaXfxa [re]
/cetrat
rian
named Dieuchidas, who began
his
history of
Megara at the point where Hellanicus's work on Deucalion's flood

(See Frag. Hist. Gr., ed. Mul-
left off.
ler,
IV, 388.)
Mt.
Gerania
is
the
the Acropolis of Alcathous.
The an-
range of mountains traversing Megaris from sea 'to sea, and forming a
natural
cient remains are extremely scanty.
boundary
is
between
Central
higli-
Megara was noted

size
in antiquity for the
Greece and Peloponne.sus.

est
The
of
its
private
its
houses and
the
summit
is
four thousand five hun-
massive style of
(Isocr.
. .
.
public buildings
dred feet above the sea-level.

region
passes across the mountain,
are difficult.
all of
de Pace,
. . .
117).
The
which
2.
:
ea-yt'vris
very wild, with only three
0vYaTpo
5.
KvXwvi
.
see
1, 28,
1.
v8o>p
SiOviScov
vv|x(f>uv
The railway passes over
an aqueduct, half a mile north of

the western
hill,
the third along the sea-cliffs of the
furnishing a copious
southern coast.
14. cIkovcs
:
supply of water,
the
may be
the water of
many of the
inscriptions
Sithnidian nymphs.
(Baedeker,
carved on the pedestals have been

found, with the names of Julius Caesar,
Greece^, p. 153.)
10. irpos to,
aKpa ttjs
Fcpavias
of the
see for similar explanation
Augustus, Tiberius, Nero, Hadrian,

Galli-
name Gerania, Etymol. Magn.

It
Marcus Aurelius, Caracalla, and

gara,
p. 228, s.v. Tepdveia.
probably
origi-
enus; Hadrian, as a benefactor of Me-
nated in the work of a native Mega-
was
especially
popular.
See
MEGARA
Ch.40, 4
105
(jyacrl
âkKow
'Apre/xtSos iTTiKk'qcrLv ^(oreipa^.

ttjp
8e dv^pa<;
Tov MapSovLOv cTTpoTov KaTahpap.6vTa^
Meyapiha dnoypojixrj
Trj<;
^mpelv 9
*
Ory'/8a? onicra)
irapd MapSouLOP ideketu,
he
ApTCfjiLOo^
pvKTa T ohoiTTopovdiv iiTiyepdadaL koX

i'5
oSov
Tret-
20
(T<f)d<;
ajxapropTas
ttjv opeipy^p Tpa-rrecrdaL
t^9 ^wpa?
pcofxepovf; oe et crr/actrev/xa
eyyv?
eirj
TTokifxiop dipupai
tmp
êkoiPy
/cat
Ty)P 7rXr]aiop
nerpap
(XTepeip âXkoppr]p, tou9
8e av0L<i ToêveiP irpo0vp,La irXeopi.

drjvai TOV<; otcrrov? e?
25 rjfxepa re VTreâiVero
Te\o<; 8e avrot? dpaXco- 3

Toêvt^' pop.il,ov(Jip
dphpa^ TToXe^tou?
Kal ot Meyapet?
iTrrjecraPy p.a^6fxepoi
he
OTrXtrat Trpos dpoTrXov? kol ovhe /SeXwp evTropovPTa<; ert
(fyoperj-
ovaip avT(op
eTTOLTJcraPTO
fjiP(t)P
tov<;
ttoXXov?
Kat eVl Tw8e ScoTetpas dyaXfia

/cat twi^
ApTe)at8o9.
ecr-Tip
ipTavda
8w8e/ca opofiaiô-
dewp
dydXjxaTa epya elpai Xeyofxepa Upa^tTe-
30
Xov9 TTyi' 8e " ApreyiLP avrrjp ^rpoyyvXicop eVotT^cre. Mera ravra e? to roO Ato9 Tixepo<; ecreXdovcn KaXovfxepop
'OXujLtTrtcioi' p'ao9
eVrt â9 a^to9
to 8e dyaXfxa ovk eêip-
ydaOr) tov Ato9, e-mXaôpTo^ tov UeXonopprjaLcup TToXefxov
npos
A0r]paiov<;, ep
(o
kol pavcrlp dpd nap eT09

t\ovs
:
/cat
cTTpaTO)
believe in
(.see 1,
C.I.G.G.S. 62, 03, G5-81, 3401.-17.

KaraSpaixovras
Tr]v
archaeologists
who
Mc-yapCSa
44, 4).
this
took
two sculptors named Praxiteles

2, 4, note) attribute
place near I'agae
Herodotus (0, 14) tells how Mardonius advanced against Megara and his army ravaged the Megarian territory. Theognis (v. 775) attributed to Apollo the deliverance of the city.
(1,
these images to the
elder Praxiteles.
zer (note
I.e.)
This .seems to Fra-
and others a gratuitous
27.
SwTcCpas
a-yoXfjia: this
image was
by Strongylion ( 3), and a replica of it was at Pagae (1, 44, 4). Coins of the two cities give an identical type of Artemis, which may therefore be that of this statue. See Imhoof-Blumerand Gardner, Numism. Comm. on Pans.
pp. 4, 8 sq., with pi. A,
i.
and baseless assumption. I'ausanias mentions other statues by Praxiteles at Megara (1, 43, 5 and 1, 44, 2). If there were two sculptors of this name and works of both were here,
;
why did not Pausanias distinguish between them as between the elder and the younger Polyclitus (<i. (5, 2)?
this pre31. 4s to tov Aios t^H***' cinctwassituated in the saddle between
:
30.
npa|i-
the
two
hills,
near the northwest foot
196
35 (f)6eLpoi'Te<;
tup:
attica of pausanias
Cli.4<), 5
'
Meyapevatu
AOrjualoL rrfv )(copau rd re koluol
iKciKcocrap kol tSto, tov<; olkov<; r\yajyov e? to ^cryarov dcrOeveia<^.
TO)
8e dyak^xaTi tov Ato? irpocroiTrov eXe(âvrog Koi

TrrjXov re eVrt /cat
')(pv(rov,
rd 8e Xotrra
yvôv
Trot^crat 8e
avTO eoKOCTjU-oz^ \eyovaiv im'^copiou, (jwepydaaaOaL Se

40 ot
vnep 8e T179 Ke(f)a\rj^ tov Ato? etcrtt' êihlav Molpaf Srjka Se Tratrt ri^v Heirpojixevrji' ixouo) ol
.
'flpat kol
TreiOeadai
KoX ra?
copa<;
tov 9eov tovtov peixeiv e? to Seop.

TjjJiLepya
ouKjOe 8e
TOV vaov Ketrat ^vXa

ike(f)ai'TL
raura e/xeWeu 6 %e6KO(TyiO<^
KOL )(pvcrco KOtr/xTycra? to ayakjxa iKTeXecretu tov
45
Ato9.
eV 8e
avTw rw vaM Tpiiqpov^ dvdKeiTai ôKkovv

AOr]vaLov<s
efiô-
\ov
TavTiqv ttjv vavv Xa/Selu (ftaat irepi %a\afjuua pavfJLaTvpo^

^
)(7](ravTe<i
ojxoXoyovcn 8e
/cat
'AOrjvaloL
'^povov Tivd M.eyapev(Tiv dirocTTrjvai Trjs vqcrov, ôXcova 8e
vaTepov
50 (TTTJvaL
(fiacTLu
iXeyela TTOirjcravTa TrpoTpexjjai

9
dpL(î(r^^Ty)(Tiv
(r(f)d<;,
/cara-
8 8e
eVt TovTOi<^
iroXepô)
Xeyovcrt,
KpaTiq-
cravTe<;
âXajxiva
avdi^
eêiv.
Meyapets 8e
Aopv/cXetov?
Zeus at Olympia,
left
napd
a<f)(t)u
Xeyovcriv dvSpa<?
Here many
(f)vydoa<;,
ovg
of the eastern acropolis.
in the attitude of the
inscriptions iiave been found mention-
grasping a sceptre in his raised
ing the Oiympieuni.
See C.I.G.G.S.
1-14; Mitth. VIII, 183sq.

pav:
30.
hand and holding an
eagle or a Victory
35.
<|>eei-
povTs Mc-yapevo-iv 'AOiivaioi ttjv xwcf.
hand. See Imhoof-Blunier and Gardner, Numism.

in his outstretched right
Thuc.
2,
31;
Plut. Pericles,
:
37.
Comm. onPaus. pp. 4sq.

48.
withpl. A,
iii.
T$
$ d-yaXjiari
0, 7,
as to Theo-
ZoXwva:
this
is
an allusion
to
cosmus, see also
10, 9, 8.
The
the story that Solon, to arouse the
remark about the collaboration of Phidias was probably due to the similarity of this statue with the gold and ivory Zeus at Olympia, on which it was closely modeled. The passage is of interest as throwing some light on the process of making a gold and ivory statue. See A. S. Murray, History of Greek Sculpture, II, 117. On coins of Megara Zeus is represented as sitting
Athenians from their lethargy, compo.sed verses inciting them to engage

in the struggle
once more for the pos-
session of Salamis, and, feigning

ness,
mad-
rushed into the market-place and recited his verses. The people were
stirred,
once more fought with Megara, See Plut. and conquered Salamis.
Solon, 8;
1, 2,
Dem.
19, 252; Diog. Laert.
40 sq.
MEGARA
Ch.41,
1
197
Kkrjpov-
ovo^xdlôvcrtv, a^tKo/txeVov? irapa tov<; iv "EaXafxlvL
ôu9 irpohovvai SaXaplua

55
'A^rîâtot?.
i<;
Mero, 8e tov Ato? to

Kokovixeprjv airo
ptai^, ecrrt
Trj<;
/x-ei/
Tefxevoi;
ttju
aKpoirokiv avekOovai
/cat
<J
Kapo? rou
<t>op(oi'o)<^
e? i^/xa? ert
Ka-
Atovvcrou jâo^ NvktcXiqv,
ireTToi-qTai 8e \\(f)pooL-
*K7n(rTpo(f)La<; lepou
kol Nvkto? /caXovyaeiôi^ ecrrt fxauTelov,
Koi Ato9 Kovtov iâo?

60
ov/c e)(&ji' 6po(f)OU.

/cat
tov he
'Acr/cXr^TTtou
eTToiiqcrev.
ttoltJ-
TO ayaXfxa
Bpvaft?
avro
/cat
ttji^
TyeCau
iuTavda
crat Se
/cat Trj<; ^-qjx-qTpo^
to Kakovp,evov
eXeyov.
r^
Meyapov
avro /3a(TCkevoi>Ta
Se
Trj<;
Kapa
41
'E/c
d/cpoTToXew?
. .
/cartovcrti',
Trpo?
apKTov rerpaTrrat
at
55. (s Tr)v oiKpoiroXiv
KapCav
similar
sculptured the frieze on the north side

of
Steph. Uyz.
s.v. Kapi'a
makes a
:
the
Mausoleum
II.
Ilalicarnassus
statement, perliaps copied from Pausanias.
(Pliny, N.
30, 30 sq.).
1,
Columella
57.
NwKTtXtov
see Verg.
(de re rustica,
praef.
31) mentions
Aen.
4,
303; Ovid, Met.
4, 15.
In the
him as one of the great masters of sculpture, along with Lysippus, Praxiteles,
nocturnal rites of Dionysus the mys-
and resurrection of the god .seems to have been set forth. Licentious orgies under the cloak of these rites were put down by the Romans. See Servius on Virgil I.e.
tery of the death
and
Polyclitus.
considerable
numby
ber of his works are
known
to us
name.
ler, I,
See Bi*unn, Gesch. 383 sqq.
d. gr. Kiinst-
'A<|>poS(TT]$
*E-iri(rTpo<}>as
I,
Preller-
Robert, Gr. Myth.

'EiriffTpo<pla
308, interprets
(from
iiriffrp^cpav, to
turn
towards) as meaning "she

the hearts of
who
turns
man
to love."
verse of Epistrophian Aphrodite
The conwas
An Asclepius by Brymentioned also by Pliny (X. II. 34, 73). Both Asclepius and Hygieia, separately and jointly, appear on coins of Megara, and the types were probably modeled after these statues of Bryaxis. See Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner, Numism. Comm. on Pans. pi. A,
axis
is
Apostropliian Aplirodite
(9, 10, 3sf].).
vi,
(>0.
vii;
Wroth, Jour.
TTjs
Hell.
Stud. V,
KaXovjjit-
There was another sanctuary of Aphrodite at
Megara
(1,
43, ()).
58.
1,
()1.
AV)(i,T)Tpos
TO
Nwkt6s:
vov M-yapov: for Megarian coins with
Rohde, Psyche, 342, rem.

in
brings this
close
connection with
recalls
Nyctelius,
and was established

lo.
Dionysus that Dionysus
at Delphi before Apol-
See also Bouch^-Leclercq, Histoire

la divination
de
dans
rival
I'anticjuit^,
II,
256.
00.
image of Demeter, see Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner, pi. A, xii. Rhus 41. Monuuient of Akmena Tomb of llyUus Templis of Isis. Alcathous of Apollo, and of Artemis Ihroum and the Lion of Cithaeron
Bpvaîs: liryaxis was a conof Scopas.
of I'andion
Hippohjte
Tereus,
temporary and
He
I'rocne, U}ul Pfiilumiia.
198
TO ^(opiov,
TTLeiov.

Oh.
41, 2
jxpyjixd
icxTiv
AXKfiy]uy)<?
irX-qcriov
tov 'OXv/x-
y8a8lôv(Ta^'
yap
e? i^ySa?
toI<;
e^ ''Apyov<; TeXevrrjcraL
/cat TOv<i
KaO' 6So^' XeyovcTLP avrr^v ev

5
Meyctpot?,
'Hpa-
/cXetSas e?
dfJt.(f}L(T/3r)Ty]cni'
iXdelu, tov<; pep e?
Âpyo? iOeXovMeyctpa?
ra?
OTTLcroi
Kopicrai tov iÊKpov Trjq ÂXKprjvr)^, tov^ S' avrwi/

/cat
9 T^ySa?
yap
rot? 'Hpa/cXeov? Tratcrt rot?

ei^
e/c
Td(f)Ov elvai /cat 'A/Ac^tr/avwvo?
>r)âL<;.
6 Se eV AeX<ôt9
êo? e^prjcre
10 etiât
(T(f)L(rLV.
ddxjjaL
KXKprjvrjv ev rot?
Meyapotg apeivov
riplv
^y]yy)Ty]<^ 2
IvTevSev 6
tmv
iTTiôypioiv
rjyeiTO
e?
ôiplov
e/c
Vovv
to?
(f)a(TKeu
ovopatôpevov, TavTy
ttjv ttoXlv pvrjvai
yd.p vhojp TTore
rwv opwv tmv vnep

iTroirjcre.
eayeVi^? 8e, 69 rdre iTvpavvei, to vScop erepwcre

ju.o^'
r/oei/za? ySoj-
ivTavda 'AêX&Jw
Kat
TXXov
TrXxjcriov
tov
15
'Hpa/cXeou9 pvrjpd icTTLV dvSpl 'Ap/ca8t

Tvov popopa)(y](rauTO<;
'E^jêjaw
rw 'Aepo-
Kat
6(ttl<? p,kv
Ft^po<; ojp dneKTetveu
'TXXov, eTepcoOi tov Xoyov St^Xwctcu, TeOaiTTai Se Kat "TXX09

ei'
Tot-s
Meyctpot?.
e'<?
cwttj
KaXovro dv
6pda)<^
crr/oareta t(op
'H/â/cXet8aJ^'
*
neXo7rovi/i7cro^' eVt 'OpecTTOv IBacnXevovTo<i.

:
2.
iJivTJiia
A\k|ji^vtis
the story
sanias
river
(1,
41, 7).
18,
14. 'AxtXu'o)
the
of the death of Alcinena in the terri-
tory of Megara and of the contest of

the Heraclidae occurs only in Pausanias.
god Achelous was worsliiped also at Oropus. Ephorus, quoted by Macrobias, Saturn.
5,
sq(j.,
says that
According
(fr.
to
Pherecydes
in
An-
Achelous
sliiped
is
the only river-god wor-
ton. Lib. 33
39), she died in
Thebes,
by
all
is
men, as the proper name

in a general sense to
where, however, there was no grave of
Achelous
used
According to another legend, her grave was at Haliartus in

her
(9, 10, 7).
designate water.
This designation was
given by the oracles of

II.
ft,
Dodona
(Schol.
Boeotia
(cf.
9,
32, 5;
5, p.
Plut. Lys. 28;
de genio Socr.
11.
578a).
There was a sanctuary of Achelous near the Ilissus at Ath616).
sxwpCov'Povv:cf. Plut.Thes.27,
ens
(Plato,
cf.
Phaedrus,
1,
p.
230
b).
8,
5,
whosays that the Megarians pointed out

a grave of the Rhus.
"YWov:
1,
44,
10,
and see
Amazons in their city, on

of the
thewayfromtheagoratotheplacecalled
where Pausanias corrects ent statement by saying that

sion took place in the reign of
his presthis inva-
The grave
Amazons here
mentioned by Plutai'ch is probably the tomb of Hippolyte mentioned by Pau-
Echemus, not of Orestes. So Herodotus (9, 26) represents Echemus, the conqueror of
MEGARA
Ch.41,5
199
3
20
ov TToppo) 8e Tov TXXov jxpTjixaTo^ *Icrt8o9 vao<; kol Trap" av-
Tov 'AttoXXcoi/o?
c'cTTt
KoX 'Apxe'/xtSo?
AXkolOovv he
(fyaat
irotrjaaL diroKTeCvaura
VTTO
p(t)<;
\4ovra tov Kako-6p.evov Ki0aLpa)PLOv.
TOVTov TOV XcovTO^; ScacpdaprjvaL kol aXXoD? kol Meya<f)aal
tov
(T(f)eTpov ySao'tXew?
TratSa ^vittttop, top Se

oltto-
25
irpecr^vTepop tcop iraihajp avrw TCfiaXKOv tl irpoTepop
dapeip VTTO
KovpoL<;
a>9
Sr)a(t)<;,
cTTpaTevopTa e? ''A(f)Lhpap crvp rot? Atocrhe ydfiop re v-nocrêcrOai OvyaTpoq

dp^rj<; 6(TTl<; top KtOacpcoPLOP
*
Meyapea
eêi
/cat
hidhoôp
Trj<;
XeopTa
diroKTeipat
30
hid ravra
A\KdOovp top
rieXoTro?
eTnêiprj-
craPTa
rw
diqpia) KpaTrjcrai, re /cat cJ? iâcriXevcre
to lepop
^
TTOLrjcrai
tovto,
AypoTepap ApTepup Kai

TavTa
fiep
\_ovp~\
'A7ôXX&J^'a
Aypalop
enopoixdcraPTa.
eyo) he
ovtco
yepeaOai Xeyovaiv
ypdêip
jxep edeXoi
êyapevcrip ofioXoyovpTa, ovk eâ>
he 0770)9 evpuifxai TrdpTa

35 ep T(o Kidaipcopi, vtto
crcfiicnp,
dXXa dirodapeZp
fxep
XeopTa
'
'AX/caôu Treidop-ai, Meyapeoj? he Tt-
fxaXKOP iralha tls p.ep e? " A<î.hpap eXOelp fxeTa T(op Atocr/covpcjp eypaxjje;
VTTO
ttw? 8' az^
d(j)iK6fJiepo<;
dpacpeOyjpaL pofxiÔLTO
Bi^creaj?, ottov /cat 'AX/c/utai/ Trotr^Va? dcrfjca e?

ct)<;
*
rou? Atayctyotev
;
0(TKovpov<;,
AOrjpa^ eXoiep KaX
T7)p
Hi^creajg
40 fxrjTepa al^^fidXcDTOv, o/xw? Sr)(Ta cfyrfcrlp
avTOP dnelpat
TIlp- 5
oapo9 8e TovTotg re /cara ravra

AioaKovpoL<i Bi^crea
YleipiOco
eiiât
erroLrjae /cat
ya/x^pop rot?
ocrrt? 8e e'yccrut'otSei^
ôvXap-evop e? o aTreXêti^ axnop
TOP Xeyojxepop ydjxop crv/JiTrpdôpTa.

StJXoi^
t'eaXoyi^cre,
Ilyllus, as
w?
ttoXXt^p
rot?
Meyapevcrt
king of Tegea.
I
According
to Diod. 4, 58.
lyllus challenged Eche-
nias,
mus, not Echenius Hyllus. 28. TovKiOaipwviovXôvTa: thescholiasl to ApoU. Hhod. 1, 517 supplements Pausanias's version of the story of Alcathous and the lion of Cithaeron.
33.
Megarian tradition as given by TausaTiinalcus was a contemporary both of Theseus, who slew him, and
of Alcathous,
Thi.s,
who married
liis sister,
Pau.sanias argues,
since
was impossible, Alcathous was the son, and Thethe
sens
great-grandson,
of
Pelops
Mc-yapcvo-iv
according to the
through his mother Aethra.
200
45 evTJOeiav, el

Ch.
41, C
ye %r)crev^
ol
rjv
airoyovo^ DeXoTJ-o?
dXXa yap top
ovra \6yov
Meyapei? etSore?
eTnKpvTTTovcrLv, ov ôvXojxepoL
T179
SoKelv aXo)vai (yîcriv

^
im
r^? dp^rj<^
Nicrov ttjv ttoXlv,
htaSeâcrOai Se Trjf âcnXeiav yafx^pov Nicrov re
Meyapea
Kal avOiS AXkolOovv Meyapeo)<;.

50
(j)aiveTai he rekevrrjcravTO^ 6
Ntcrou
^
/cat
TOiv
TrpaypidTOiv
yieyapevcriv e^dapyLevoiV vtto

fxaprrjoLTe
TovTov K\Kddov<i dîKop.evo'^ top Katpov i^ HXtoo?piov Se

p,oi-
TO
yap retô?
(^KoSojjirjcrep
i^
dp-^rj<;
tov
TTepifôkov tov
dpâiov KadaipeBevTO^
vtto tcov Kp-qTMu.
'AXkciOov fxep Kal tov XeopTO<?, etre eV rw KtOaipwvL avTov

55 etre /cat eTepoidi aTTOKTeiva^; j/aoi'
'
'AypoTepa<; 'ApreâtSo?
/cat
ATr6XX(i)PO<; eTTotrjaev
'Aypaiov,
e'9
ToaopSe eaTOi
p.prifxrj
e'/c
TOVTOV 8e TOV lepov

ort
/cartovcrt
Tlaph'iop6<; ecTTtp rjpcoop.

^
/cat
/xei' eTacfir]
llapSicop ep Aldvia<;
Adrjpd<; KaXovixepco ctko-
TTeXcp, heSijXcoKep
6 X6yo<;
eêt.
T^Srj fxoL
rtâ? Se
/cat
ip
Tjj iroXei
60
vapd Meyapecop
nXiô'tot' oe' eVrt

ypdxjjco oe /cat to.
^
tov TlapoLOPO<; rjpcoov

avTrjP onola
jxprjfjia
iTnroXvTr]'?
e'?
Meyapet?
St'
'
Xeyovcrip.
oTe
Ap.at,6peq
eV
'
AdrjpaLOV^ (TTpaTevcracrai
/xe^'
ApTL6TTr]p eVpa-
TTjOiqcrap vtto
G5 avTOiP
Hi^crew?, to.?
TroXXa? crvpe^r) /xaôpêVa?
dTToOapeZp, 'IttttoXvttqp Se doeXffyrjp ovcrap 'Ai/TtoTTT]?
58.
AlOvias 'ABiivds:
s.v.
î*
cf.
1,
5,
3.
61.
|jivfi)ia
'IiriroX.vTTis
the
tomb
Hesych.
3'
Atdvia
says
that
seems
p.
to
have been called the Rhoiii-
Athena was worshiped by the Megarians under the title Arûta," diver-bird,"
because, transforming herself
diver
into a
boid (Plut. Thes. 27), but Bursian, 376a, 1, would here translate po/x-
ôetSis kreiselformig.
The Amazonian
art.
and hiding Cecrops under her wings, she had carried him to Megara. Lycophron (Alexandra, v. 359) refers to Athena under this title. The bluff of Athena Aithuia is perhaps the spit
of land
shield
sliape
is
represented as a crescent in
on some worlds of
See BauIt
meister,
Denkm.
pp. 62, 369, 2015.
also appears in art as an oval shield
with two notches, one on each side
now
called Skala, jutting into

hill
(Baum
oval.
seller's
op.cit. p. 59),or as
the sea on the south side of the

of Nisaea.
See also Baum.
p.
an unbroken Ro2038
;
Lexikon,
I,
272.
MEGARA
Ch.42, 1-
201
Kol t6t 'qyovfxeurju TOiv yvvaiKOiv aTTO^vyelv crvv oXiyat? e?
Meyapa, are
(TKvpav
70 crat
Se KaKoi? ovt(d Trpdâcrav

/cat 7re/3t
tw
crr/aarw rot? re
T19V e/xt-
irapovaiv d^v/xw? )(ovaav

(r(0Tr]pia<;
r^? otKaSe e?
fxaXXov
ert oLiropovcrav vtto Xv7rr]<; reXevrrj-
Kal
âi//at
avrrjp OLTroOavovaav, Kai ot roC fxvijixaTO^
(T^7)p.d i(TTLv \\fiaôvLKrj acTTrtSt ijxcfiepeq.
tovtov Se laTiv
ov TToppo)
ovo^.
/3et<?,
T(i<f)0'^
Tr]po)<;
tov TlpoKprfp yiJixaPTO<; ttju UapSiTT7y9ev<;, o>9 yaei'
ifiaaiXevcre Se 6
TTepX
Xiyovaiv
ol
Meya-
Ta? Flaya? ra? /caXov/xeVa?

/cat reKfjajpta
t>J?
Meya/DtSo?, w? Se
75 e'yoj re
Trj<^
Sokw
e'9
vnep Xatpcot'eta?
TO.
TrdXat
yap
rdSe XetTrerat, AavXtSo? '^PX^ T17? i^w KaXovp.4vrj<^ 'EXXaeVet Se t^v Kat Trfpei rd
So? ^dpfiapoi
TToXXd
(^Krjcrau.
e? OtXo/x'/yXai' iêLpyacrfxeva Kal
rd
Trepl
top \tvu vtto tcov

/cat
yvvaiKUiv
eXeiv
cr(f)d<;
6 T-qpevs ovk ihvvaTO-
6 jxev 9
80 eVeXevTi7cre^' eV rot?
Meycipot? avroêtpta, Kat ot Td<ôv avxp-qcfncni'
TLKa exoicrav
/cat
dvovaiv dvd irdv ero^

/cat
iv
rrj
Bvcria
dvTi ovXwv ^pw/>te^'ot
tov enoTra tov opviOa ivTavda

at Se yvvat/ce?
e'?
(pavrjvau TrpotTOv Xiyovcriv
/xei^
*Adyjva^
d(fiLKovTO, dpr]vov<Tai Se ota

85
enadov
/cat
tt)!^
ota dvTeSpacrav vtto

e'9
oaKpvwv
OLa(f)0eLpovTaL, Kai cr(^tcrt
dr^Soiâ Kat X^^''"
odi'a fieTaôXr^v iTT(f)7JixL(Tav otl olfxaL Kal avTai at opviOe.^
iXeeivov Kal dpTJvo) ofjiOLOv aSovaLv.
42
Êcrrt Se Kat dXXr)
Meyapevcnv
09
d/cpoTToXt? aTrd 'AX/cctôv
TO ovofia eôvcraiv Se^ta
e'?
tovttjv ttjv aKpoTToXiv dviovaiv icxTLv

/caret
riî^
Meyapew?
fxvrjfxa,
(T<f>L(TLv
iTTtaTpaTeiav tcov
Set/c^'^rât
Se' <j(f)Lcnv
KprjTcov ^vpLfxaxo^
5
rjXOev i^ 'Oy^T^trrov.
dvcrai
Se
/cat
kdTia 6ô)v Tlpohofxecov KaXovfJievojv

:
72.
Td<|>os Tt)p((os
on the story of
1,
Tereus, I'rocne, and Philomela, see

5,
4 and note. 42.
its
antiquities
The Acropolis of Akathovs and Alcathous and Apollo
Image of Mem non Council House The temple of Athena Temple and images of Apollo Nature of ebony End of the sons of Alcathous IJeroum
oj I no.
202

Cli.42, 2
Â\Kadovv XeyovcTi npcjTov, ore t^? oiKoSo/xta? tov reiôv?

efieXXev dpêcrdat.
i(J)'
rrjq 8e ecrrta?
iyyvs TavTrjs
ecrrt \ido<;,
2
ov KaradtlvaL Xeyovcnv ATroWcova r-qv Kiddpav 'AkKado)

.
TO retô? avvepyat,6ix.vov.
10
817X01 re fxoi /cat rdSe
w?
(TvvTe\ovv 9
Adrjvoiiovf; Meya/aet?-
(âiverai
yap
ttju 9vroi'
yarepa 'AX/cctôv?
Ilepi/BoLav dfxa Br^cret
7re/xi|/at
/caret
Sacr/xoi^ e? KpTJrrjv.
Tore 8e avrw ret^tôi^rt, w? âaiv 01

/cat tt)!^
Meyapet?, (XvvepydtêTai re AttoXXwi^

OrfKev
15
iirl
KiBdpav Kare\\)y)^ZhL,
tov \i6ov
re
rjv
8e tv^t^ lâkoiv rt?
Kara
8e
yLtct-
TavTOL
ovt6<;
rj^-qcre
/cat
Kiddpa KpovcrdeicTa.
e'/xot
TTapicrê jxeu /cat rovro davjxdcrai, irapecTê ok ttoXXw
Xtora Aiyvvrrtcov 6
/coXocrcro?.
ei^
Bi^ât? rat? AtyvTrrtat?,
Oia^dcri TOV NetXoi^ Trpo? ra? St^ptyya? /caXov/xeVa?, 1801^

8.
'AiroXXwva: see
tlie
1,
41, C,
on the
part had been thrown

sunrise, a
down by an
building of
walls of
(vv.
Megara by
773 sq.) repPs.-
earthquake, and that once a day, at
Alcathous.
Theognis
sound proceeded from the

he himself visited The explanait.
that the sound
of the
resents Apollo himself as fortifying the
part of the broken statue which re-
acropolis in honor of Alcathous.
mained
in its chair
Verg. Ciris, vv. 105 sqq., has Megara

fortified
the statue and heard

tion usually given
by the joint labor of Alcathous and Apollo and tells how one of the
is
was caused by the expansion

air in the crevices at sunrise,
stones,
sical
when
struck, gave forth a
muOvid
due to
tone like the note of a lyre.

8,
the increase of temperature.
18. irpos
(Met.
14 sqq.) calls the walls of
Meand
tAs Svpi-yyas Ka\owfj.vas
the Greeks
gara "vocal," due to Apollo's laying-
gave the
name
of avpiyyes or
"pipes"
is
down
his gilded lyre
upon them
to the great necropolis
which
hewn
he elsewhere (Tristia, 1, 10, 39) speaks of " the walls of Alcathous."

17. Al-ywirTiwv 6 Ko\o<r<r6s kt\.:
out of the rock

stone
hills
in the
range of lime-
to
the
west of Thebes.
what
Each sepulchral chamber is approached

through a series of passages, all subterranean and hewn out of the rock. The
Tlieban kings of the eighteenth and
nineteenth dynasties are buried there.
the Greeks called the statue of
Memwhich
non was a
colossal statue, carved out
of a single block of hard breccia,
with a companion statue stood in front of a temple of Amenophis III at Thebes.
See Strabo (17,
p. 81G),
Aelian (Nat.
The temple
still
is
gone, but the statues

is
Anim.
(22,
6, 43),
remain.
Strabo
Each
about sixty feet

says one was
15,
30),
Aramianus Murcellinus and Perrot et Chipiez,

I,
high.
(17. p. 210)
Ilistoire
de I'Art dans I'Antiquite,
complete, but of the other the upper
200 sqq.
MEGARA
Ch.
42,
203
Me)u,i/ova
ert
KaOrjfJieuov
ayakyia r^ôvv
6vo\xdtôvaiv ol
20
TToWoi, rovTOV
yap
(f>a(TiP
i^ Ai^toTTia? bpyi-qOrjvai e? Atyi;dXXo.
TTTov KoX Tr)u OL^pi 'ôxxTdiv
yap ov Mejxpopa
ol
('')t]-
âloL XeyovcTL,
(i>afxevo)(f)a
Se
etiât tC)v
iy^copliov ov tovto to
(fyafxevajv elvat
dyaXfxa
rjv,
rjKovaa he
rjSr)
/cat
XiaoidTpLv
/cat
TOVTO TO dyaXfxa 6 Kafx^var)<;

25 Ke(f)a\rj<; e?
8te/coi|/e-
pvv onocrov Ik
fxeaov acofxa icTTLP dneppLfMixepov, to 8e Xolttov

rjixepai' dvicrôvTo<; rjXiov /8oa,
Tt<?
KaOrjTai re Kat dpd irdaav

/cat
Tov ^X^^ ixaXiCTTa elKdaet

ecrrt
KL6dpa<i
rj
Xvpa<; payeicnr)';
XopSrj<;.
MeyapevcTL Se
30 TTore
(o<;
p.ev
/BovXevTT] pLOP ,
TtfxdXKOv 8e
'^v 4
Xeyovai racô?, ov irpoTepov oXiyov TovTOiv ovk
Icjyrjv
Trj<;
VTTO ^rjcreo}^ dTTodaveiv.
(vKoSojxrjTai Se eVt ttJ Kopv(f)-^
d/c/DOTToXeoj? vao<; Â6rjvd<;,
dyaXp,a 8e
icTTLP
inixpycrov
ttXtju
Xî-pcov /cat
iX(f)avTO<;.
dKpcjv TTOocou
/cat
TavTa 8e Kat to
TrpocroiTTOv Icttlv
erepov iuTavOa
lepov Âdrjvd'; TreTTOtT^rat
35 KaXovp.vr)<; Nt/ci)? /cat
dXXo AlavTtSo^
Ta 8e e? avro Meya-
p(ov p.kv TrapeLTai rot? i^7]yr]Tal^^ iyo) 8e OTTOta vofiilâ) yevicrOaL ypdifjoj.
(TVPioKrjcrev
TeXa/xwi/ 6 Ata/cov OvyaTpl 'AX/cdôv HepiÔLa
AtavTa ovv
ttjv
apx^jv Trfv \\XKd0ov SiaOe^dTrj<;
fxevov TTOLrj(TaL to
40
dyaXjxa y^yovjxai
Â0r)ud<;.
Tou 8e
pov 8e
hr)
AiroXXajpo^; ttXlvOov fiev vjv 6
dpâio?
va6<;
vcrre- 5
/3aa"tXev<? (pKohofxrjaep \\SpLapo<;

/cat
XiOov XevKov.
6 pep
riv^to? KaXovpepo<;
eot/cacrt
:
6 AeKaTrj(f)6po<; rot? AtyuTrrtot?
paXicTTa
ôdpoi^, op 8e Âpx'^y^Tiqp enopopdôvcrLP,

'A8piav6s
of
40. ir\iv0ov as to the use of the unburnt brick in ancient Greek archi-
lecture, see Frazer's note
on
5, 16, 1.
An
inscription (C.I.G.G.S. 42) dating

b.c.
between 242
at
and 223
b.c.
speaks
Hadrian was a la\ ish patron (ef. 1,44, (i) and in return the Megarians named a tribe after him (C.I.G.G.S. 72, 74, 101) and erected many statues in his honor (note on
:
Megara
of the repair of the temple of Apollo
1,40,2).
IlvOtos
Kal 6 Af
Megara.
Here was
(1,
also
another
KaTT]<|>6pos tois Al-yvirTCois
ioLKOtri
sanctuary of Apollo
44, 2).
41.
|odvois
this passage
has been cited.
204

Cli. 42, 6
AlyLi^r)TLKOL<? pyoL<; icrrlv oixolo<?

45 7rTTOLr)TaL.
iêvov 8e iravra o/xotw?
rjKovaa Se avSpos Kvirpiov hiaKpZvai vrda? e?

lacriv etSdro?,
av6poiTTwv
o? Tr]v eêvov (f)vXXa ovk

dvr' avryj^
e(f)r}
(fivetv
ovok elpai Kapnov ovSeva
ovSe opacrSai to Trapd-
TTav avTTjv VTTO rjXCov, pit,a<^ 8e VTroyaiovq eluat,
ravra? 8e
ot
tt)!^
opvaaeiv
50
tov<;
At^toTra?
/cat
ai^Spa? eivai
8e
(rf^ttriv
eêvov
^
icracriv evpicrKetv.
ecm
/cat ATJfir^Tpo';
lepou He-
(Tp.o(j)6pov.
KaTLOvai Se ivrevdev Ka\Xt7T-dXtSo<?

eyevero 8e
^'^
ixvijixd
ianv
AXkolOov TratSd?.
/cat
aXXo? 'AX/ca^w irpea^vdTTodav6vTO<; ok iuTavda

e'?
Tpo(; vtd? 'lo'^Y^'ô^''^?
aTveaTeikev 6 iraTrjp Mekedypo) to
iv AxTOikia drjpiov crvveâipricrovTa.

55 irpcoTO';
TedveoiTa eirvOeTO 6 KaXXtVoXt?, duaSpapoJu Se
TT^v
aKpoTToXiv
ipcKaev
TiqviKavTa Se
TraTijp
ol
tm
'
AttoXXojpl
diroppLTTTeL to.
^vXa
a,7ro
tov
/Sojixov
'AX/caôv?
Se dpy]Koo<;
wv
Tl
Trjq
'icrêTToXiSo? reXevri^? /caTeSt/ca{e^'

/Cat
ov
60
7TOLLV ocTta
TOV KaXXt77oXt^'
e'<?
ev6eo)<;
cog
etêt* opyrj';
dueKTeLpe TratVa?
jScofjiov ^vX(x).
7171^ Ke(f)aXrji^
tmu
dTroppL(f)vT(ov oltto
tov
Kara
Trept
Se ttju
e'9
to TrpvTaveiov ooop
'liôC?
Icttiv r^pfoov, 7
Se
avTO 6piyKo<^ XlOcou

povoi Se
T7J<?
Tre^v/cacrt
Se
eV avTW
Kat
eXatat.
05
elcriv 'EXXi^jvcof
i<;
Meyapet? ot XeyopTe^ top

cr(f)L(TLP
veKpov
'\pov<i
to.
napadaXdcrcnd
eK-rreaeZv
TTj^ ^(jopa<;, KXr^crco Se
Kat TaupoTToXtv evpelv tc

prove
/cat ddxjjat
indirectly,
on
on very
insufficient grounds, to
modeled,
directly
or
the direct dependence of early Greek
Egyptian statues.
See Collignon,
I,
Ilis-
SeeOverbeck, 37 sq.; A. S. Murray, History of Greek Sculpture^, This dependence, however, I, 70 sq. has been maintained on other grounds
art on the art of Egypt.
toirede la Sculpture Grecque,
llTsq.
Gesch.
d. gr. Tlastik'*, I,
Furtwaiigler, Meisterw. d. gr. Plastik,

pp. 712sqq.^
this
40.
({>v\XaoxiK
4>t] 4>vei,v:
by some
writers.
Thus the archaic
absurd belief was not shared by Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. 4, 4, 6) or Pliny (N. H. 12, 17 sqq.). Cf. Pans,
2, 19,
male figures known as the Apollos of Orchomenos, Tenea, etc., are believed by these authorities to have been
4, 32,
7, 5, 5.
:
04.
7 sq.
;
tov vsKpov
4, 34, 7.
ttjs 'IvoCs
cf.
1,
44,

MEGARA
Cb.
43, 2
205
BvyaTepaf; Se avra? elvai KXr/crwi'o? rov Ae'Xeyo?
Kai Aeuavrrjv
Kodeav re ouofxacrOyjpaL irapa crîai

Kai dvcrCau dyeup dpa
43
Aeyovcrt Se
/cat
etiât
ttolp T0<;.
Trpuyroi'i
(f>acrLu
/cat 'l^tyfiêta?
r^pwop
aTTOâi'eri'
yap
<?
Tavriqp ip Meyapot?.
eyto 8e T^KOvcra fiep /cat aXXoi/
*l(f)LyPLap
Xoyop
vtto
'
ApKoiSop Xeyofxepop, otSa Se

'l(f)LyPi,ap
'HcrtoSoi'
TToiTjcraPTa ip
5 ypcofXT)
/caraXoyw yvpauKwp
'E/cctrryi'
ovk oiTroOapeip,
Se 'ApreJLttSo?
etiât
rovrot? Se 'HyadSoro?
ojLtoXoyoui'Ta eypai/ze
Tavpous rov?
Trpo? ttJ ^kvOiktj 0vlp

ti71'
Trap0pa> tov<s pavayov<;, (jidpaL Se aurov?
irapdepop 'l^t-
yepeiap elpai tt^p 'Ayafxcfxpopo^;.

Kol ÂSpacrro? Tip,d^
10 rouTot',
eêt Se
(âcrt
Se diroOapeZp
OTTLcro)
napd Meyapevcn vapd crcfiCai kol

Se'
ore eXwi/ r^'/Sa? aTrrJyei^

ttjp
top arparop, atrta
ot
Tou Oapdrov yyjpa<? Kac

^
AtytaXew? yepdadai
reXevTijp.
'A/Dre/>ttSo9 Upop 6 AyafxepLPCop iwoLrjaep, rjPLKa rjXOe KdkâPTa OLKOvPTa ip Meyctpot? e's iXtoj' eVecrât TTeiaajp. ip Se rw TrpxrrapeLcp T0d(f)0aL pep F^vLinrop Meyapew? TratSa,
/cat
15
T0d<f)0aL Se Tov 'AX/caôu
Xiyovcnp
'icrêVoXtz^.
ecrrt
Se roi)
43. Iphigenia
iu tê
The rock Anaclethra Graves in the city TheAesymniuui Worship of Iphinoe Temples
rrytaneum
of Aphrodite and of Dionysus with their
Adraslus Graves
was a temple with an image

Herodotus does not mention
tification of Iphigenia
9.
of her.
tiie
iden-
with Hecate.
"ASpao-ros: Dieuchidas, the native
historian of Megara, (juoted
by Schol.
Megara,
Temple of Tyche image by Praxiteles Temple with statues by

images
ivith
Pind.
Nem.
9,
30, says that the ac-
Lysippus
1.
Coroebus
tual grave of Adrastus

wiiile
was
in
and
his
tomb in
acenotapli of him was at Sioyon.

'AprîiiSos Upov:
<if
the market-place.
12.
TipSov
:
not identical
on the Iphigenia legend, consult Roscher, Lexi'I<{>i.'Y(v((as
with the temiiie
Artemis Soteira
kon
s.v.
Hdt.
4,
103 relates the story

Strabo,
7, p.
here referred to him.
308,
mentions a sanctuary of the Virgin in the city of Tauric Chersonese, and says that on a cape called Parthenium, about eleven miles from the city, there
mentioned above, but situated probably in the neighborhood of the Prytaneum. 14. Iv St t irpvravtlw it is perhaps to be inferred that when a hero enjoyed especial honor, his grave also was placed in a prominent position.
:
206
THE ATTJCA OF PAUSANIAS

Ch.43, 3
irpvTaveiov irerpa TrXrjcrLOu-
ÂuaKXrjdpiSa
rrjv Trerpav ovo-
[xdt,ovcnv, CO? ArjfXTJTrjp, el to) iricTTd, ore ttjp TratSa

^rjTovcra,
/cat
ivXavaTO
Se roj
ipravda dveKoXecrev
avTtjv.
eot/cdra
Xoyo) SpcocTLv 69
20
Etcrt 8e Td(f)OL
rjixd'^ en at êyapewv Meyapevaiv ev Trj TToXec
yvvaiKe^;.
kol rov fxeu tols
OiTTodavovcnv eTToiiqa'av Kara ttjv eincrTpaTeiav tov Mr/Sov,
TO he AicnjjxvLou KoXoTupievov
'Tirepiovo'^ he
'
jjivrjixa
tov Ayajxefju/opos
atXevarev v(TTaTo.
ovTo<i
yap Meyapeo)!/
dTTo9av6vTO<i
e/3a-
tov duhpo<;
vtto
%avhiovo^ hid TrXeoveîav

/ceVt VTTO ipo<;
/cat vjSpiP,
ftacnXevecrdai jxep ov-
eSd/cet (Tîatv, elvai he
dpôvTa^ atperov?
Al(Tvp,vo<^ ovhevo<;
/cat
dvd
9
ixepo<s
aKovetv dXXijXcop.
ivTavOa
ra
hoâv Meyapecof hevTepo<; napd tov Oeov rjXOev

eXdcov he rjpcoTa Tpoirop rtVa evhaiixovijcrovcrL 6 deo<;
ey(^prjcre
e? AeX/cat ol
(f)Ov^,
30 /cat
aXXa
/cat
Meyapea<; ev TrpdêLu,
tovto to
eTro<^
rjv fxeTa
TOiv TrXecopcov ôvXevcriovTaL.
e? TovTev9ep Trpd?
to 'AXKddov âhilôvcnv -qpcoop,

Euphron
7, 3,
w Meyapel<;
16.
'AvaKXtjOpiSa: in the Etymol. Maj^n.
in that of
Sicyon (Xen. Hell.

in that of Megaand Hrasidas in Amphipo]is(Thuc.
p. 96, s.\.' AfaKX-rjOpis, this
rock
is
called
is
12)
Philopoenien
Anaclethris, and a similar story

of the origin of the
20.
told
lopolis (C.I.G. 1530.);
name.
:
front of the agora of
Td4>oi MsYapevo-iv
only the he-
5,11).
22.
to Be Al(rv|j.viov: according
roic
and worshiped dead were buried
within the walls of a city.
The account
fell in
shows that the men who

ties
the bat-
against the Persians were regarded
Ae.synmium, which was the grave of the heroes, must have been within the Council House. It was probably a chamber in wliich the offito Pausanias the
cials called Ai(Tv/j.v7]Tai (C.I.G.G.S. 15)
as heroes in the religious sense.
The
epitaph composed by Simonides on the
Megarian dead is preserved (C.T. G. G.S. 53). Of other great Greeks, Coroebus and Orsippus were buried in the
agora of Megara
(1,
met. Here was probably a tomb of Aesymims, a mytliical personage invented to explain the name. See PaulyWissowa, I, 1090, s.v. Aisymnetes;
Busolt, Griech. Staats-undKechtsalterturner^, pp. 46
ff.
43, 8;
1,
44, 1);
Thersander
in that of
Elaea
(9, 5, 14);
MEGARA
Cli.43, 6
207
35 es
ypafJLfiaTUjp (f)vXaKr)p
i)(p(t)UTO
in
ifxov,
fxprjua eXeyov
rj
TO fxiP Ilvpyov<; elvai yvvaiKO'; ÂXkolBov TrpXv

peo)^
Tp6<;-
ttju
Mc-ya-
avTov kafielv
KvaL^^jxiqv,
to oe
^l(f)Lu6r)<;
'AX/caôv OvyaKadecrTrjKe
dirodavelv Se avnju
(f)a(TLP
Trj<;
en
TrapOevov.
Se Tat9 Kopai^
40 peLP TTpo
X^^ npos to
lcf)Lv6r}<;
ixvrjfxa Trpo(T(f>/cat ttj
ydfxov koI dndpêcrOai, t(ov TpL^wv, KaSd

"llTrtSt at
'EKaepyrj Koi
f
dvyaTcpes
ttotc direKeipovTo at Ai)5
Xioiv.
TTapd 8e Trjv ecroSov Trfv e? to Alovvctlov Td(f)o^ icTTLV

/cat
'A<TTVK/3aTta9
Marrov?
0vyaTp^ 8e
rjcrav
IloXvetSou
Tov Kotpdpov Tov "AâuTO'i tov MeXa/x7ro8o9

45 ik06pTo<;
'
e's
Meyapa
AXKdOovu eVt tw
(poiô) T(o
KaXXtTrdXtSo? Kadrjpai
tov TratSd?. S09

/cat
(pKohofiiqae S17 Kat
tw
Atoi^vtrw to tepoi' IloXveti<j)
ôavov dveOrjKev dnoKeKpyfJifxei/ou

icTTL
rjfxiov
ttXtju
TOV TTpoaMTTOv TovTo he

(TTrjKev
50 fiev Srj
TO (f)avp6v.
SdTvpo'i he irape-
avTio
U pa^LTeXov<;
KaXovcxiv
epyov Uapiov \l6ov.
tovtou
UaTpôv
erepov he Aiopvaov AacrvXXiou
eTTovop,dl,ovTe<;
l^v)(TJvopa
tov KoLpduov tov IloXvetSou to

fxeTa he tov Alopvctov to lepov 6
eXeitâi^TOS
'
ayaXfxa duaOeZvai Xeyovcn.

ecTTLu 'A^/3oStTT7? vao^,
TTOtyjixevop
65
dyaXfxa he
AffypohiT-q ire-
ITpa^t? iiTLKXyjaLu.
tovto e<TTtv dpâiOTaTov iv
Tw
pa(p
lleido) he /cat
eTepa
de6<i, rjv
Ylaprjyopov 6vop.dt,ov(Tiv,
with Schol.).
40. rfi 'EKae'pY]] Kai"I2Tri8i: cf. 5, 7,

8, iK
01. 13, 105,
tQv
'TirepPop^coi/ Kai
avrai
a.(pi-
called .son of Polyidus in Iloni.
Echenor is I.e. and
Kotn-o ii ArjXov,
Hyperborean
I,
niaiden.s
Schol. Find. 01. 13, 78.

53. 'A<{>po8(Tt)s vouSs
:
perhaps identical with Artemis herself.

See Roscher, Lexikon,
Preller-Robert, p. 209.
46.
named AphroXen.
2810 sqq.;
disium in
Hell. 5, 4,
I'lut.
Agesilaiis, 27;
58 mentions this temple,
IIoXvciSos
Evx^jvopa: here
two descendants of Melampu.^!, Polyidus and Echenor, are named as foundersof sanctuaries of Dionysus. MelaTu-
and says that once when Agesilaus was in Megara a vein in his leg burst as he was ascending from the sanctuary of Aphrodite to the government ofHce.
pus him.self was an important patron

of Dionysus worship.
illustrious seer
(II.
55.
IIciOw
Peitho
is
the personiii-
Polyidus was an
;
cation of persuasion to love, and Pare-
N, 663 sqq.
Pind.
gorus of consolation in unfortunate

208

Ch.
43, 7
epya TIpa^LTeXov;
ll6do<;, el Sr] hLd(j)opd
XKoira
8e "Kpco';
koI
Ijutepo?
kol
ian
/car a
ravxo roi? opofxaaL kol rd

'A^/3o8tn79 vaov Tv)(r]s
epya
60
(T(f)i.(rL.
irXrjcTLOv 8e
tov
ttjs
icrrlu lepou,
H pa^LTeXov<;
Movaa<i
/cat
Kac avrrj reûrj-
Kai eV
Tw
TTXr](TLOv
)(aXKovu Ata
iTroLr](re
rw vaco Av(mnro<;.
8e e? avrov
eVi
ttju
"EcTTi Se
7717
Meyapeutrt
/cat
Kopoiôv
Td<f)oq
to.
Koti/ct
o/xw? oVra rot? 'Apyetcov ivravOa S-qXaxro).

"
KpoTcoTTOv Xeyovcriv iv
Kpyei âcriXevovTO'; 'âfxddrju

i)ôixi'rji>
KpoTcoTTOv TEKelv TTolSa i^ 'ATT6XX(i)vo<;,

65
8e tcrp^v/aw?
rov 7rar/309 8et/xart
roi/ 7rat8a
e/c
eKOelvai
TToip.vrj^
/cat roi^ /lei'

T7]<i
oiaÔei-
povaiv eVtrvôi^re?
'
r'^g
Kvpe<^
KpoTconov,
TavTTjv
AttoXXcou Se 'Apyetois is rrjv ttoXlp
rrefXTrei
UoLpyju.
Tovs 7rat8a9
o-Tro raji^ fxr^Tepajv (âcrlv
apirdêiv, e? 6 Kdpot<f)Ovevcra<^
ôg
70
? -^dpuv 'ApyeLOL<; (fyovevcL rrjv Uoivrji'.

a(f)d<;
8e
ov
ydp dvUi
Trj<;
SevTepa iTmrecrovcra vocros
XotyLtwSi^?
KopoLJSos
(jyopov
iK(i>p
TjXOev eg AeX(ôv?
iq jxep
Srj
vî^wv
8i/ca9
rw êw tov
eKeXeveu eV
lloLprj^.
7]
to " Apyo<i dvacTTpiêiv ovk eta

(jiipeiv
Kopoifiov
love.
UvOia, Tpiiroâ 8e dpdpêvov

frequently portrayed
lier left,
les'
Peitlio
is
may
be copied from Praxitr-
in art, especially
on vases, but Vnvf
statue.
See ludioof-Blumer and

7,
gorus
is
not elsewhere mentioned.

:
Gardner, Nunnsm.Conim.onPaus. p.
with
pi.
56. "Ep(os Kal "I(ipos Kal IIoBos
see
A,
xiv.
00.
Avcriiriros
prob-
Preller-K()bert,p.502,concerningtheHe
personifications of
ably a pedestal found in Mcgara, consisting of a
Love,
of
Desire,
number
of ancient blocks
in.scrip-
and
p.
of
Yearning.
Urlichs,
Skopas,
of gray marble,
tion
Qtfpaixivrjz
and bearing the

Tifôêpov
89,
conjectured that these three
dv4d7]Ke,
\v-
images of Scopas stood facing the old ivory image of Aphrodite and the two images of Peitho and Paregorus by Praxiteles, each triplet of images being
placed on a single pedestal.
\r\s: the
miriros iiroiei,
supported this group of

inscription
statuary.
The
seems to
date from the end of the fourth century

b.c.
01.
See A.M..
(1885), 145-150.
58.
Tv-
KopoCpov
Td<|)os"
rd
1,
8s is
avrov
type of Fortune on coins of
iin\KT\.: Statius, Theb.
579sqq., and
draped
Megara, representing the goddess as a woman standing with a cup in

her right hand and a horn of plenty in
Conon, Narrat. 19, tell the story of Coroebus and Psamathe, with more
picturesque details.
MEGARA
Ch.44, 2
209
Tov lepov, Kat evda av iKneorr)

75
'
ol
(pepovn 6 rpiVov?, iuravOa
A7r6Xk(x)PO<;
otKoSo/xrJtrat
ttjv
iâoi^
kol
avTOv
oi/c>ycrat.
Kat 6
Tpmovî Kara to 6po<^

iKirecroiv
TepavCav drroXLaOcju eXaOeu avTov

Ko-
koX TpLTTohL(rKov
dyopa
yeypaiTTai
to. e?
"âp-ddrju /cat
ra ? avTov eôvra Kopot/Sop,

K6poiô<;
(ftovevcjv Trjv
Kat
hrj
Kat iTriOrjpd
icTTt t(o Td(f)co
HoLvrju.
Tavra dydX/xara TraXatdrara,

EXXrjcni', ISdu olSa.
ttXtjctlou
oTTOcra \idov TreTTOir]-
fxeva icTTLu
44
Kopoi/ôv 8e reOanTaL
I'aj^'
"Opcmnro';, 09
Trepte^wcr/jte'-
eV rot? dyoicrt
Kara
87) TraXatot' eiô? roii^
dOXrjTcov 'OXv/x<âcrt 8
TTta (TTp(OTO<;'>
ipLKa crrdSLOP hpap-div yvfxvos.
Kat
(TTpaTTjyovuTa varepou tov

5 TOiV TTpOCrOLKCOV
"
Opcnmrop
dpSpo^
aTroTefxeadaL ^(opav
8oKa> 8e ol KOL ip 'OXu/XTTta TO TTepLôjfxa

oj?
eKOPTL irepLppvrjpat, ypoPTi
TTepLeC,ojcrp,epov
hpapelv
2
pdojp icTTiv dpTjp yvfxpos77.
iK 8e ttJs dyopdq KaTiovcTL ttj^

plai/er Telephnnes
TpiiroSCo-Kovs Kii|niv
Thucydi-
des
(4,
70) speaks of this as a village
in the territory of
Megaris at the foot
of Mt. Gcrania.
The remains
of the
ThcScironianWny Ino and Meltcertes The robber Sciron Temple of Zeus Aphesius Images of Aphmand
the rock Moluris
dite,
village are to be seen
about six miles
of Apollo., and of
"Opcriinros
northwest of Megara, at the entrance
Eurystheus
1
.
Pun Tmnb 0/ Temple of Latonn Apollo.

:
which leads through tlie mountains to the Isthmus of Corinth. Three forms of the name occur, Tripodiscus (Thuc. I.e.), Tripodiscium (Strato the pass
a copy of the epitaph

in
on Orsippus's grave was found

stone, in the
Me-
gara in 17C9 engraved on a bfock of
bo, 0, p. 304),
and Tripodisci
(Paus.).
:
78.
154.
y^'YpairTat 8( ^Xcycia ktX.
these
7,
Megarian dialect (C.I. G. This epitaph 52). was manifestly the source of Pausa1050
;
C.I.G.G.8.
versesarepreservedin Anthol.Palat.
44.
nias's information.
The
victory of Or-
sippus was
won
in 01.
15 (720 b.c).
p. 105, ed.
Orsippns
Temple of Apollo
See Eu.seb. Chron.

Schiine.
Prostaterius with statues
slum
ivith antiquities
Nisaea and of Pagne Worship of Melanthus in Aegosthena Grove of Autonoe in Erenia, and of the flute-
Antiquities of
vol. 1,
Gymna-
The war in gained distinction was
wliich Orsippus
jjrobably
waged
against Corinth, which claimed, under
the Racchid dynasty, suzerainty over
Megara,
till
the Megarians revolted
and
210
680U
Trjs
THE ATTICA OF PACSANIAS

Euêta? /caXou/xeVr^g
ATr6W(ouo<i
lepov
icTLv iu
T179
Se^ta Upo(TTaTr]piov tovto oXCyou iKTpairevTa ecTTLu ck

10
ohov duevpelv.
'
AnoXkcjv 8e iu aurw
/cetrat
êa9
.
oi^LO<;
kol
"AprefiL'; /cat At^tcu /cat
aXXa ayakfxaTa eVrt

ecrrt
II/Da^tre-
A.OU9 TTOLTJcravTos ArjTU) kol ol Tratoe?.

cri(i>
oe eV
rw
yvjxpa-
T(p
dpâLco TrXrfaiov ttvXoju KaXovyievwv
Nvp.fjidocji'
Xidos
7rap^6p.evo<^ TTvpap.iho<^ (T^rjp.a ov fxeydXrj'^15
tovtov 'AttoXii>Tav9a lepov.
XcDva d^'o/xaôuo"t Kaptuou, Kat EtXet^vtwi^
icmv
rj
Tocravrd acfaaLv
iiTLveiov,
i<;
eVtSet^ti' Trapetêro
e's
TrdXt?
9 8e to
KaXovpeuou
/cat
r^pid'^
ert Ntcratai^, e?
rouro
/ca-
TeXdovaiv lepov H^rjprjTpo^

threw
8.
ecrrt
MaXofftopov Xeyerat 8e Kat

40, 4)
off
the yoke (Schol. Find.
Nem.
7, 155).
xvpa}ii(8os <rxfi|i.o
:
'AiroXXwvos Upov
two
to
inscrip-
tions, dating
B.C.,
from the third century

Tutelary
ol
with
dedications
Apollo have been found at Megara

(C.I.G.G.S. 39, 40).
iraiSes
:
was probably the new one. ^14. on some coins of Megara an obelisk appears between two dolphins, probably a copy of the pyramidal image of Apollo. See ImhoofBlumer and Gardner, Numism. Connn.
:
12.
A^tJ. Kal
on Pans.
\iOviwv
.
p. 0,
.
with
:
pi.
A,
viii.
4,
15.
El-
there were also images of La-
tona and her children by Praxiteles in

a temple at Mantinea
(8, 0,
Upov Homer (II. A, 270) mentions these goddesses in the plural.

.
1).
The
10. s 8s
TO
irviov:
Thuc.
GO says
one group was perhaps a replica of the other. Coins of Megara present a group of Apollo standing between Latona and
Artemis, probably a copy of the Praxitelian group.
the distance from Nisaea to
was about eight stadia.

B.C.,
Megara Wiien Megara
joined the Athenian alliance about 459
the Athenians constructed and
See Imhoof-Blumer and
garrisoned two long walls between Me-
Gardner, Nuniism.
7,
Comm. on Pans.
pp.
gara and Nisaea (Thuc.

in 424 B.C. the
1,
103).
But
154, with pis. A, x,

:
FF, ii. 13. Nvji-
<t>d8wv
since Pausanias, after mention-
Megarians seized the walls and razed them to the ground.
ing the old gymnasium, quits Megara
Phocion rebuilt them
in the following
and proceeds to the port, the Gate of the Nymphs must have been on the south side of Megara, and probably through
this the
century (Plut. Phocion, 15); and Strabo speaks as if they still existed in his
time.
of these walls can be pointed out.
hill
road to the
poi't passed.
An
in-
At present hardly any remains The

George on the eastern side of
scription
(C.I.G.G.S. 31) mentions a
of St.
certain Matroxcnus,
of the
who was "master

Olympieum."
(1,
the harbor appears to have been the

acropolis of Ni.saea, mentioned by Pausanias.
gymnasium
in the
This gymnasium in the Olympieum
lluins of the fortifications
may
NISAEA
Cli.44, 4
211
aX\a
es
t-tjv
liriKkiqcnv /cat Tov<i TrpatTov^
vpoâTa
iu
rfj
yrj
20 0p\f}avTa<i ATjfJLTjTpa
ovojxaaai Ma\o(f)6pou, k ar a ppx/rju at 8e

koI
6vop.at,op.ev7)
/cat
T(o lep(o
TOP 6po(f)ou TeKfiaipoLTO av rts vtto tov \p6vov.

ecTTLP
e/c
OLKpoTToXif;
ivTuvda
avTr^
Trpo<;
NtVata-
/cara/3acrt Se
T179
a/cpoTToXew? pprjixd ecTTv
daXdaaj)
Ae\eyo9, oV onfuKoixeuov âcriXevo'at Xeyouo'tt' e^ AtyvTrrov,

25 TratSa 8e etiât IlocretSwi'os /cat
/cet
Atûr^s
ttJs 'ETTctôu.
irapij-
Se irapd ttju
TToKefXCi)
r)
Niaatau
TO)
TT/DOS
vrjcrof;
ov ixeydkr] Mti'wa-
IvravOa
Iv TIO
NtCTOt' TTapoipjxei
TO VaX/TlKOV TWU
4
Kpr]T(x)v.
8e opeipr) r^?
ofxopos, ^v
30 w/ctcrrat.
fj
MeyaptSo? 7179 BotcKTaJv laTiv Meyapevdi Ilayat 770X19, irepa Se Atyocêi/a

Ilayag eKTpaTTop.4voi^ oXiyov
Sta
Trctcn^s
toucrt Se e? to,?
rrj^
X(o(j)6pov
be traced.
v(ja: the
nerpa
vfi<ros
hill
Sei/ci/vrat
ov
(ic-ydXt]
e\ov(ja e'/xTrcTn^yora?
26.
Mt-
on the western side of the harbor appears to have been what Thuc. 3, 51, and Pausanias call the island of Minoa. Thucydides (I.e.) speaks of it as an island off Megara,
lower
not far from the shore, to which
it
some years, but evacuated it in 445 n.c, w hen they concluded the Thirty Years'
Peace with Sparta (Thuc.
yoo-Ocva: the ruins of
I.e.).
Al-
was
a
united by a bridge built over a shoal.
The Megarians
fort,
u.sed the island as

it
was captured by the Athenians and fortified by them,

but in 427 n.r.
with a view to blockading Megara.
4, 69).
In
424 they captured Nlsaea also (Thuc.

In the treaty of 423 they retained
Minoa and
Jv'isaea
but under
Attic
rigid restrictions (Thuc. 4, 118).
29. Ila-yaC: I'agae or
Pegae
(so,
writers
and
others, Thuc. 1, 103, 107,
111, 115; Plut. Pericles, 19)
was a port
Aegosthena are to be found on the west shore of Megaris, at the head of a bay now called Porto Germano, formed by a western projection of Mt. Cithaeron on the north and by the mountains of Megara on the south. The walls of the town are amongst the finest and best preserved of ancient Greek fortifications. The place is rarely mentioned by ancient writers. Xen. Hell. 5, 4, 17 sq. tells of a storm which in 378 n.c. wrought havoc in a Lacedaemonian army imder Cleombrotus as they were approaching Aegosthena; and Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 25s(i. tells how the I,acedacmonian army,
retreating after the disaster at Leuctra,
on the w'estcoastof Megaris,on the Gulf of Corinth. The distance from I'agae to Ni.saea was one hundred and twenty
stadia (Strabo, 8, p. 334).
When Me-
were met at Aegosthena by reenforcements under Archidanuis. 31. ir^rpa: Pausanias has now turned northward
gara joined Athens in 459 b.c, the
and
is
following the road to Pagac,

In tho
Athenians took and held Pasac for
a port on the Gulf of Corinth.
212
oiaTovs, 5

Ch.
44,
17V ol
MrjSoL irore iroêvov iv
Trj
vvktL
iv Se
rat?
nayat?
cr)(yjixa
ê'a? VTreXeineTO
aîov 'Apre/xtSos Xwretpa? eVtrco
kXtjctlv
35 /cat
âXKOu^' ayaXfjia, fxeyedei

ovoeu
^
irapa M.eyapevcriv laov

/cat
Oia(f)6pco<;
)(ôu.
AtytaXew? iuTavOd
icTTLU
TJpWOV TOV
AhpOLCTTOV
TOVTOV JOip, OTE 'A/3yetOt TO
Sevrepov e?
Hyjâ<;
icrTpaTevcrav, vtto tt^v TrpwTrjv p.d)(rjv
77^69 TXicrdi'TL diToBavovTa ot 7Tpocry]KovTe<; e? ITaya? ttJ?
MeyaptSo?
40
KoiJLLcravTe<; dd-rTTovat,
kol AlyidkeLov ert KaXetrat

5
TO Tjpcoov.
iv Alyocrdevotq Se MeXayiA77o8o9 tov 'A/xvâoiô?

/cat
icTTiv lepov Kai dvrjp ov /xeya? CTretpyacr/xeVo? eV (TTTJXr)

0-uov(TL
Tft>
MeXayLtTTOot Kat ai/a

ot'
Trai^
ero? lopTTjv dyovcrt.
jxav-
Tev(T0aL oe ofTe
/cat
oveipdrav avTOP ovre aXXw? Xeyovac.

Kcofxr),
ToSe Se dkXo rjKovcra iu 'Epejêta t^ Meyapecov

T(p T 'A/cTatojvo?
45
AvTovorfv TTfv Kdofxov
davdroi, <jvp.^dvri
T-u^rj Treptcr
W9 XeyeTai,
/cat
t^ vdarj tov olkov tov TTarpuiov

TavTy.
crorepov dXyovcrav ivravda ek Stj^wv ixeTOLKyjcraL

Tov6r)(; fjLurjfxa i(TTiv iv rfj Kcofxr)
/cat
Av-
'loucrt Se
50
e'/c
M.eydpo)V
e'9
Kopuvdov aXXot Te
etcrt rdtfiOL /cat 6
avXiqTOv %apiiov TrjXe(f)dvov??,
Se Toi) êov ^prjcravTo^ iKoajxyjOr] XiOco Koy)(LTr].

neighborhood of Tripodisci there
rises
fx6voi<; Se
and railway, along the southern shore

close to the sea.
on the south of the road a height now called Karydi ("walnut-tree"), on the rocky summit of which there are many
holes.
He
therefore passed
through the necropolis now to be seen a little to the southwest of Megara.
Tiiese holes gave rise to the fable

is
of
50.
Tt]Xe<|>dvovs
Telephanes, the
which
40.
CI.
cited here
:
McXd|j.iro8os
by Pausanias. Mr. A. B. Cook,

.381 sqq.,
Samian
flute-player,
was a contempo-
rary of Demosthenes,
Rev. VIII (1894),
presents
him
(21, 17, p. 520).
some specious reasons for holding that Melampus was originally a goat deity. from Megara Pan49. CK Me-ydpoiv
:
tioned also in
who speaks well He is menAthen. 8, p. 351 e. The

7,
epitaphouhistombbyNicarchusispreserved
in
Anthol. Palat.
:
150.
53.
sanias proceeded
to
Corinth by the
Xt9w
ko-yx'tt]
Dodwell (Tour,
:
II, 178)
route
now
followed by the highroad
thus describes this stone
"A
soft
and
SCIRONIAN ROAD
Ch.
44,
213
ecrrt,
/cat
Fi\krjv(op
Meyapevaiu 6 Koyîrr]^
aXXou Xidov
ovto';
cyîcriv
55 [/cai] eV TTj TToXet TrenoirjTai ttoXXo,
i^ avTov.
ecm
8e
ayav
\evKO S/ct-
pwi^, yjvLKa
60
Meyapevcnv eVoXe/Ltapêt, irpoiTo^ cu? Xeyovati^ iTToirjcev avhpdaiv oheveiv ev^copoi^- \\.SpLavo<; 8e [6] y8acrtXev? Kttt ovT(W9 tu? /cat appara ivavria ikavprjTat KaTecrrrjcreu vpv)^(oprj re /cat
imTrjSeLap
elpai,.
Trj<;
Aoyoi 8e
Go avTTjv e?
ooii^ Toj/
etcrtt'
e? ra? TreVpa? at /caret to cTTevov

i<;
oSov
pLokicrTa dveôvcriv,
p.kv Tr)p
MoXovpiSa, w?
diro ravri^?
rait' Trat-
dakacrcrav
p(OTpov
*
'li^co pixjiaL
o-]^
MeXiKepTrju eôucra
Tvpe<j^vTepop avTcjp
oij
Toi^ yci/a
Aeapyop
i^
oiTTKTLPep 6 TTaTijp.
XeycTat fxep
kol papevra Spacrat
Tavra ÂddpapTa, Xeyerat 8e

avTrj<;
70
/cat cJ? e? ttî' 'ifoi /cat roix;
7rat8a? ^prjcraiTO dKparel tco Bvpco top crvpfidpra '0/3-
ôpepioif; Xipop /cat top SoKovpTa

po<;,
^pCôv OdpaTov alcrdopeTO-uTOL<i

8
ov TO delop oltlop ov yepecrOai, ôvXevcrai 8e eVt

prjTpvLap ovcrap- TOTe 8e (f)evyovaa
sliells
irdcTLP 'it'w
i<;
ddXaaaap
porous compound of pelrifled
built a fortification-wall across tlie isth-
and marine substances, that are easily decomposed and crumbled into dust."
Cf.
58.
mus
...
(Ildt. H, 71).
\i.iv
Curtius,
TTjv
Peloponnesus,
diro
I,
H.
04. cs
tt]v
:
MoXovpiSa
'Iv
M<XiKepTT)v
Seliol. I'ind. Istlim.
St
6vo|iaô|ivt]v
:
2Kpw-
vos
Kttl ^s
ToSc ktX.
Strabo
(9, p. :5!tl)
describes the difficulties and dangers

of this
famous pass along the

8,
sea-cliffs,
'>!'), ed. Boeckh, and Schol. Lycophron, 229, agree in saying that Ino fled with the infqnt Melicertes over Mt. Gerania and thing herself and him
Introd. p.
known
in antiquity as the Scironian

71).
road (Hdt.
Alciphron
(:],
70)
from the Molurian rock into the sea. Cf. Zenob. 4, MB Lucian. Dialog! Mar;
speaks of the robbers

wait for travelers.
It
who
here lay in
to
ini, 8, 1.
08.
Xiytrai: this
is
the well-
was easy
make
known
story of Helle and Phrixus,
who
such a pass impassable.

tlie
Hence, after
and liis Thermopylae, the Peloi)onnesians blocked the Scironian road and
annihilation of Leonidas
at
men
wereonthepointofbeingkilled through the wiles of their stepmother Ino, and who were carried away through the air
on the ram with the golden
fleece.
It is
214

Ch.
44, 9
avrrjv koL rov TraiSa airo

(Tiv,
Trj<;
Trer/Da? T179 MoA.ov/9tSo9 0,^117-
efeve^êWo? Se
e? roi/ KopLvdicov ladixov vtto SeXîiô?

/cat
75 0J9
\4yeTai tov Tratoo?, rt/xal
aXXat
to* M.eXLKepTrj oloou-
rai jxeTovojjiacrdei'Ti UaXaifjiovL kol to)v Îcrdfiioju
eV
avT(o
TOV
aywva
ayovcri.
ttjv jxep orj
MoXovpioa TTerpav AevKO
0a<;
Koi ITaXatjaofO? lepav rjyrjPTO
ra? Se
/xerct
ravrqv
vojXLôvcnp ivayelf;, oti TrapoiKOiv crîcriv 6 SKipoiv, ottoctol^

80 T(x)v êvcDV iireTvyâvev,
XoiVT) 8e vTTi>y]êTo
ettrl
rj(f)Lei
o"<â? e?
Tr]i>
OdXacrcrav.
rat? Trerpai? rou? eV^XT^êWa? dpTrdlêLp
Se at OaXdcrcnaL ttXt^v jxeyeOov; Kal tto^cop ofxoLaL rat?

(f)(OKaL<s.
êpcratat?, TToSa? Se loiKora'^ eôfcrt rat?

TreptyjXOev
rj
tovtcdv
Slkt]
evrt
XKipcova dêOevra e? ddXatrcrav rrjv avrrfv

Se rov 6pov<?
(f>aal
rfj
85 VTTO T^creoj?.
aKpa Ato? icmv

ot]
Âcfyecrtov 9
irore.
KaXovfxevov vao?*
Se
eVt rou crvfifidpTO'?
toI<;
KXXyjcrip av)(fJiov 6v(javTO<;
AlaKov Kara
.
.
tl
Xoyiop
t(o
TlaveXXrjvLO) Att eV Alyivrj
KOfxicravra Se dcfyelvaL kol Sta
rovTo
'A(f)(TLOv
KaXelcrdat top Aia.
evTovOa
/cat 'A(f)pooLTri<;
e'9
90 dyaXjjLa /cat 'AttoXXoji/o? eVrt

told at greater length by Zenobius
(4,
Kat Ilai'o?.
Xwvq
:
irpoeXBovcn Se
10
hence Sciron was said to feed the
38)
and Hyginus (Fab. 2). cf. 2, 70. Twv 'I<r9(j.v

:
tortoise (Schol. Eur. Hippol. 979).

1, 0.
The
tor-
Schol.
death of Sciron
paintings,
toise
is
is
depicted on vaseof
Pind. Istlun. Introd.
p.
514, ed. Boeckh,
and
in
some
them the
explains that
certes
when
the corpse of MeliIsth-
represented as waiting below

It is also the subject of
was washed ashore on the
for
its
prey.
mus, a famine befell Corinth, and an oracle declared it would not cease until
the people paid the due obsequies to
one of the sculptured metopes of the so-called Theseum at Athens,

85.
Aios
*A<J)<riov
KaXovpi^vov
Melicertes and honored

neral games.
him with
fu-
vaos: the site of this sanctuary, about an
When
they afterwards
told
omitted the games, the famine came

again,
hour and a half southwest of Megara, on an eminence above the road to Corinth,was excavated in 1889. The temple
and the oracle
them that
the honors paid to Melicertes must be

eteriial.
All the most famous Greek
was a tiny building, about twenty feet long and fourteen feet wide, consisting
southeast.
'
games the Isthmian, Nemean, Olympic, and Pythian appear to have
merely of a cella with a portico facing See A.M. XIV (1889), 327;
been originally funeral games.
80. \t-
'E0. kpx- 1890, pp. 35 sqq., 03 sq.
LATOAN APOLLO
<:b. 44, 10
215
TO irpocro)
Krj<;
fxvrjfxd Icttiv EvpvarOeuj's
(f>V'youTa Se e/c rrjq 'Arrt-
fieTOi Tr)p 7rpo<;
'Hâ/cXetSa?
e/c
jaa^T^j/
ivravOa airoOavilv
avro Meyapevcnf
avrov VTTO 'loXaou Xeyovaiu.

Att6W(i)vo^ lepou
95 o/Dot 77/309 Trjv
icTTL
raun^? r^? oSov KaTaâcnv

/cat
Aarwov
/ler'
Kopivdiap, P0a
TWop
to
top 'H/aa/cXeou? fiopo-
ixa^rjaai
irpo^;
top 'A/D/caSa "Eê/xov
Xeyovcrti'.
to death,
91. Evpv<r6cs
lod. 2, 8,
1,
according to Apolhi.s
Eiirystlieus, after
de-
94.
tiie
Alcmena, who had him put

'Air^XXwvos Upov
tlie
:
after passing
cliffs
feat in Attica, fled in his chariot, but
long line of
Scironian
little
the
was overtaken at the Scironian rocks and slain by Ilyllus, who cut off his head and brought it back to Alcmena.
According to Eur. Ileracl. 859 sqq., lolaus took Eurystheus prisoner at tlie Scironian rocks, and brought him back
road descends into a

.settlement
plain beside
is
the sea, where at present
a small
in
;
named
Kincta.
The sane-
tuary of Latoan Apollo was probably

this
neighborhood.
1,
95.
tv9a "YXXov
see
41, 2, note.
APPENDIX
A.
MANUSCRIPTS
The
tion.
text of Paiisanias
It
contains a
is
the author
lias been liaiided down to us in wretched condinumber of bad faults and a great many lacunae for which not to blame. The extant manuscripts are without exception
of late date
and were not transcribed by the best copyists. Schubart,
to
whom we
are indebted for the first careful collation of the manuscripts,
has shown that they go back to one archetype, but that there already
existed in the archetype a raria
Jfctio,
introduced above the lines and on
the margin, so that the copyists had really two recensions to choose from.
In some instances they preferred the reading of the text
in otliers they
chose the marginal reading; and at times they even took both, either by
noting the variation on the margin or by embodying the two ideas in the
text.
The manuscripts are more than twenty in number and date chiefly from the loth century. Ilitzig has brought the critical ajijâratus of the Schubart-Walz edition up to date and has revised the text in the light of
forty years of
modern scholarship.
For a
full
discussion of the
manuprinci-
scripts consult the prefaces of Schubart, Hitzig,
and Spiro.
The
pal
manuscripts are divided by Ilitzig into three classes, in order of

:
excellence as follows
Class
I.^
Codex
Leidensis 10 K, La, of the loth and 16th centuries;
by four different hands. Codex Parisinus 1410, Pc, written by Michael Suliardus
in five parts
in
1491
closely related to La.
Codex Parisinus 1411, Pd,

lated to Pc.
of the 15th century;
closely re-
Codex Angelicus 2 Codex Laurentianus Codex Laurentianus

it is
c ii,
of the 15th century; akin to
Ag, of the 14th or the beginning La and Pd.
Pint.
LVI
it
10,
Fa. of the 15th century,
with marginal glosses;

Pint.
accords very frequently with Ag.

11,
LVI
Fb, of the 15th century;
perhaps copied from Fa.

2](J
APPENDIX
Class
II.
217
16th century.
Codex Vaticanus 50, Vt, of the
Codex Mos(iueii.sis, M, probably of the 14th century. Codex Monacensis 404, Mo, of the Kith century; it most identical with M. Codex Venetus 413, Vn, of the l.lth century. Codex Leidensis 1(5 L, Lb, of the lilth century.
is
al-
Class
III.
Codex
Pari.sinus 1:599, Pa, of the
l.")th
century.
Codex Xeapolitanus iii Codex Vindobonensis

century.
10,
N,
of the ].5th century.

tlie
Ilist.
Gr. XXIII, Va, of
ICth
Codex Vindobonensis Hist.
(ir.
LI, Vb,of the 10th century.
B.
Editor
Editio Princeps (M. Musurus)
EDITIONS
PlBLISHER
Plack
Venice Frankfort
Date
bjK!
Aldus
Hered. A. Weclieli Typis Wechelianis
Fritsch
Xylander-Sylburgius
\rm
1013
lOiMJ
Xylander-Sylbu rgius
Hanover
Leipzig Leipzig
Paris
Kuhnius
Facius
Clavier
Siebelis
Weigel Eberhart
1704 1814
Leipzig
Berlin
Bekker
Schubart and Walz Dindorf
Weidiuann Reimer
Ilahn
1822-1828
1820-1827
Leipzig
Paris
1838-1839
1845
Didot
Schubart Schubart Weise Hitzig and Bluemner

Spiro
Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig

Iîpzig
Teubner Teubner
Tauchnltz
Keisland
1853-1854
1875
1877
1890 1003
Teubner
For a
T. F.,
of the
full
description of the early editions and translations, see Dibdin,
An
Introduction to the Knowledge of Rare and ^'aluable Editions

Classics,
Greek and Latin
London
lSi27; Mons, J.
11'..
Manual
of
Classical Bibliography,
London
LS^.j;
S<-liiirif/ei\
F. L. A., Ilandbuch der
klassischeu Bibliographie, Leipzig 1830-1834.
218

C.
TEANSLATIONS
Place
Venice
Language
Latin
Latin
TRAXSLATOn
Calderinus
Publisher
Bernardin
Oporimis
Torrentinus
Date
1498
1547
Amasaeus
Loesclier
Rome
Basle
Latin Latin Latin

Italian
1550
1551
Amasaeus Amasaeus (with

Sylburg ed.)
Bonnaccinoli
Florence
Frankfort
Wechel
Osanna
Poggioli
ri624
tlG70
1593
1817
f 171)5-17(56
Mantua
Italian
Nibby
Goldhagen
AViedasch
Siebelis-Keiclian
Rome
Berlin
German
Reimer
Fleischmann
Metzler
1 1798-1799
182(5-1833
German
German
Munich
Stuttgart
ri827
U858
Schubart
Stuttgart
German
French
Frencli
Hoffmann
1857-18(53
'1731
Gedoyn
Clavier
Paris Paris
Nyon
Eberhart
1733
^1797 1822-1828
1780
r
English
Englisli
U. Price
London
London
London
Evans
Jeffry
Thomas Taylor
Frazer
1793
1824
18tK)
English
New York
Macmillan
D.
COMMENTARIES AND WORKS BEARING ON PAUSANIAS

1.
WHOLE BOOKS AND LARGER TREATISES

Mythology and Monu-
Harrison, Jane E., and Verrall, Margaret de G.:
ments
of Ancient Athens, being a translation of a portion of the Attica of
Pausanias by Mrs. Verrall with introductory essay and archaeological com-
mentary by Miss Harrison, London and New York, Macmillan, 1890; Ilitzig, II., and Bluemner, II.: Pausaniae Graeciae Descriptio, edited witli apparatus criticus by Ilitzig, with commentary etc. by Hitzig and Bluemner, Leipzig, Reisland, 189G
;
Frazer, J. G.:
Pausanias's Description of
Greece, translated with a commentary.
Six volumes, London and
New
York, Macmillan, 1898; Imhoof-Blumer, F., and Gardner, P.: Numismatic
Commentary on Pausanias
(J.
H.
S. vi, 1885,
50-101;
vii,
1886, 57-113;
APPENDIX
viii,
219
1887, 6-63); Kalkmann, A.: Pausanias der Perieget, Untersuchungeu
Schriftstellerei und seine Quellen, Berlin 1886; Gurlid, W.: Ueber Pausanias, Graz 1890; Bencker, M. Der Anteil der Periegese an
tiber seine
:
derKunstscliriftstellerei der Alten,
Munich 1890;
Ileherdey,
R.: Die Reisen
des Pausanias in Griechenland (Abh. d. arch, epigr. Seminars der Universitat
Wieu
x,
Vienna 1894).
2.
IMPORTANT ARTICLES
xii (1878),
V.
Wiknnowllz,
ff.;
Hermes
f.
365
ff.
Schoell,
ff.;
432
Brunn, Jb.
ibid,
Kl. Philol.
xxx (1884), 23
ff.;
Hermes xiii (1879), Enmann, ibid. 497 ff.;

Anz. 1890, 627
ff.;
r. Si/lel,
xxxi (1885), 177
ff.;
Lolling, Gott. Gel.
Well, Berl. Philol.
Woch. 1890, 1101
Flschbach, VVien. Stud,
161
ff.
Realencycl. Suppleni.
sity
Kalkmann, Arch. Anz. 1895, 12 ff.; Woch^muth in i, 200 ft"., 1903; Carroll, George Washington UniverBulletin vi (1907), No. 3, 61 ff.
;
xv (1893), Pauly-Wissowa,
3.
SELECT DISSERTATIONS
stilo
Bikkh
ticae de
De Pausaniae
locis
Asiano, 1824
Braiisf
Commentationes
;
cri-
quibusdam
Pausaniae Periegetae, 1851

Ilitziy: Beitr. z.
Krueycr: Theologu-
mena Pausaniae, 1860;

Ilitzly
:
Texteskritik d. Pausanias, 1873;
Weitere Beitr.
z.
Texteskritik d. Pausanias, 1876;
Koeniy :
De
Pausaniae
doti,
fide et auctoritate in historia
mythologia artibusque fJraecorum
tradendis praestita, 1832; Pfundtner: Pausanias Periegeta imitator Ilero-
bensanschauungen, 1868;
Des Reisebeschreibers Pausanias Lebens- und (JlauSclteffler : Ueber die Personlichkeitdes Periegeten Pausanias, 1880; Starch: Syntaxeos Pausanianae part. I de anacoluthis, 1869; Starch: Syntaxeos Pausanianae capp. viii, 1872: Wernicle: De.
1866
;
Pfuiultner:
Pausaniae Periegetae studiis Ilerodoteis, 1884

bei Pausanias.
Tiueyer: Die Pra]K)sitionen
Beitrag zur historischen Syntax der griechischen Sprache,
1889.
E.
ATHENS AND ATTICA

1.
GENERAL WORKS
On
Comtc
the older literature pertaining to Athenian topography, consult Le'on^
lie Lahorde, Athenes aux xv, xvi" et xvii siecles, Paris 1854, and Judeich, Tojxjgraphie von Athen, pj). 14 ft". We give below the more important works that have appeared since the beginning of the seven-
teenth century.
220

fait
Levant,
Voyage dTtalie, de Dalmatie, de Grece et du aux amines 1675 et 1076. Vols, i, ii, iii, Lyons 1078; vols, i, Wheler, G.: A Jom-ney into ii, Amsterdam 1679 and The Hague 1721; Greece by George Wheler, Esq., in company with Dr. Spon of Lyons, etc.,
Span, J., and Wheler, G.:
London 1082
London,
dler,
i
Stuart, J.
ii
and
iii
Revett,
1762,
1789,
1791, iv 1816
;
R.: Travels in Greece
or
The Antiquities of Athens, 4 vols. new edition 1825-1830; Chanan account of a tour made at the expense
N.
:
; ;
of the Society of Dilettanti,
Oxford 1776
Clarke,
ous Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa, London 1814
E. D.: Travels in VariAthens in ii,

:
and Topographical Tour through Greece during the years 1801, 1805, 1806. Vols, i, ii, London 1819 Muller, K. 0.:
462-596
Dodwell, E.
Classical
"Attika,"ErschandGruber's Realencyklopadie Sekt. l,Bd. vi, 1820, 228 ff.; Hatokins, J.: On the Topography of Athens. AValpole's Memoirs relating to European and Asiatic Turkey, etc., London 1817, 2d ed. 1818, 480 ff.; Gell, W.: Itinerary of Greece, containing one hundred routes in Attica, Boeotia, Phocis, Locris, and Thessaly, London 1819 Unedited Antiquities of Attica, by the Society of Dilettanti, London 1817; 2d ed. 1833 Leake, W. M.: The Topography of Athens, London 1821 Topography of Athens and the Demi of Attica, 2 vols., London 1841; Leake, W. JM.: Travels in Northern Greece, vols, i-iv, London 1835; Pitlukis, K.: L'Ancienne Athenes, Athenes 1835; Wordsworth, Chr.: Athens and Attica, London 1836; 4th ed. 1869; Wordsworth, Chr.: Greece, a Descriptive, Historical, and Pictorial Account, London 1839 2d ed. 1859; revised by II. F. Tozer 1882 Mu7-e, W.: Journal of a Tour in Greece and the Ionian Islands, with remarks on the recent history, present state, and classical antiquities of those countries. Vols, i, ii, Edinburgh and London 1842; Ross, L.: Wanderungen in Griechenland, Halle 1851 Ross, Z..- Archaologische Aufsatze (i Leipzig 1855, ii hrsg. v. K. Keil 1861); Rochette, R.: Sur la topographie d'Athenes, Paris 1852; Breton, E.: Athenes d^crite etdessinê, Pai-is 1862; 2d ed. 1868: Welcker, F. G.: Tagebuch einer griechischen Reise, vols, i, ii, Berlin 1865; GottUng, C. W.: Ges. Abhandlungen a. d. klassischenAltertime, vol. i Halle 1854,vol.ii Munich 1863 Forchhammer P W.: Topographic von Athen, Kiel 1841 Penrose, F. C. Principles of Athenian Architecture, London 1851 De Lahorde, L. Athenes aux xv, xvi, et xvii** siecles, Paris 1854 Vischer, W. Erinnerungen und Eindriicke aus Griechenland, Basel 1857, 103-216 Bursian, K.: Geographic von Griechenland, Leipzig 1862-1868: Attica in i, 264-325; Ulrichs, H. N.: Reisen und
; ; ; ; ; ;
Forschungen, Berlin 1863

tory,
ii,
133
ff .
Di/er, T. If.
;
Ancient Athens,
its
His-
Topography, and Remains, London 1873
Milchhoefer, A.:
"Athen,"
APPENDIX
Baumeister's Denkinaler, Munich 1885:
attischen
i,
221
111
ff.;
MUchhotfer, A.: Die
Demen,
lierliii
1887
Mdchhoefer, A.: Schriftquellen zur Topo-
graphie vou Atheii (published with Curtius' .Stadtgcschichte von Atlien,

Berlin 1891); Hertzberg, G. F.
bles
:
Athen, Halle 1885

ed. revised,
i
Mahaffy J
,
Kani-
and Studies in Greece, 3d
London 1887;
1865
;
Citrtim,
:
K.:
Attische Studien, Gottingen, vol.
1862, vol.
ii
Curtius,
E.
Die Stadt-
geschichte von Athen, niit einer Uebersicht der Schriftquellen zur Topo-
graphic von Athen von A. IMilchhoefer, Berlin 1891
Curlius, E. : Ges. Abhandlungen, Berlin 1894; Wachamuth, C: Die Stadt Athen ini Altortum, vol. i 1874, first half vol. ii 1890, Leipzig; Wachsmuth, C: Xeue Beitrage zur Topograpliie von Athen (Abh. d. K. S. Ges. d. AViss. xli); LolUn(j, II. (!.: Topographic von Athen, IMuUer's Ilandbuch d. kl. Alt., 1st ed., iii, 290 If.; Jahn, O., and Michnelis, A.: Arx Athenaruin a Pausania Mirhnelis, A.: Tabulae arcem Athenarum illusdescripta, Leipzig 1901
; ;
trantes, Leipzig 1901

Butler, II.
fxvrjfiua
Gardner,
I'J.
A.: Ancient Athens,
New York
S.:
1002
:
C: The
'AOr]vu)v,
Story of Athens,
New York
;
1902; Kao-Tptoris
To.
Twv
3d
ed.,
Athens 1895; AmhrosoU,
Atene, brovi
cenni sulla citta antica e moderna, Milan 1901

ed.,
Baedeker, K.: Greece, 4th

ed.,
Leipzig 1904; Meijrr
Turkei und Griechenland, 5th
1901;
Murray: Handbook
for Travellers in Greece,
7th ed. revised, London
1900; Guides Joanne: Athenes et ses Environs, Paris 1890; Wachsmuth " Athenai," Pauly-Wissowa, Realencycl. Suppleni. i, 159 ff., Stuttgart
1903; Harrison, Jane E.: Primitive Athens as described by Thucydides,
Cambridge 1906.
2.
PERIODICALS
founded 1885: Series
(A. J. A.)
i,
A inerican
Journal of Archarolof/y,
ii,
vols,
i-xi
(1885-1896); Series
since 1897.
Annual of the
intervals.
British
Sduxd
at Athens, since
1894-1895.
Antike Denkinaler, a collection of valuable plates published at irri'gular
(Ant.
Denkm.)
Zeituny, vols, i-xliii (1843-1885).
Archaol(>f/ij<che
(Arch. Zeit.)
Archaoloyischer Anzeiyer:
rately.
appendix to the Jahrbuch, but paged sepa(B. C. II.)
(Arcli.
Anz.)
published at irregular intervals from 1837 to
('E<^. 'Ap;^.)
Bulletin de Correspondance helle'nique, since 1877.

'E<f>r]fiepU 'ApxaioXoyiKT^,
1883, and since then annually.
Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich-Dcutschen
A rchiioloyischen
Instituts,
since 1886.
(A. Jb.)
222

Archdologhchen
Instituts in
Jahreifhefle des Oesterreichischen
Wien, mit
Beihlatt,
since 1898.
(Jh. Oesterr. Arch. Inst.)

Studies, since 1880.
Jownal of Hellenic
Abtheilung,
(J. H. S.)
Mittheilungen des Kaiserlich-Deutschen Archdologischen Instituts, Athenische
founded 1876, since 1886 with slight change of

the
title.
(A. M.)
Papers of
(to 1897).
American School of
iv 'A^T^vats
Classical Studies at Athens: vols, i-vi
UpaKTiKo.
Tr]<;
ApâioXoyiKrj<;
EratptaS) vol.
published in
1871.
(lip.)
archeologifiue : Series
;
Revue
i,
1844-1860
.
Series
ii,
1860-1882
Series
iii,
1883-1902
Series iv, 1903-
(Rev. Arch.)
(R. Et. Gr.)
Revue des Etudes grecques, since 1888.
3.
ATLASES, MAPS, PLANS, VIEWS

E.: Sieben Karten von Attika, Gotha 1868; Cur-
Atlases.
tiu^,
Curtius,
E., and Kaupert, J. A.: Atlas von Athen, Berlin 1878, 12 large folio
;
plates
Curtius
ff.
and Kaupert : Karten von Attika, mit erlauterndem Text,
Berlin 1881
Wall Maps.
Curtius
a. b.,
Reinhard, II.: Athenae in us. scholarum, Stuttgart 1868; and Kaupert: Vienna 1900; Loeper, R.: Cybulski's Tabulae xiv,
Leipzig 1903.
The photographs of Rhomaides, the English Photograph Co., and the collection of the German Archaeological Institute; Earth's Bookstore's <<'EAAas, a collection of views of Athens and Greece" all in Athens Reconstruction of Ancient Athens by Joseph HolTmann, Ed.
Views.
Holzel's Kunstverlag in Vienna, 1880
Paul Acker, Les Vijles antiques, 1899

;
Athenes.
Restauration archôlogique, Paris
Model
of
Ancient
Athens, after Curtius and Kaupert, H. Walger, Berlin 1880.
4.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR EXCURSUSES

(1)
Walls and Fortifications

Wachsmuth,
Curtius, Frazer, and
For the
earlier literature, consult

(11.
Hitzig-Bluemner
cc).
;
Leake: Topography of Athens, 300-375
Wachsmuth
:
Stadt Athen,
ii,
1-50; Curtius: Stadtgeschichte, 104

meister's
ff.
Milchhoefer
"Peiraieus," Baui,
Denkm.,
ii,
1195 ff.; Karten von Attika, Text

i,
24
ff.; ii,
Iff.; von
Alten: Karten von Attika, Text
10-22
Angelopoulos: Hepl neipaiws koI
APPENDIX
Twv
A.i/i.ev<uv
223
Site of Ancient Phalerum,
ff.
;
avTou, Athens 1898
Carroll:
The
iii,
George Washington University Bulletin

on Pans. 1,1,2;
1,
1, 2,
1904, No. 3, 82
Hitzig-Blucmner
:
Frazer:
1,
1, 2,
;
1, 28,
on Pans.
1, 2,
2; 1, 2, 4; 1, 28, 3
Gardner: Ancient Athens, 36-72, 542-563;
Judeich: Topographic von Athen, 107-154.
(2)
The Makket-Place of Athens

is
The
literature
on the Agora
ino.st
fully given
305, note 1, and Hitzig-Bluemner, note on Pans. 3, tant references are

:
1.
by Wachsmuth, ii, The most inqxjrii,
Wachsmulh: Die Stadt Athen,
i,
152-172, 180-182, 199-212
305
ii,
ff.;
Pauly-Wissowa Supplem.
1,
181
ff.;
Curlius: Attische Studien,

;
Der
Kerameikos und die Geschichte der Agora von Athen Stadtgeschichte, 169 ff.; Ges. Abhandlungen, i, 339 ff.; Leake: Topography of Athens, 98-134; Kaupert: Die Rekonstruktion der Agora des Kerameikos, Berl.
Philol.
Woch.
vii
(1887), 571
f.
ff.;
Laiuje
Haus
ff.;
u.
Halle, 1885, 60
ff.;
Weizsacker: Jahrb.
vers.
kl. Philol.
ff.;
1887, 577
Verh.
d. 39. Philologenff.;
in Zurich
1888, 210
Miss Harrison:
Ancient Athens, 14
;
Fallis:
Pausanias auf der Agora von Athen, Munich 1895

ii,
Diirpfeld: Ant.
Denkm.
351
f.,
Taf. 37, Text p. 1; Milchhoefer: Berl. Philol.

ff.;
Woch. 1900,
379
Frazer: Pausanias
ii,
pp. 55
ff.,
etc.;
ff.
,
Hitzig-Bluemner: on
Paus. 1, 3, 1, etc.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 126 Topographic von Athen, 293-339.
381, 455; Judeich:
(3a)
"The Exneacuuxu.s Episode"

of the literature
i,
For a more complete statement

question, consult Hitzig-Bluemner,
114, 117
f.
on the Enneacnmus
ii,
160
ff.,
and Frazer, Pausanias.
Here follow the more important titles: Leake: Topography of Athens, i, 127 ff.; Curtitis Attische Studien, ii, 15 ff.; Stadtgesch. 88-294; Ges. Abhandl. ii, 401-408; Wachsmuth: Stadt Athen, i, 272-284 Rh. Mus. xxiii, 35 ff.; Unger : Sitzungsber. d. Akad. Munch, phil. hist. CI. (1874), 263 ff.; Lnschke: Die Enneakrunos-t^pisode bei Pausanias, Progr. Dorpat (1883), 9 ff.; Diirpfeld: A. M. xvi (1891), 444 ff.; xvii (1892), 92 ff., 439-445 xix (1893), 143 ff.; Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens (1890), 88 ff.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 18-23, 149-151, 535-538; Graher : Die Enneakrunos, A. M. xxxi (1906), 1-61; Judeich: Topographic (1905), 180 ff.; Watzinger: A. :\r. xxvi (1901), 305 ff.; Miss Harrison: Primitive Athens as described by Thucydides, Cambridge 1906.
:
; ;
; :
224

(3/>)
The Dionysium
ff.;
ix Limnis
ff.
ff. ff.
Curtius: Stadtgesch. 76
Wilamowitz: Hermes, xxi (1886), 615

ii
Oehmichen: Sitzungsber. Akad. Miinch. phil.-hist. Kl.

V.
(1889), 122
Maass: De Lenaeo
et Delphinio, Progr. Greifswald,
1891/1892, 111
Pickard: A^ J. A.
viii
(1893), 56
ff.;
Dorp/eld: A.
ff.;
M.
xvii (1892), 439

:
xix (1894), 506

(1896), 171
V.
ff.;
xx (1895), 161 ff., 368 Wachsmuth: Abh. Gesellschaft

ff.;
Milchhoefer
Philol. Iv
ff.
;
d.
W.
325
Leipz. (1897), 33
Philol. Assoc,
Pratt: A.
M.
ff.,
xxiii (1898), 205
ff.;
Bates: Trans.
Am.
ff.;
xxx
(1899), 97
ff.;
Carroll: Class. Rev. xix (1905),
Gardner: Ancient
ff.;
Athens, 111
son:
123
ff.,
148
ff.;
Judeich
Topographic, 261
:
3/ks Harriff.
Primitive Athens, 83-100;

ii
Schrader
ff.
A. M. xxi (1896), 265
Capps: Class. Philol.
(1907), 25
(4)
The So-called Theseum

i,
Wachsmuth: Die Stadt Athen,
357-365
Leake: Athens,
i,
498-512;
294-290; Dorpfeld : A. M. ix (1884), 326 ff.; Miss Harrison : Ancient Athens, 112-122, 146-149 Gardner: Ancient Athens, 410 ff.; G'mp/'and Baumeister : Baumeister's Denkm. 1774Curtius: Stadtgeschichte, 120-136,
;
1786
Ross
Das Theseion
iind der
Tempel des Ares
in
Athen, Halle 1852
Pervanoglu: Philologiis, xxvii (1868), 660-672; Sauer : Das sogenannte
Theseion nnd sein plastischer Schmuck, Leipzig and Berlin 1899
Bates:
A. J. A. V (1901), 37 f.; Lollinfj : Nachr. der Gott. Ges. d. Wissensch. 1874, 17 ff.; Judeich: Tojwgraphie, 325 ff.
(5)
Stuart
Dodicell
:
The Olympieum
of
and Rcrett: The Antiquities

Travels in Greece,
i,
Athens, London 1794, 11-17;

i,
387
ff.
Leake: Athens,
f.;
513-516
:
Dyer:
98
Ancient Athens, 272-279; Milchhoefer: Athen, 177
Bevier
Papers of
i,
Am.
188
School at Athens,
f.;
(1882-1883), 183-212; Guide Joanne:

f.;
f.;
Baedeker: 49
ff.;
LolVmg : Athen, 321

II.
Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens,

ff.;
Penrose: J.
S.
viii
(1887), 272
Penrose: Principles of
xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix
;
Athenian Architecture
'E</).
(ed.
f.;
of 1888),
with
pi.
'Apx-, 1883, 195

ii,
Berl. Philol.
Woch.
vii
(1887), 702; Frazer

etc.;
Pausanias,
Judeich
:
178
f.;
Gardner: Ancient Athens, 116-119, 498-499,

ff.
Topographie, 340
APPENDIX
(6)
/)yer;
226
The Thkatkk of Dioxysus

;
Ancient Athens, 307-343

;
Julius: Zeitschr.
f.
l)il(l.
Kunst,
xiii
(1878), 193-204, 236, 242

6
if.;
UpaKTiKo.
rrj^ 'Ap)(aLo\oyiKrjs
'Eraiptas for 1877,

i
ibid, for 1878, 8

;
ff.;
Wheeler: Papers of
Am.
;
Scliool at Athens,
(1882-1883), 123-179
ster's
MUchhnefer : Athen, 190-192

:
Millbr: Die griech.
Biihnenalterthunier, 82-101; Diirpfdil
ibid.
i,
41.")
IT.;
Kdmrou
The
Hauniei-
Denkni. 1734-1738;
(ntide
Joanne:
09-72;
JIiii(/li:
Brndeker : 53-55;
Attic Theatre,
BoUicher: Die Akropolis von Athen, 230-255
Oxford 1898; Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens, 271-295; Frazcr : Pausanias, ii, 222 ff.; Gardner: Ancient Athens, 123-125, 398-399, 453-454, etc.; Dorpfeld and Reisch : Das griechische Theater, Athen 1890 Ddrj)feld A. M. xxii (1897), 439 ff.; xxiii (1898), 320 ff.; xxiv (1899), 310 ff.; xxviii
;
(1903), 383
ff.;
Puchstein: Die griechische Biihne: eine architektonische

ff.
;
Untersuchung, Berlin 1901; Judeich: Topographie, 270

versity of Chicago Studies in Class. I^hilol.
viii
i
Capps
;
Uni-
(1893), 93
ff.
Class. Rev.
(1894), 318
ff.
A. J. A. x (1890), 287
ff.
(7)
The Acropolis of Athens

18.33-1854 (2d ed. 1802);
Benlc: L'Acropole d'Atlienes, 2 vols.
De
Die
Lnhorde: Athenes aux xv^, xvi", xviie siecles, 1854;
Warhsmuth
Stadt Athen im Altertum, 1874
Burnoiif:
La
Ville et I'AcrojKjle d'Atlienes,
1877;
Bolticker:
Die Akropolis von Athen, Berlin

ini
1888;
Curliiis
:
Cirf(/ororius:
Geschichte der Stadt Athen

geschichte von Athen, 1891
;
Mittelalter,
:
1889;
Die Stadt-
Miller
History of the Acropolis of Athens,

:
;
A. J. A.
dross: Die Akropolis von

stadt,
1901 343
Lnckenhach Die Akropolis von Athen, 1896 Athen und ihre Kiinstdenkniiiler, Progr. Kron1900; Michaelis: Arx Athenaruni a Pausania descri[)ta, with atlas, Ilachlinann Die Akropolis von Athen ini Zeitalter des Perikles,
viii
ff.;
:
;
(1893), 473
Gymnasialbibl. Ileft 35, Gvitersloh 1903

ff.;
Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens,

ff.;
Primitive Athens, 5-65; (lardner: Ancient Athens, 208

;
Judeich:
To]K)graphie, 190-255
Dorpfeld, Petersen, Walters: Die
Ausgrabungen der
Akrojwlis, A.
M.
xi (1880)
-xiv (1890).
(8)
The Pkopylaea
f.;
Wheler : Journey in Greece, 358
Stitarf
f.;
and
lierett
ii
(1787), 37
ff.,
i,
with
162
pi. i-xiii
Leake: Athens,
xxiii
i,
527
BenU': L'Acropole d'Atlienes,
ff.;
Ivanaff: Sulla grande Scalinata de'propilei deH'Acropoli d' Atene,

dell' Institute,
Annali
(1861),
275-293; Dyer: Ancient Athens,
; :
226
362

;
ii (1877), 192-194 Robert: Aus ff.; Julius: A. M. i (1876), 216-228 Kydathen, 172-194; Bnkn: Die Propylaeen der Akiopolis zu Athen (Berlin and Stuttgart 1882); Milchhoefer : Athen, 200-202; Dnrpfeld : A. M. x
;
(1885), 38-56, 131-144;
White:
'Ecf>.
'Apx- 1894,
ff.
Boetticher
Die
Akropolis von Athen, 175-187; Lolling: Athen, 339-341; Baumeister's
Denkm., 1414-1422; Miss Harrison: Ancient Athens, 350-367;

Stadtgesch. 130
ff.;
ff.
Curtius
Weller: A. J. A. [N. S.] viii (1904), 33-70; Judeick:
Topographie, 207
(9)
The Temple of Athena Nike
xx (1862), 249-267; Botticher : Philologus xxi 41-72; Pervanoglu, Bulletino dell' Institute, 1868, 162-164; Julius: A. M. i (1876), 224 ff.; Michaelis, ibid. 279 if.; Curtius: Arch. Zeit. xxxvii (1879), 97 f.; Bohn: Arch. Zeit. xxxviii (1880), 85-91; A. M. v
MichaelLs: Arch. Zeit.
(1864),
Kekule: Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der (1880), 259-267, 309-316 Athena Nike (Stuttgart 1881); Petersen: Zeit. f. d. oest. Gym. xxxii (1881), 261-282; Baumeister's Denkm., 1021-1027; Walters: Bonner Studien, 1890, 92-101; Friederichs-Wolters : Gipsabgiisse, Xos. 747-804, Yorke: J. H. S. xiii (1892-1893), 272-280; Kmwadias 'E<^. pp. 281-290
; ;
'Apx- 1897, 174
ff.;
Dorp/eld: A.
ff.;
M.
xxii (1897), 227

:
ff.
v.
Wilamowitz:
;
Deutsch. Lit. Zeit. 1898, 383
Furtwcinyler
Meisterw. 207-222
Judeich:
Topographie, 204
ff.
(10)
The Parthenon
is
The
53
ff.^
literature
on the Parthenon
given fully in Jahn-Michaelis, Arx,
We
give only the principal titles:
1.
Architecture.
Michaelis:
The Parthenon, London 1882;

tecture,
new
ed.,
Der Parthenon, Leipzig 1871; Fergusson, Penrose: Principles of Athenian ArchiLondon 1888 Magne Le Parthenon Etudes faites
;
au cours de deux missions en Grece 1894-1895, Paris 1895; Dorp/eld: A. M. vi (1881), 283-302; xix (1894), 529-531 xxvii (1902), 379 ff.;
;
V.
Syhel: Baumeister's
Denkm.
ii,
1171-1188;
Boetticher: Akropolis,
:
110
ff.;
Fwtwdngler : Meisterw. 162

2.
stein:
ff.;
Miss Harrison
Gardner: Ancient Athens, 257-352; Judeich: Topographie, 225-237.

Sculpture.
Petersen:
; ;
Essays on the Art of Phidias, Cambridge 1885

Sauer: A.
Die Kimst des Pheidias, Berlin 1873; WaldPuchstein: A. Jb.,

;
V (1890), 79-117
M. xv
(1891), 59-94
;
Furtwangler: Meisterw.
:
184
1
ff.,
223-250
Six: A. Jb., ix (1894), 83-87

literature see Frazer,
ii,
Pernice
A. Jb., x (1895),
1,
For subsequent
310
f.;
Hitzig-Bluemner,
271-273;
Judeich, 225-237, 1-7.
APPENDIX
93-103; Wizemanti
Schwerzek
:
227
Die Giebelgriippen des Parthenon, Stuttgart 1895.

.lb.,
Erliuiterungen zu der Reconstruction des Westgiehels des Parxi (189(i), 300-3(11; Mnlenhenj.
thenon, Vienna 1896; Michaelh: A.

sins des sculptures
A.Jb.,xii(1897), 92-90; Treu: A. Jb.,

the Parthenon,
xii
(1897), 101
;
du Parthenon, Paris 1898
ft".; Omout : De.sMurray: The Sculptures of
London 1903.
(11)
Thk Ekkchtheum
ii,
For literature on the Erechtheum,cf. Frazer,

i,
338
f.;
Ilitzig-Bluemner,
284
f.;
Judeich, Toi>ographie, 213-245.
Fergusson:
The Erechtheum and

Papers of
ii
the
Temple
of
Royal Institute British Architects, 1876-1879, and

83
ff.;
Athena J. H.
i
Polias, Trans.
S. xi (1882),
Fowler:
Am.
258
School at Athens,
;
(1885), 21.5-236;
vi (1881),
Michaelis: A.
M.
INI.
(1877), 15-37
Burrmnnn: A. M.
321
ff.;
ff.;
372
ff.;
Rhamjave: A. M.
Dorpfeld: A.
vii (1882),
ff.,
xxviii (1903), 465

S.
xii (1891),
1
A. M. x (188-5), 1 ff.; xxix (1904), 101 ff.; Srhultz and

Petersen
: :
Gardner: J.
J. II. S.
II.
ff.;
Barnslei/
ibid.
381
ff.;
Midilleton
Supplem.
;
iii, pi.
9-17
Slerenson: A. J. A. [X. S.] x (1906), 47:
71 [pi. vi-ix]
i-ison
:
Washburn and Frickenhaus

;
ibid.
1-17
[pi. i-iv]
;
Mhs
Ilar-

;
Primitive Athens, 37-48
Furtii-ivujler
Meisterw. 192-200
raphie, 243-255.
Gardner: Ancient Athens, 353-372; Judeich: Tojiog-
(12)
Thk Old Athexa Tkmple

cf.
For
literature
2, 3.
on the Old Athena Temple,
Judeicli, Topographie,
238-240,
M. x (1885), 275 ff.; xi (1886), 337-351; xii (1887), xv (1890), 420-439 xxii(1897), 159-178 xxviii (1903), 468 f.; xxix (1904), 106-107; Petersen: A. M. xii (1887), 62-72; TlVrnicke: ibid. 184-189; Schrader : A. M. xxii (1897), 59-112; Frnzer J. II. S. xiii (1892-1893), 153-187, reprinted with a few slight clianges as App. Pau.s. ii, 553-582; Fowler: A. J. A. viii (1893), 1-17; Miller: Belger : Berl. Philol. ibid. 473 ff.; White: Harvard Studies vi (1895), 1-54
Dorpfeld: A.
25-61, 190-211
Woch.
xvii (1867), 1372

ff.;
ff.,
1405
ft".,
1438
ff'.;
Coolei,
A. J. A. [N. S.]
iii
(1899), 355
Mks
Harrison: Ancient Athens, 496-513; Gardner: An-
cient Athens, 78-81, 209-210,
363-364
Judeich: Topographic, 237-242
Wîegand:
Die
arcliaisclie
Poros-Architektur der
Akropolis zu Athen,
Leipzig 1904; Lechai:

Schrader: A.
La Sculpture
attique avaut Phidias, Paris 1904;
M. xxx
(1905), 305-322.
EXCURSUSES
[For Bibliography see Appendix E]
EXCURSUS
I.
THJ]
HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIONS OF GREATER ATHENS

:
it may be said that I accept the following Old Phaleriim is to the west of the Bay of Phalerum, on the eastern slope of the hill of Miinychia and extends eastward along the Bay, the view held by Leake and Gardner. Other topographers locate it
In this discussion
(1)
The
site of
either (a) at Trispyrgi,

east corner of the
crowned by the chapel of
St.
George at the south(/y)
Bay, as Ulrichs and Frazer, or
rocky elevation about one and one fourth miles north of
on a conspicuous St. (Jeorge and
1400 yards from the sea, near the cha})el of the Savior, as Milchhoefer
and Judeich.
(2) AVhere Thucydides
and Pausanias refer to the three harbors

() the greater harbor,
(/y)
of
the Piraeus, they always
mean
the oval basin
southwest of the
hill of
Munychia, now known
as the harbor of
Zea or
Pashalimani, and (c) the small harbor, southeast of Munychia and west of
the Bay, the old harbor of Phalerum
(3)
Cape Colias was what
is
now known as Munychia or Fanari. now known as the promontory of St. George,
Old
at the southeast corner of the Bay, frequently falsely called the site of
Phalerum.
(4)
leric
The
so-called
Third Long Wall of Athens, usually called the PhaCurtius, Frazer,
Wall, has never existed except in the fancy of certain topogranotably
phers,
Wachsmuth,
and Judeich.
In this
agree with Leake, Angelopoulos, and Gardner.
For a complete discussion of these views and of the passages in anmy paper, "The Site of Ancient Phalerum," The George Washington University Bulletin, Vol. Ill, no. iii, pp. 82-00,
cient authors involved, see
October, 1904.
A. History.
tions, dating
Three
periods
are to be distinguished in the history
of the fortifications of Athens: (1)
The
period of the Acropolis fortificaof a pre-Persian city wall in
from prehistoric times; (2) that

228
HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIONS

addition to the Acropolis fortifications
;
229
the fortifications
tlie
and (3)
tliat of
of Greater Athens, including Piraeus, dating from the rebuilding of

city after the Persian
1.
Wars.
The
fortifications of the Acropolis date
from prehistoric times, but
were not of any practical imjKjrtance after the Persian Wars, when the Acroix)lis ceased to be a citadel and became the sacred precinct of Athena.
The
primitive wall about the
hill
was similar
tlie
to the walls about the cita-
dels of
Mycenae and Tiryns, and

Ta;!(os,
story goes that the Athenians
emas
ployed the Pelasgians to fortify the Acrojx)lis.

the IliXapyiKov
natural contours of the rock, and
The
wall was
known
or JleXapyiKov, later IleXaayiKov.

its
It followed
the
course
may be
traced on plans of the
Acropolis, where remains are indicated on the south, east, and west sides.
At
the west end Avas a kind of terraced outwork,
pylon, or the Nine Gates, to which the

excellence.
known as the Enneaname Pelargikon was given jxir

is
The
exact arrangement of the gates
not known, but they
were doubtless
set
within one another in a series of bastions or terraces.

existed intact up to the sixth century u.v.
The Pelargikon doubtless The Pisistratidae made use of

citadel.
the Acropolis with
its fortifications
as their
After their occupation the Pelargikon was held to be under a curse
and was no longer used for profane purposes. It was either demolished by the Persians or was removed for the embellishment of tlie Acropolis as a sacred precinct. It was never restored, but considerable jtortions of the outworks doubtless survived to imperial times.
2. It is
The Pelargikon was
for a long time the only fortification of Athens.
probable that in the seventh century, certainly not later than the time
of Solon, the enlarged city
was surrounded with a

its
wall.
The
course and
extent of this wall cannot be determined in detail, as actual remains

fail us,
but we can in general identify
course.
We
7,
infer that
it
was
of narrower compass than the Themistoclean Wall (Thuc. 1, 93), that
the older city developed round the Acropolis (Herod.

rivers,
140),
and that the
the Ilissus and the Eridanus, were recognized as boundaries to the

p.
south and north respectively (Plat. Critias,

for the course of the earlier wall
tions,
is
112 a).
An
im|>ortant factor
its
the gate of Hadrian with
inscrip-
which distinguish "the city of Theseus" from "the city of Hadrian." A similar landmark to the north is seen by some topographers in the gate mentioned by Pans. 1, 15. 1. at the north entrance of
the market.
(Judeich.)
Assuming these two points as fixed, on the northeast and southwest sides, we can conjecture the course of the wall from the configuration of
230
the land.

Thus the wall probably ran from where the arch
westward
of
Hadrian was
to the north-
built later,
to the Philoj)appus hill, thence northwest over the
Pnyx
to the Hill of the
Nymphs, thence over Market

ran in semicircular fashion,
hill
first
west gate.
From
there
it
eastward, tVien
originate
southeast, then southwest, to the
Arch
of Hadrian.
tlie
Thus could
very well the oracle's observation regarding

tlie
wheel-formed
city,
with
Acropolis as the hub.
The
entire course
was about three miles. Others

(6, 57) narra-
regard the Dipylum as the site of the northwest gate of the early city wall
as well as of the later, basing their
argument on Thucydides's
Hijjpias
is
tive of the assassination of Hipparchus.
superintending the ar(eô)
rangements for the J'anathenaic

iv TO) Kepa/xiLKw KaXou/xcVo))
.
festival
" outside in the Ceramicus
"
The
conspirators, fearing they have been
betrayed, rush within the gates (lo-w twv irvXuiv) and slay Hipparchus near
the Leocorium.
This would make the circuit somewhat greater.
Concern-
ing the material and the style of building
we can only
conjecture, but
probably they were
much
the same as in the later wall.
This wall was
probably neglected in the sixth and early part of the

the Persian
fifth centuries, as it
seems to have afforded no protection wliatever against the Persians. After War very little of it was left standing. Cf. Time. 1, 89, 8, rrjv
"
TToAtV dvOLKOÔfJLtLV Trap(TKvdÔVTO KOt TO. TtL^Tj

elarrjKeL ktXi.
TOV T yap TTtpLfSoXov
/S/Ott^Ôl
The
first
strong fortification of Athens
falls in
the time
when
the
enthusiasm of the Athenians was stirred over the victories of Salamis and
Plataea, and
is
coincident with the expansion of the city whicli began
soon after those battles.

1,
We
have an account of the rebuilding in Thuc.

yap
Oe/xeXioi
93
TovTio
r)
Tw
TpoTTw oi
AOrfVotoL Tr)v ttoXlv iTL)(LtôvTo iv oAtyo) ^povo}-
Kal StJAt^
7ravTOL(Dv
oiKOÔfjiui ert kol
vvv itrriv otl Kara (nrovBjjv iyevcTO.

y,
oi
a>s
XlOmv viroKtivrai kol oi crvviLpyacrpcvoyv tariv

iroXXat re (tt^Xul
oltto
aXX
iKaarot ttotc
iyKareXiyrj-
'7rpo(Te<j)epoy,
arjpdrwv Kal
Xidoi. tlpyaap.cvoi
aav, fxei^wv yap u 7repif3oXo<; Travra^y

6p.0L(i)<;
i^y'/Ôr] ttJ<;
ttoAcws, kol Sta tovto irdvTa
KLvovvT<i rfireiyovTO.
cTrctcre
8k kol tov Hetputtos to, AotTra 6 e/xtfrroKArys

iirl Tr]<i
oiKodo/xeiv.
'
VTrrjpKTo 8
avrov vporepov
Klvov
dp)(rj<i
^?
/car'
ivuivTuv
A0r]vaLOt.<i rjpê
kuI toKoSoprjcrav Trj Ikuvov yvu)p.r] to Traôs tov tu'ôv; oTrep
vvv tTL 8rjX6v
icTTL irepl
tov
Hupaia
ktX-
The
date of Themistocles's archonship during which he induced the

to
Athenians
is likely,
begin the fortification of the Piraeus was 498-492 b.c.
It
however, that the work was not prosecuted in earnest until after
the Persian Wars,

finish.
when the
city walls
The work
of fortification
were being built and brought to a was inaug-urated under Themistocles,
HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIOXS

wall of the Acroiwlis dates from the time of Themistocles.
east walls were built
231
continued under Cinion, and completed under Pericles. Similarly the north
The south and by Cinion out of the spoils won by him from the Persians at the battle of the Euryniedon in 468 b.c. The construction of the Long Walls was a later work. According to Thuc. 1, 107, the Athenians began to build the Long Walls to the sea, namely the wall to Phalerum and the wall to Piraeus, about 400 <!.c. The walls were completed within four years, apparently soon after the battle of Oenophyta in 456 B.C. (Thuc. 1, 108 Pint. Cimon, 1:5). Those
;
who
hold to the construction of a JMiddle Wall, usually
known
as the
South Piraeic Wall, date its construction in 445 u.c. on the untrustworthy evidence of Andocides (3, 7) and Aeschines (2, 174). For a full discussion of the so-called Third Long Wall, see the paper already mentioned,
pp. 88-90.
At the beginning
intact (Thuc.
2,
of the Peloponnesian
War
the fortifications
were
still
13).
The Piraeus
;
fortifications
and the Long

8.")).
Walls were demolished by\he Lacedaemonians after the defeat at Aegos-
potami in 404 b.c. (Pint. Lysander, 14

of
Diod. 13, 107
14,
The
walls
Athens were apparently spared. During 394-302 B.C. the Piraeus fortifications and the Long Walls were restored, chiefly under Conon (Xen. Hell. 4, 8, 9-10, Diod. 14, S'>). The Long Walls may have been destroyed again in 256 b.c. by Antigonus when he withdrew his garrison from Athens (Pans. 3, 6, 6) at any rate they were half in ruins in 200 b.c. when Philip V of Macedon attacked Athens (Livy, 31, 26). During this time the city wall had undergone extensive improvements after the battle of Chaeronea, 338 b.c. (Aeschin. 3, 27, 31 Liban. ad Dem. 30, 221, 1), and had been restored, according to inscriptions, under Habron, the son of Lycurgus, in 307/306 B.C. (C.I. A. 11. 167), and under Euryclides and Micion (C.I.A. II, 379). The final ruin occurred when Sulla in 87-86 b.c assailed Athens. He razed the fortifications of the Piraeus and burnt the arsenal and the docks lie utilized w hat was left of the Long Walls in building the mound against the city close to the Dipylum and he destroyed the city wall from the Dipylum to the Piraeus gate (Plut. Sulla, 14 Appian, Mithrid. 41 Strabo, 9, p. 396). Probably from that time the Piraeus fortifications and the Long Walls were a memory only. The extension of the 'city circuit occurred under the Eml>ei-or Hadrian. This enlargement of the city to the south and southeast is confirmed by the inscription on the gate of Hadrian, and by actual remains of the wall, which enable us to tract' its course. The extension measured nearly Ij miles. With the Hadrian Wall, the story of the ancient
:
232

Not to antiquity but to the later Middle Ages known as the "Valerian Wall," which con-
fortifications is completed.
belongs what has been usually

Kl. Sclir. II, 385 Anni.
nected the northern part of the city with the Acropolis (see
1,
W.
Vischer,
B. Description.
and Judeich, Topographic, 103 and 154). The fortifications of Greater Athens naturally
shall treat in the following order
; :
fall
into three sections,

E:!ftent
which we
(1)
The
and Course of the City Wall

Harbors
its
;
(2) Fortifications of the Piraeus of the
and
city
1.
its
(3)
The Construction
Long Walls uniting the

rely partly
with
port.
To determine
the line of the wall,
we must
on the
liter-
ary evidence, partly on the study of the configuration of the land and of extant remains.
in 1872-1874.
We
naturally begin at the Dipylum, where substantial
remains of the Themistoclean wall, with later additions, were excavated
The Dipylum was a doidile gate, that is, there was an outer and an inner entrance, separated by an inclosed court about 133 feet long and each of these entrances consists of two gatfes, each about 11 feet wide, hinging on a pillar in the middle. The outer gate stands about 25 feet back from the outer surface of the city wall, and the approach to it is
;
flanked by towers on both sides.
structed because the low land abovit this gate
spot of the city.
Here Philip
;
So strong a defense was doubtless conmade it the most vulnerable of Macedon in 200 n.c. made his unsuccess-
ful assault (Livy, 31, 24)
with a body of cavalry Philip forced his way

difiicidty in extricating himself
through the outer gate into the court, where the missiles of the enemy
poured down upon him, and he had great

beside this gate Sulla built the
(Plut. Sulla, 14).
mound by which he
captured the city
The same excavations brought to light what was taken to be another Dipylum at a distance of GO yards. Some have named it the Sacred Gate, but Dorpfeld believes it was merely an opengate, southwest of the
ing in the wall for the passage of the Eridanus, and that the term " Sacred
Gate "
is
merely another name for the Dipylum, as through
it
the sacred
;
processions passed on their
way
to Eleusis.
(A. M. XIII, 1888, p. 214
XIV,
1889, pp. 414
f.)
Between the Dipylum and the
so-called Sacred
Gate there are consid-
erable remains of the old city walls-, consisting of an inner wall of polygonal limestone blocks nearly 8 feet thick, and an outer wall, built at a
later
time to strengthen the inner, about 14 feet thick, composed of an
outer and inner facing of conglomerate blocks with the space between
filled
with earth.
Beyond the Sacred Gate
to the southwest
both walls are
HARBORS AND FORTIFICATIONS

prolonged for about 40 yards to the rocky slope of the Athanasius
hill,
233
where
they come to an end.

inner
Here the inner
wall, mostly of limestone, reaches at

is
from the and is preserved in part to a height of sixteen courses. Northeast of the Dipylum the inner and the outer wall may be traced for about 55 and 40 yards respectively
times the height of 13 feet.
;
The
outer wall
about
'M)
feet distant
it
consists of quadrangular blocks of conglomerate,
the inner wall
is
well i)reserved, but the outer
is
in a ruinous condition.
Of these walls and

Pericles.
gates, the lower polygonal part of the inner wall dates

fortifications.
from Themistocles's
The Uipylum was probably
built
by
The
is
outer wall probably dates from the Macedonian period.

hill,
From Nymphs
the Athanasius
clearly
the course of the wall up to the Hill of the
marked.
Thence
it
ran in a southeasterly direction,
following the configuration of the land, over the Hill of the
Nymphs,
this point
along the ridge of the Pnyx to the Hill of the Muses.
Beyond
we can
conjecture
its
course partly from certain landmarks, partly from

wall continued eastward from the
literary evidence.
Thus the
summit
of
the Hill of the Muses, and probably included the terrace of the Olym-
pieum, the southeast corner of which seems to have formed the angle
whence the wall turned northward (see Strabo, 9, 404, and Judeich I.e.). Its course northward prol)ably extended in the direction of the present
English Church, thence northwestward on the line of the present Stadion
Street as far as the Police Court
on the 'O809
its
No/utr/naTOKOTretou,
where
there was unmistakable evidence of

it
presence.
Thence, making a turn,
proceeded in a southwesterly direction in a line parallel with the Piraeus

it
Street, until
2.
met the double wall extending northeast from the Dipylum.
In spite of the ruin effected by time and the hand of man, enough
has been preserved to enable one to trace the line of fortification-wall
almost entirely round the peninsula of Piraeus.

shore at a distance of about 20 to 40 yards.
It is
The
from
sea-wall skirts the

9 to 12 feet thick
and consists of carefully cut blocks of native limestone without mortar in some parts the wall is still .standing to a height of 9 feet, and is flanked
by towers at intervals of 55 to 66 yards. The mouths of the harbors were contracted by moles which ran out to meet each other and left only a narrow entrance between their extremities. Thus the harbor of Cantharus, which has a mouth 336 yards wide, was protected by moles each 141 yards in length, narrowing the entrance to about 54 yards. As Zea consisted of a circular basin extending inland with a mouth only about 108 yards broad, it needed less elaborate fortifications. Walls ran along the channel leading to the basin on each side,
234
and at the inner end of the channel on either side were towers of solid masonry built out into the water. Munychia, being semi-elliptical in shape, was originally altogether too accessible, and required extensive constructions to convert it into a harbor that was safe in time of war. Its moles have been regarded as the most magnificent specimen of ancient Greek The southern mole built on a reef is fortification that has survived. about 206 yards long the northern mole, resting partly on a spit of land, partly in the sea, is about 31 feet wide and 184 yards long. The entrance to the harbor, between towers terminating each mole, was 40 yards in
;
width.
In times of danger heavy chains, coated with
tar,
were stretched
across the entrances of the harbors
from tower
to tower.
The
wall run-
ning round the peninsula joined the harbor fortifications.
On
the
the landward side, the wall started from the northeast corner of the
coast a short distance northward, ascended
Munychia harbor, ran along the

hill
and followed the plateau first westward and then northward, connected with the Long Walls, then turned westward across a bight of the harbor, and then followed the rocky promontory of Eetionia southwestward to the sea. Four gates can be distinguished on the landward side, the principal one being just outside the northern Long Wall. The hill of Munychia was from early times the acropolis of Piraeus.
In the latter part of the sixth century a strong fortress was here con-
by the tyrant Ilippias (Arist. Resp. Ath. 38). After the Spartan it was seized by Thrasybulus and his band of patriots who restored the democracy. Demetrius Poliorcetes (294 B.C.) demolished the Munychian fortress, and built a fortress on the Museum hill at Athens. 3. Tliough but scant traces of the Long Walls can now be detected, remains were visible to seventeenth and eighteenth century travelers. In 1676 Wheler noticed the foundations in many places (Journey, p. 420). A century later Stuart (Wachsmuth, Stadt Athen, II, 188) saw remains of the walls 12 feet thick, with square towers at intervals. Leake (I, 295 if.) traced the foundations of the northern Long Wall for a mile and a half, beginning half a mile from the head of the great harbor, and running in the direction of the entrance to the Acropolis. These foundations, 12 feet
structed
occupation
thick, consisted of large
quadrangular blocks of stone.
The southern Long
Wall was not so easily traceable, except at its junction with the wall about Munychia, and for half a mile thence toward Athens. See Leake, I, 417 ff. The modern highroad from Athens to Piraeus, constructed in 1835, is largely laid on the foundations of the northern Long Wall (Wachsmuth, II, 188).
THE AGORA
of the
235
The southern Long Wall joined the landward Piraeus Wall directly north summit of the Munychia hill, and west of the Bay of Phalerum
;
the northern, where the Piraeus Wall turned westward, toward the north
of the harbor.
Starting northeastward, they
first
converged, then ran

wall seems to have
parallel to each other at a distance of
550 feet until they approached
Athens, when they again diverged.

near the modern Observatory
wall on the
"
The northern
joined the ring-wall of Athens on the west side of the

;
Xymphaeum
hill
while the southern wall joined the city

hill.
summit
of the
Museum
At the point where the Long
Walls began to diverge as they approached Athens, they were joined by a

cross-wall in
which there was a gate."

Circuit of city (exclusive of space between
;
Thucydides's estimate (2, 13) of the extent of the fortifications of Greater
Athens
is
as follows
;
Long
(p.
Walls), 43 stades
Piraeus Wall, 40 stades
Phaleric Wall, 35 stades
circuit
of Piraeus peninsula, GO stades, of
which 30 were guarded,
(iardner
71)
shows that, as judged by extant remains and geographic conditions, the circuit of the city wall as stated by Thucydides is far too great; the length of both the Long Walls is too short the figures given for the circuit of
;
Piraeus
is
about correct.
lie says the discrepancy
may be
adjusted by tak-
ing the figure for the city walls to include the portions of the Long Walls
down
where they became parallel, and where a cross-wall is marked in Roughly measured, the circuit of the old city wall was 28 stades the additional piece thus added is about 15 stades, making a total of 43 stades. This enables the two Long Walls to diverge more widely
to
Curtius's map.
;
at the Piraeus so that about half the wall
might be
city of
left
undefended, as
port
Thucydides
states.
By
the completion of the
Long Walls the
Athens and
its
were converted, a.s the orator Aristides says (13, vol. J, 305, ed. Dindorf) into one vast fortress a day's journey in circumference. Taking Thucydides's figures the total was 178 stades or nearly 20 miles.
EXCURSUS
IL
THE AGORA OF ATIIEXS

of the ancient
The determination of the site monuments is the turning-point

tojxjgraphy.
Agora
of
Athens and
its
of almost the whole study of Athenian
cult problems to the archaeologist,
which presents the most difliand about which there exists the most uncertainty. This is due to a number of causes. Of all parts of the city, the market-place and its neighborhood have been most sensitive to changes
Yet
it is
this section of the city
236
of population,

most subject
to
growth and decay, and thus
its
appearance
has changed with every important epoch of Athenian history
Greek,
lloman, Byzantine, Venetian, Frank, and Turkisli.

ings in and about the
Agora
of the fifth
Of the many buildcentury only one remains, an evi-
dence of the destruction and decay that have here taken place.
Again, and relief-maps of Athens of the fifth century and of the twentieth century would show decided differences of level. Furthermore, while literary references to the market-place are numerous, they tell us of its life, of its frequenters and
with the passing centuries the
lie
of the land has changed,
their occupations, but give scant information as to its site, its extent, and
Even Pausanias's and obscure, and throw little light on many questions of the utmost importance to modern scholars. Finally, archaeologists and topographers differ among themselves in
the relative location of
its
buildings and monuments.
hints as to direction are indefinite
their interpretation of
tlie
testimony of antiquity.
Basing their conclusions
iipon tlie description of the one authoi-ity, Paiisanias, they liave so differed in their interpretations of the
same statements that we have eight or more

is
ground-plans meant to sliow the relative location of the various buildings.
The topography
meantime we
A.
of the
Agora
it
accordingly uncertain, and
it
will re-
quire further excavations to put
on a basis of sound knowledge.
In the
shall follow the lead of Dr. Dorpfeld.
Historical Development
of
the Aijnra
The Agora
of Athens, like the
and commerThere are likewise many analogies in the historical and topographical development of the Agora and the Forum. Wlien the Greeks first established communities tliey were in danger of robbers by land and of pirates by sea. Hence they built their settlements
at all periods the centre of the political
cial life of
Roman Forum, was

the city.
iipon a rock
which they
fortified against the attacks of their enemies.
Tluis originated the citadels, or 'A/cpoTroXeis, of primitive Greece, of
which the Acropolis of Athens became the most celebrated. The low ground nearest to the citadel became the place of parley and of barter
with neighboring tribes.
And
this constituted the primitive 'Ayopa, a

call of
term
first
used to denote a gathering of the people at the

political purposes.
the king
or chief, then the place of such gathei-ings, and later the general place of
meeting for commercial and
Thucydides
lying under
(2, 15) says
that before the centralization under Theseus
the Acropolis constituted the primitive city, together with the ground
it,
especially to the south.
In proof of this statement he cites
the location of a
number
of ancient sanctuaries,
and of the spring which
Fig.
1.
The Athenian Agoua
(Antike Denhndler,
II, 37)
THE AGORA
furnished water for the early inhabitants.
237
this
it
From
seems clear that
the hollow ground to the southwest of the Acroixjlis, bounded by the Are-
opagus, Pnyx, and Museimi
hills,
was the
with
its
site of
Roman Forum
tive cults, there
presents a striking analogy.

hills,
the original Agora. The The hollow ground between

its
the Palatine and Capitoline
spring of Juturna and
primi-
became the place of parley and of barter, the embryo centre of the later jwlitical and commercial life of Rome. Thus the Agora, at first a place of truce-making and of buying and selling, became with the growth of the city the place for law courts, for for in ancient times law and shrines of the gods, for business centres religion and commerce went hand in hand. But as society became more highly organized, the Agora for business would gradually separate from the Agora of iolitics and religion, and thus the territory covered by the various activities of the market-place would gradually spread.
B. Course and Extent of the Agora.

course of the Athenian Agora.
We can trace
in general
terms the
The
centre of the growing city gradually
shift-ed northward and westward. Hence, as law and politics and business demanded greater accommodations, the Areopagus became the ceutre round which the market spread, chiefly round its western slope, until the district lying north and northwest of it was entirely devoted to public buildings. The political Agora naturally kept as much as ix)ssible to its old haunts, while the business Agora spread in a northwesterly direction, toward
the principal gate of the city
the Dipylum.
Hence the Agora
is
not to be regarded as a rectangular sj>ace carefully
laid off, as in the plans of Curtius
rambling (juarter of the town, approached by

with the Colonus Agoraeus as
north of the Areopagus was
the Aj-eopagus and the
C. Site o/Biiilffinfjs
its its
and of others, but rather as a long tlie avenue from the Dipylum, northwest limit east of this liill and
;
principal section, but
it
stretched roiuid
the western slope of the Areopagus and embraced the older sites between
endeavor to
Pnyx and extending toward the Acropolis. AVe shall now and Monuments meutioned Itij Pausnnias. locate the buildings and monuments mentioned by Pausanias.
Pausanias entered Athens at the Dipylum, and proceeded along the Dro-
mos, a broad avenue extending in a southeasterly direction, until he entered the Ceramicus at the foot of the Colonus Agoraeus. He then mentions as the
first
building on the right-hand side the Royal Colonnade, and in
its
imme-
diate neighborhood the Colonnade of Zeus the Deliverer and the temple of
Apollo the Paternal.
These three buildings were doubtless

indicated on the plan. (See Fig.
1
in a line just be,
neath the Colonus
hill, as
facing
p.
236.)

238

expressly says were near each other,
The next group, which Pausanias
the Metrouni or sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods, the Buleuterium or
Council House of the 500, and the Tholos or Rotunda,

of the slope of the
appear
to
have
this
stood at the southern end of the market-place, just at the northern foot
Areopagus, for reasons given in the IVotes.
Above
group of buildings on the northern slope of the Areopagus stood the statues of the Eponynii. Pausanias now follows the main thoroughfare round the
western slope of the Areopagus, with these buildings to his
site,
left,
while oppo-
on his right, in a conspicuous spot known as the
<'
orchestra," were
the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton.
The next group

of Demeter,
^the Odeum, the

is
fountain Enneacnmus, the temples
Persephone, and Triptolemus or the Eleusinium, and the
temple of Eucleia
(p. 251),
i't
âre
discussed in Excursus IK.

at the foot of the
As
hill,
is
there argued
the
Enneacnmus
Pnyx
little
the
Odeum
near
on the traveler's right, the temples of the J^leusinian deities
to the south
of the Areopagus,
and the temple of Eucleia a
farther on.
After visiting the Eucleia shrine, Pausanias turns directly back and
gives us a clew to his
visits are aVjove
movements by
stating that the
monuments he next
These are the
the Ceramicus and the Royal Colonnade.
temple of Hephaestus, and the shrine of Aphrodite Ui'ania located on the
Colonus
hill,
as
shown
in
Excursus IV, the former being identical with
the so-called Theseum.
After describing these temples to the west of the Agora, Pausanias
once more enters the market-place and describes three objects whose
has aroused considerable discussion
site
the Painted Colonnade, the Hermes

it.
Agoraeus, and a market-gate with a trophy upon
exact site of the three depends upon (1) the site of the buildings earlier mentioned, (2) the point at which Pausanias again entered the
(:]) whether we assume that the Agora was single in its form or double, consisting of a business and a political section. Another factor to be taken into consideration is one not mentioned by Pausanias, namely a row of Hermae noted in Harpocration s.v. 'Epfua:
The
market-place, and
Epfud Kakovjxti/oi. Other important passages for the solution of this important topographical question are Xen. Hipparch. 3, 2, where the Hermae are mentioned as the starting and conclud(XTro
yap
ti^s ttoikiAt/s kol tt^s
tov /SttCtXcws oroas
elcriv ol
In what direction, then, did these
Hermae run?
ing point for the sacred processions

says that the
Trag. 33,
Schol. Aristophanes, Eq. 297, which Hermes Agoraeus stood Iv fJitfrr] rrj ayopa and Lucian Jupp. which locates the Hermes as 6 ayopalos 6 Trapa rrjv ttoiklXtjv.
; ;
THE AGORA
The
Ilarjwcration passage has been variously interpreted, and
tlie
239
theo-
ries as to
the site of the Painted Colonnade, and in fact as to the form of
the market-place, liave turned largely on the direction given the row
of
Hermae.
1.
Some
take
it
to
mean
that the row of
Hermae connected
1 1,
the Royal
with the Painted Colonnade. So Curtius(Att. Stud.
2"),
.Stadtgesch. p. 170),
who
locates the latter
on the east side
of the market, just below the Colon-
nade of Attains.
the Attains
2.
The market-gate he locates between the Painted and Colonnades, with the Hermes Agoraeus just before it.
tt)i>ographers,
Many
however, set the Painted Colonnade on the west
border of the market, north of the Royal Colonnade, the gate between the
two
halls,
with the Agoraeus close by, and the row of Hermae extending
across the
market from the two colonnades.

p. 64, Bursian,
Sec
Wachsmuth,
p. 12.
I,
201
if.,
Lange, Haus und Halle,
De Foro,
8. Lolling (p. 314) and Miss Harrison (p. 12(i) locate the Painted Colonnade on the northern boundary of the market the former has the Hermae running from the market-gate right and left to the two Colonnades Miss Harrison, however, has it meet at its right corner the north side of the Colonnade of Attains, while west of this is the gate with the
; ;
Hermes Agoraeus, but she has the Hermae extending

nade, the other southward to the Royal Colonnade.
in
two rows from
the northwest corner of the market, one eastward to the Painted Colon-
Thus
nade.
there
is
considerable doubt as to the site of this celebrated Colonlie
The
choice seems to
ea.st side,
between the north
side
and the southern
below the Colonnade of Attains. The advantage of the latter hypothesis is that it permits the row of Hermae to run from west to east, dividing the market into a jwlitical and a commercial section, the Colonnade of Attains being at the southeast corner of the latter. This would account for Pausanias's failure to mention this Colonnade, and this view is perhaps open to fewest ol)jections. Rut tlie whole question is pi"obhalf of the just
lematical,
and can only be

in
settled, if at all,
by excavations.
hij
D.
Sites
the
Neli/hhorhood of the Af/ora, mentioned
Paiisanids.
Pausanias
now
fairly leaves the
Agora, and passes to the descrijition of two
buildings not far distant to the east
the gymnasium of Ptolemy and the we know as to their site from Pausanias is that they were near each other and "not far from the Agora." Further cm he comes to the Anaceum or sanctuary of the Dioscuri, while near at hand just above the Anaceum lay the ]>recinct of Aglaurus, the site of which can be approximately determined, and which serves as a fixed jKînt for the
sanctuary of Theseus.
All
240
determination of

all
the
monuments mentioned
as in its vicinity.
is
About
65 yards west of the northern porch of the Erechtheum
the staircase used
by the Arrephori
in descending to the precinct of
Aglaurus on the northern
Hence the monuments previously mentioned were at intervals north of the Acropolis and east of the Agora. Hard by was the Prytaneum, the centre and hearth of the state. As Pausanias is movslope of the Acropolis.
ing regularly eastward,

precinct,
it
probably lay a
little to
the east of the Aglaurus

slope,
and
it
doubtless stood
leaves
it
since
when Pausanias
Sites
somewhat high on the Acropolis to go to the Serapeum he speaks

mentioned
\j
of de-
scending to the lower parts of the city.

E.
and Monuments of
the Afforn, not
Pausanias.
It is
natural that Pausanias should not mention every building and statue in the
region of the Agora, especially as he leaves the commercial market altogether out of consideration.
"We append therefore a brief
list
of objects
known from
i.
other topographical and literary sources as being in or near
the Agora at the time of his visit
The Colonnade
of Attains, to the east of the market, of
which exten-
sive remains still exist.

ii.
The Colonnade
of Hadrian, east of the Attalus
Colonnade and north
of which is still which stand a row of detached Corinthian columns, originally eighteen in number. iii. A Propylaeum of four columns, known as the Propylaeum of Athena Archegetis, regarded as the entrance to a Roman market-place. The gate and broken columns of the market still stand south of the Hadrian Colonnade. iv. The Tower of the Winds, or the Horologium of Andronicus Cyrrhestes, one of the most conspicuous extant monuments of Athens, east
of the Acropolis
the northern side of the western fagade
in good condition, consisting of a wall before
of the
V.
Roman
market-place.
of the Twelve Gods, erected by Pisistratus in the marketwhich the various roads of Attica converged and from which miles were measured. Of this there are no remains and the site is uncertain. vi. The Leocorium, in the neighborhood of which Ilarmodius and Aristogiton slew Hipparchus. Its site, though it cannot be definitely fixed, was certainly in the Agora. F. The Commercial Acjora. The commercial market surrounded the political Agora on all sides excepting the south, as we conclude from Pausanias 's description, from certain approximately determined limits of the market, and from the site of the Colonnade of Attalus. More accurate boundaries cannot be determined. We must regard the whole commercial
place, to
The Altar
THE AGORA
sected
241
market, in the manner of oriental bazaars, as a quarter of the city inter-
by narrow streets, lined with stalls or booths. At least in classical had this form, and preserved it in large measure in Hellenistic and Roman times. The sections for shops were called kvkXoi (Harpocr., Hesych.,
times
it
s.v. kvk\o<;,
(TKiyvai
Suid. s.v. kvkXoi, Schol. Ar. Eq. 137, Poll. 10, 18, 82, etc.), or
a-KrjviTrj^,
(Harjx)cr., Suid., s.v.
Isoc. 19, 83,
Dem.
18, KH), 54, 7, etc.),
or kAivou (Theophr. Char. 23, 8).

Plat. Ajiol. p. 17 c,
In them stood the counters (Tpdntâi,

b,
Hipp. Min.
p.
308
Theoph. Char.
3, 13),
9, 4),
with the wares
of the merchants.
The
market-halls
came
relatively late, chiefly after the
middle of the fourth century (Xen. de Vect.

time were used only for flour and grain.
and
jireviously to that
in the bazaar of to-day, only certain goods were sold in certain kvand the sections took the name of the goods offered for sale in them. Unfortunately, we cannot determine the exact location of any of them, exkXoi,
As
cept, jîerhaps of the metal
23, 6 a-iSrjpo^
Xen. Hell.
3, 3, 7),
and iron market (to. )(aXKa, Bekk. Anecd. I, 31 f>, on the Market hill, and the rag market,
tlie
KepKWTTwv ayopd, near the Heliaea, ajqiarently to the southeast of

political
Agora (Hesych. s.v. KepKWTrwv ayopd). The names of the kvkXol preserved to us are very numerous.
This
is
especially true of provisions of all sorts.
The
general
1,
name
for the pro-
vision
market was probably to

I'oll. 7,
oij/ov
(Aeschin.
65 Schol.).
.
Provisions
were sold in separate

22, 7,
fish (ol
sc.
kvkXoi, as e.g.
meats (ra
Kpea, cf Theoj)hr. Char. 9, 4,
25), birds (ol opvidts,
Dem.
i>),
19, 245, Ar.
Av. 13 and Schol.). and
L)(6v(.<i,
Alciphr. Ep.
1, 3, 2).
In the great fish market (t;(ûo7ra)Ais

single groups were distinguished,
ayopd, Ps.-Plut. vit. x Or. p. 849
as that of salt fish (Tapi;(07rwAts, Athen. 3, p. 120 A, Theophr. Char. 6, 9,

4, 15),
and that
for cheap sea fish (at /xe/M/SpaSes, Ar. Vesp. 493, etc.).
In the vegetable market (ra Xdâva, Ar. Lys. 557, etc.), were separate
stalls
for garlic (ra aKopoSa, Schol. Ar.

6,
Ran. 1008), onions (ra
Kpop-p-va,
Eustath. Od.
260), etc.
We
An
might name
(to.
also the kvkXol for fresh cheese
(j(XiafM<i Tvp6<i,
Lys. 23, 6), perfumeries
apw/xara, Schol. Ar. Pac. 1158),

(
lottery (aX ^vrpai, Ar. Lys. 557), clothing dyopd, Poll. 7, 78), etc.
(at Tpdntâi,
(oi iTrTToi,
lyuiaTioTrwXts
or oTreipoTrwAis
to the
esi)ecial
place
was assigned
bankers
There was, finally, also a horse market Theophr. Char. 23, 7) and a slave market (to. avSpdiroBa, Poll. 7,
Theophr. Char.
5).
11, 10, 19).
circles
great territory covered by the commercial market, apart from the and rows of booths, was itself intersected by streets, dwellings, and public buildings. Most prominent of all were the streets leading to the
The
242

The buildings
(1, 2,
Thriasian gate and the great Dromos leading to the Dipylum.

along this are
the
known
especially
from Pausanias's description
4-6).
Traces of single buildings mentioned by him are found, as for instance of
Pompeium, near the

is
gate,
and of the monument
of Eubulides.
hill.
Another
fixed point
the northeast corner of the Market
The northern
boundary
lined the
From the Dipylum to the Market, colonnades is uncei'tain. Dromos, before which were bronze statues of eminent men and
1, 2, 4, cf.
women
(Pans.
Himerius,
3, 12).
They served
as places of barter
and trade, which alternated with sanctuaries mentioned by Pausanias. Of the places on the southern side of the Dromos we hear nothing from Pausanias, but near the end of the Dromos we may with certainty set the Long Colonnade (MaKpa Sroa). This was doubtless the sanie as tlie Sloa Alj)hi(oj)olis, the great grain-hall of Athens. On the Market hill directly behind the Long Colonnade was the Hephaesteum. On the southwest corner of the hill was located the Eurysaceum (C.I. A. IV, 2, 597 d 22), in which the son of Salaminian Ajax was honored. What we know of the territory north and east of the Dromos all arranges itself apparently along the old street extending from the Thriasian
gate.
EXCURSUS
III.
THE ENNEACRUNUS AND NEIGHBORHOOD
ITS
There is great truth in Leake's statement (Topography, p. 45) that " the fountain Enneacrunus is the most important point in Athens for the
elucidation of the topography of Pausanias."
The
discussion that has cen-
by Pausanias in 1, 14, 1, has involved many other important monuments and has occasioned so much debate that the so-called " Enneacrunus Episode " has called forth a vast amount of literature and a coimtless mimber of divergent views from classical scholars and archaeologists.
Fortunately, the actual discovery of the original Callirrhoe and the investigation into the system of water-works installed
result of Dr.
tred about the site of this fountain, mentioned
by
Pisistratus
Dorjif eld's scientific
work
have
the
made
possible the final
solution of the problem and have caused
many
other difficulties in Athenian
possess it seems Yet they did not have the benefit of those excavations which have made pre-Persian Athens almost as well known to us as the Athens of the Periclean age.
topography to disappear.
surprising
With
the greater light
we now
how
far afield the early topograjthers were.
ENNEACRUNUS
The
thoroughly discussed by Miss Harrison (who i>resents Dr.
in her latest
I)oii)f('ld's
243
questions involved in the Enneacrunus investigation liave been so

views)
work, Primitive Athens as Described by I'hucydides, Camit
bridge, 1906, that
will
be necessary in this Excursus merely to state the
points at issue and the results attained, referring the reader to this
for the
work
all
arguments.
As
agree with Dr. Dor])feld and Miss Harrison in
particulars, with one important exception,
my
statement
is
largely a
sumplace
mary of their views. The problem that vexed the

earlier called Callirrhoe,
earlier tojx)graphers
was
this
The
in the text devoted to Pausanias's description of the fountain
Enneacrunus,
and the adjacent buildings, naturally denuiuds that
the fountain and these
monuments should be
in close proximity to the
objects in the market-place described in adjoining chapters.
Yet tradition Enneasj)eaks of a
and
classical authors locate a fountain Callirrhoe, called at times

1"))
crunus, on the banks of the Ilissus, and Thucydides (1,
sanctuary of Olymjaan Zeus (and other shrines) as being in
its
neighbor-
hood
naturally identified with
the celebrated
Olympieum and adjacent

be classified as follows
1, 15,
:
sanctuaries.
The
1.
exjilanations that have been given
may
Leake, Curtius, and others, relying chiefly on Thucydides
hold
that the Enneacrunus was certainly in the valley of the Ilissus, an<l believe
that the fountain and the other buildings mentioned as adjacent to

for
it
are
some reason inserted here out of the t()pograj)hical order. Various tlieories are propounded to justify the break in the narrative. 2. Wachsmuth, Frazer, and others who agree with Leake as to the jiositioji of the Enneacrunus, but who cannot accept so great a deviation from the topographical order in Pausanias's description, think that Pausanias must have seen or been shown .some other spring close to the end of the Agora, which he mistook for Enneacrunus.
3.
Dr. Diirpfeld, on the contrary, both insists on
the topographical order, and takes the testimonies of Thucydides and
Pausanias as evidence of the presence of the fountain called Enneacru-
nus within the limits of the Agora, adjacent to the Pnyx hill. Proving his faith by his works, he made excavations to find it, and in so doing he
has not only discovered what he believes to be the fountain Callirrhoe-
Enneacrunus, but has also demonstrated the ancient .system of water-works

installed
by
Pisistratus.
The
lis
;
difficulties
involved'have been removed by showing that the nature
of the primitive city required the fountain to be not far
from the Acropo-
that the statements of Thucydides and Pausanias are entirely in accord
244
that there were really two fountains

in the market-place
changed
named
Callirrhoe, one of
its
which
that
its
name, with
enlarged functions, to
Enneacrunus
that there was a duplication of certain sanctuaries about the

;
Acropolis and adjacent to the Ilissus
and
finally that excavations
have laid
bare and explained the Pisistratean water-system and proved the accuracy
of Pausanias.
In this Excursus
it
will suffice to notice, first, the statements of ancient

;
writers bearing on Enneacrunus
second, the probable sites of adjacent
shrines; third, the results of excavations.
A. Anciknt
Writers on Enneacrunus
is
1. The famous passage in Thucydides, 2, 15, 3-G,^ Before the synoikismos under Theseus, " what is
to this effect
now
fjv,
the Acropolis
was the
south "
jiolis,
together with what

rj
is
r}
below
it,
especially towards the

kol to vit avrrjv
(^t6
0 irpb tovtov
aKôoTroXis
vvv ovcra ttoAis
n-pos voTov fidXiara TCTpafxfJiivov), the latter
phrase being added evidently
as a detail or afterthought.
Then
follow
many
reasons in proof of this
statement.
i(TTi,
reKfi-^piov 8e
to.
yap lepa
iv avrfj rfj aKpoTroXtt kol oAAcov 6tu)v
"
The
sanctuaries are on the Acropolis itself, those of other deities
as well (as of the Goddess)."

fipo<; Trj<i
Then proceeding
"
kol to.
I^w Trpo? tovto to
TToAews fiaXXov tSpvrat to t tov Atos tov 'OXvfxirCov koI to HvOtov

kuI to cV Xifxvai<i Atovvaov, ktX.
KUL TO
Trj<; Trj<;
And
the sanctuaries out-
side are situated
toward this part of the city more than elsewhere, as that
of
Zeus Olympius, and the Pythium, and that of Ge, and that of Dionysus
in the Marshes, etc."
The
usual interpretation, making Trpos tovto to

tt/sos
fiepo^
T^s iroXeois refer exclusively to
votov above,
is
obviously incorrect.
Thucydides
is
arguing that the ancient city was limited to a certain por-
tion of the later city,
wards, and proves

section.
namely the Acropolis and its slopes especially southby naming certain primitive shrines in or near this "Furthermore," he proceeds, "other ancient sanctuaries are
it
situated here " (J8pvTai Sk kol aXXa
Upa TavTy dpâia).
Then
follows the
statement about the Enneacrunus
kol tjJ Kprjvrj Trj vvv p.\v
twv Tvpavviav
owTO) CKf.vao'a.vTwv 'EvveaKpouvo) KaXovfitvr], to oe
TrdXat (jiaveputv tu)v Trrjyiov
ovawv K.aXXipp6r)
v8aTL
1
wvofjui<Tp.ivr],
Ikuvol tc eyyi/s
ovo'rj to.
irXuaTOv dîa e^puivTO,
KOL vvv Ti diro TOV dp)(aiov irpo re

)(prja-dai,
yapLKW kol e? dXXa twv Upiov vofuêTai tuI " And the spring which is now called Enneacrunus, from
(190.5),
ff.
;
Oil the interpretation of this passage, see A.

;
274
ff.
Mitchell Carroll ibid, xix
.S2.5 ff.
W. Verrall, Class. Rev. xiv (1900), Judeich, Topographic, 51-56 and n. 4

ii
Miss Harrison, Primitive Athens, 7
Capps, Class. Philol.
(1907), 25
ff.
ENNEACRUXUS
the form given to
245
it by the tyrants, but which formerly, when the wells was named Callirrhoe this sjning, being near [i.e. to the Acropolis district], they used for the most important purjHjses, and even now it is still the custom derived from the ancient (habit) to use the water before weddings and for other sacred purposes." The concluding sentence adds an argument from the local use of language KaAtirui, 84 8ta rrjv
were
visible,
TToAatav TavTT) KaToUyjatv Koi
17
aK/jOTroAis
is still
fJ^^XP'- Tovhf. tri
"And
furthermore the Acropolis
to this
vv 'AOrjvaiwv ttoAis, day called by the Athenians,
because of the ancient settlement here, the polh."
Thus the whole argument was merely
to ]>rove that the primitive city

it,
comprised the Acropolis together with such territory about
especially
but not entirely towards the south, as could in a loose and jKipular way be regarded as actually pertaining to and included in the Acroi)olis.
Thucydides states that those ancient sanctuaries which are outside are
placed towards this part of the city more than elsewhere and that the
Enneacrunus
It
is
near.
it,
seems then, on the face of
that a settlement stretching from the

off,
Acropolis to the Ilissus, half a mile

tive Athens.
would be much too large for primi-
Hence
this passage calls for the determination of ancient
sanctuaries of Zeus Olympius, of Pythian Ai)ollo, of (Je, and of Dionysus

in the Marshes,
on the slopes of the Acropolis, and of the Enneacrunus
fountain near at hand.

2.
Pausanias, after his account of the statues of the Tyrannicides and

(1, 14, 1)
:
his
mention of the Odeum, speaks thus of Enneacrunus

KpTjVTf,
irkyj-
(TLOv 0 crTi
KaXovcTL avTr]v 'EvvtaK/aoDvoj/,
oiJtw
Kocr fi-qOiiaav inro
UtLaiarpdrov
p.6vrj.
<f>paTa jxev
yap
koI 8ta Tratrr^s
Trj<:
TrdAeois eort, Tn^yr; 8c uvtt]

:
lie next sîeaks of temples above the fountain
vuol 8c
vnep
rr/v
Kpi^vrjv o fxev ArJ/nr/rpo? irCTroiT/Tat kol Kdpv^s,
fv Sc toI TpnTToXe/xov KifXv6v
iariv ayaXpxi.
After thus mentioning temples of Demeter and Kore, and
of Triptolemus, Pausanias continues (1, 14, 1-4) in a
way
that suggests,
though
it
does not assert, that these temples were in a precinct
known
as
In section 5 Pausanias remarks, " .Still farther on is a temple of Eucleia " (In 8c diriDTepu) i/aos EwActas). Hence the narrative
the Eleusinium.
of Pausanias calls for evidence as to the site of (1) the
Odeum.
("J)
the
temples of Demeter and Kore, and of Triptolemus, and

Eucleia
'
iirl
(:})
the temple of
all of
which were
in the
Enneacrunus neighborhood.^
"^
Other imix)rtaiit passages bearing on Callirrhoe are as follows: Hdt. (5, 137 avrol AOyjvaioi X^yovffi (pOLrav yap dd rds ffcfxTipai Ovyar^pas
: . . .
iir
v5wp
rrjv Kvi'fdKpovvoi'
Skois 5^ (Xffoiev avrat, tovs IIe\o(T7oi)j KaroiKTjfiivovs
246
B. Sites of

Monumknts
in
Neighborhood of Enneacruxus
This is one of the sanctuaries luentioned in the 1. The Objmpkum. passage of Thucydides as being "outside " the Acropolis, but towards this
part of the city
(to. e^co tt/dos
tovto to
tlie
jxipoii
r^s TrdXews fiaXXov ktX.), in
conjunction with the Pythium and

in the Marshes.
sanctuaries of
tlie gi-eat
Ge and
of Dionysus
Cf. Pans. 1, 18, G-8,
where
precinct of Olympian
with which also a Pythium is Mas inferred that this was the sanctuary Thucydides had in mind if this is too remote we must show there is evidence for another Olympieum and another Pythium in Athens, adjacent Zeus near the
Ilissus is described in detail,
associated.
Till recently it
;
to the Acropolis.
of the Acropolis,
Dorpfeld
Strabo,
cites, as
9,
proof of such a sanctuary northwest
p. 404,
where we are told the Athenians
watched the Harma on Mt. Cithaeron for the lightning ano t^s i<r)(a.pa<; tov acTTpaTraiov Aid? which is v tuJ TL)(a /xeTa^v tov HvOlov koI tov 'OAv/xttiou. There is convincing evidence of a Pythium on the Long Rocks northwest
of the Acropolis,
and Dorpfeld interprets
this passage as referring to the
Acropolis Wall.
it
Though
thei-e are
no certain remains of this Olympieum,
must have been adjacent
to the
Pythium, the exact
site of
which has
been determined.
virb T<f 'T/XT/fTcr^)
.
^laffOal arcpeai.
This natixrally refers to a spring adjacent to

is
eirl
the primitive fortified settlement and gives the later name.

Ps-Plat. Axiocli. p. 364 a: iîbvTi
. . .
fxoi
Kvvda-apyes Kal
yevoixivifj fxoi
Kara
'l\i<rffbi>
KXeivlav 6pu> t6v Aî.6xov 0ô;â
KaWipporjv
a manifest reference to the

tj
spring by the Ilissus.
Etymol. Magn.
Ka\\ipp6ri
iffKev.
s.v. ISvvedKpovvos
Kp-qvn)
'
A.dr)vrj<ri.
irapa rhv 'Wiacrhv
irpirepov
790, 2)
TloKv^-qKos A-qfiorvvSiipeij} Sk
(Com. Att. Frgm., ed. Kock,
I, p.
"
i'êt
TTpbs 'EvveaKpovpov, evv8poi> rdnov.''''
This and similar statements of late date
may
from a confusion of the Callirrhoe with the Enneacrunus tradition. By work was compiled, the old Callirrhoe at the Pnyx had been long forgotten. Over against tliis set tlie statement of another lexicographer, Suidas, s.v.
result
the time this
vviJ.(f)iKa
\ovTpd.
to, els yd/xovs iK ttjs
dyopas dirb
:
Kprjvrjs \afMâv6fj,voi.
Cratinus, frgm. 186, in Schol. Ar. Eq. 526
'Ava^ "AiroWov, tCjv

rrj ipdpvyi.
iirCsv
twv
pev/jidruv
Kavaxovffi Urjyal dojdeKdKpovvov rb crbp-a.^ 'IXicrcrds fv
Frazer considers this
certainly an allusion to the Enneacrunus, though the poet speaks of twelve instead of
nine jets of water.

Hierocles Hippiatr. praef.
TttS
:
TapavrXvos dk
Iffropet
rbv tov Ai6s veiiv KaraaKtvdôv'
A0r)valovs
^f'LiyT)
KweaKpovvov
wXTjcriov eiaeKadrjvai \f/r)(plffa(r0ai
Affrv
diravTa-
ktX., discussed
rd iK rrjs Attiktjs et's rb by Miss Harrison, pp. 154-156, who shows that
tells of
Tarantinus, an author of uncertain date,

of the Parthenon; he
is
the
Olympieum
a story told
by others
not worthy of credence.
ENNEACRUNUS
2.
247
named
l)y
The Pythium.
The
Pythiiini
is
the second sanctuary
Thucydides
(2, 15, 4).
Pausanias
(1, 10, 1)
speaks of ar
8c
iiiia.y;e
of AjioUo
near the great temple of Olymjiiau Zeus (Mera

'OXvfJLTTiov TrXrjaiov
tov vaov tov Aios tov
dyaXfxd iariv
of
AttoAAwj/o? llvî'ov) and
we know there
was a Pythium or sanctuary

(see note
I.e.).
Pythian A^kjIIo in that quarter of Athens
But
literary evidence of itself proves that there
naturally that referred to
was anotlier Pythium, by Thucydides, somewhere on the Long Rocks
at the northwest end of the Acroj>olis.
Pausanias (1, 28, 4) speaks of ' a sanctuary of Ajxjllo in a cave " on the Acro]>olis slope, and another writer
applies to
is it
the
name
of
stated that the route followed
Pythium (cf. Philostr. Vit. Soph. 2, 1, 7, where it by the ship in the Panathenaic procession
was from the Ceramicus to the Eleusinium, tlien round the Eleusiuium and past the Pelargicum to the Pythium, where the shij) was n)oored). As Pausanias (1, 29, 1) says the ship was kejit near the Areopagus, this cannot well be the Pythium on the Ilissus. Cf. also Eur. Ton, 7 ff., 285 ff., where the caves of the Long Rocks are made the scene of the nuptials of Ajiollo and Creusa.
actual cave of Apollo has also been found and thoroughly cleared and numerous votive offerings with in.scriptions have come to light which make the identification certain. The Olympieum probably lay some what east of the Pythium, but there is no archaeological evidence to jirove it. It .stands or falls with the Pythium. .See ^liss Harrison, Primitive Athens,
out,
The
pp. 67-82, for an extended description of the Pythium.

3.
The Sanctuary of
(le.
This
is
the third sanctuary cited by
Thu(Je
cydides (2, 15, 3).
In 1, 18, 7 Pausanias mentions the of the great
temenos of
Olympia within the peribolus

he si>eaks of the shrine of
Olympieum
and
in 1, 22, 3
Ge Kourotrophos and Demeter Chloe,
in de-
scribing his approach to the Propylaea along the southern sloj)e of the
Acropolis.
The sanctuary
It is
of
Ge was probably
at the southwest corner of
the Acropolis, presumably somewhere along the winding road followed by

Pausanias.
4.
doubtless to this latter sanctuary that Thucydides refers.
The OtU'um (V&n^. 1,8,0; 1, 14, 1). This is the first object of int<M-est mentioned by Pausanias after leaving the statues of Ilarmodius and Aristogiton on the northwest
feld in A. in
sloi)e of
the Areopagus.
Frazer (note
I.e.),
Dorji-
and Judeich (To]>ographie, 312) agree concluding that " the theatre called Odeum " (Pans. 1, 8, 0) was idenxvii (18!)2), 252-200,
M.
tical
with the theatre
in
the Ceramicus called the

;
Agrippeum nuMitioned by
it
Pliilostratus (Vit. Soph. 2, 5, 4
8, 4).
Dorpfeld thinks
occu2)ied the
248
site of

the old market orchestra, southwest of the Areopagus and north of
Cf.
the Hill of the Xyniplis.
Tim. Lex.
Plat. Ôp)(TâTpa tottos Tn4>avr]<; ets
iravrjyvpLv, evda ApfjioSiov koI 'AptoroyetVovos eiKoves.
Those who place Enueaas to
crunus and adjacent structures along the llissus consider this a suburban
Odeum, situated in Agrae. There are no definite data The two other well-known Odeums are the Odeum of
theatre (Pans. 1,
'20,
such a
site.
Pericles near the
4)
slope of the Acropolis.
and the Odeum of lierodes Atticus on the southern '< Xear the Odeum," says Pausanias, "is a foun-
tain called Ehneacruniis " (1, 11, 1).

5. The Temple?: of Demeter and Persephone, and of Trlptolenms. the fountain," continues Pausanias, " are temples one of them
;
" Above
is
a temple
(1, 11,
of
Demeter and Kore,
in the other
is
an image of Triptolemus "
and says he purposed to describe all the objects "in the sanctuary at Athens called the Eleusinium," but was prevented by a vision in a dream.
1-3).
lie then proceeds to tell the story of Triptolemus
All
who
see in
Enneacrunus the Callirrhoe on the
llissus distinguish
the two temples from the Eleusinium, and locate

fXLKpa p-va-Typtu
tlieni in
Agrae where the
were celebrated (see Milchh. S. Q. xxiv). Dr. Dorpfeld and Miss Harrison, on the contrary, believe that the two temples were comprised in the Eleusinium. Judeich, p. 257, locates the temples somewhere
south of the Areo^tagus, but asserts they were not in the Eleusinium.
site of
Tlie
the Eleusinium
is
well attested as being south of the Areopagus

p. lo,
;
and west of the Acropolis. Cf. Clem. Alex. Protrept. the Eleusinium " which was beneath the Acropolis "
2, 1,
.5,
who
speaks of
Philostr. Vit. Soph.
who
in describing the Panathenaic i)rocession says that
"the ship,
starting
from the Ceramicus with a thousand
oars, sailed
up
to the Eleu-
sinium, and, having

natural inference
G.
made
the circuit of
it,
passed the Pelargicum."
The
is
that the two temples were conqtrised in the Eleusinium.
T'emple of Eucleia.
"Further
tlie
on"
(ert 8e ctTrwrepw),
nias, after Ids

(1,1-1..-.).
account of
Eleusinium, "is a temple of Eucleia
says Pausa"
The goddess Eucleia, or Good Fame, is identified with Artemis Eucleia by

Dr. Dorpfeld and
]\Iiss
Harrison on the authority of Plutarch (Aristid. 20),

is
who
think this temple
identical with a shrine of
dedicated by Themistocles and located " in Melite near to his

(Pint.
])le
Artemis xVristoboule own house

tlie
Them,
l.j,
22)."
Others deny the identification and locate
temI.e.)
of Eucleia
on
tlie left
bank
of the llissus.
Ilitzig-Bluemner (note
think the identification altogether uncertain, as in inscrii)tions Eucleia

joined with Eunoihia (see S. Q. xxix).
is
rludeich, pp. 355, 330, also regards
EXNEACRUNUS
the identification as improvable and
ini probable,
249
but locates the temple
somewhat
7.
distant from the Triptolenms temple, and certainly not far from
that of Artemis Aristoboule.
The Dionysium
in
Limnit.
("2,
This
is
the last of the sanctuaries men-
tioned by Thucydides
15), as being -'outside" the AcroiKjlis, but

city.
within the limits set for the primitive
up to this jwint in the discussion there have develo])ed in different localities two Callirrhoes, two sanctuaries of Zeus, two of Apollo, two of Ge, two or more of the Eleusinian deities, two or more Odeums, and two Eucleias. Fortiuiately there is only one Dionysium in Limnis, and if
We observe that
we can determine the

ical situation.
site of this
True, there have been
we have the key to the whole topographmany sites assigned to it. The early
tojxigraphers and the latest authority on the Dionysiac cult, Paul Foucart (LeCultede Dionysos en Attique, Paris, 190.")), locate it in the Dionysus precinct containing the theatre, on the southwest slope of the Acropolis. Others located it in the Ilissus neighborhood or outside the city. Dr. Dorpfeld, on the contrary, is firmly convinced that he has excavated its site and determined the authenticity of it in the territory excavated by the German school, between the Areopagus, Pnyx, and Acro^xilis. Miss Harrison devotes pp. 83-100 of Primitive Athens to proving this identification and to
describing the precinct.
The
precinct in question
is
northwest of the ancient road
laitl
bare by
It is tri-
Dr. Dorpfeld, just south of the western end of the Areopagus.
angular in shape, being bounded by three streets, and

yards in area.
It is
is
about GOO scpiare

It consists
surrounded by a limestone wall which shows several
styles of construction
from the Cyclopean

is
to the quadrangular.
of
two
jiarts,
divided by a wall with a door, the southern section being
the smaller.
In the southern part
a snuill temple
in the mi<ldle of the

is
northern
press.
jiart is
a table-like altar, and in the northwest corner
a wine-
Above a considerable portion of the precinct a building of Roman date, which contained a large
columns, dividing
it
are the foundations of

hall
with two rows of

IIer(*
into a central nave
and two
aisles.
was found
an
altar decorated
with scenes from the worship of Dionysus, and the drum
of a
column on which
sons calling themselves lobah-hoi, and showing the

the Rakcheion.
in the precinct,
press,
Xo
an inscription giving the statutes of a club of pername of the hall to be inscriptions of an earlier date were found anywhere
is
and no orchestra has come to light. The altar, the wineand the small ttMuple of very early date are taken as sufficient evidence that this is the Dionysium in Limnis.
250

Hamson
present their arguments so cogently
Dr. Dorpfeld and Miss
that the i-eader feels impelled to accept their conclusions without hesitation
;
but when he reviews once more the literary evidence cited by them
ap])lies strictly to
he finds that what

ological remains.
the Dionysium in Lininis does not
any more than do the archaeDionysium in Limnis, what is it then ? This question I am not prepared to answer, but I shall summarize the arguments to prove that the Dionysium in Limnis was embraced mthe Dionysiac precinct on the southwest slope of the Acropolis, referring
afford conclusive proof of this identification,
If this precinct is not the
the reader to
my paper
in the Classical Review, xix (lOO.j), .^2o-328, for a
fuller statement.
1.
The
oft-quoted passage in Thucydides mentions foiar sanctuaries,
three of which
we have
;
seen to be on the Acropolis slopes, namely, the
Olympieum
to the northwest, the
Pythium west
of
it,
the sanctuary of
Ge
on the southwest then follows the Dionysium in Limnis in regular order from northwest to southeast, and here it is on the southeast slope. This
order suggests that Thucydides was thinking of the site of the Dionysiac
theatre,
and not a locality some distance away southwest of tlie Areopagus. Did not Thucydides add the phrase Trpos votov fjidXiara, "chiefly to the
south," so as to include this site?
2.
Pausanias
(1, 20, 3) says
ToS Alovvctov Si iari

tlie
Trpos
rw
Otarpio to
apâioTarov
Itpov, kt\.
The
apâtorepa Aiovvcriaol
Tliucydides passage
were celebrated
TaTov lepov was
tw
d/oâtorarcp up(2 rov Aiovvaov kol ayi<oTara) iv At/xvui?

tells
(Ps.-Dem. 59, 76), and Pausanias

Trpo<;
us that tou ALovvaov ... to ap^âLo-
tw Oedrpw. Though Pausanias does not mention the Dionysium in Lininis by name, he doubtless had the Thucydides passage in mind, and the Pseudo-Demosthenes passage serves as a connecting link to
justify this intei-pi-etation.
3.
I hold
with M. Foucart
(p. 109), in
regard to the famous chorus of the
Frogs (218
ff.),
7]v dfx<pl ^vffrjiov
I
Ai6s AiSvvffov iv
\
\Lfj.vais iax'Tlffafxev
t)vIx
o Kpanra\6Kii>ixos
TOIS iepOlCL X'^TpOKTl
Xwpe? Kar
ifjibv
rifievos XaCiv ^X^^s, ktX.
that the scene of the Frogs
is
the actual theatre
itself,
where the play was
celebrated, with the neighborhood.
The word
Ai/xvat
probably denotes the
sacred
îools,
The statement
opened once only
round which Xantliias runs instead of crossing in a ferry boat. that the sanctuary of Dionysus in the Marshes was
in each year
on the 12th
of the
month Anthesterion,
as
ENNEACRUNUS
given in Ps. -Demosthenes
I.e., is
251
tation, as the primitive shrine
precinct
which contained
also
no conclusive objection to this interprewas probably closed, not the whole sacred the orchestra and the temple of Dionysus
Eleuthereus.
C.
J^xcavations
Excavations
Ilissus
made
in the
bed of the
on the traditional
site of
Callirrhoe by the (Jreek Archaeological Society, in lS9;i, reveal artificial
methods of embellishment which, Frazer and others believe, may have

caused the water to issue from nine spouts in such a way as to justify the
name Enneacrunus.
lX)int out, these
But, as Judeich (p. IS'J) and Miss Harrison (p. 158)

classical times
remains show conclusively that in

;
no con-
siderable fountain could have existed there
an
artistic
and there are no traces of treatment and no evidence whatever that the work was of an
early date.
Dr. Dorpfeld's excavations, however, have revealed the Pisistratean
system of water-works and have given the unanswerable
s(jlution to the
Enneacrunus problem.
artificial
It is
beside our purpose to describe in detail the

it
water supply of ancient Athens.^ Suffice

is
to say that in the
Pnyx
It
rock, as indicated on the plan facing p. 280,
the spring Callirrhoe.
has been reenforced by water from the district of the Ilissus, brought in a
conduit laid by Pisistratus.
In front of the ancient Callirrhoe once stood

Several stones have
a fountain house called Enneacrunus, or Nine Spouts.
been found which belonged to this

belong to the Pisistratean epoch
That these remains by the materials, the stamps, and the similarity of construction with other Pisistratean buildings and with the fountains of Alegara and Corinth of similar date. The plan gives the general disposition of the place of the Enneacrunus, showing the spring Callirrhoe in the Pnyx rock, the large reservoir, immediately in front of it the draw-well, and to the right of the reservoir, and e(iually fed by it, the fountain house, Enneacrunus. In front of the fountain house is a great open space, which was at one time the heart and centre of
artificial fountain.
is
indicated
the Agora.
Conclusion
On
the whole the balance of evidence seems to justify the

:
following inferences
1.
Pausanias and Thucydides are in accord in locating the Enneacrunus
in the neighborhood of the Acropolis,
and Pausanias did no violence to
the topographical order of his narrative,

1
See especially Fr. Grilber, Die Einieakruuos, A.M. xxxi
(liHI.")),
1-64.
252
2.

Of the
sites
mentioned by Pausanias and Thiicydides in connection
with Enneacruuus, there were primitive sanctuaries of Olympian Zens, of Pythian Apollo, and of Ge, on the Acropolis slopes as well as along the
Ilissus,
and Thucydides doubtless refen-ed
to the
former
;
the
Odeum was
doubtless in the Agora just southwest of the Areopagus
there were sanc-
tuaries of the Eleusinian deities both west of the Acropolis, south of the
Areopagus, and in Agrae across the

the former locality
;
Ilissus,
but the Eleusinium was in
if
Eucleia
if
is
Artemis Eucleia, her sanctuary was in the

is
Areopagus region, but

merely, the
site is
the shrine mentioned by Pausanias was of Eucleia

;
imcertain
it,
the Dionysium in Limnis
either
where
Dr. Dorpfeld locates
south of the western end of the Areopagus, or
more probably it is identical with the theatre precinct where Pausanias locates the most ancient sanctuary of Dionysus.
3.
The
excava:tions of Dr. Dorpfeld
and the recent investigations into
the water supply of ancient Athens, together with the testimony of ancient
writers, afford conclusive evidence that the site of the Enneaci'unus of Pisis-
tratus has been identified at the foot of the east slope of the
Pnyx
hill.
EXCURSUS
It has
IV.
THE THESEUM
situ-
been already stated that the Royal Colonnade was doubtless

hill
ated at the eastern foot of the the
known as Colonus Agoraeus, on which Doric temple commonly known as the Theseum now stands. Xow
:
Pausanias informs us
'Yirep Be tov Kepa/xetKov kol crroav ttjv KaXovfiivrjV
Hence it seems evident that the temple of Hephaestus " above " the Agora and Royal Colonnade must have
/SaaiXcLov vaos iariv 'ilcf)aiaTov (1, 14, G).
been on this
hill.
Add
the testimony of Harpocration
(s.v.
KoXdovcVas)
that the Hephaesteum and the Eurysaceum stood on the Colonus Agoraeus
near the Agora, and that the Eurysaceum was in the quarter Melite
T!,vpv(TaKeiov)
,
(s.v.
which we know from other sources lay

is
to the west
and south-
west of the market-place.

Since the evidence
strong that the temple of Hephaestus was on the
Colonus Agoraeus,
standing there,
it
raises the interesting question
whether the temple
still
known
as the
Theseum,
is
not actually the Hephaesteum.

relic of
This temple, the best-preserved architectural
the ancient world,

its identity.
has been the subject of an interesting controversy as to
It
has been by various writers at different times attributed respectively to

Ares, Apollo, Heracles, Aphrodite, the Amazons, Theseus, and Hephaestus.
But before entering upon
this controversy let us briefly describe the temple.
THE
The
so-called
TIIESEl'M
in nulls.
It
253
stands upon
Theseum
is
a peripteral hexastyle
st^'ps
a marble stylobate raised three

of Piraeus limestone.
from the ground, the lowest step being
The building is 104 feet long, and io feet wide. and rear are six Doric columns, and at the sides are thirteen, the corner columns being twice counted. The columns are 10 feet in lieight, varying in diameter from '4 feet
To
front
5 inches at the base to 2 feet 7 inches at the top
tliey are
accordingly
somewhat more
tion
is
slender than those of the Parthenon.
The
intercolumnia-
5| feet, at the corners 4^ feet.
Above the architrave runs a Doric

;
frieze of triglyjihs
and metopes, encircling the whole building
only a few
of these, however, are sculi)tured.
Above the
frieze is the usual cornice
and pediment. The cella, which

at the west end,
is
about 40 feet in length by
l20
feet in breadth, has
fore-chamber (pronaos) at the east end and a back-chamber (opistliodomus)
formed by the prolongation of the side walls terminating in

sculp-
antae
at each end a pair of columiLs occupied the space between the antae.
Of the sixty-eight metopes only eighteen were endiellished with

and south sides respectively at the eastern end.
front represent the labors of Heracles.
as follows
:
tured reliefs, namely, the ten on the east front, and the four on the north
(1)
;
The metx)'i)es of the east The scenes from left to right are Heracles and the Nemean lion (2) Heracles and the Ler; ;
; ;
and the Cerynaean hind (4) Heracles and the Erymanthian boar (5) Heracles and the horses of Diomedes (0) Heracles and Cerberus (7) Heracles and Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons (S) Heracles and Eurytion (10) Heracles and one of the (9) Heracles and Geryon
naean hydra
(8) Heracles
;
; ;
Hesperides.
The
eight reliefs on the side walls, which are better pre-
served, celebrate the achievements of Theseus.
Those on the
;
soulli side,
beginning from the east, are

;
(1)
Thesens and the ]\Iinotaur
(2)
Theseus
and the bull of Marathon (o) The.-eus and the robber Sinis (4) Theseus and Procrustes. Those on the north, beginning from the east, are (1) Theseus and the robber Periphetes (2) Theseus and the Arcadian Cercyon (8) Theseus and Sciron (4) Theseus and the C'rommyonian sow. There is also a scidptured frieze at each end of the cella, over the inner
;
:
columns, the western frieze extending merely from anta to anta, while the eastern frieze extends beyond the antae to meet the ejiistyle. The west
frieze is
about
2'>
feet long
is
the east frieze
is
about
^57
feet long.
The
;
subject of the former
the battle between the Centaurs and La]>iths
of
the latter, a battle fought in the jireseuce of six seated deities divided into
two groups
of three each.
The
subject
is
uncertain.
254
The
after, or

date of the temple and
fifth
its
sculptures
is
agreed to be about the
middle of the
century b.c.
but whetlier
it falls is
soon before, or soon
contemporaneous with, the Parthenon,

it later,
disputed.
Dorpfeld and
other architects would place

cies to
because of
its
more advanced tenden-
lonicism in architectural details.
The
sculptures, furthermore,
favor the later date, as for example the resemblances between the west
frieze of this
temple and the metopes of the Parthenon.
Similarly certain
Attic vase-paintings suggest the later date, as the metopes are frequently
imitated on Attic vases, but never of an earlier date than 430 b.c, whereas
the Parthenon dates from 447-432 b.c.
style of the
It
has been conjectured from the
metopes that the sculptures were the work of ^lyron or of

;
pupils of
Myron
but the names of the sculptors are not known.

is
Frazer thus summarizes the arguments for and against the view that
this Doric
temple
actually the
Theseum, described by Pausanias

ia-rlv
(1, 17,
2-6), Trpos 8e
toJ yvfxvaa-iw its
T/aews
Upov, ktX.
In favor of
being the Theseum are, (1) the tradition which for
some centuries
at least has designated the temple as the
Theseum
(2) the
evidence of the sculptured metopes, representing the deeds of Theseus, and
and Lapiths, which Theseus took jiart (3) the fact that the inside walls are covered with stucco, which suggests that they were once embellished with paintings, as we know from Pausanias to have been true of the Theseum. In regard to (1), the anonymous author of a Greek tract on the
of the west frieze, representing the contests of Centaurs
in
;
topograj^hy of Athens, of the fifteenth centuiy, preserved in the Paris

library,
was the
first
writer in
modern times
to call the temple
Theseum.
with the
Henceforth the temple bore this name without question until the middle
of the nineteenth century,
temple of Ares (Paus.

Cyriacus of Ancona.
1, 8, 2),
when Ross proposed to identify a name earlier suggested by
it
the traveler
The arguments
against
its
not a god but a hero.
The heroum
Theseum and
being the Theseum are, (1) Theseus was of the latter was always sharply dis-
tinguished from the nnos of the former.

(1, 17, 2
The terms used by Pausanias
and
6) for the
other memorials of Theseus better suit

is
a heroic shrine.
Besides, this temple
a regular temple facing east with

steps
three steps, whereas the
heroum has two

is
and faces west.
(2) This
temple, as
we have
seen,
of the age of Pericles, while the
Theseum was
built in the age of
493 B.C. (see
1, 17, 6, note).
Cimon and seems to have been begun not later than (3) The evidence as to the site of the Theseum
I.e.) is in
derived from Aristotle, Plutarch, and Pausanias (note
favor of
THE thesp:um
placing
it to
255
(4)
the east of the Agora, and north of the Acropolis.

fact that eight of the
The
argument based on the
metopes and at
is
least
one of
the friezes represented the exploits of Theseus
met by showing that the
subject of metopes and friezes had no necessary relation to the deities of
the temples, as e.g. the labors of Heracles on the metopes of the temple
of Zeus at Olympia, and the Centaurs on the Parthenon metopes.
On
the whole the preponderance of evidence
is
against identifying the
temple with the Theseum.

If not,
then, the
Theseum,
to
what god was the

:
tem]le dedicated?
it
Various have been the answers given

of Ares (see 1, 8, 4, note). (2)
(1) Ross thought
was the temple

(cf Schol.
.
Wachsmuth and
Curtius identified the temple

of a temple of Heracles.
with the famous sanctuary of Heracles, Averter of Evil, in Melite

Ar. Ran. 501).
But Pausanias makes no mention
and Milclihoefer make it a temple of Apollo the But that temple, as we have seen (see 1, 3, 4, note), was in the Agora. (4) Lange would regard it as the sanctuary of Aj)hrodite Urania (Paus. 1, 14, 7, note), and (5) Dr. Dyer conjectured it might have been
(3) Kohler, Loeschke,
Paternal.
the sanctuary of the

proposal
first
Amazons (see Plut. Theseus, 27). (0) Finally, the made by Pervanoglu, to identify the so-called Theseum
(1, 14,
(5),
with the temple of Hephaestus described by Pausanias

accepted by Lolling, Dorpfeld, and Miss Harrison.
has been
Arguments
(1) It
fits
in favor of the
temple being a Hephaesteum are as follows:
the topographical requirements.
We know from
Pausanias that
the temple of Ilepliaestus stood on high ground, above the market-place
and the Royal Colonnade, and from other sources that together with the Eurysaceum it stood on the hill Colonus Agoraeus. The hill on which
the so-called
Theseum
stands has been identified as the ]\Iarket

hill
hill.
The
only objects mentioned as being on this

the hieron of Aphrodite Urania, and
naos, this
is
are the naos of Heiihaestus,
strong evidence that
it
tlie Eurysaceum. As this temple is a was the Hephaesteum. (2) There was
a natural fitness in having the temple of Ilephaestjis overlook the potter's

quarter.
(3)
An
inscription of
440-410
n.c. sjieaks of the revival or insti-
tution of the worship of Hephaestus and Athena, and the setting up of an

altar or
an image to Hejihaestus.
This would harmonize with the date

(4) In answer to the objection that
is
approximately assigned to this temple.

to Hephaestus,
in none of the sculptured meto]K's nor in the frieze

it
there any reference
may be
said that, as
we have
seen, these scuijitures appear
to have often had little or no relation to the god of the temple, while the pediment sculptures, which generally had a direct reference to the temple
256

;
deity, have entirely disappeared
Bruno Sauer connects
tlieni
with the
Hephaestus legend.
The balance
and we
of probabilities, therefore,
seems in favor of identifying as
the temple of Hephaestus the temple poi)ularly
known
as the
Theseum,
shall provisionally accept this designation.
EXCURSUS
V.
THE OLYMPIEUM
Sixteen imposing Corinthian columns sixty feet in height, situated on a
broad plateaii to the southeast of the Acropolis, lorm one of the most conspicuous features in the landscape of Athens.
groui)S
:
These columns form two

;
eastward are thirteen surmounted by an architrave
separated
from these by a gap of 100 feet are three others, two standing, one prosDuring the Middle Ages the name given these remains of antiquity trate. was the palace of Hadrian among the modern Greeks the ruin is popularly
;
known as SUies Kolonmies (ets rats KoAdwats, '"at the columns"). The grounds for identifying these massive ruins with the 01ym})ieum are fortunately beyond doubt. (1) The great size of the columns and of
the foundation of the structure comports with the statements of Livy
(41, 20, 8,
unum
in terris
totle (Pol. 5, 11),
inchoatum pro magnitudine dei) and of Ariswho compares tliem with the works of the Cypselidae in
Corinth, the pyramids of Egypt, and the public buildings of Polj-crates of
Samos. (2) Vitruvius says that the temple of Olympian Zeus was dipteral of the Corinthian order (7, praef. 1.), 17) and octostyle (o, 1, 8), as is the
(3) Pansanias states tliat the p(!ribolus was full of statues of and among the ruins luive been found many bases with dedicatory inscriptions to this emperor (C.I. A. Ill, 479-482, 484, 48(), 487,
case here.
Hadrian
'491, 494).
(4)
The four
sides of the peribolus are GG8
m. in length, which
agrees roughly with Pausanias' statement (1, 18, 6) that the whole inclosure
was four stadia
in cii'cuit.
And,
finally,
(.">)
Yitruvius states that
the architect selected by Antiochus was
named
:
Cossutius, and the base of

Ack/aos Kotro-ouTtos HoTrAtbv
a statue has been found with the inscription

'Pw/mio? (C.I.A. Ill, 561).
site was hallowed from the earliest time, for here, as says Pausawas the primitive sanctuary of Zens founded by Deucalion in the neighborhood of tlie cleft through which the water of the flood disap-
The
nias,
peared.
This primitive sanctuary probably gave way in
eai-ly
times to a
temple in which was kept the bron/e statue of Zeus mentioned by Pausanias.
But the work
of building the massive temple
we
are considering
THE OLYMPIEUM
belongs to three epochs separated by long intervals
:
257
(1) under Pisistratus (3) lyider the
and
his sons;
(2) under Antiochus Kpiphanes of Syria;
Roman Emperor
About 530
Hadrian.
B.C. the tyrant Pisistratus
began on this
site
the erection of
a temple of such massive jiroportions as to rival the temples of Hera at
Samos and
tes,
of
Artemis at Ephesus.
He employed
is
four architects, Antista7, praef. 15).
Callaeschrus, Antimachides, and
Pormus (Vitruv.
evident from
5,
The
its
original style
colossal size.
employed was Doric, as

Aristotle charges (Pol.
its
early date
and
11, 8) that the building of the
temple was a device of the tyrant to keep the minds of the people diverted from revolutionary projects. The work was stopped at the expulsion of
the Pisistratidae in 510 B.C., and
it is
impossible to determine
how
far
it
had progressed.
The
of the
interval
between the expulsion of the tyrants and the reign of

is
Antiochus TV, Epiphanes, of Syria (510-175 n.c.)
a blank in the history
Olympieum. During the acme
of Atlienian greatness the temple of

it
was
disregarded, and
we have no mention
174: ii.c.,
whatever in
to
classical literature.
At length, about
ticulars.
Antiochus determined
continue the Avork of

(l-c.)
building the temple at his
own
expense.
Vitruvius
gives the par-
A Roman
;
Cossutius was the architect
who planned and

it
super-
intended the construction of the temple, cella, columns, epistyle, and
ornamentation
he chose the Corinthian order and surrounded
with a
double row of columns.
The death
of Antiochus [nit
an end
to the
work,
which mvist have been very far advanced. From the evidence of the earlier Greek taste seen in the carving of the capitals and the curve of the abacus, the extant columns belong to this period, and we may conclude that the entire peristyle was set up by Antiochus. Much, however, remained to be done certainly the roofing, the finishing of the interior, the sculptural embellishment of the whole. Yet almost
three centuries passed by, leaving the half-finished temple substantially
unchanged.
(Solon,
:V2)
Strabo speaks of
it
(0, p.
30G) as half-finished
Plutarch
;
and an unfinished Avork Lucian (Icarom. 24) represents Zeus as impatiently asking whether the Athenians ever meant to complete his temple. Sulla in <S0 B.C. carrieil off
it
compares
to Plato's Critias as
some columns, probably from the

Capitoline Jupiter in
cella, for use in

U!.
building the temple of
Rome
(Pliny, N. H.
45).
The temple was
finally
completed by the Emperor Hadrian at his own

fi
; ;
expense (Philostr. Vit. Soph.
Dio Cass. (59, 1(5 Schol. Lucian I.e.) 1, 25, and was dedicated by him in person during his second visit in Athens in
258
130 or 131 A.D.

By command
of the
Emperor, the
sojihist
Polemo, the
most popular orator of the day, delivered the inaugural address. The temple was dedicated to the honor and worship of Hadrian as it was of Zeus. Pausanias saw the temple in its full beauty, and it is unfortunate
that he gives so
bi-ief
a description of
is
it.
The
cause of
later history of the temple

its
very obscure, nor do
we know
the
AVhen Cyriacus of Ancona visited Athens about 1150 A.D., only '^1 columns were standing with their architraves (Wachsniuth. Die Stadt Athen, I, 127). These had been reduced to 17 in the seventeenth century, and about 1700 the Turkish governor pulled down one of these to make lime for building a mosque. Of the surviving sixteen, the prostrate column was thrown down by a hurricane in 1852. The temple rested on a platform of solid masonry, strengthened with
destruction.
buttresses
on the south
side.
This platform
is
076 feet long by 420 feet
broad.
The
stylobate of the temple itself measured 354 feet in length by
135 feet in breadth.
The temple was
octostyle (Vitruv. 3, 2, 8), dijjteral.
The
])eristyle
comprised nuire than 100 Corinthian columns, with double
rows of 20 each on the northern and southern sides, and trijile rows of 8 each at the east and west ends. The columns were 56 feet 7 inches in
height, and 5 feet 7 inches in diameter at the base, with 24 flutings.
total height of the front is estimated to
The
have been 91
feet.
The
existing
columns are of Pentelic marble. The thirteen surmounted by the architrave are at the southeastern angle the remaining three, one of which has fallen, are of the interior row of the southern side not far from the southwest corner, and are at a distance of about 100 feet from the thirteen mentioned. The excavations of ]\Ir. Penrose laid bare walls and pavement and a
;
number of drums has

iited to
unfluted
drums
of large
columns of
common stone. One

inches.
of these
attrib-
a diameter of not less than 7 feet
These are
the temple begun by Pisistratus, of which the cella was esti-
mated
of
still
to be 116 feet long
and 50
feet wide.
The
orientation differed from
that of the later temple, which was exactly east and west.
earlier date, of
rough wall
hard limestone, was attributed by Mr. Penrose to
the primitive temple ascribed to Deucalion.
THE THEATRE OF DIONYSUS

EXCURSUS
On
the wine-god,
is
259
VI.
the southeastern slope of the Acropolis, in the precinct sacred to
the ancient theatre of Dionysus
the cradle of the dra-
matic art of Hellas.
The remains
are not extensive, consisting merely of
the orchestra, a portion of the stone seats and retaining-walls of the auditorium, and the front of the late
stage buildings, but
Roman
stage and the foundations of the

to enable us to determine with
what
is left is sufficient
considerable accuracy the historical development and the construction of

all Greek theatres. For our knowledge of the theatre most largely indebted to Dr. Doipfeld. Of all ancient theatres, the Dionysiac theatre at Athens has had the most continuous history, going back almost to the very V>eginning of drama, and continuing in use until late Roman times. We shall, iliercfore, first notice the most important stages in its development, so that in studying its architectural remains we may be prepared to attribute to the different periods what properly belongs to each. In the sixth century n.c, at the dawn of Athenian drama, there was in the sacred precinct on the southeastern slope of the Acropolis a circular dancing-place, or orchestra, consisting of beaten earth surrounded by a ring of stones, used for the chorus of the wine-god. Within the circle was an altar on the jilatform of which stood the coryphaeus or leader of the chorus. All arrangements for spectators or performers were of a purely
the best-known of
we
are
provisional character.
In the following century,
when dramatic
art reached its
acme under
Aeschylus, Sophocles, J>uripides, and Aristophanes, the theatre also under-
went great development and reached the form which obtained in its main features during its subsequent history. According to a statement made by Suidas (s.v. H/auTiVas) the first permanent theatre was erected in consequence of an accident which occurred in 01. 70 (.")00-497 h.c). Aeschylus, Pratinas, and Choerilus were contending for the tragic prize, when the wooden benches (iKpia) on which the spectators were seated collapsed. This led the Athenians to build a more substantial theatre.
Dr. Dorpfeld
is
of the opinion that this earliest theatron consisted of
a massive retaining- wall of stone and earth to support wooden seats, as
we have no evidence of the existence of stone theatre. In digging down into the foundations
it has been found that there are two by the fragments of pottery buried in
seats in
any fifth-century
of the present auditorium
layers
it,
the upper one, as
shown
of the fourth century,
and the
260
lower,

by the same evidence,
of the fifth.
Tu place of the provisional
arrangements for the actors, in the early part of the century a wooden an innovati(Hi attributed by Dr. Dorpfeld stage building was erected
to Aeschylus.
This consisted merely of a (juadrangular chamber, whose

Tt is
fagade represented a palace or a temple.

the great period of Attic
is
manifest that the theatre of
drama was
much
less
imposing structure than
usually assumed.
In
its
third stage of development the theatre of Dionysus, from being a
simple structure with wooden seats and wooden skene, became a magnificent
edifice
rial.
with stone seats and an imposing stage building of the same mate-
We
have
many
references in Greek literature pointing to the fact

lattn-
that about the middle of the fourth century or
new
theatre of un-
usual splendor was constructed.
This building was completed under the

(Pans.
1, 29,
administration of the finance minister and orator Lycui-gus.

IG; Ps.-Plut.vit.xOr.pp. 841 v, 852 n
;
C.T.A. 11.2-10; IIyperides,ed.Blass,

82.'3
Frag. 121).
of Lycurgus.
This must have occurred before

is
n.c, the year of the death
Dr. D6rj)feld shows on technical grounds that in the main

that of Lycurgus.
the existing theatre

tions, as
]\Iost of its walls and foundaand the character of the work, belong to this ei:)och. Tlie Piraeus limestone and Ilymettus and Pentelic marble in use are combined in a manner customary in buildings of this period. The technique of some of the work corresponds to that of the C-horagic Monument of Thrasyllus, whose date is known to be ;321 b.c. TIk^ evidence gathered from all sources indicates that the theatre was begun about the year 350, and completed not later than 82G n.c.
shown by the
luaterial used
After the fourth century the literary record
is
very imjierfect, and our
knowledge
gromids.
sented
development of the theatre rests largely on technical In the time of Lycurgus and earlier, stage scenery was rejn-eof the
by movable
proscenia, i.e. scenery painted
on canvas on wooden
panels stretched between posts.
In Hellenistic times, however,
when
the
New Comedy
in
prevailed, a stone proscenium
was
built, i.e. a
permanent
of
scene or background, adorned with columns about ten or twelve feet high,
which the scene was varied by changing the pinnkes, or panels
wood,
that were placed between the stone columns.
From certain walls of the foundation, the fragments of a fagade, and an inscription extant on a piece of the architrave, it is evident that an
extensive reconstruction of the stage building and orchestra took place in
the
first
century a.o., at the

its
command
of the
Roman
Emjieror, Nero,
A
of
stage was built with
front adorned with reliefs after the
manner
Fig.
2.
The Theatuk of Diosvsus

201
262
Asia ]Minor and

Roman
tlieatres,
the orchestra was paved, and other minor
changes were made.

Finally, abont two centuries later, a certain archon Phaedrus lowered and moved forward the stage of Nero, cutting down its fagade as shown
by the extant
Ill,
reliefs,
and commemorating the fact by an inscription
(C.I. A.
239) to be seen on the highest of the five steps leading from the orchestra
:
to the top of the stage, translated as follows
Phaedrus, Zoilus' son, in life-giving Attica ruler,

Euilt in thine honor this beautiful stage,
Thou god
of the orgy.
of
Here ends the ancient history of the theatre. For centuries all record ceases. Buried under the deep accumulation of soil, the theatre of Dionysus disaj)peared so completely from view that seventeenth-century
it
travelers were entirely in the
dark as to
its site.
p]ven as late as 1748,
Stuart speaks of the
Odeum
of Ilerodes Atticus as
first to
"the theatre
of Bacsite.
chus."
Robert Chandler, in 17G5, was the
suspect the true
Leake, by calling attention to a coin in the Payne-Knight collection in the

British ]\Iuseum,
removed
all
doubt as to
its identity, for
the coin shows

to view large
the east front of the Parthenon above the theatre.
In 1862 excavations
were l)egun by
tlie
German
architect Strack,
who exposed
portions of the auditorium.

ical Society cleared the
Taking up
his
work, the Greek ArchaeologFurther excavations, as of

Finally, in 1880, 1889,
whole sacred precinct.
the western retaining-wall, were
made
its
in 1877.
and 1895, Dr. Dorpfeld completed the work of excavation by laying bare
the foundations of the building in
various epochs.
We
tra,
shall
now
briefly describe the tlieatre, considering first the actual
remains and
tlien its three natural divisions
the auditorium,
jilau,
tlie orclies-
and the stage buildings.
Observe Dr. Dorpfeld's
reproduced in
Fig. 2, p. 201.
bounded on the north by the Acropolis on the south by the modern road; on the east the boundary is not definitely determined. Within the precinct are the foundations of two temjdes. Tlie older is near the stage buildings of the theatre and limited the extent of the colonnade at the rear the remains show that it dates from before tlie Persian A>"ar. The Both consisted later temple, to the south of this, is somewhat larger. merely of naos and pronaos. The later temple was probably erected at the
Tlie precinct of Dionysus
;
is
rock
on the west by the precinct of Ascle])ins
close of the fourth century (Pint. Nicias, 3).

The
actual remains of
263
the theatre consist of a confusing mass of
foundations and walls of various periods.
section of a wall of hard limestone, forming part of the circular

of the original orchestra,
Of the sixth century is the boundary
somewhat
to the south of the later orchestra.
Of the
fifth
century
is
a jwrtion of a straight wall, which was probably Tlie great bulk
part of the supporting wall of the earlier auditorium.

of the foundations as
and walls belong
to the
Lycurgvis theatre erected,

of the stone ])ro-
we have
seen, in the fourth century.
The remains
scenium are of Hellenistic times.

J*haedrus.
AVorthy of note,
also, are the
Roman
foundations under Xero and what survives of the stage erected under
The auditorium was

necessary.
lines,
built on the slope of the Acropolis,
which served
i)arallel
filled in
as an elevation for the tiers of seats.
Yet
artificial
substructions were
These retaining-walls consisted of two stout walls in
with cross-walls at intervals, the intervening space being

dirt.
These walls are of consideral)le strength and thickness, the The two wings of the auditorium are terminated by two walls of unecjual length, the eastern being about 111 feet, the western only 88 feet. 'J'he unsymwith
outer being of Piraeus limestone, the inner of conglomerate.
metrical circumference of the aiulitorium
is
due to the conformation of
the ground.
Side entrances or ixtrdskcnid between the south walls of the
auditorium gave admittance to spectatoi-s and performers.
The
inside
boundary
is
a semicircle, with
is
its
two
sides prolonged.
The
distance between the inside corners
72
feet.
The
interior consisted of
a series of stone seats, with marble ch.airs in the front row, rising tier
above
tier to the
bounding walls of the theatre. All that remain are from
twenty to thirty rows at the bottom and portions of a few rows at the top.
The
curve of the seats did not correspond to the curve of the orchestra.
Fifty -eight of the sixty-seven marble seats originally in the front row
remain.
Behind the
line
first
of
marble
seats,
after
three feet, began the

in the
of the ordinary tiers of seats,
same
style to the limits of the auditorium.
an interval of about which continued The seats were about
fifteen inches in
height
lines cut in the stone indicate the space devoted

in divergent lines like the
to each person.
Fourteen passages, running
spokes of a wheel from the orchestra to the outside boundary, two being
along the bounding walls, divided the auditorium into thirteen sections
called kerklilrs.
In addition to the vertical aisles, the auditorium was
divided into three parts by two curved longitudinal passages called diazoiiiatd.
Only the upper dia/oma
is
now
recognizable
it
is
aijout fifteen
264
feet wide.

Dr. Dorjifeld calculates that the theatre would comfortably
spectators.
accommodate about 17,000
The
site of
circular orchestra
is
not only the mathematical but also the ideal
centre of the Greek theatre.
The
present orchestra occupies the identical

it
the orchestra of Lycurgus, but
aj^pears as
it
was
after considits
erable changes were
made
tiie
in the time of Xero,
who
limited
extent to
the south by erecting a stage the front of which was on a line connecting the two corners of
orchestra,
auditorium.
which was previously
orchestra, intended to drain off
marble pavement was put on the The gutter bounding the the water from the auditorium, dates from
of solid earth.
Lycurgus. The pavement consists of slabs of Pentelic and Hymettus marble,

variegated with strips of a reddish marble.
In the centre the marble
is
arranged in a large rhomboidal figure, with a circular depression in the

centre, intended to receive the altar of Dionysus.
A marble balustrade surrounded the orchestra, and the gutter was covered over with slabs of marble. The width of the orchestra is about 781 feet and its depth from the stage;
front of l^haedrus to the front
row
of spectators
is
about
.58| feet.
The
theatre.
stage buildings constitute the third and last division of the Greek
The term for these was skein'; originally the tent or booth in which the single actor of the Thespian period prepared for the performance, the word continued in use to express the lai-ge and elaborate stage
buildings of later periods.
The skene
of
hall, the roof of
Lycurgus had as the principal room a large rectangular which was perhaps borne by interior columns, with a
feet,
total length of
about 152
and depth
of
about 2\
feet.
At each end
were two projecting wings facing north, 23 feet by 16\

skenia.
feet, called para-
The space between the wings was about 0(5 feet. The central part and the wings were adorned with a fagade of Doric columns, of which
there are remains.

frieze,
The
total height of the
columns, architrave, trigly])h
and cornice was about 13 feet. A provisional proscenium was put up between the sktai^ and the orchestra. In the Lycurgus theatre there was no trace of a logeion. The orchestra drawn as a complete circle just touched the front line of the paraskenia. For about three centuries the
stage buildings of Lycurgus remained unchanged.
At length
in Hellenistic
times a stone proscenium was erected, the foundations of which can be

traced
;
its toji
formed a jiodium or platform about

of the skene
13 feet high and

feet.
9 feet deep.
Also the paraskenia wei-e drawn in a few
and proscenium of Nero's reconstruction can be traced on the plan, as well as the paraskenia to right and left. He
The foundations
THE ACROPOLIS
also built a logeion extending
265
tlie line
forward from the sken^ to
indicated
on the
facade.
])lan.
Of
this the existing scnili>tiired niarhle blocks
formed the
These have been cut down about five inches, so that the stage of Nero was about five feet, the usual height of a Kouian logeion. As stated, this stage was in the third or fourth century moved forward about eight
yards and lowered by Phaedrus, so as to stretch across the orchestra betwe'en
the inner corners of the two wings of the auditorium.
The western
half of
relief,
the front of this stage, adorned with four groups of figures in high
is
preserved.
EXCURSUS
The Athenian
leus
Vir.
THE ACROPOLIS
Plain
is
triangular in shape, extending in a southwesterly
direction from Mi. Pentelicus to the sea.
Ît. Parues and its s}>ur Aegaform the north and northwest side of the triangle, Pentelicus the apex, Ilymettus the south and southeast side, and the Saronic (iulf the ba.se.
Down
the centre of the plain there stretches a range of

A'ouni, forming the watershed of the Cejihisus
hills,
now
called
and the Ilissus, and terminating in the lofty i>eak of Lycabettus (900 feet). Nearly a mile to the southwest, and .sei)arated from Lycabettus by a broad valley, lies a precipitous rock, about 512 feet above the sea and 250 feet above the surrounding
lime.stone
its
Tourko
}>lain.
This rock
is
the Acropolis of Athens.
Geologically considered, the rock consists of a coarse semi-crystalline
with which red
.schist is
mixed.
Its
form
In
its
is
very irregular and
surface jagged and broken.

table-land surrounded
is
The
.surface of the rock is

.sides.
by no nu'ans a
nearly forty
flat
by precipitous
long axis from west

rise of
to east there
feet, so that
from the Propylaea
to the
Parthenon a
the capitals of the columns of the one are about on a line
with the
surface
is
ba.ses of the
columns of the other.
The conformation
of the
largely artificial.
The seemingly
fillings-in
is
south
is
due to the numerous
from north to that have been made from time

level surface
to time.
The
length from west to east
about
1528 yards, the
width from
north to south about 148 yards.

Grottoes and caverns and projecting
cliffs
alxnind on three precipitous
sides of the rock, Avhiie the fourth desceiuls in a terraced slope.

side especially contains ])rominent cliffs
The north
and deep hollows. Starting from the northea.st corner and coming west there is a remarkable line of outlying rocks containing numerous small grottoes used in anti(piity as niches for shrines and votive ott'erings. Kurther west is a long cavern, with underground steps from the P^rechtheum above, which has been identified as the
266

Toward the northwest
are the
Sanctuary of Aglaunis.
Long
Cliffs, called
MaKpaL
These form the scene of the early legends embodied in the Ion of Euripides, and embrace the grotto of Pan, the grotto of Apollo, and
the ancient spring Clepsydra.
At the
filled
eastern side, the rock runs out in two bold projections like
;
natural bastions
the space between has been in great part artificially
up.
The
largest of all the caves is to be found
on this side; how
it
was
utilized has not
been definitely determined.
The southern
side, pre-
cipitous at the east end, slopes gradually westward forming three terraces.
First are found the sacred precinct of Dionysus and the theatre, witli the
Westward, and the Colonnade of Eumenes on the middle terrace is the jirecinct of Asclejiius", and still higher is a small terrace with the shrines of Ge, Demeter, and perhaps other deities. The west side slopes gradually toward the Areopagus, and forms the natural approach to the Acropolis.
choregic
of Thrasyllus
monument
;
above on a projecting rock.

of Ilerodes Atticus
on the lowest terrace, are the
Odeum
The
A.
polis
history of the Acropolis falls naturally into eight pei-iods
Priiniiive Athens.
Relics
;
of the Stone
Age
indicate that the Acro-
was tlie abode of man from an inconceivably remote period. IVIycenaean remains are extensive the Acropolis takes rank as a Mycenaean citadel along with Tiryns and Mycenae, and as Thucydides^ states, "what
is
now
the citadel was the city."
Cecrops
is
the
first
mythical king,
who
is
supposed to have migrated from Egypt and to have established himself on

the rock with his retainers.
Erechtheus
is
the next king of prominence,
who dwelt in The worship
his prehistoric jmlace,
wherein was the shrine of Athena.

the latter consoli-
of Zeus,
Athena, and Poseidon was already established.

;
Finally came the lonians, Aegeus and his son Theseus
dated the twelve Attic townships into his famous synoikismos, ami the
Acropolis becauie the centre of the political
H.
71ie
life
of Attica.^
Epoch of PIsifitratus. ^Vh.h King Codrus (1068 n.c.) the historical period of Athenian history is supposed to begin, but we hear almost nothing of the Acropolis until the time of Pisistratus. The old pediment
reliefs in
the Acropolis
Museum
prove conclusively that long before his

deities.
time there existed on the Acropolis temples of Athena and other
The tyranny
of Pisisti-atus
.
and his sons
is
a most
momentous period
in
the history of the Acropolis.
strengthened the fortifications.

1
Here they took up their residence, and The finds of archaic sculptures, and of the
Excursus
III.
Thncydides,
ii,
15, (liscnsscd in
Of.
Miss Harrisou, Primitive Athens
as described by Thucydides, Cambridge, 1906.
THE ACROPOLIS
267
columns and pediment sculptures of the Old Athena Tejiiple, enil>ellished by Pisistratus, indicate the attention paid to art under this enlightened tyranny. Sculptors and architects were summoned from a distance to assist the native artists in their work. This eixjch natiu'ally closes with the sack by the Persians in ISO ii.c., when temples were burnt, votive sculptures were thruwn down and broken, and general havoc was w rought
on the Acropolis.
C. The Periclean Age.
After the victory of
Salaniis and the recogni-
tion of Athens as the foremost state of Hellas, the .\theiiians undertook

to rebuild their ruined city in a
portance.
manner adeijuate to tlieir increasing imCimon and Themistocles began the movement to make the
fit
Acropolis a
dwelling-place for the goddess Athena.
Tlie fortifications
of the citadel
were extended and strengthened
the surface w as leveled
up by
filling in
the hollow spaces w ith the debris of the Persian sack.
new
jx)rtal
or entrance-way was begun and the colossal bronze Athena
of Phidias
was
set up.
Pericles (461-129 n.c),
Then who
followed the golden age of Atliens under

wislied the Acroi)olis to
become the conhis
crete ex])ression of the greatness of the
Athenian empire. Phidias was
chief adviser in carrying out his plans.

(1) the
The
restdts
were the building of

;
Parthenon (447-438 n.c), by the architects Tctinus and Callicrates (:i) the temple of Athena Nike, planned 4o0 b.c. but probably not built until after the Propylaea; (4) the Erechtheum doubtless })lanned by Pericles, as his
(2) the Propylaea, with Mnesicles as architect (4:$7-4:52 n.c);
building oi)erations were interrupted by the Peloponnesian War, but not

erected until 409-395 n.r.
D. The Acropolis no material change.
in
llellenislir
Tintfix.
J^rom
history
is
tlie
death of Pericles
(429 B.C.) to the battle of Chaeronea (33S B.C.) the Acropolis underwent
From
and
that date
its
involved in the liistory

tlie
of the foreign patrons
foes of Athens.
From
close of the third
century the Acropolis profited greatly by the gifts of foreign benefactors.
King Attains
I of
Perganiiuu (241-197 b.c.) made
many
dedicatory gifts,
;
especially the groups
commemorating
his victory over the CJauls
Antio-
chus P^piidianes of Syria (175-1G4 B.C.),
who began
rebuilding the Olym;
pieum, hung a Gorgon's head as an apotropaion on the south wall and Eumenes II (197-159 b.c.) of Pergamum erected the colonnade bearing
his
E. The Acrojmlis mulcr
name, betw'een the two theatres on the southern slope. the I'oinniis ami the lUjznnliiifis.
Rome,
recog-
nizing the intellectual ]>reeminenc<' of Athens, took pride in adorning the

city.
circular temple of
Rome and Augustus was
built to the east of the
268
era. M. Vipsanius Agrippa was honored with an equestrian statue to the left of tlie approach to the Propylaea, the pedestal of which is still standing. The marble steps leading up to the Acropolis probably date from this time. Hadrian (117-lo8 a.o.), the most generous of Athenian patrons, adorned the theatre with statues, and completed the Olympieum, but does not seem to have devoted especial attention to the Acropolis. The acceptance of Christianity by the Roman emperors and their changed attitude toward paganism contiibuted largely
Parthenon about the beginning of the Christian
to the mutilation of the AcroiK)lis. to have
Theodosius H (JrOS-ioO) is supposed removed the gold and ivory image of Athena in 485 he issued a
;
comnumding heathen temples to be torn down or converted into churches. The Parthenon, in consequence of this policy, became in the
decree
latter part of the fifth or the early part of the sixth century the
St.
church of
Sophia, and extensive changes were

later
made
in the interior.
The name
was
changed
to the
suffered a similar fate.
twelfth centuries,
F.
Of the fortunes very little is known.

the
church of the Mother of God. The Erechtheum of Athens l)etween the sixth and
Franks and Florentines.
The Acropolis under

l)y
On the conquest of
title of
Constantinople
the Crusaders in
1204, Boniface, Marquis of ]\Iont-
ferrat, obtained the sovereignty of Hellas,
with the
in
King
of
Thes-
salonica.
The following year he appeared

his vassal,
Athens with
la
his victorious
Burgundians and Lombards, and

as
Otho de
Roche, was installed
Duke of Athens. The (ireek churches on the Acropolis became Latin, but we know nothing of other changes on the Acropolis made by Otho and his descendants, who held the city from 1205 to 1311 nor under their successors, the usurping Catalans, who were in power for the next twenty years nor during the Sicilian domination, when the city was governed by
;
;
regents of Frederick of Aragon and his successors.
In 1.387 Athens
fell into tlie
Lord
of Corinth.
Xerio took up his residence
hands of the Florentine Nerio Acciajuoli, in the Propylaea, which,

castle.
under him or his successor Antonio, was transformed into a

six Doric
The
columns of the west portico were joined by a wall, with one entrance, and the four side doors of the portal were walled up, thus forming a large vestibule. The Pinacotheca was turned into executive
offices,
and another
storj'
was
l)uilt al)Ove
the entalilature.
At the same
time the huge tower was built on the southwest wing fi-om blocks of this
wing and from neighboring buildings
a tower that long remained one of

Tliis jieriod was, in conse-
the most })icturesque features in the Acropolis.
quence, not favorable to the preservation of monuments.
THE ACROPOLIS
G. The Acropolb under
the
269
Franco, last duke of
Turks.
Tii
1 1.')()
Athens, after two years' heroic defense, surrendered the Acropolis to
Omar, general of Mohammed IF, who had conquered Constantinople in 1453. The Propylaea became the residence of Dasdar Aga, the Turkish
himself visited Athens in 1 l')U, Athens with great moderation, even letting the Parthenon remain a Christian church, hut after an insurrection against him lie ruled with great severity and in 1400 liad the Parthenon converted into a moscpie. The Turks made l)ut few changes in the building, merely removing the sacred image of the Virgin, whitewashing the walls, on which were pictures of saints, and building a minaret in the southwest corner. For nearly two centuries we hear almost nothing of the Acropolis. At length, in 1656, lightning struck a heap of powder, stored by Isuf Aga the commander in the east court of the Propylaea in [re2)aration for cannonading a Christian church on the morrow. A frightful exjdosion followed, killing Isuf, and denuilishing a large portion of the Propylaea. The architrave was shattered, the rich ceiling fell, columns were thrown down, and the portal was
governor.
at first treated
The Sultan Mohammed, who
reduced almost to
its
present condition.
In 1674 the ^lanpiisde Xointel, French Ambassador at Constantino])le,
had drawings made of the pediment sculptures and
frieze of the Partlie-
non, which are usually attributed to the artist, Jacques Carrey.

the accounts of their journey, appearing in 1678 and
tout
1676 Spon, the antiquarian, and Wheler, the naturalist, visited Athens, and
16(S"2,
are im])orIn
l(i.S(5
tant sources of information about the Acro|>olis at this jx'riod.
drawings of the Parthenon were made by French

d'Ortieres.
officers
under (Iravier
In 1687 the Venetian commander, Francesco Morosini, laid siege to the

Acropolis, placing cannon on the Areo]iagus, the
Museum
hill, an<l
the
Turkish deserter gave infornuition that the Parthenon was being used by the Turks as a powder magazine. The guns were aimed at tiie Parthenon and on Friday, the 20th of September, 1687, at half past seven, Pnyx.
:
the Parthenon of Pericles was rent in twain.
a fearful conflagTation ccmtinued.

capitulated, but the Acropolis
On
October
in
was reoccupied
For two days and nights :) the Turkish garrison April. 1688, by the Turks,
the citadel until
insurgents.
who were not again dislodged from their jmssession of 1822, when they were com]>elled to surrender to the (Jreek
The
Greek garrison on the AcrojM)lis was forced in 1827 to capitulate {o the Turks, who did not finally depart from it until iSo^S, the year in which
Prince Otho of Havaria was proclaimed King of Greece.
270
THE ATTICA OF PAUSAAIAS

few important archaeological events occurred during this interval.
In
1750 Stuart, the painter, and Ilevett, painter and architect, visited Athens,
the
under the auspices of the Society of the Dilettanti, and in 1762 appeared first volume of their " Antiquities of Athens," which marks the beginning of the
scientific
study of Athenian monuments.
In 1765 the second In 1790 appeared

In 1801 Lord Elgin,
expedition of the Society of the Dilettanti was sent out.

the second volume of the "Antiquities of Athens."
British
Sublime Porte, removed to London almost all and nearly all the extant pediment sculptures of the Parthenon, a caryatid and column of the Erechtheum, and various smaller marbles, which were finally placed in the British Museum
the frieze, a
Ambassador number
to the
of metopes,
and are now universally known as " the Elgin Marbles." In 1885, upon the reII. The Acro/mlis and the Nein (Ircek Kingdom moval of the Greek government from Nauplia to Athens, the Acropolis was delivered over to King Otho, with appropriate ceremonies, and forever
ceased to be a citadel.
ical
work
since done
The following
dates are important for archaeolog-
183.3.
First excavations,
1835. 1836.
by private subscription. Ludwig-Ro-ss, Conservator of Anticiuities, removed tlie fortifications, rebuilt the Nik6 temple, and cleared the west front of the Propylaea.
Pittakis, Ross' successor,
completed the clearing of the Propylaea, and Erechtheum. 1853. The Beul^ Gate and marble stairway were cleared. 1862. Excavations by a Prussian Expedition consisting of Botticher, Curtius,
laid bare the foundations of the
and Strack.
1885.
Excavations of the Greek Archaeological Society.
1899-1905. Partial restoration of the Partlienon and the Erechtheum,
EXCURSUS
The
tect Mnesicles
VIII.
THE PROPYLAEA
l)iiilt by the archion the foundations of an earlier gateway;^ it was begun in the archonship of Euthymenes (437-436 B.C.), and was never completed, as the work was interrupted by the Peloponnesian War. The sum expended on it was said to be 2012 talents, or something over ^2,000.000 Pint. Pericles, 13 Diod. 12, 40 (see Ilarpocr. and Suid. s. v. TrpoTrvAaia
;
Propylaea, the great portal of the Acropolis, was
cf.
Thuc.
1
2, 13).
It
was always regarded, along with the Parthenon,
as
in
See Dorpfeld's restoration of the ground plan of the Propylaea, given

3, p. 273.
Fig.
2
See Weller, C. H.,
"The
Pre-Periclean Propylaea on the Acropolis of Athens,"
A.
J. A. viii (1904), 33-70.
THE PROPYLAEA
one of the glories of Athens (Dem. 22, lo Aeschin. 2, 105 Dio Chrys. Or. 2, 7, 8
; ;
271
207
;
2:5,
Pint.
<le
glor.
Ath.
etc.).
vol. T, 27, ed.
Dindorf,
Fragments of
(C.I. A.
I,
inscrijjtions giving accounts of

;
moneys expended are extant

;
Xos. 314, 315
IV, No. 315
a, h, c
Jahn-Micluu-lis,
]>.
:5!>).
The approach
was
in
to the Propylaea is tlirough
an ancient gate between two

it
quadrangular towers.
This gate
is
known
as the Beul6 Gate, because
1853 discovered and excavated by the French archaeologist lieul6,

it
who
from the Turkish bastions that previously concealed it. shown that materials for the gate were taken from a choregic monument of Nicias, dating from the archonship of Neaechmus, 320-319 H.c. He thinks the monument was removed from its original site at the time of the building of the Odeum of Herodes Atticus, between KiO and 177 a.i>., and that the gate was most probably built soon after. Passfreed
Dr. Dorjifeld has
ing through the gate,
72 feet in width.
the
first
half of
we observe the remains of a great marble staircase The staircase and the towers facing the gate date from the first century after Christ. The staircase prol)ably
replaced a winding approach going back to primitive times.

is
On
the
left
the pedestal of the statue of Agi-ippa

rests the
on the right
is
the huge bastion,
on which
temple of Athena Nike.

the plan of the Propylaea let us imagine
first
To understand
of all a
cross-wall running north
and south between two

is
parallel walls,
which
is
it
meets at right angles.
The
cro.ss-wall is 59 feet in length,
and
pierced
by
five
gateways, the central of which

;
24 feet 2 inches high by 13 feet
8 inches wide
the two on either side of this are 17 feet 8 inches high
by 91 feet wide; and the two extreme gateways are 11 feet 3 inches high by 4 feet 9 inches wide. Through the middle gateway ran the road for jirocessions the four side gateways were approached by a flight of five
;
steps, four of marble, the fifth of black Eleusiuian stone.
At
before
is
their western
them
porticoes of six Doric columns.
and eastern extremities the cross-walls have placed The*outer or western portico
Besides the
very deep, measuring 59 feet in width by 49 feet in depth.
six Doric
columns along the front, we have at right angles to them two rows of three Tonic columns each, flanking the central passage through the portico to the middle gateway, and su])iK)rting originally the marble roof
ornamented with golden stars, the wond(>r of ancient travelers. Tlio roof is gone, and all the Ionic columns have lost their capitals. The inner portico facing east is of the same width, but is very shallow, being only 19 feet deep. Five of the six Doric columns fronting it retain their capitals, and
two are united by an architrave block.
272
This
about 60
is
TIIJ]
ATTICA OF TAUSAXIAS
the
main portion
feet,
rock here
is
178
of the structure. But the whole breadth of whereas what we have ah-eady described takes up only
feet.
Dr. Dorpfeld has reconstructed the ground plan of Mnesicles
to cover the field,
though only a portion of the subordinate sections

it
of the
Propylaea was completed.
Adjoining the main portico at right angles to
north and south, two

Tlie
wings were planned, only one of which, however, was completed.

northwest wing consists of a chamber nearly square, being
i~)
feet
;}
inches
wide by 29 feet 5 inches deep, with a portico on
its
southern side, 13 feet
deep, fronted by three Doric columns between antae.
Above the columns is an architrave with a plain frieze of triglyphs and The main chamber was lighted by a door 11 feet high by 9| feet wide and by two small windows. This chamber was the ancient Pinacometopes.
theca or picture gallery.
The southwest wing,

nortli
as
with no rear chamber.
we have it, consists of merely a portico facing The front consisted of three Doric columns
to the front of the
between antae, corresponding exactly
northwest
jiortico.
Yet the rear wall stops not opposite the northwest anta, but the third column, thus leaving the anta stranded. This is evidence that the architect has made a change in his plans, and Di-. Dorpfeld has endeavored to recover the original design by a study of the architectural details, especially the antae. His conclusion is that Mnesicles contemplated for the southwest wing a structure of the same dimensions as the opposite wing, but with this difference the chamber with its portico was to be entirely open to the west facing the Nike temple, and instead of a wall as in the northwest wing, four columns between two antae should face west. The difference of plan was due to the fact that the Pinacotheca abutted on a precipice, while the southwest wing could serve as a colonnade before the Nike temple. Besides the two western wings Dr. Dorpfeld has shown from a study of architectural details tl-Ait the original ])lan ])ro\ided also for two eastern wings. Thus, the anta at the northeast corner of the east portico is double, thus calling for a row of columns running north, as well as the extant I'ow running south. The eastern wall of the northwest wing juts beyond the rest of the building. If continued to the Acropolis wall it would furnish
:
the western wall of the northeast colonnade.

Similar arguments prove that a colonnade of like dimensions was projected as the southeast
wing
of the Propylaea.
But these great ideas were
never carried out, most likely on account of the outbreak of the Peloponnesian
War, and the consecpieut lack
of funds.
:^^\~^^^r^~
\jy-
273
274

EXCURSUS
IX.
THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE

;
The temple which

Wingless Victory
that
is,
Paiusanias (1, 22, 4
3, 15, 7
5, 26, 6) ascribes to
is
more appropriately
134;
styled the temple of
Athena Xike,
Siiid. s.v. Nikj;
I,
Athena
in the character of Victory (Harpocr.
and
4>,
"kdrjva;
p.
Soph. Philoct.
Eustath. on
Horn.
II.
410; CI. A.
88
f.,
No. 189 a;
II,
Nos. 163, 471).

art.
Victory was regularly 2)ersoniis
iied
it is
with wings in Greek

natural
As Athena
always represented wingless
that here too, though under a special type, she should
be wingless.
modern history. It was seen and was pulled down by the Turks, about 1687, and the material was used in making a battery on the site. In 1835 the temple was discovered by Ross, Schaubert, and Hansen, who rebuilt it as it now stands. The roof is almost gone, and the gables are wanting. Yet the temple is fairly well preserved.
interesting
It
The temple has had an
described by Wheler in 1(576.
Tlie temple rests on a massive bastion 26 feet high to the south of the
staircase.
The
material
is
Pentelic marble.
It rests
The temple
is
of the Ionic
order, amphiprostyle tetrastyle.
bate being 27 feet
on a base of three stejis, the stylo2 inches long from east to west by 18 feet 3i inches
broad from north to south.

capital
eacli
is
The height
;
of the
1
columns including base and

;
13 feet 4 inches
is
the diameter,
foot 10 inches
flutes.
the shaft of
of
column
of a single block of marble,

is
with 24
frieze,
The height
the entablature
1
3 feet 8J inches.
The
86 feet in length and
foot 5^ inches high, sculptured in high relief, runs all round the temple.
cella is 16 feet long
;
The
the entrance was between two pillars connected
with the antae by a balustrade. The date of the temple has been long disi)uted
attributed
it to
some archaeologists
of Pericles, others
the Cimonian period, others to the
Age
to the middle of the Peloponnesian
War.
An
inscription discovered a few
years ago by Cavvadias, and dating probably about 450 is.c, calls for the
construction of a gate, a temple, and an altar of marble, according to the

specifications of the architect Callicrates.
Both Dorpfeld and Cavvadias
think that the temple referred to can be no other than that of Nike.
century.
They hold that this temple was actually The style of the sculptures and
It is likely
built soon after the middle of the
architectural refinements strongly
contradicts this view, as they point rather to the period after the Parthenon
and the Propylaea.

diately carried out
that the decree of 450 B.C. was not
immehad
and that the temple was erected
after the Propylaea
THE PARTHENON
been begun,
(1897), 2-26
if
ff.;
275
ff.;
not completed.
See
'E<^. Âp)(^.
1897, 174
A. M.
XXII
on
Judeich, 200
ff.
The
Ionic frieze was sculptured in high relief.
The
.sc'ne
jjorlrayed
;
the east front was an assembly of gods, with Atheiui iu the midst
on
the other three sides are scenes of battle, Greeks lightiug with Persians
on the north and south
sides, (ireeks against
Greeks on the west

is
side.
portion of the frieze was carried off by Lord Elgin, and
in the British
Museum
it
has been replaced by a terra-cotta replica, ^îthin the temple,
says Pausanias (3, 15, 7), there was an ancient
wooden image
rejiresenting
and a helmet in her left. Round the three jirecipitous sides of the temple along the edge of the ba.sti()n ran a breast-high parapet of marble slabs, with reliefs on
Athena wingless, with a ix)megranate
in her right hand,
the outer surface.
A number
of these slabs are preserved in the Acropolis
Museum.
One
represents a winged Victory kiu'eling ujion an ox, about
to plunge a knife into its
body
another, two Victories leading a cow
a third, a Victory tying her sandal.
The
reliefs are
renowned
esj)ecially
for the graceful proportions of the figures,
and the
delicate treatment of
the drapery.
EXCURSUS
half
X.
THE PARTHENON
limits,
The Parthenon way between
is
situated on the highest part of the Acropolis, about

ea.stern
its
and western
It
but much nearer the
southern than the northern wall.

centuries.
has suft'ered
;
much
in the passing
There remain the stylobate complete the double rows of columns at the two ends, and much of the colonnade on the northern and
;
southern sides, with the exception of the central portions

at the ea.stern
the entablature
a ]>ortion
and western ends

;
most of the west j)ediment and

cella
of the east ])ediment
and the walls of the west
and
jxjrtico,
with
only portions of the rest of the walls.
The
to
is
foundations, which are very deep at the southeast corner, are the
foundations of an earlier temple never erected, which have been extended
meet the change
of
form adojrted for the new

its
t<>mple.
'Iliis
substructure
is
250 feet long by 105 feet broad, while the stylobate of the Parthenon
proportions being as 4 to
9.
I
228 feet long by 101 feet broad,
)r.
)i)r]ifeld
at first ascribed this earlier construction to
Cimon (A. M. XVII,
157
ft'.),
but at length after a closer study of the foundations he has carried liack the origin of the building to ])re-Persian times, basing his theory on a study
of the
marks
of fire on the .stones.
The.se led
him
to the con<'lusi<in that
the scaffolding was .standing
when
the Persian sack of the Acropolis took
276
jilace,
THt:
ATTICA OF PAUSANIAS
and he now ascribes the inauguration of the undertaking to the new democracy founded by Cleisthenes sliortly before tlie Pei'sian War. This theory well accords with the extension and embellishiuent of the Old Temple of Athena. See A.M. XXVII (1902), l\S-2 If. The Periclean Parthenon took over the foundations of tlie earlier building, but adapted them to its change of form and dimensions.
built to be a concrete expression of the glory and Athens incident to the rise in its fortunes as a result of its vicPericles was the father of the idea, and tories in the Persian Wars. Phidias was liis counselor. Inscriptions show that the present Parthenon wasbegunin447 B.C. See A.:\I. XVH (18!)-2), ].-).Sff. B.C.H. XIII (18S!>), 174 if. It was so far completed that the gold and ivory .statue of Athena was dedicated at tlie Panathenaic festival in 4;)8 i?.c. (Schol. Ai-. Pa.x;, GO.")). The architects were Ictinus and Callicrates, but the general supervision was exercised by Phidias, who made the gold and ivory statue (Plut.
The Parthenon was

of
power
9, pp. 395, 396; Pans. 8, 41, 9). Although in inscriptions the name Parthenon was restricted to the west chamber, it became in time the popidar designation of the whole temple. Demosthenes was the first who is known to have used it thus. See Dem.
Pericles, 1:3; Strabo,
22,
70.
Cf. [Dicaearchus] Descrijitio firaeciae,
(Geogr. Gr. Min., ed.

9,
Miiller, 1, p. 98); Rhet. Gr., ed.
Walz.
;
7, p. 4
Strabo,
pp. 395, 390

2, 10.
Plut. Pericles, 13
Demetrius, 23
Philostratus, Vit.
ApoUon.
is of the Doric order, octostyle peripteral. Three steps round the building. Upon the stylobate rises the temple, with eight columns to tlie front and rear and seventeen on the sides, the finst
The Parthenon
all
run
known exam])le umns is 34 feet 10 inches. The

j
of this arrangement.
;
The average height
of the col-
their lower diameter,
feet 3 inches; the upper, 4 feet
of the
flutes of the columns are 20 in number. The capitals columns consisted of the cushion-shaped echinus, and the abacus
or jilinth.
The
architrave consisted of a series of three blocks of marble placed
beside each other from the centre of one column to that of the next, about
41 feet in height. The triglyjih frieze rose above this to a like height, the metopes of which were adorned with sculptures in high relief. Above the
triglyph frieze at the east and west ends rose the jêdiments, the inclosing
liues of
which were
at
an angle of 13| with the horizonal cornice.

of the
The
top and bottom
members
is
pediment
project,
framing the tympanum,
or field of the pediment, M'liich recedes 3 feet from the inclosing cornice.
The tympanum
93 feet long, and 111 feet liigh in the centre.
Fig.
4.
Folnuations of the Faktiiknon

277
278
The temple
some
its

proper, as distinguished from the peristyle, formed a handani2)hiprostyle temple of the Doric order, 194 feet long
and 71
feet
wide, with 6 columns at each end, 38 feet in height.
All round the top of
outer walls, and above the architrave over these columns, ran a frieze, or
sculptured belt, nearly 3 feet 4 inches high.
The temple
eastern portico
;
interior consisted of
four parts, namely, the pronaos or
the naos or cella, being the eastern chamber 90 feet long

;
and 63
sense
;
feet wide the western chamber, called Parthenon in the restricted and the western portico, jjrobably called the opixtlmdoinox. The naox was also known as the IJf'l-(tt(nnpe(!as from the fact that its length, includ(5.^
ing the thickness of the partition wall

ancient Attic feet.
feet), is exactly e(pial to
100
was divided longitudinally into three aisles by two rows of In the central aisle, on a spot marked by a quadrangular space of Piraeus limestone, towards the west end of the chamber, stood the chryselephantine statue of Athena. There was no door between the cella and the western chamber. The great door at the eastern entrance adiuitting to tlie cella was about 16 feet wide and 33 feet high, and afforded
cella
The
Doric columns.
suHicient light for the chamber.
The
architectural features of the exterior of
tlie
temple invited sculp-
tural embellishment in three parts of the building,
namely the metopes,

sculptures.
the pediments, and the frieze
and when
it
was completed no other building

its
was comparable
to
it
in the extent
flat
and variety of
The metopes
are the
slabs of
marble between the triglyphs running
round the building above the architrave. In the Parthenon all the ninetytwo metopes were adorned with sculptures in high relief, rej^resenting usually single combats. The subject on the metopes of the east front is generally taken to be contests of Gods and Giants, on the west of Greeks and Amazons. The metopes on the south side had suffered comparatively little when Carrey drew them in 1674, and fifteen of the best of these are among the Elgin marbles. The metopes toward each end represented Lapiths and Centaurs, engaged in the struggle that ensued at the marriage feast of Pirithous, while the metopes in the middle of the series contained figures' of stately women. The jnetopes on the north side had the same
subject, but with the order of composition inverted.
The pediments were adorned with

tells
sculptures in the round.
Pausanias
us that the scene represented on the eastern end was the birth of
Athena, on the western the contest of Athena and Poseidon for the supremacy of Attica. The pnncijile of composition in each case was a
thp:
rARTHP:NOX
279
I'he
great central group, flanked on each side by secondary cliaiacters.
west pediment group, though

to us
now the
greater wreck,
is
better
known
deities
olive
to Carrey. The two contending were conceived as present on the Acroj>olis beside the actual tree and pool which they had created, and their charioteers and
through the drawings ascribed
chariots are also present.
The
groui)S of
interested spectators in the
two wings have been variously interpreted, either as deified followers of Athena and Poseidon respectively, or as local heroes, or as i>ersonifications of the mountains and coast of Attica. Of this group only one torso remains, usually known as the river-god Cephisus. The two mutilated figures still on the pediment are supjK)sed to be Cecrops and one of his
daughters.
Of the
tral
less,
east pediment
group,
now
missing, was like.
we have no drawing to show what the great cenThe great void in the centre, double
deities regarded as present at the
was occupied originally by the
birth of the goddess Athena from the head
of
her father Zeus.
The
two central
figures are usually represented as

full
standing beside him, full grown and
Zeus seated, with Athena armed. The arrangement of the
two angle groups

all
known from Carrey's drawings and fortunately they are preserved among the Elgin marbles. The scene is located on Mt.
is
Olympus, and the extreme
figures are Helios rising
from the sea in the
left
angle and Selene descending behind the hills in the right.
generally male figure next to Helios, popularly known as Theseus, is regarded as the personification of Mt. Olympus. The three draped women in the left angle are generally identified as Horae, or as two Ilorae and Iris,
The now
reclining
the messenger goddess, and the three drajied
women
in the right angle as
the three Fates, appropriately present at a birth, or as Hestia,
Ge and
Thalassa (Waldstein), or as the three peculiarly Attic personifications of
morning dew, Aglaurus, Herse, and Pandrosus (Murray). The frieze consisted of a band in low relief ruiniing along the walls of the temple and over the inner rows of six columns of the east and west ends, just beneath the roof of the peristyle. The total length was 522 feet
10 inches, of which 240 feet inches are
among
the Elgin marbles.
The
western frieze
is still in situ.
The height
of the frieze
was
3 feet 4 inches,
and the average depth of the relief is li inches. The subject jwrtrayed was the great Panathenaic procession. The west frieze represented the stage of preparation the north and south portions that of progress and
;
the east frieze the culmination of the procession.
The
slab just over the
entrance to the temple represents the delivery of the sacred jêplus to
280

is
the high priest or chief magistrate, and on each side of this

slabs representing the
a group of
to witness
Olympic
deities present
on the Acroix)lis
the ceremony.
"noble naivete and placid grandeur Parthenon sculptures. All the external decorations of the temple were intended to give honor to the goddess Athena, sublimely represented by the colossal gold and ivory image within
^V'inckelnlann's characterization
"
aptly describes the art of
the
the cella.
Pausanias describes the image of Athena Parthenos in great detail.
From him we
learn that the goddess stood upright, clad in a tunic reach;
that on her breast was the head of Medusa and on her head a helmet adorned with gryphons and a sphinx that she held in one hand a Victory four cubits high, and in the other a spear, while at
ing to the feet
and that the birth Pandora was represented on the pedestal. Pliny (N. 11. 36, 18) adds " He wrought on the convex side of the some important particulars shield the Battle of the Amazons, on the concave the Battle of the Gods and Giants, on the sandals the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs.
;
her feet was set a shield, and beside her spear a snake
of
On
the basis the subject carved
is
what they
call
'
the birth of Pandora,'
and the gods present
at the birth are

.
twenty in number." From other
passages and inscriptions (cf Overbeck, Schriftquellen, pp. 645 if.) we learn that the height of the image was twenty-six cubits, that the face, feet,
to these literary sources the following of the image,

:
and hands were of ivory, and the pupils of precious stones. In addition works of art add to our knowledge
namely the Varvakeion and Lenormant statuettes in the at Athens the Strangford shield in the British Museum the Hermitage medallion at St. Petersburg, and various Athenian coins.
National
Museum
EXCURSUS
The temple
sion about half
XI.
THE ERECHTHEUM
as the
generally
known
Erechtheum
is
situated on the
northern side of the Acropolis, not far from the wall, in a slight depres-
way between the east and west ends. As we observe from the study of the ground plan, the form of the Erechtheum is unique. The main structure is a quadrangular edifice 65|
feet long
and 37
feet wide, resting
on a basis of three
steps.
This main
building has three vestibules (wpocrTdaw;), on the east, north, and south,
forming entrances to the temple. As the temple was on a slope, the stereobate of the north and west sides is about 9 feet lower than that of the south
THE ERECHTHEUM
281
and east sides. At tlie eastern end we have a portico lined with- six Ionic columns; at the northwest corner is a portico, with four Ionic columns in
front,
and one on each

is
side
behind
tlie
corner column
and
at the south(
west corner
tides.
a small porch with the roof supported by six Korai or
'uri/a-
The
eastern portico, being fronted by six Ionic columns, gives the
building the appearance of an Ionic hexastyle temple.
At
i)resent
the
northernmost column
is
missing, having been cai'ried off by Lord Elgin.
=rtER^HEHA
i
10
to
50
40' ,'"t/"--
FiG.
5.
Ereciithkum and
<)i,i>
Tkmi-i.k ok
Atukna
2',
The
and 22
Ionic columns of the east portico are about

feet high.
trocliiltis
feet in diameter,
(tori), sep-
The base The
consists of
two convex moldings
arated by a
or hollow molding.
The upper
torus
is
jMovided with
fillets.
4 horizontal flutings.
shaft has 21 flutes separated by narrow
As
to the capital, the

is
neck has a beaded molding and a frieze of pali)lain

is
mettes; above this
an egg-and-tongue molding, and a

cai)ital,
band sup-
porting the echinus or central cushion of the
which
adorned with
282
flutes
;
and beads the volutes are strongly marked with a double channel, and above this is a narrow abacus, enriched with an egg-and-tongue molding. The architrave consists of three horizontal members, as is usual in Ionic buildings, the second projecting a little beyond the first, and the
third beyond the second.
Above
this is the frieze, about 2 feet in height,
which ran completely round the building. The background is of black Eleusinian marble, to which were fastened figures sculptured in white
marble.
Owing
to the mutilated condition of the fragments, the subject of
the frieze has not been definitely determined.

(1900), 47-71
[pi.
Stevenson, in A. J. A.
east
vi-ix], has
shown that the
wall was provided
with windows, contrary to the usage of Greek
tem2:)les.
The northwest
Acropolis.
It is
portico
is
in the depression facing the north wall of the

flight of
approached from the east by a

is
twelve steps, lead-
ing down to a paved area. The porch

of the wall.
bordered by six Ionic columns, four
on the front, and one on each side between the corner column and the anta
The columns
are larger and
more beautiful even than those
of the east front, exhibiting
rested the architrave, the
much more ornamental carving. On them frieze, and the cornice. The beautiful doorway
It
has been frequently imitated.
narrows slightly as
it
approaches the top.
Noteworthy are the heavy door-jambs with their enriched moldings and carved rosettes; the lintel of a similar ornamental nature with an additional molding on the top the cornice with a richly carved band of ornatwo carved brackets or consoles, one of which is jnent along its face now missing and finally, above two courses of plain marble, a band of richly carved honeysuckle ornament and enriched molding fornung a continuation of the capitals of the antae, immediately below the heavybeamed and coffered ceiling. Along tlie southern wall, at the southwest corner, is a third portico, much smaller than the other two. The roof is supported by six figures of maidens somewhat larger than life, standing on a parai)et 8^ feet high, which incloses the porch. Inscriptions call these figures simply I oral, " maidens," and the portico is very properly styled " the portico of the maidens.'" However, the term caj-ijatid has come to be regularly applied
; ;
to female figures serving as supports in architecture (cf. Vitruv. Tiie figures are arranged four in front,
1,
1,
5).
and two
at the sides
;
behind each
a terra-cotta
corner figure.
Two
of the figures have been restored
one
is
copy of the original carried

original figures
figures
situ.
by Lord Elgin The arms and hands of

off
the other three are the

all six
are missing.
The
form an admirable substitute
for columns.
The
folds of the drapery
THE ERECHTHEUM
architectural roundness of
283
correspond (o the flutings of a column; the rich masses of hair give an

outline similar to the
echinus, so that the

to bear.
is
maidens seem
fully equal to the

is
burden they have
At the western end there

which
rest four
not an opisthodomos, as
usual in Greek
temples, but the fagade consists of a parapet of considerable height, on
columniations.
engaged columns, with rectangular windows in the interA small door in the wall admits to the western hall of
the Erechtheum.
In the interior of the building we have the foundations of a cross-wall running from north to south just east of the great doorway opening to the north porch. Further, there are indications of the existence of the founda-
more probably, a row of columns, a little more first cross-wall and the west end of the temple. Thus the building was divided into three parts which may be conveniently called the east cella, the west cella, and the west hall. The east cella was entered from the east, the west cella and hall from the north portico. There was also a door in the cioss-wall, and a row of steps leading down into the west cella from the east cella. Under the north porch is a small crypt, entered from the interior of the
tions of a cross-wall, or,
than half way between the
building through a small door in the foundations of the north wall.

floor of the crypt is the native rock,
The
fissures
which are supjiosed

the crypt
7r)8
is
to
1,
and upon this are some irregular be the marks shown in antiquity as those
5
;
of Poseidon's trident (Paus.
"2(5,
Apollod.
'.),
14,
Strabo,
9, p. :]9()).
Some think
may
;
possibly have been the abode of the sacred ser;
pent (Ar. Lysistr.
Ildt. 8, 41
Pint. Themistocles, 10).

')
feet in thicknos.s, one end of which rests on the same foundations as the caryatid portico. Beneath the middle of this block is a vacant space, later filled in witli rough masonry
In the west wall
a huge block of marble,
of mediaeval date.
The purpose
of the block
tlie is
weight of the southwest corner of

object below
it.
The presumption
was manifestly to support the Erechtheum, so as to kee)> intact some probathat here was the Cecropium
bly a primitive vaulted toml), mentioned in inscriptions (C.I. A.
I, ;"2"i.
2).
Under the west hall are remains of a cistern, which was ]>rolial)ly the 6d\a(T(ra formed by Poseidon when he struck the rock with his trident
(Hdt.
8,
");-)).
West
of the
Erechtheum we have indications
of the boundaries of a
sacred precinct, running westward about 100 feet.
This inclosure was
doubtless the Pamlrodnm, or precinct of I'aiidrosws, mentioned by Pausanias (cf. C.I. A.

I,
'.V22,
11.
44,
4")).
In this precinct
was the sacred
284
olive-tree of Athena, which sprang up in lier contest with Poseidon, and, though burnt by the Persians, was found to have sprouted a cubit's length on the following day. Cf. Hdt. 8, 55 Philochorus, frag. 146 (Dion. Hal. de
;
Din. 3) Apollod. 3, 14, 1, 2. Pausanias is our cliief authority as to the

;
uses of the building and

it
the relative position of the various sacred objects which

spite of the
contained.
In
arguments of Dr. Dorpfeld and of Miss Harrison, it seems certain that the Old Athena Temple did not exist in Pausanias's time and that the whole of the text from 26, 6 to 27, 4 is a description of the
building
now known
as the Erechtheum.
oLKyj/xa 'Epiî(^9eiov
It is altogether
probable that by the phrase
KaXovficvov
Pausanias referred merely to the west cella and

building.
hall,
not to the whole

vit.
The word 'EpeÔuov

it
occurs elsewhere only in Ps.-Plut.
x
to
Or. p. 843 E, where
refers apparently to the
chamber dedicated
Erechtheus.
This
is
the view of JVIichaelis and Furtwangler.
See also
Schubart (Philol,
oiK-qiML.
15, 385),
who
discusses Pausanias's usage of the
word
The designation
'F,pi)Ôaov
came
to
be used, however, for the whole
building, just as did the term Parthenon for the greater temple.
Pausanias's description
falls,
therefore, into
two
parts, (1) the Erech-
theum
27, 2).
cella
(1, 26, 5)
or west cella and hall, (2) the naos of
Athena Polias
or the
(1,
east cella (1, 26, 6-1, 27, 1).
Adjacent was the sanctuary of Pandrosus
Now
Pausanias speaks of the Erechtheum as double.
In the west
Hephaestus, and (2) the paintings of the Butadae

(Apollod.
were doubtless (1) the altars to Poseidon-Erechtlieus, to Butes, and to in the west hall was
;
the salt well of Poseidon, or "the sea of Erechtheus" as

3, 14, 1
;
it
was also called
Hdt.
8,
55
Paus.
8, 10, 4),
and
in the crypt beneath
were shown the marks of Poseidon's trident (cf. Strabo, 0, p. 306). Thence passing up the steps through the central door he entered the east cella,
which was known as the naos of Athena Polias, wJiere he saw chief of all (1) the old Athena agalma, (2) the lamp of Callimachus, and (3) various
votive offerings.
Such was the construction of the Erechtheum as it was left unfinished by its architect, and as it exists to-day. Its plan has puzzled ai'chaeologjsts and architects of every period, for it is obviously anomalous. As in the case of the Propylaea, so in the case of the Erechtheum, it has been Dr. Dorpfeld's ^ good fortune to reconstruct the complete design as it was probably conceived in the mind of its architect.
1
101
ff.
See Diirpfeld, " Der ursprungliche Plan des Erechtheion," and Taf G, reproduced above, p. 281.
.
A.M. xxix
(1904),
THE ERECIITIIEUM
each fronted by a pronaos.
285
Dr. Dorpfeld holds tliat the temple was intended to consist of two cellas
The
east cella
is
styled on the plan " Athena-
Polias Temple," the west cella " opisthodomos."

cellas is a building consisting of three
Between the east and west

of this central por-
chambers, bearing the designation
" Poseidon-Erechtheus Temjile."

tion
is
The middle chamber
approached by two porticoes
the well-known northwest porch and
the caryatid porch to the south.
Thus the temple is given a symmetrical though somewhat complex form. The complexity of form was occasioned by the fact that the temple was designed to replace both the Old Athena Temple and the old tmple
of Erechtheus with its manifold uses.
Dr. Dorpfeld believes he has found
traces of the old Poseidon-Erechtheus temple running diagonally under
new Erechtheum. The remains of the Old Athena Temple just to the south are well known. In supplanting the earlier temples by a common sanctuary Pericles planned that the east cella of the Old Athena Temple should be replaced by the east cella of the combined structure, and the opisthodomos of the old temple by the opistliodomos of the new. The old Erechtheum was reproduced in the building with three chambers, between the two parts of the structure, that took the place of the Old Athena Temple. The two porches to the north and south formed entrances to the Erechtheum proper, and at the same time gave suitable recognition to the mark of Poseidon's trident and the grave of Cecrops. The sublime conception of the architect was not to be carried out. The new temple was doubtless begun before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. When it was found to be impossible to carry out the plan in its two entirety a compromise was effected. The east cella was completed of the three chambers of the middle building were finished with the one to the west slightly reduced in size, and the western wall with its windows between engaged columns was given the form with which we are
the western part of the
;
familiar.
Such
is
the theory of Dr. Dorpfehl in regard to the building of the
Erechtheum.
For
ii.c.
historical evidence on this subject

I.
we
are chiefly inthe date of
debted to the famous Chandler inscription (C.I. A.
^'2'2),
which
is
409
This inscription
tells
of the a]>i>ointment of a
sion to exaniine into the state of the building in order to ascertain
commiswhat
was
still
necessary for
its
completion.
It
shows that the work was already

temple was completed during the
s|X)ken of as that " in which
cella.
is
far advanced,
and
in all probability the
following year.
The temple
described
is
the ancient image," referring primarily to the east
286
Xenophon
polis

(Hell.
1, 6,
1) states that the ancient temple
on the Acro-
was
set
on
fire,
the date being 406 B.C.
This probably referred to
the Erechtheuin which had replaced the old

repaired immediately, as
(C.I.A. n. No. 829), but
it
it
tem]i)le.
still
The damage was not

incomplete in 395 u.c.
appears to have been
must have been finished by ;}76 b.c. (C.T.A. IT, Erechtheum was turned into a church, with the necessary changes in its internal arrangements. The Turks used it as a dwelling-house, and to make an extra room the columns of the nortli portico were walled up. The biulding underwent great damage during the siege of the Acropolis by the Turks in 1827. It was repaired to some extent in 1838 and 1846, but in 1852 a storm blew down the engaged columns and the wall between them on the west end. Within the past few years extensive restorations have been made on the Erechtheum, in order to preserve intact what has survived to us from
Xo. 672).
In Christian times the
ancient times.
EXCURSUS
XII.
THE OLD ATIIENA TEMPLE

tlie
In 1885-1886, during the excavations conducted by

logical Society, in the rectangular space long
Greek Archaeo-
regarded as a sacred precinct
Just south of the
Erechtheum, the foundations of a large ancient temple

Dr. Dorpfeld,
were discovered and excavated.
who
superintended the
excavations, soon identified these remains with the sanctuary of Athena
that had been burnt by the Persians
480
B.C.,
and styled
it
the
when they sacked the Acropolis "Old Athena Temple," which has become
in
its
popular designation.
Fortunately from time to time architrave blocks,
drums
light,
of columns, broken statues,
fragments,
many
of
which were built into the north

identified as
and have been
and other architectural and sculptural wall, have come to belonging to this temple. As a result of
all
these discoveries, a rather complete reconstruction of the building in

essential details has
been made by Dr. Dorpfeld and his associates. The first ground plan of the temple appeared in the Antike Denkmaler of 1886. The results of the study of the arcliitectural remains and of the
fragments of sculpture preserved in the Acropolis INIusemn were given in the Athenische Mittheilungen of 1886 and succeeding years and a com;
plete account of this pre-Persian Doric temple, with elaborate illustrations,

is
given in Wiegand-Schrader-Dorpfeld, Poros-Architektur der Akro[iolis,

In this excursus
Liepzig 1904.
we sketch merely
the results of nearly a

of this work.
score of years of study as presented
by the authors
THE OLD ATIIEXA TEMPLE

The
had
surface of the Acropolis where
thi;
teTiii>le
287
naturally level, but sloped from southeast to northwest.

to be artificially leveled.
was located was not Hence tle site
At
the southeast corner the stylobate lay
on the northwest, however, foundation walls were along the sides the height of the built to the height of about ten feet foundation walls steadily decreases from the northwest to the south and
directly
on the rock
east,
and their preservation

is
is
in proportion to their height.
From
a study that
of the ground plan^ determined
by the actual
renuiins,
we observe
there
a rectangular foundation wall surrounding the whole temple, on
which rested the peristyle. Within this is a somewhat smaller rectangle which is divided by cross-walls into several compartments. At the east w! have a rather narrow portico leading into the cella of the temple which is nearly square (33^ ft. x 33 ft.); at the west, behind the portico, there is a somewhat larger chamber (38.3 ft. x 33 ft.) which contains two smaller rooms to the east, lying north and south of each other. The partition wall between the cella and the west chamber was without a door, suggesting that the former was for religious, the latter for secular purposes. From a
study of the remains
it
is
evident that
Attic feet in length and 41 feet in breadth, around which
we have here a temple about 100 was built a colon-
six columns at each end and twelve at each making it a hexastyle peripteral temple. Owing to its length the sanctuary was known as the Hekatompedon. The foundation walls of the temple are not all of the same material. The foundations of the colonnade, including the stylobate, are of limestone from Kar.l at the foot of Mount Hymettus those of the teinple propel', of the bluish limestone of the Acropolis. The remains of columns, architrave blocks, and triglyphs are of poros the metopes and pediment blocks are of a white coarse-grained marble. There are similar differences
nade of the Doric order, with
side,
in technique
between the colonnade and
tlie
building
it
surrounds.
Both
the material and the
workmanship show that the naos was an
early tem-
ple dating certainly not later than
the seventh century, aiul that this

its
primitive sanctuary of Athena was enriched with a colonnade and
marble embellishments during the supremacy of Pisistratus. Thanks to the discovery of Athenian sculptures hidden away
-debris of the Acropolis after the Persian
in the
Wans, we can speak with definiteness of the plastic adornment not only of the enlarged temple of Pisistratus but also of the simpler amphiprostyle temple that existed long before his
time.
We
shall take
up
first
sculptures of the pediments of the pre5, p.

--'81.
Pisistratean cella.
1
See Fig.
288

Museum
are several groups of highly colored poros
In the Acropolis
pediment sculptures that undoubtedly belonged to primitive temples on Certain of these are attributed by Wiegand and Schrader tlie Acropolis.
this earlier teniple. The design of the western pediment two parts. In one angle Heracles was represented as wrestling with the huge serpent Triton the right-hand portion of the pediment was occupied by the strange figure with three liuman heads and bodies uniting in one snaky coil, extending to the end of the pediment, whose correct mythological name is supposed to be " Typhon." Yet he was no protagoThe centre of the pediment was doubtnist, only an interested spectator. less occupied by accessories, as the stem of a tree on which hung the bows and arrows and superfluous raiment of Heracles. The eastern pediment was even more gorgeous in its embellishment. It may be briefly described as follows: Athena was seated in the apex; to her right was a seated and crowned figure which survives, and which must be regarded as a king or a god. The balancing figure to the left
on good grounds to
fell
into
of the goddess
is
gone
the extant figure
is
usually called Zeus, but
it
was probably a subordinate god or a hero. Possibly Athena was represented as seated between Poseidon and Erechtheus. In each angle there was a great snake, the one blue and orange, the other a vivid emerald green, which were in all probability the two guardian snakes of the Acropolis, sometimes identified with Cecrops the snake king and his daughter
Pandrosus.
When
the colonnade was provided by Pisistratus, these rude poros sculjv
tures were replaced

figures of the
by more imposing works in marble, and of these several group that were in the west pediment are in the Acropolis
consist of a colossal statue of Athena,
Museum. These
Battle of the
giants, V)esides other fragments,
and three figures of showing that the scene portrayed was the
Schrader concludes that the composition
Gods and Giants.
originally consisted of eight figures, of
two
left
of
which we have no fragments
whatever preserved.
the
In the centre Athena bends over a fallen giant with
plume
of his
helmet grasped in her
hand.
The two
corners of the
triangle were each filled
by a
giant, leaning forward with
on one knee and by one hand.
As
to
body supported the intervening parts between the
centre and the extremities of the pediment, Schrader supplies to the right
fallen on one knee.
Athena two groups consisting of a god standing and a giant The gods, probably Zeus and Heracles, rush from the centre against their adversaries who recoil toward the extremities., These eight figures would fairly occupy the space of the pediment.
and
left of
.
THE OLD ATHENA TEMPLE

Herodotus,
8,
289
()1<1
Athena Temple by the Persians.
53-55 records the burning and mutilation of tlie A sixth-century inscriiition (CJ.A.
1\',
pp. 137 ff.) sixaks of a temple known as the Hekatonipedon, and contains a provision that the chambers shall be opened by the treasurers. Dr. Durfv
feld ho.lds that the reference here
is to the compartments of the western which in his opinion were used as a treasury, while the naos contained the wooden image of Athena that fell from heaven. After the Persian Wais the poros and marble blocks of the colonnade were
end of
this temple,
used in repairing the north wall, but the temple
itself
was restored and
was the principal sanctuary on the Acropolis

Parthenon in 438
B.C.
until the completion of the
We
have already considered Dr. Dorpfeld's ground

wliicli
plan of the great marble temple
Pericles intended should replace
the two poros temples of Athena and Erechtheus and embrace the holy
" signs " and the grave of Cecrops. It is not known when the Old Athena Temple ceased to exi.st. Dr. Dorpfeld holds that the temple without the peristyle was restored shortly after the Persian War, serving as the principal temple on the Acropolis until the completion of the Parthenon, and
that
it
continued to exist until the
Roman
or Byzantine period.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
USED IN NOTES, INTRODUCTION, AND APPENDIX

PROPER NAMES AND TITLES
Aesch. = Aeschylus Aeschin. = Aeschines A. Jb. = Jahrbucli des Archaologischen Instituts A.M. = Athenisclie Mittheilungen Anacr. = Anacreon's genuine frag-
C.I. A.
Corpus Inscriptionum AttiCorpus Inscriptionum Grae-
carum
C.I.G.
= =
carum
ments
Anacreont. = Anacreontica (spurious) Anth. P. = Anthologia Palatina Anth. Plan. = Anthologia Planudea Antiph. = Antiphanes Apoll. Dysc. = Apollonius Dyscolus Apollod. = Apollodorus
= Clement of Alexandria Demosthenes Phal. = Demetrius Phalereus Dio C. = Dio Cassius Diod. = Diodorus
Clem. Al.
Dem. Dem.
Diog. L. Dion. II.
Droysen
= Diogenes Laertius = Dionysiusof Ilalicarnassus = Droysen's Geschiclite des
Ilellenismus
App. = Appianus Ap. Rh. = Apollonius

Ar.
E.M. or Etym. Magn.

of
Etymologi-
Rhodes
cum Magnum
Eng. = English Ep. = Epic
Eur.
Eust.
Aristophanes
= Aratus Arcad. = Arcadius Archil. = Archilochus Arist. = Aristoteles Aristid. = Aristides Arr. = Arrianus Ath. = Athenaeus Att. = Attic
Arat.
= Euripides = Eustathius
Greek
= Goodwin's Greek Grammar GMT. = Goodwin's Moods and Tenses

G.
Gr.
Ausg. Aufs. = Ausgewahlte Aufsatze Babr. = Babrius Bekk. Anec. = Bekker's Anecdota Graeca
Berl. Philol.
Woch.
Berliner Philo-
logische Wochenschrift
H. = Hadley's Greek Grammar Harp. = Harpocratio Hdn. = Herodianus Hdt. = Herodotus Ileliod. = Heliodorus Ilephaest. = Hephaestio lies. = Hesiodus Hesych. Hesychius
h.
Biog. Gr.
Call.
= Biographi Graeci Callimachus

290
Hom. = Homeric hymns
Hipp.
Hippocrates
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
H.N.
Horn.
II.
201
= Pliny, Historia = Homerns

Homer's
Naturalis
Roscher
ited
Ausfiihrliches Lexikon der
griech.
und rom. Mythologie, ed-
Iliad (A, B, T, etc., are
by
W. Roscher
used in referring to the different books)

Isocr.
Schol.
scholiast
Isocrates
Simon. = Simonides Soph. =: Sophocles

S.Q.
f. Ph. = Jahrbiicher fur Philologie J.H.S. = Journal of Hellenic Studies Lat. = Latin Long. = Longus Longin. = Longinus Luc. = Lucianus LXX Septuagint Lys. = Lysias
Jb.
Schriftquellen zur Topographic von Athen, by Milchhoefer, in Die Stadtgeschichte von Athen, by E.
Curtius, pp. i-cx.\iv = Stephanas of
Steph. Byz.
Stesich.
Byzantium
Stesichorus
L.
& S. = Liddell and Scott's Lexicon Menand. = Menander Od. = Homer's Odyssey (a, /3, 7, etc.,
are used in referring to the different books) Paus. = Pausanias Plat. = Plato Plut. = Plutarch Poet. Seen. Gr. = Poetae Scenici Graeci Poll. = Pollux Polyb. = Polybius Kb. Mus. = Rheinisches Museum fur
Philologie
= Stobaeus = Suidas Theoc. = Theocritus Theoph. = Theophrastus Time. = Thucydides Tyrt. = Tyrtaeus Verg. = Vergilius Vitruv. = Vitruvius Xen. = Xenophon Xenoph. = Xenophanes
Stob.
Suid.
In abbreviating the
names
of
Greek
authors and of their works, Liddell and Scott's List has been
generally followed.
OTHER ABBREVIATIONS
App.
= Appendix =
chapter, chap-
ch. or chap., chaps.

ters
etc.
f.,
=
ff.
(when numerals follow) and so forth
following
(after
numerical
statements)
gen.
ibid.
id.
= genitive = in the same
place
= the sauie i.e. = that is
= imperative = intransitive, intransitively kt\. = Kai TO. \onrd I.e. = loco citato p., pp. = page, pages Rem. = remark sc. = scilicet s.v. = sub voce viz. = namely v.l. = varia lectio
imv.
intr.
section, .sections
INDEX
Index names only the principal places and temples. See the Topographical all the monuments cited by Pausanias. The numbers give chapter and section of the text of Pausanias, under which is the note desired. Reference is made also to the Excursuses.
Tliis
Outline for detailed references to
Academy, 30
1-2
Dionysium
Exc. VII
Exc. II
of,
1
in
Limnis, Exc. Ill

of,
Acropolis, 22 4
28,'];
Dionysus, Temples
Dionysus, Theatre
Aglaurus, Precinct
Agora
of Athens, 3
(i
18 2 - 18 :5
of,
20 3 20
3,
211-2;
Exc. VI
Dioscuri, Shrine of, 18
1
Agrae, 19
Aphrodite
19 2
in the
Gardens, Temple
of,
of,
Dlpylum, 2
Exc.
Aphrodite Urania, Temple Apollo, Cave of, 28 4

.
14
Eleusinium, 14 3
Eleusis, 38 ()-7 Enneacrunus, 14
Apollo, the Paternal,
Temple
of, 3 4
1;
Exc. Ill
5
1;
Areopagus, 28 5-7
Ares, Shrine
of,
8 4
Eponymi, Statues of, 5 Erechtheum, 26 5-27

Eridanus, 19 5
(i
Exc. XI
Aristogiton, Ilarmodius and, 8 5
Artemis Agrotera, Temple of, 19 Artemis Brauronia, Sanctuary of, 23 7 Asclepius, Sanctuary of, 21 4 Athena Ergane, Temple of, 24 3 Athena Nike, Temple of, 22 5 Exc. IX
;
Eucleia,
Temple
of,
14
5; Exc. Ill
Galatae, Digression on, 4
l-(i
Gardens, The, 19
2
of,
Ge Kourotrophos, Sanctuary
22
Attalus, Digression on, 6
81
Hadrian, Buildings of, 18 9 Harbors and Fortifications, 1 2 Harmodius and Aristogiton, 8 Hephaestus, Temple of, 14 <>
;
Buleuterium, 3 5
Clepsydra, 28 4
Colias, ('ape, 1 5
Exc. I
Hermes Agoraeus, 15
Hymettus, 32
Ili.ssus,
1
Colonus Hippius, 30 4 Cynosarges, 19 3

Denies of Attica, Demeter, Temple
19
5
of,
31-33
of,
Ilithyia,
Temple
1 1
18 5
2 4
Demeter Ciiloe, Sanctuary of, 22 3 Demeter and Kore, Temple of, 14 1-4
292
Laurium,
Law
Courts, Athenian, 28 8-11
INDEX
Long Walls, 2 Lyceum, 19 3
1;
293
l-.T
Exc.
Ptolemies, Digression on, 9
Ptolemy, Digression on, 5

Ptolemy, Gymnasium
of,
(J
Lysiiuachus, Digression on, 9 5-10
17 2
Pyrrhus, Digression on, 11
13
Megara, 39
4-4410
Pythium, Exc.
Ill
Metroum, 8 5 Munycbia, 1 4
Nike, Temple of Athena, 22 5
;
Royal Colonnade, 3
Exc. IX
Sacred Way,
363-387
1
Salamis, Island of, 35
- 36 2
Odeum
of Pericles,
20
4
(J
Seleucus, Digression on, 16 1-3
Odeum, Theatre called, 8 Old Athena Temple, Exc. XII Olympieum, IStJ; Exc. V
Painted Colonnade, 15 1-4; Exc. II
Serapeum, 18
Stadium, 19
(i
Sulla, Digression on,
20 4-7
Sunium,
1 1
Fames, 32 1-2 Pan, Cave of, 28 4 Paudrosus, Temple of, 27 2 Parthenon, 24 5-7 Exc. X
;
Themis, Temple of, 22 1-2 Theseum, Exc. IV^ Theseus, Sanctuary of, 17
Tholus, 3 5
2-(;
Patroclus, Island of , 1
Pentelicus, 32
1
35 1
Tombs, Street
of,
Tripods, Street
of,
29 3-30 20 1
Phalerum,
Piraeus, 1
J 4
Triptolemus, 14 1-4
Walls, Long, 2 1-3
;
Picture Gallery, 22 r^7

2-.'?
;
Exc.
Propylaea, 22 4
Exc. VIII
Prytaneum, 18
Zeus Eleutherius, Colonnade
of, 3 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES
This book
THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY is DUE on the last date stamped below
jUN 101961
'<5 URL
fEtroiMpi*
:"!PI?
-Dins
I]
IS
wBKBKML
FEB
2 6
EOURL
RARll
MARl
1980
DtSCHARGE-URC
I
HWiiloinsllJN i <*
161980
J
^.-joi
JUN
SEpa&r.
Form
1,-9
20m -1,' 42(85111)
AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY
UC SOUTHERN REGION/iL LIBRARY FACILITY
3 1158 00588
001 354 317

Attica of Pausania

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Attica of Pausania

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

^si

COLLEGE SERIES OF GREEK AUTHORS

Professor of Classical Philology in The George Washington University

GINN & COMPANY

NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON

Entered at Stationeus' Hall

GINN & COMPANY

THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR

Digitized by tine Internet Archive

that of the Hitzig-Bkiemuer

edition of Pausanias (Berlin, 1896), with certain changes in typog-

raphy and punctuation to conform to the style

The Hitzig text presents a

later text of Spiro (Teubner,

that of Hitzig only in minor details.

the present work

purpose, textual criticism

and the reader

referred to the Hitzig-Bluemner edition for details

In the preparation of the Introduction, Notes, and Excursuses,

conscious of his indebtedness to the Hitzig-Bluemner

Description of Greece, translated with a Commentary, in six vol-

So thoroughly have these scholars done

in the preparation of a college edition they

be relied on for an accurate

Attica up to the time of the publication of their works, and the

to appraise the matter they present in

the light of later contributions, to bring the discussions up to

meet the needs

two important works,

they are not readily accessible to any but specialists.

need of a more compact edition of the Attica

important of the ten books of Pausanias's Description of Greece

gives the text

and presents concisely

not be adequately treated in the Notes, are

considered at some length in a series of Excursuses.

Outline of the Attica enables the student to

The Topical follow the somewhat

to this time Pausanias has

been seldom read in our colleges

on the theory that

better suited to the class-room.

the work of the American School at Athens

has encouraged the

Greek students should have some knowledge

topography and monuments of ancient Athens.

most readily acquired by the study

of the Attica of Pausanias,

book may quicken the student's interest

In conclusion, the editor desires to express his hearty acknowl-

edgments to the beloved and lamented Professor Seymour, who

and made many important suggestions

to Professor Dorpfeld for

study of Athenian topography and for perliere

mission to use the plans

and Dr. Newcomer

for reading portions of the

subject-matter in proof, with

acumen and sym-

pathetic criticism have contributed largely to the preparation of the

Date of the Periegesis Pausanias, His Life and

Aim and Method