Annotated Bibliography (Claire) "A Brief History of the Tail of Tears." Cherokee Nation.

The Cherokee Nation Cultural Resource Center, 2011. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. <http://www.cherokee.org/AboutTheNation/History/TrailofT ears/24496/Information.aspx> An overview of the Trail of Tears was helpful to me. It discussed who the main people were who were for or against the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The main person behind the passing of the act was President Andrew Jackson, even though, some Cherokee allies in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend originally saved him and his military. It also discusses what happened after the act passed. This article is reliable because it is from the Cherokee Nations official website. They have no reason to lie about anything and the information was similar to other sources that I found. (Jess) "A Century of Lawmaking." A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875 28 May 1830. Web. 06 May 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl>. This is a digitalized version of the Indian Removal Act was passed by the house and Senate. The act itself does not call for the removal of any particular Indian tribe but gives the President the power to exchange Indian land east of the Mississippi for land west of the Mississippi, in ?Oklahoma?. The act was very controversial caused heated debates thought the country. (Jess)"Cherokee Campaign against Displacement, 1827-1838." Global Nonviolent Action Database. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. <http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/cherokeecampaign-against-displacement-1827-1838>. This source talked about what the Cherokee nation did to try to not be removed. It explains how they started a campaign

to stay, lead by chief John Ross. It talked about how hard they fought to keep their land, by going to the Supreme Court, but they did not help them at all there. I find this article has a really good perspective about how hard they fought to keep their land. (Jess)"The Cherokee Nation." And North Georgia. 2012. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. <http://www.rainbowcabins.com/learningcenter/cherokee-nation.htm>. I like this source because it sums up the big events that happened before, during, and after the Cherokees were removed. It specifically explains why people waned them out so badly, mostly due to the fact that a lot of gold was on their land, and it explains how the US government finally got them to relocate. (Jess) EMERSON, RALPH W. "A PROTEST AGAINST THE REMOVAL OF THE CHEROKEEINDIANS FROM THE STATE OF GEORGIA." Letter to Martin Van Buren. 23 Apr. 1838. MS. Concord, Massachusetts. This letter shows a side of a white man, Ralf W. Emerson, who is against the removal of the Cherokees. This is Emerson's third letter to the President saying that the removal of the Cherokee people is unjust and tragic act. Emerson believed that the President has a commitment to protect everyone in the US. Emerson states that by removing the Cherokee the President is bringing shame on the country. Emerson then states that the Indian removal is fraud and robbery. (Claire) Ferraro, Vincent. "The Removal Act 28 May 1830." Vincent Ferraro. Web. 29 Mar.2012. <http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/removal.htm>. The Ruth C. Lawson Professor of International Politics Mount Holyoke College who has an AB, Dartmouth

College; MIA, Columbia University; PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology put the actual text of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 on his website. This was a reliable source because he is a well educated professor. This is helpful because it is the actual act, so I know what was stated in it. What the act took away and gave to the Indians. For instance, the Indians received money, and aid for the first year after their removal. But, they were forced to leave their homes. (Jess)"Gales and Seaton's Register." A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875 Register of Debates, House of Representatives, 21st Congress, 1st Session 15 May 1830: 994. Web. 06 May 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llrd>. Storrs gives his disapproval of the Indian Removal Act. He concludes his speech by begging that the US government try one more time to negotiate with the Cherokee Nation for their removal out of Georgia. If the negotiation is unsuccessful, then the US can impose any law they want to remove the Cherokee people. (Jess)"Georgia Historical Society." Georgia Historical Society. Web. 29 Apr. 2012. <http://www.georgiahistory.com/containers/154>. I find this source to be very helpful because it gives you more of a perspective of what the removal and Georgia gold rush was like for the Americans. What I also like about this source is that it has primary information, like a written note about the things that the Cherokees owned. (Jess) HOBGOOD, JIM. "Chapter 2: THE CHEROKEE INDIANSHISTORICAL SETTING." GEORGIA NEWSPAPER

COVERAGE DISCOVERING CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES OF THE ?CHEROKEE QUESTION?: PRELUDE TO THE REMOVAL, 1828-1832. 19-26. Print. I found this source to be helpful because it gave good background information about how that Cherokee where nice to the white men when they entered their land, but later when gold was found, they tried to take their land (the Cherokee's land) away. It talked about how the white men kept taking mre and more land, until they eventually forced the Cherokee out and walked what is now called the 'Trail of Tears'. (Jess) Jackson, Andrew. "To the Cherokee Tribe of Indians." Teach US History |. Web. 06 May 2012. <http://www.teachushistory.org/indianremoval/resources/ch erokee-tribe-indians-jackson>. This source is very helpful for my understanding of why Andrew Jackson wanted the Cherokees to be removed. It really allows you to understand his point of view. He explains his relationship with their fathers, and then goes on and says why it is that they need to be removed, and that he is not trying to trick them, he just is trying to do what he thinks is best. (Claire) "Memorial of the Cherokee." Address. Nile's Weekly Register. 1830. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. <www.cherokee.org/AboutTheNation/History/TrailofTears/ 24501/Information.aspx>. A member of the Cherokee Tribe wrote this article. It is from the Cherokee Nations official website. It discusses how the Cherokee peoples opinion. It says that the Cherokee people did not want to move west. They liked their home and didnt see how the US could just take their land from them, and force them to leave. It also discusses the main reasons behind the Cherokee opinion and why they didnt want to

move west. (Claire) "Oklahoma." Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia. 2005. eLibrary. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/elibweb/elib/do/document? set=search&dictionaryClick=on&secondaryNav=&groupid= 1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=15&edition=&ts=6B67 CDED0EB9C7355F3059494E1B2122_1335477966050&sta rt=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS %3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B124089886 This article explained how the Georgia Gold Rush caused the relocation of the Cherokee Nation. This article says talks about other reasons why the Cherokee were forced to leave their land, such as the Indian Removal Act. It also discussed other things that happened to the Cherokee, like how many Indians lost their land and lives due to many treaties the US created with the Cherokee. Their removal lead to the to even known as the Trial of Tears, and most of the Cherokee ended up in Oklahoma. It is reliable because it has similar information to other sources and it has no reason to lie. (Claire) Perdue, Theda, and Michael D. Green. "The Cherokees and the U.S. Indian Policy." Introduction. Bedford/ St. Martin's, 2005. Web. 6 May 2012. <http://planets.hki.unikoeln.de/benchmark/extractor/test10/p df_testbedPDF/data/15_Extracting_Text.pdf>. Green and Perdue write about the Cherokee and how their lives before their removal. They discuss the various treaties that the Cherokee went through. They also talked about the Cherokee being civilized. Some people, such as, President Washington and Knox tried to incorporate the Indians and civilize them, but when they did so, they realized that there were racial problems that they referred to as deficiencies. This caused them to be treated unfairly. This book gave some insight on other sides of the story behind the history of

the Cherokee. (Claire) "Trail of Tears." E Notes. Ed. Janet Gabler-Hover and Robert Sattelmeyer. Thomson Gale, 2006. Web. 6 May 2012. <http://www.enotes.com/trail-tears-reference/trail-tears>. Editors Gabler-Hover and Sattelmeyer explain a brief history of the events that lead up to the trail of tears. They discuss the treaties that the Cherokee made with the European settlers and how the state of Georgia ignored them. They also discuss how the Cherokee went to the court for help, such as in the cases of the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia. It also uses some primary sources such as letters written by Emerson about his opinions on the Cherokee. (Claire)United States of America. By US Government. Civics. Web. 12 May 2012 <http://www.civicsonline.org/library/formatted/texts/indian_ act.html>. I found the actual transcript of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This being a primary source it is very reliable. It is helpful because it is the actual act, so I know what was stated in it. What the act took away and gave to the Indians. For instance, the Indians received money, and aid for the first year after their removal. But, they were forced to leave their homelands. (Claire) Voice of America News / FIND. America's First Gold Rush. Voice of America .News / FIND, , 05 Jul. 2007. eLibrary. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/elibweb/elib/do/document? set=search&dictionaryClick=on&secondaryNav=&groupid= 1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=12&edition=&ts=6B67 CDED0EB9C7355F3059494E1B2122_1335477071424&sta

rt=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS %3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B141324362 This article discusses how the first gold rush was in Georgia and it opened up many new opportunities, but it destroyed the Cherokee Nation. President Jackson wanted to move the Cherokee to make room for the Georgia settlers. But, the Cherokee didnt want to leave, because it was their land first. The information is reliable because it came from a ranger and a site manager at Dahlonega Gold Museum Historic Site in Georgia, and they have no reason to lie.