Practical Lesson Plan/ Test Administrative Details

Date: Subject: Grade: Number of students: Duration: Lesson Topic: Teaching Strategies: i. ii. Experimentation Discussion

07/02/2011 11/02/2011 Chemistry 11 Confidence 33 35 minutes per session Reactions of Acids and Base

General Objectives: Students should: 1. Specific Objectives At the end of the lesson students will be able to:
1.1 explain the reactions of acids with:

a. Metals b. Metal Carbonates c. Metal Hydrogen Carbonates

d. Bases e. Metallic Oxides (Basic Oxides).

Previous knowledge: Student must be able to: Define the term metal Identify the symbols of various elements

Instructional Materials: i. chalkboard/whiteboard ii. chalk/marker

iii. Laboratory apparatus and material

iv. Handout
v. Text Book

Procedure Introductory Activity-

The teacher will begin the lesson with a Do now activity here the students will watch music video that summarizes the properties of acids and base as well as their reactions. The students are required to make notes and use the tips to plan and design their experiment. Step 1 The students will work in their groups. Each group will be given a card with the reactions of acids with Metals, Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogen Carbonates, Bases, Metallic Oxides (Basic Oxides). Step 2 Based on this, each group will plan and design a laboratory activity to confirm the information that they are reviewing. Step 3 Once this is done the students will be given the opportunity to carry out the experiments that they have planned to confirm the theory. The expected reactions are as follows: Reactions of acids How do Acids React with Metals? Let us do more activities to understand the chemical nature of acids and bases. Action on Metals Let us look at the way acids react with metals. a) All metals above hydrogen in the metal reactivity series generally react with dilute acids to form their respective salt and liberate hydrogen. Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen Developmental Activity-

b) Very active metals like potassium, sodium and calcium also react similarly, but tend to explode when combining with acids.

c) Nitric acid (of various concentrations) usually exhibits oxidizing property, rather than acidic properties. Metals such as magnesium combine with extremely dilute (1%) nitric acid to liberate hydrogen.

How do Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogen Carbonates React with Acids? Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonates) to form their respective salt, water and carbon dioxide. Carbonate/Bicarbonate + Acid Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

How do Acids and Bases React with Each Other?

Acids and bases are the chemical 'opposites' of each other and the action of an acid and a base nullifies the effect of one on the other. This is known as a neutralization reaction. Neutralization In a neutralization reaction an acid combines with a base, neutralizing the power of acid with a base and forms a molecule of water and the respective salt. In general, a neutralization reaction can be written as: Base + Acid Examples: Salt + Water

Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids Action with Basic Oxides Oxides that can add on hydroxyl ions (OH-) to their molecules are called basic oxides. These oxides get neutralized when they react with acids. Basic oxide + Acid Salt + Water

Action with Basic Hydroxides Acids undergo neutralization reaction with basic hydroxides to form salt and water. Basic hydroxide + Acid Salt + Water

Definition of terms
1. An acid is a substance which reacts with a base. Commonly, acids can be identified as

tasting sour, reacting with metals such as calcium, and bases like sodium carbonate. Aqueous acids have pH of less than 7, and turn blue litmus paper red. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic. An acid is a proton donor

2. Acid anhydride- An acid with one or more molecules of water removed; for example, SO3

is the acid anhydride of H2SO4, sulphuric acid. A chemical compound formed from another, often an acid, by the removal of water.
3. Base- In chemistry is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions or more generally, donate

electron pairs. A soluble base is referred to as an alkali if it contains and releases hydroxide ions (OH) quantitatively. 4. Alkali is a base that is soluble in water.
5. Salt- Usually the term is applied to an ionic compound produced by reacting an acid with a

base. Salts are ionic compounds that can result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is electrically neutral (without a net charge). Examples: NaCl, KCl, CuSO4
6. Acidic - being or containing an acid; of a solution having an excess of hydrogen atoms

(having a pH of less than 7)

7. An amphoteric or amphiprotic substance is a compound that can react as an acid as well

as a base.[1] The word is derived from the Greek word amphoteroi ( ) meaning "both". Many metals (such as zinc, tin, lead, aluminium, and beryllium) and most metalloids have amphoteric oxides or hydroxides. Amphoteric substances can either donate or accept a proton. Examples include amino acids and proteins, which have amine and carboxylic acid groups, and self-ionizable compounds such as water and ammonia.

8. Amphoteric oxide An amphoteric oxide is an oxide that can act both as an acid and as a

base. An example is aluminium oxide, Al2O3. It reacts with acids to form the corresponding aluminium salt, and with bases to form salts called aluminates.

Example reactions

Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH Na2Al2O4 + H2O

9. Neutral Oxides are non-metal oxides which do not react with acids or bases. All neutral oxides are monoxides (e.g. Carbon monoxide)

Reaction of non - oxidizing acids (HCl) and hydrogen carbonates Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid --> Water + Carbon Dioxide + Sodium Chloride

NaHCO3 + HCl --> H2O + CO2 + NaCl Reactions of acids How do Acids React with Metals? Let us do more activities to understand the chemical nature of acids and bases. Action on Metals Let us look at the way acids react with metals.

a) All metals above hydrogen in the metal reactivity series generally react with dilute acids to form their respective salt and liberate hydrogen. Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen

b) Very active metals like potassium, sodium and calcium also react similarly, but tend to explode when combining with acids.

c) Nitric acid (of various concentrations) usually exhibits oxidizing property, rather than acidic properties. Metals such as magnesium combine with extremely dilute (1%) nitric acid to liberate hydrogen.

How do Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogen Carbonates React with Acids? Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonates) to form their respective salt, water and carbon dioxide. Carbonate/Bicarbonate + Acid Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

How do Acids and Bases React with Each Other? Acids and bases are the chemical 'opposites' of each other and the action of an acid and a base nullifies the effect of one on the other. This is known as a neutralization reaction. Neutralization In a neutralization reaction an acid combines with a base, neutralizing the power of acid with a base and forms a molecule of water and the respective salt. In general, a neutralization reaction can be written as: Base + Acid Salt + Water Examples:

Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids Action with Basic Oxides Oxides that can add on hydroxyl ions (OH-) to their molecules are called basic oxides. These oxides get neutralized when they react with acids. Basic oxide + Acid Salt + Water

Action with Basic Hydroxides Acids undergo neutralization reaction with basic hydroxides to form salt and water. Basic hydroxide + Acid Salt + Water

Reaction of Non-metallic Salts with Base Calcium hydroxide, which is a base, reacts with carbon dioxide to produce a salt and water. Since this is similar to the reaction between a base and an acid, we can conclude that nonmetallic oxides are acidic in nature.

Action of Alkalis/Base with Ammonium Salts Alkalis combine with ammonium salts to liberate ammonia. Alkali + Ammonium salt Salt + Water + Ammonia

Appropriate method of salt preparation ( Sulphates, nitrates, chlorides, carbonates Insoluble salts by Ionic precipitation
A salt is built from two kinds of ions. The salt as a whole is uncharged, which means the charge of two ions "take each other out". If the positive ion (cation) has one positive charge, and the negative ion (anion) has one negative charge, we need one of the cation and one of the anion to construct an uncharged salt.

Precipitation
The ionic bond within a salt are of different strength depending on what ions the salt consists of. A salt where the ions binds strongly together will not be dissolved in water. The reason to why some ions bind stronger to each other are:

The charge of the ions are equally big. The difference in electronegativity between the ions is low. The ions are equal in size.

If we mix two salt-solutions with each other (where both salts are completely dissolved in their own solution), a new combination of ions may create an insoluble salt which precipitates (becomes a solid while in water). This can be seen as a kind of fog in the mixed solution. Which salt precipitates? There are certain rules of thumb when identifying which salt could be the precipitation when two salt solutions were mixed with each other:

All salts containing nitrate (NO3-) are soluble in water. All salt containing alkali metals are soluble in water.

With the help of these two rules of thumb, one can estimate what salt is precipitated. A solution of BaCl2 is mixed with a solution of AgNO3 and a precipitation is seen. The two salts which in theory could produce the precipitation are the two new salts which can be created from the ions in the solution. These are AgCl och Ba(NO3)2. With the help of the rules of thumb above, we can assume that Ba(NO3)2 is soluble because it contains the nitrate ion. AgCl is therefore the salt that precipitates. Examples of common insoluble salts AgCl as well as all other combinations of the silver ion with any halogen ion. BaSO4

Soluble salts by Direct combination and replacing hydrogen ions of an acid directly or on directly

By a metal or ammonium radical

Distinguishing between acid salts and normal salts Neutralization reactions using indicators and temperature change