STATE UNIVERSITY OF MOLDOVA FACULTY OF LAW THEORY AND HISTORY OF LAW DEPARTMENT APROBAT: la edina catedrei din ________________

proces verbal nr. ___ ef. Catedr Negru Boris, dr. n drept, prof. univ. / /

CURRICULUM Discipline: Philosophy of (nvmnt la zi )

Law

AUTOR: Valentin Mrgineanu, magistru n drept, lector universitar

I. PRELIMINARY

In the perception of the surrounding world and himself, man has the possibility to limit himself to the daily knowledge, based on common sense,

knowledge presenting superficially objects and phenomenas, without perceiving their essence. The way of rational thinking, philosophical one, is more difficult and to follow, one must strive to use all his intellectual capacities, otherwise the issue will remain inaccessible to him. Philosophy and law grasps into the depths of existence and of human actions, imposes the necesity to meditate on the phenomenas inaccessible to common sense, tackling problems and exposing contradictions rather than offering definitive solutions. To truly conceive reality it is necessary to have the courage to step on this path, although the culture of rational thinking can not be imposed against the will and desire of man. Philosophy of law is a science which studies the universal essence and the human purpose of law. Its purpose is to contribute in a specific manner to optimize the law in relation to the requirements of the human condition, the values of all time of human civilization, to improve law as a universal social phenomenon, as a tool for determining the relationship between interests and values in society. Philosophy of law is the supreme spiritual form of studying law, the values and its importance for people. Although originally the philosophy of law was initiated and developed by philosophers, gradually this science is being approached, specifically and consistently, by lawyers, rightly being considered based on this motive, a legal science. But also it cannot be contested the philosophical nature of this science, in particular due to the universality of the problems addressed and the solutions proposed. In the discipline of philosophy of law a special attention is paid to studying the most important ideas, concepts, schools, currents, theories and approaches from past; to the studying of the knowledge accumulated by mankind in the philosophy of law. The necessity of such an approach stems from the fact that it is characteristic for humanity to appeal to past experience (especially in critical periods, in which we are now), taking advantage of the successes already achieved and to not repeat mistakes that were already committed. In the domain of law, in the most profound and concentrated way, the treasure of this experience of the past is found in the philosophy of law. Most philosophical and legal issues, in essence, are of eternal nature and every generation of people is compelled to aproach the same issues, seeking solutions to them. Each time, however, it presents to people in a specific form, unrepeatable, determined by the course of history and man's individual experience, while being exponents of universal human content. These problems cannot have a minor or superficial significance for man, because they refer to the essence of his existence. Studying Philosophy of law for future law practitioners is a categorical

imperative because one of the objectives of this discipline to instil to students the scientific attitude towards law, a critical approach to it. Students must go beyond the positivist and forensic attitude towards the law, to realize the fact that law is not limited to text or content of the laws. Also, the study of this discipline will help train future lawyers the professional responsibility based on the study of the axiological, deontological, praxiological aspects of law. Philosophy of law will contribute substantially to the formation of the future jurist, forming his synthesis capacities, critical analysis and evaluation of the field on which he aproaches, it will allow him to evaluate different systems as to see continuity in the spiritual development of mankind, it will form skills for the application of philosophical, legal knowledge into the explaining and resolving problems of law, at studying other specialized disciplines. Since the second half of the nineteenth century, in Western Europe, philosophy of law became one of the most important disciplines in the process of preparing specialists in jurisprudence. In higher education in Moldova for a period of time this subject was being marginalized. Lately, however, there is a change, we hope, for a long period of time and thorough in this regard. Philosophy of law or some of its components (legal axiology, hermeneutics, etc..) were implemented as subjects of study in academic education both in cycle I and cycle II. This curriculum is developed for first year students, the first cycle and it represents a fundamental initiation in the matter of this discipline. II. GENERAL/STANDARD OBJECTIVES OF THE DISCIPLINE
1. On the level of knowledge and understanding: - to determine the object of study of the respective discipline; - to describe research methods in this domain; - to determine the relation between philosophy of law and other sciences; - to report on major historical milestones in the evolution of philosophy of law; - to identify the fundamentals of philosophy of law from ancient times to the present day ; - to relate about the main doctrines, schools and currents in the philosophy of law; - to establish current trends in philosophy of law; - to know the nature, essence, content and form of law; - to define the basic concepts of legal ontology, gnoseology, legal axiology, legal anthropology and their importance for jurisprudence; - to define the main philosophical, legal concepts. 2. At the application level: - to analyze theories regarding the occurrence, the essence, the role, the functions, the value of law as a social phenomenon;

- to determine the need for law in society; - to analyze concepts and legal institutions in relation to society and the individual; - to evaluate philosophical systems of law; - to classify idealistic and materialistic theories regarding various aspects of the phenomenon of legal analysis; - to interpret the essence of various philosophical and legal doctrines; - to identify characteristics of philosophy of law in different historical periods; - to compare experiences and concepts regarding the state and law from different stages of the evolution of human civilization; - to compare different philosophical and legal doctrines; - to analyze the validity of various philosophical and legal doctrines; - to formulate their own synthesis about the essence of philosophy of law, highlighting the merits and shortcomings of studied doctrines, their correlation with the socio-human sciences; - to appreciate the importance and role of the philosophy of law in the spiritual valorification of social reality in general and legal in particular; - to argue the continuity in the development of law, influence on the development of legal sciences; - to distinguish truth from error and falsehood, arguing case law examples. 3. At the level of integration: - to investigate the area of law doctrine; - to combine in legal practice rationality with imperativity, morality with constraints, spiritual force with intransigent attitude; - to determine the place and role of philosophy of law in the developement of the state and law; - to apply appropriate methods for realizing scientific investigations in the field of legal sciences; - to determine universal principles and ideas in the legal field, common in ancient times and today; - to determine how to adapt the philosophical and legal concepts to existing realities; - to estimate the efficiency of the doctrinal foundation regarding formation and evolution of the Republic of Moldova legal system, both in contemporary stage, as well as historically and compared; - to determine the functional relationship between different conceptions of state and law; - determine how to use the philosophical theses and doctrinal interpretation and application of positive law; - to predict future trends of development of philosophy of law; - to perceive the philosophy of law as an integral essential part of the spiritual culture of personality; - to formulate their own ideas through coordination with reflections, solutions and

perspectives presented in the philosophical law doctrines; - to establish continuity in the conduct of major philosophical reflection on major questions of law and formulate proposals and recommendations to determine the most conclusive solutions and interpretations.

III. ADMINISTRATION OF THE MODULE/DISCIPLINE

Curriculu m discipline code Academic year Semester Number of hours C Evaluatio n S LI Responsib le for the discipline nr. of credits

U02O10

II

exam

IV. THEMES AND THE ORIENTATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF HOURS A) Topics and orientative distribution of hours at the course / lectures Nr Tema Nr.of . hours d/ o 1 Definition and the specific of Philosphy of Law 2 2 Philosophy of Law in antiquity 4 3 Philosophy of Law in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 2 4 Philosophy of Law in the modern period 4 5 Philosophy of Law in the contemporary period 6 6 Fundamental elements of methodology of Philosophy of Law 2 7 Elements of legal ontology 2 8 Elements of legal epistemology 2 9 Elements of legal axiology 2 10 The main philosophical and legal concepts (state, law, justice, 4 common good, equality, human dignity) B) The theme and the orientative repartition of hours at the seminars N Theme Nr. of r. hours d/ o 1 Definition and the specific of Philosphy of Law 2

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V.

Philosophy of Law in antiquity Philosophy of Law in the Middle Ages and Renaissance Philosophy of Law in the modern period Philosophy of Law in the contemporary period Fundamental elements of methodology of Philosophy of Law Elements of legal ontology Elements of legal epistemology Elements of legal axiology The main philosophical and legal concepts (state, law, justice, common good, equality, human dignity)

4 2 4 6 4 2 2 2 2

OBJECTIVES OF REFERENCE AND CONTENTS OBJECTIVES OF REFERENCE CONTENTS - to identify the concept and the functions I. Definition and the specific of of the Philosophy of Law Philosphy of Law - to evaluate the practical function of 1. The concept and the functions Philosophy of Law; of the Philosophy of Law - to know the research directions of 2. Research directions, purpose Philosophy of Law logical, and philosophy of law issues phenomenological, deontological ; 3. Definition of the Philosophy - to formulate the object of research of of Law. Philosophy of Law; 4. The connection of Philosophy - to identify the Philosophy of Law issues; of Law with other sciences - to analyze the various definitions of Philosophy of Law; - to determine the rapport between Philosophy of Law with other legal sciences, and the non-legal ones. - to familiarize with the political, legal II. Philosophy of Law in antiquity ideas of the most representative thinkers, 1. Sofists and Socrate. schools, currents from Ancient Greece 2. The philosophical, juridical (sofists, Socrate, Platon, Aristotel, stoic concepts of Platon. school, epicurian school); 3. Aristotle on appearance, - to determine the conditions of the essence and state forms . apparition of the natural right concept; 4. Stoic school and the epicurian - to compare the ideas of Socrate with the school. ones of the sofists; 5. Cicero regarding about the - to establish the fundamentals and the way state and law. of organizing the ideal state after Platon; - to appreciate the contribution of Aristotel in the evolution of the state doctrines;

- to evaluate the concept of the wise and cosmopolitan man of the stoic school; - to highlight the particularities of the stoic romans; - to apreciate the influence of the stoic school on the christian philosophy; - to apreciate the concept of liberty at Epicur; - to establish the influence of the concept of apparition of the state formulated by Epicur on the Philosophy of Law in the mordern period; - to establish the conceptual relationship between the political, juridical doctrines in Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece; - to compare the ideas of Cicero and Aristotel. - to familiarize with the ideas of the most representative thinkers of the respective period of time; - to establish the influences of the christian doctrines over the political, juridical doctrines in the medieval period; - to identify the particularities of the patristic and scholastic periods of the christian philosophy through the political, juridical ideas of Saint Augustin and Saint Toma d`Aquino; - to apreciate the influence of the classical greek philosophy on the scholastic period of the christian philosphy; - to establish the relation and to delineate the guelf current of the ghibelin current; - to contend the relinquishment of the dogmatic methodology in the period of Renaissance; - to determine the significance of the notion machiavelism; - to apreciate the contribution of J. Bodin in the formulation and development of the concept of sovereignity.

III. Philosophy of Law in Medieval Ages and in the period of Renaissance 1. Political, juridical doctrines and christianity (St.Augustin, St. Toma d'Aquino, guelf current, ghibelin current). 2. Political, juridical doctrines of N.Machiavelli. 3. Sovereignity of the state in the concept of J.Bodin.

- to identify the most representative IV. Philosophy of Law in the thinkers of the respective period and also modern period their fundamental ideas; 1. Theory of natural law after - to appreciate the definition and the H.Grotius. methods of knowledge of the natural right 2. Political, juridical concepts of formulated by H. Grotius; T.Hobbes. - to establish the contribution of H.Grotius 3. J.Locke and the theory of in the international law; separation of powers. - to identify the the fundamentals of the 4. Political, juridical doctrines of absolutist ideas of T. Hobbes; C.Montesquieu. - to formulate conclusions regarding the 5. J.J.Rousseau and the social conditions of forming of a state, based on contract. the liberties enunciated by J.Locke; 6. Im.Kant regarding state and law. - to evaluate the political, juridical doctrine 7. English utilitarianism of C.Montesquieu; (J.Bentham, J.Mill, H.Spencer). - to appreciate the contribution of 8. G.Hegel and the philosophical C.Montesquieu in the development of the historicism. theory of separation of powers; 9. Hystorical school of law. - to establish the origin and the causes of apparition of the state after J.J.Rousseau; - to present the theory of the social contract in the conception of J.J.Rousseau; - to argument the link between the ideas of J.J.Rousseau and the program of the french revolution; - to appreciate the innovative character of the political, philosophical, juridical doctrine of Kant; - s analizeze raportul drept-moral dup Im.Kant; - to explain the concept of coexistence of liberties as a basis of law; - to formulate opinions regarding the project of Im.Kant about the eternal peace; - to appreciate the contribution of J.Bentham in the formation of the english utilitarianism; - to establish the conceptual connection between the calculation of pleasures of J. Bentham and the moral conscience of

J.Mill; to identify the philosophical, political, juridical elements in the organic theory of H.Spencer; to explain the evolution of the objective spirit in the concept of G.Hegel; to determine the fundamental elements of the state doctrine of G.Hegel; to establish the role of the popular juridical conscience in the evolution of law according to the hystorical school of law. To analyze the rapport rational law V. Philosophy of Law in the positive law after M. Djuvara; contemporary period. to appreciate the role of the will of the 1. Philosophy of Law in Romania legislator in the process of law in the Filozofia dreptului n enforcement; Romnia in the twentieth century. to generalize the objective laws of 2. The pure theory of law of Hans evolution of law after E.Sperania; Kelsen. to appreciate the sanction as a defining 3. Philosophy of Law in the works element for law. of Herbert Hart. to determine the elements that are foreign 4. The concepts of the reborn to the science of law according to the natural law (jusnaturalism) pure theory of law; 5. Neo-kantian concepts to explain the nature and the 6. Neo-hegelian concepts particularities of the legal norm 7. Positivism in law and its highlighted by H.Kelsen; valences. to analyze the idea of identity of the state with the law formulated by H.Kelsen; to analyze the principles of logical positivism through the doctrine of H.Hart; to identify the causes of rebirth of the natural law ideas; to determine the innovative elements of the theory of reborn natural law; to compare the classical theory of natural law and the theory of the reborn natural law; to present the evolution of Kant`s doctrine with the help of different

political, juridical currents; - to present the evolution of Hegel`s doctrine with the help of diverse political, juridical currents; - to know the fundamental principles of juridical positivism; - to establish the particularities of exegetic positivism, analytical positivism and etatic. - To establish the ethimological signification of the term method; - to define the term method; - to identify and to characterize the most significant philosophical methods (dialectical, transcedental, phenomenological, critical); - to identify and characterize the methods of philosophy of laws (conceptual analysis, synthesis, genetic, comparative etc.) - To define the concept of existence, juridical reality, juridical conscience, juridical space and time, cause, effect, determinism; - to establish the place of juridical reality in in the social reality and existence; - to determine the specific of the individual juridical conscience and of the social juridical conscience; - to highlight space-temporality features oin the domain of law; - to analyze the forms of existence of law; - To define the concept of gnoseology, epistemology, truth, juridical truth, error etc.; - to establish the correlation between gnoseology and juridical epistemology; - to highlight the features and cryterias of truth; - to determine the specific of knowledge in law;

VI. Fundamental methodology elements of Philosophy of Law 1. The method concept 2. Methods of philosophy 3. Theory and method in Philosophy of Law

VII. Elements of legal ontology 1. The definition and the issue of ontolgy 2. Ontological essence of law. Legal phenomenon. Legal reality 3. The concepts of space and time in the field of law 4. Forms of existence of law

VIII. Elements of legal epistemology 1. Gnoseology and legal epistemology. 2. Specifics of knowledge in law. 3. Legal truth. Concept, characteristics and cryteriasof truth as a gnoseological concept. 4. Types of truth. Way of

- to distinguish different types of truth; - to determine the concept and essential dimensions of the juridical truth; - to explain the correlation between the objective and subjective in the juridical truth. - To define the concept of value; - to highlight the types of values; - to establish the roles of values in the individual and social life; - to identify and to characterize the main human values; - to highlight the features of juridical values; - to characterize law as a form of manifestation of liberty; - to evaluate justice as a supreme juridical value; - to project social and individual values in the dimension of the juridical phenomenon; - to argument the functionality of juridical values; - to establish the moral substance of law; - to determine the correlation of moral values with the juridical ones. - To identify and to analyze the philosophical content of the concepts of state and law; - to analyze the rational basis of justice and its impact on the positive justice; - to identify the features and to establish the differences of the concept of common good in the jusnaturalist and liberato-juridical concept; - to analyze egalitarianism as a form of manifestation of non-juridical equality; - to identify the permissions and interdictions of egalitarianism in law; - to interpret human dignity as a expression of value of the purpose of laws.

approaching of legal truth.

IX. Elements of legal axiology 1. Concept and origin of values. Types of values 2. The specific of legal values. Values in law and law as a value. Legal nihilism. 3. Liberty and justice as legal values 4. Functionality of legal values 5. Moral substance of law. Correlation between moral and legal values.

X. The main philosophical, legal concepts (state, law, justice, commong good, equality, human dignity) 1. The concept of the state and its characteristics 2. The concept of law and its characteristics 3. The concept of justice in philosophy of law 4. Common good (public) as a philosophical, legal concept 5. Law and equality 6. Human dignity as a expression of value of the purpose of laws

VII. SUGESTII PENTRU ACTIVITATEA INDIVIDUAL A STUDENILOR Subiecte/probleme Forme de realizare Modaliti de evaluare 1. Rolul juritilor romani n Proiect individual Prezentarea referatelor aplicarea doctrinelor politico- Referate juridice n practic 2. Idealismul obiectiv a lui G.Hegel. 3. Compararea diferitor teorii de apariie a statului 4. Raportul dintre dreptul raional i dreptul pozitiv la M.Djuvara. 7. Diferitele pozitiviste. teorii Referate Studiu individual Prezentarea referatelor Prezentarea studiului

Analiza comparativ Prezentarea concluziilor Proiect de echip Referate Prezentarea referatelor

Portofoliu Referate Proiect de echip

Prezentarea portofoliului Prezentarea referatelor Prezentarea Constutuiei

8. Elaborarea Constituiei statului ideal conceput de Platon Discuii ghidate 9. Viitorul Ierarhia Specificul juridice valorilor, valorilor, valorilor Eseu 10.Orientri valorice realitii juridice ale Eseu 11.Libertatea juridic, esena i specificul ei Stidiu individual 12.Permisiunu i interdicii n drept Analiza comparativ Prezentarea analizei 13.Dreptul moral i morala Prezentarea studiului Prezentarea eseului Prezentarea eseului Petrecerea dicuiilor

dreptului Discuii ghidate 14.Egalitatea i egalarea excesiv din perspectiva istoric. Lecii nvate Discuii ghidate 15.Reforma judiciar i de drept: finalitate, fundament valoric i tendine VIII. EVALUAREA DISCIPLINEI
A) Evaluri sumative periodice: lucrri de control, testri

Petrecerea discuiilor

Petrecerea dicuiilor

Lucrare de control nr.1 Subiectul I. Concepiile filosofico-juridice ale lui Platon 1.1. Prezentai principalele concepii filosofico-juridice ale lui Platon. 1.2. Analizai raportul dintre organismul social i organismul individual la Platon. 1.3. Exprimai-v atitudinea fa de conceptul statului ideal formulat de Platon. Subiectul II. Doctrinele politico-juridice ale lui Nicolo Machiavelli 2.1. Prezentai doctrina politico-juridic a lui N.Machiavelli. 2.2. Stabilii semnificaia maximei lui N.Machiavelli Scopul scuz mijloacele. 2.3. Evaluai machiavelismul ca principiu istoric i ca realitate. Lucrare de control nr.2 Subiectul I. Neopozitivismul lui H. Hart 1.1. Relatai ideile neopozitiviste a lui H.Hart. 1.2. Stabilii condiiile minime ale existenei unui sistem de drept dup H.Hart. 1.3. Apreciai raionalitatea normelor juridice i morale dup H.Hart. Subiectul II. Elemente de axiologie juridic 2.1. Definii conceptul de valoare i formulai tipurile de valori. 2.2. Analizai particularitile valorilor juridice. 2.3. Evaluai libertatea i dreptatea ca valori juridice.
B) Evaluarea sumativ final: examen

Test nr.1 Subiectul I. Teoria dreptului natural la Hugo Grotius 1.1. Determinai fundamentul, principiile i metodele de cunoatere a dreptului natural dup H.Grotius.

1.2. Determinai contribuia lui H.Grotius n dreptul internaional public. 1.3. Argumentai aplicabilitatea principiului pacta sunt servanta n dreptul intern i n dreptul internaional. Subiectul II. Teoria pur a dreptului a lui Hans Kelsen 2.1. Descriei normativismul i premizele teoriei pure a dreptului la H.Kelsen. 2.2. Demonstrai identitatea statului i dreptului n doctrina lui H.Kelsen. 2.3. Apreciai trsturile normei juridice pornind de la ideile lui H.Kelsen. Test nr.2 Subiectul I. Jean J. Rousseau i contractul social 1.1. Prezentai teoria contractului social n viziunea lui J.J.Rousseau. 1.2. Comparai cauzele de apariie a statului dup J.J.Rousseau i T.Hobbes. 1.3. Apreciai influena doctrinei lui J.J.Rousseau asupra programului revoluiei franceze. Subiectul II. Doctrina lui Mircea Djuvara 2.1. Descriei principalele idei filosofico-juridice a lui Mircea Djuvara. 2.2. Analizai raportul dintre dreptul pozitiv i dreptul raional la Mircea Djuvara. 2.3. Apreciai rolul voinei legislatorului la aplicarea legii, pornind de la ideile lui Mircea Djuvara Test nr.3 Subiectul I. Aristotel referitor la apariia, esena i formele statului 1.1. Prezentai concepiile lui Aristotel referitor la apariia, esena i formele statului. 1.2. Analizai clasificarea justiiei dup Aristotel. 1.3. Apreciai corelaia formei de guvernmnt i regimului politic pornind de la conceptul aristotelic despre formele statului. Subiectul II. Pozitivismul n drept i valenele lui 2.1. Prezentai principalele idei a lui Auguste Comte ca fondator al curentului pozitivist. 2.2. Analizai raportul stat drept pe baza concepiilor pozitivismului etatic. 2.3. Determinai funciile dreptului pornind de la ideile curentului pozitivist IX. REFERINE BIBLIOGRAFICE
1. Andrei Petre, Filosofia valorii, Iai, Ed. Polirom, 1997.

2. Bagdasar Nicolae .a., Antologie filosofic. Filosofi strini, Bucureti, Ed.

Universal Dallis, 1995. 3. Bdicescu Mihai, Concepte fundamentale n teoria i filosofia dreptului. Vol.3. coli i curente n gndirea juridic Bucureti, Ed. LUMINA LEX, 2002. 4. Biri Ioan, Valorile dreptului i logica intenional, Arad, Ed. Servo Sat, 1996. 5. Capcelea Valeriu, Filosofia dreptului, - Chiinu, Ed. ARC, 2004. 6. Craiovan Ion, ntroducere n filosofia dreptului, Ed.ALL BECK, Bucureti, 1998. 7. Craiovan Ion, Filosofia dreptului sau dreptul ca filosofie, - Bucureti, Ed. Universul Juridic, 2010. 8. Djuvara Mircea, Eseuri de filosofie a dreptului, - Bucureti, Ed. Trei, 1997. 9. Hegel G.W.F., Principiile filosofie dreptului, - Bucureti, Ed.IRI, 1996. 10. Georgescu tefan, Filosofia dreptului. O istorie a ideilor n ultimii 2500 de ani, Ed.ALL, Bucureti, 2000. 11. Kelsen Hans, Doctrina pur a dreptului, - Bucureti, Ed. Humanitas, 2000. 12. Lozovanu Constantin, Filosofia dreptului: Curs de prelegeri, - Chiinu, UTM, 2008. 13. Mihai Gheorghe, Motic Radu, Fundamentele dreptului. Teoria i filosofia dreptului, Ed.ALL, Bucureti, 1997. 14. Popa Nicolae, Dogaru Ion, Dnior Dan Claudiu, Dnior Gheorghe, Filosofia dreptului. Marile curente, Ed.ALL Bucureti, 2001. 15. Rbca Eugen, Zaharia Victor, Mrgineanu Valentin, Istoria doctrinelor politice i de drept, Ed.MUZEUM, Chiinu, 2005. 16. Radulian Ioan, Filosofia dreptului, - Iai, Academia de Poliie Alexandru Ioan Cuza. 17. Stroe Constantin, Compendiu de filosofia dreptului, Ed.Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 1999. 18. Stroe Constantin, Reflecii filosofice asupra dreptului, Ed.Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 1998. 19. Stroe Constantin, Prolegomena la filosifia juridic, Ed.Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2001. 20. Vlimerescu Alexandru, Tratat de enciclopedia dreptului, - Bucureti, Ed. LUMINA LEX, 1999. 21. Vecchio Giorgio del, Lecii de filosofie juridic, Ed.Europa Nova, Bucureti, 1994.