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THE HOW AND WHY WONDER BOOK OF

By Nelson W. Hyler
Illustrated by Kenyon Shannon
Edited under the supervision of
Dr. Paul E. Blackwood
Washington, D. C.
Text and illustrations approved by
Oakes A. White
Brooklyn Children's Museum
Brooklyn, New York

LS
GROSSET & DUNLAP Publishers NEW YORK
I NTRODU CTI ON
In an age of rockets and missiles, the study of rocks and minerals is
no less important-and in this colorful How and Why Wonder Book, we
see why it is so important. We learn that our modern age of rockets would
not even be possible without minerals from the earth's crust. We learn the
answers to dozens of important questions about the earth's surface and the
changes that take place in it.
Anyone who has ever picked up a rounded pebble, a curiously shaped
rock or a sparkling gem and handled it with wonaer knows the urge to col
lect. The chances are that almost everyone who has walked in a feld, along
a stream or in a park has pocketed a sample of rock or mineral to examine
and enjoy later. What is it? How was it made? Is it valuable? This How and
Why Wonder Book about rocks and minerals is useful because it helps to
answer these and other questions. In addition, it tells how to start and how to
organize a rock collection. It is a helpful guide for parents and children
who want to study rocks together.
Scientists who study the earth's surface are called geologists, and this
book will help children explore the big questions which geologists are study
ing. It surely should take its place with the other How and Why Wonder
Books on the library shelves of all science-minded young readers.
Paul E. Blackwood
Dr. Blackwood is a professional employee in the U. S. Ofce of Education.
This book was edited by him in his private capacity and no ofcial support or
endorsement by the Ofce of Education is intended or should be inferred.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 61-1514
ISBN: 0-448-05004-8 (WONDER EDITION)
ISBN: 0-448-04003-4 (TRADE EDITION)
ISBN: 0-448-03836-6 (LIBRARY EDITION)
1978 PRINTING
Copyriaht t 19, 1969 by Grosset & Dunlap, Inc.
All rilhts reserved under International and Pan-American Copyrilht Conventions.
Published simultaneously in Canada. Printed in the United States of America.
CONTENTS
Page
THE WORLD OF ROCKS ROCK-FORMING MINERALS
AND MINERALS What are some of the rock-forming
What is our earth made of? 4 minerals? 32
LEARNING ABOUT OUR WORLD
IDENTIFICATION OF ROCKS
Why do we study about rocks and
AND MINERALS
minerals? 5 How do we begin to identify rocks
ROCKS and minerals? . 34
What is a rock? 6 How can you tell how hard a rock or
Are rocks found everywhere? 7 mineral is? 35
MINERALS
THE SCALE OF HARDNESS
What is a mineral? 8
MINERALS
Where can you fnd minerals? 9
What are the hardness minerals? 36
VOLCANOES
SIMPLE TESTS
What is an active volcano? 10
How can you tell what kind of rock
IGNEOUS ROCKS -ONE OF THE
it is? 39
THREE BIG GROUPS OF ROCKS
How can you test a rock or mineral for
What is an igneous rock? 12
weight?
39
Where do igneous rocks come from? 13
FOSSILS
Are there many kinds of igneous
What is a fossil? 40
rocks? 14
Why do we study fossils? 41
ROCK QUARRIES
What is a quarry? 16
Where are fossils found? 42
EROSION
RARE STONES
Does the earth wear out? 17
What makes a mineral a gem stone? 43
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
PUMICE
Are there rocks under the water? 18
What is pumice?
44
How are rocks made? 20 COAL
Where are sedimentary rocks found? 21 What is coal?
44
Are there many kinds of sedimentary
ASBESTOS
rocks? 22
What is asbestos?
45
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
ICE
Why do rocks have diferent shapes and
What is ice?
45
colors? 24
Where do metamorphic rocks come
START A ROCK AND MINERAL
from? 25
COLLECTION
Are there many kinds of metamorphic
How do you begin a rock and mineral
rocks? 26
collection? 46
CRYSTALS
What will you need to collect rocks
What is a crystal? 28
and minerals? 47
How can you make a crystal? 29
How can you keep your rocks and min-
MINERAL FOODS
erals? 47
Where does the salt we eat come from? 30 IDENTIFICATION CHART OF
Can we eat minerals? 31 MAJOR SPECIMENS 48
THE WORLD OF ROCKS
AND MINERALS
What is our
earth made of?
:+`
.x: ::.x~
.x:x: .x:n+++
.:x: .x: +++i
.::`~ :n:J:+`+::::+Jn+:::.
Tx::::n:+jJh::+. :+J: :+J
it w++J .:.:a ++ .n:j+s . .+ n.:
J+w+:.x:+:n::. Y:. n+:.+` .x:
r+::: :+J n+::: ++ ::.x :: ::j
:+mn++.
J:+J:::+nn++n+::.I.::+n
n++b :::+:: .:`+++J:::,x::.
W:.: : :++.x: :+nn++ n+::.
W: h+J .i .x: :.::n: :+J + .x:
4
nv::. I.h: .x: :::: :xJ .x: ::::.
M+:. +`.x:::.x::+v::Jw.xw:.:.
Tx:::.+:::+:+`.x:n+J .+:.x:
w.x.x::.::n: ::::+J:::: :+::
:b++..x::`++.x:+`.x::+`:::+`.x:
w+J.
Mx :J +p + .x::: na .:: :: +.x:
m+:::. W: ::+++.:::.x:nbj++:
+ +.+ .x: n:.: b+. .x:j :: .x::
j +:..x:::n:.Tx:::n+:::x:::b::+
J::+::J + .x:w:.:.
W:.: : ::jnp+.:+.b:::+::w:
::+++.v:w.x++... I.h:;:.+n:.:
+p :+ np+.:+.p:. +` ++::.x.
LEARNI NG A BOUT OUR
Why do we
study about
rocks and minerals?
Y
E LIVE +
a w++J:`+
w+J. I.I : `+ +`
+.::u+.x+:
:+J.:`++.+:a mab++. .x+:.
^n+:. : +` ++w+J~ :::+ .x:
+:J:`.x:n+J~ :n:J:+`+c .:
:+J n+:::. W: :.+Jj .x:n .+ :a m
:b+.++w+J.
E::jJ:jn:+:::n:.x+na J:+`
+:.:+ n+:::. B+.+`.:+ .x:j xa ::
b::+ :x:+:J. Tx:j J+ ++. ++. .x:
:a n:
Ca :: J+:: ++. ++. .: :a +J. Y:.
:::: n:J: ` :+J Tx: +s .xi.
p+.:J .x: :..:: ++ .x: p:: wa :
na J: `+n n+:::. W: :.+Jj :b++.
+:::a +J n+:a : .+ :a +ab++. .x:
.x+:w:+:: :::j J:j.
Ma +j p:+p: :a m .x: :+ bj
w+:+w.x+c .:a +Jn+:a : na .
+.x:n+.+n:+jJh::+..x+:w:
+::. J+n:p:+p:xa ::`++j +:.++:+
`+:+Jh+J++:::.I.:np+.a +..+
::+ab++. +c .:a +J n+:a : :+w:
::+::m.+::b :..:.
W: :.+Jjab++. +c .: :+J n+:a :
.+::+ab++.++w+J .+:a +ab++.
.x:.x+:w:+:: a +J.+:a + .+ :a m
a ::x++J.
5
What is
a rock?
ROCKS

x.: :
n:J:+`n+
::: ^ `:w ::
n:J: +`j +:. ++: n+:: b+. n+:. +`
.x:n::u:J:+`n:+jn+:::Tx::
::n:+j:+J: +` +:::
V:j :u: +::: :: :::J ::+J
V:j :n: ::+J : :: :+: + ::.
Tx:i +JvJ+::+: :: :+:n: .x:.
.x:j::x:J.+:::

R+:::b: .x:+ ::+J x:v:+.x:


+:n:: :: ;:bb:: + :.++:: B
r +::s:::::Jb++J:: Jx:+`.x:u
n:jb : ::b :s :x++::
R+::: :r :b :+J ..: Tx:j x:v:
Ji 1:r :+. :x:;:: :+J :::: R+::: ::
:+n:.n::+++J:: :b: + :q+::
ik: :b +:k
R+:k : :: +` n:+j :++: Y++ ::+
6Jr :J +::: b +:r +::: :+J j:+w
r +::: O`.:+ +::: :: n:J: +` nx :J
:++r : Wx:+ j ++ ++: j++ ::+h+J
.x:n +` :n+:. :v:j :++
THE SEASHORE, AT LOW TIDE, SHOWING SAND,
ROCKS OF DIFFERENT SIZES, AND ROCK CLIFFS
IN THE BACKGROUND
A STREAM SHOWING ROCKS WHICH HAVE BEEN
SMOOTHED AND ROUNDED BY WATER FLOW
Are rocks
found everywhere?

OCYS : :
`++n J:m+:.
:::jnx:: Ix:
n+:.:+mm+n ;::::++.J++r :+n .x:
++n JMo :.o ` .x:++n J:m:J:+;
+`b :n J ..: +:.:
3+:.: :: `++n J a. .x: ::::x+:
::n .x:n j;::::+`::n J:::++n .
:::..:o :.:.x:.m:.:+;.x:b :::x
Ix: n:::: +`tx: +:::n n::x :n Jr +
.x: ::n J :r ++n J
O+Jo +: jo + ::n hn Jm:n j +:.:
Y++ ::n hn Jr +:.: n .x:h:, n .x:
:::j: :n J n ::r : :n J :.::m:
Ix: +:.: n .x: ::r : :n J :r ::m:
:: :moo x :n J ++n J Ix: n:.:
m+::: :+n :nd ;+:x:: .x:m :r ++nd
Ix: +:.: .x:n b ::+m: :moo .x :n J
++n Jbyr +bbin :\db +m;n ::n :
:::x +.x:
In .x:w:j :x:;r +:.s ::b +.:n
+.+:m::r +c .::n Jn .m::r :m:d :
:mo +x an J ro +n J R+:.: :r : b :n
:x:n :d :x: n:b j n+:n w:.:r
MINERALS ARE ALL AROUND US-AT HOME, IN SCHOOL AND OUTDOORS. THE
KITCHEN IN YOUR HOME USUALLY HAS MANY THINGS MADE OF MINERALS.
MINERALS
What is
a mineral?
P
MI xER^L
l : : :hem
l :: e emen or :
:omb na iono ` :+e ri :alelemen :Mln
er :l : are a a o +nd +: :nd hey are
ea :ily `o +nd a mo : e erywhere In
`a :, l may be :ald h : :ny hlng h :
i : no an anlmal or a ege :b e l : a
mneral
\o + :ho +d be able o oo . aro +nd
a : yo +ead hi : boo .and :ee :o re o `
he :e rine a : Canyo +:ee a window'
The gla ::i : a rneral Can yo + :ee a
d :+'Canyo +:ee any .i :+en )o ::n J
)an :' The :e and o her ho +:e xol J :r l
8
ce :a em:Je o +o ` mneral :, oo
^ o +J ;:r o ` /o +r n+o J:n ;:+:l
l : m:J: o ` mlner :: Ix: ;:. .x:.
m:.e : xebl ::.m:r . l : m:Je +`gr :;x
i e : mlner :l Th : me : ;:r . .x:.
ho d : heer ::e l : m:Je +;o ` mlne ::,
oo, ::l : he ):ln +n .x: ;e +:l
Almo : all mne :l : are :o id :,

b +.
w:er ::l +dmineral I i : r:de +)
o ` no :heml :: e emen :o ygen
:nd hydrogen
Some o hermlner :l : :re ::y, :h l .
:ndoll Me :l :, :+:h ::iron, :ll er :n J
gol J are mine al :, oo S :ien l ::ha :
`o +n J:bo +.2,000 dl le en .:;ec men :
Where can you
fnd minerals?
C
OM mn :
::::`++n J
+n . + ; + ` . x :
++n J O.x::::J+ +;`+m +n J:
.x: ++n J
M:n j ;:+;: + :++n J ++.n `+
mn ::: '+:;::.+:::m:n nx+++.
`+ ::+:b :mn ::: In m:n , ;::::
.x:, x::: `++n J :: J:;+:.: Ix:n
: mn : m:j b : :.:.:J, ` :n ++x :
`++n Jn +n :;::: Ix:mn :::.x:n
.:::n ++. +` .x:mn : :n J :+J
^mn : n:::+n :`++n J: :::J
:n +nmn : :n J.x:mn ::.:.:n ++.

: +:n:J +n +: Ix: n+J +:"
+:+:, :`:: .+ :n jn :.+:m:.::
nx:x:+n .:n ::::+:b :m:.: ^+J
nn :x::+J+::n J : ::Jmn : x::
::J+:
I+ n:n j :::::, m+: .x:n +n : .n J
+` +: : `++n J .+:.x: O`.:n, `+
:.:n;:, ::::n J ::J+:: :: :+::
.+:.x:
^nn :::J+n +.:+m:`+mmn ::
S+m: +` ++ m;+.:n .mn ::: :+m:
`+m .x:::: S:.: :n m;+.:n .mn
:: Y+++::::.n j++ `++J S:.|:
`++n Jb +.xn .x:::::n J +n .x::n J
OPEN PIT IRON MINE
9
VOLCANOES
THE BEGINNING OF A VOLCANO
What is an
active volcano?
P
s^CIIVE
+ ::n + :
+n : .x:. : ::J .+
b : :r +;.n "I. :x++.: ++.:.::m, ::x
:n Jx+.r +:.: +:x:+::n +:n+r .
n :n J.:::.::
M+n : +` j::r : :+ .x:r : n:r :
n:n j::i :+:an +::Ix:jn:r :nor .
n n m:n j ;:::: Som:n:r :nor .in
x:r : n ^m:r ::
^ o ::no b:in : J::; Jown n .h :
::r .x, wx:r :i . : :r jx+. I. : :o xo .
.x:..x:r +:.x::+n :Jin .om:ma
:n :m: `+r :r jx+.r +:.
J::;n .x: ::r .x .x:: : n+:x x+.
10
THE START OF A LITTLE VOLCANO
m:m:, nx:x::+m:.m::;+:x:J+;
n:r Jb j ;r :::+r : `r +n.x:x::j+:::
: :r ++n J . Fn :j .x: x+. m:n:
r :::x:: .x: .+; +` .x: r ++n J H:r : .
br ::.::..::r ::.+r x+:n .x:::r .x
.::m, ::h :::n Jh+.r +:.::+m:++.
.++J n+::: :+m: `r +m . :: .x:
ro :.:ar :b o nn o + Th :ro :.:p :+;
:r ++n J .x: x+: :n J .x: ;i :b :n : .+
`+rm : :+n : :b ++. .x: :r ::. n .x:
::.x Ix: :on : : m:J: +; +` +:.,
::x:: :n Jm:.:: .x+nn ++. +` .x:
+::n +
Ix: : .x:b :innin +` : i ..: +
::n + Ja j:`.:r J:ji . nor .::n Jr +n:
Ix: o :.: :n J ::x::g o nln o :blg
xlll Mo :::h :::n Jxo o :.::om: o +
o ` +: xol : : x: o ; o ` l ^no x:
n :m: `o xl :xlll

:ol ::no
Som:lm:: x: ol ::no ;o +: o +
::: L::l : :y xo :n Jl : m:J:o `
x

m:l :J o :., nxl :xl : :l :o ::l :J


mol :n roc c
Ix: ol J ol ::no x:: no .:J `o
m:nyy ::: Ix::b +ll :l :g :mo +n
:ln :n Jm:J: :om: :m:l :hlll : :lo .:
by Ix: ol ::no x:: +n :J h: h :
:n Jln .ohllls :n Jmo +n :ln :
A DORMANT VOLCANO
Ox::o ::no ::x::b ::n no .lng,
oo, x:;ng o b +ll J+;x:l :n J
Vo ::no ::x:no .:Jm:nymllllon :
o ` y ::::go ::no long :::l : Only
x:xlll : :n Jmo +n :ln :x:yb +ll long
:go :naln o :ll +: x: x:y on ::
:xl :.:J
Wh :+: o canohasno :r +):Jtor
a long lm:, l l : Jo m:n Thl : .ln J
o ` ol ::no l : .no nn o b : ln ::l : I`
l l : ln ::l :`o ::rylong lme,l m:y
b : :on :l J::J J::J Ih :+ x: o ::no
:::J.o b : :x .n :.
11
I GNEOU S ROCKS-ONE OF
What is an
igneQus rock?
|
CNcUS l : .xe
+:n: +` +n : +`
. x : . x :e b l
o +): ot oc .s Ineo +s roc .s were
m:deln :s )eclal w:y
Ixewo dl ne ++s meansm:detrom
h e +he : Ihe eto e,alll ne ++:oc .s
h :e been `o med b / xe :
Dee ) downln heea xl ls eryho
Ixe +:.: :n Jmlne :l : he e are e y
x+ Ixe xe : h :s hel )ed o ch :n e
.x::e oc .: :nd nlne :l : ln + nol en
+c ., c :lled ma m:
GRANITE
BASALT CLIFF
Wxe + xe m:n:c +m:: +) o xe
:+rt:ce +` xe e :x, l c +ol s +l :nd
be :+me : x:d The :ol d n:n:, h :J
ened ln + +c ., l : :alled l ne ++: oc .
Ixe e :e n:nydl leren .lnds +tl ne
o +: :c .:, b +a l ot xem h :e co ne
t+n he n:m: t++nd dee ) ln xe
e :x
S +n:l ne : he n:n:does +o e
:ll xeway +)o hee :x::+`::e I
cools +ndernea h he gro +n J, +rnlng
ln o roc .betore l e s o +e s +t:ce
Tx: .nd o ` l ne ++s oc . l : caled
r :nl e
H+e roc .: a e to med +nder he
o +nd ln hl : manne Some lmes he
+c .:m:deln hi : w:y :re :e er :lmlles
lon an J :lmos :s wl Jeanddee )
THE THREE B I G GROUPS O.F
Where do
igneous rocks
come from?
P
COOJ;:::
o ` +J g
+:o +: o :.: i :
+::o Jo ::+oe :
Ixe :: o :.: ne e n:J: nxe + xe o
::+oe :ne ::::: Io J:jjo +::+
:h+J he o :.: xey n:Je
M:+j Jle e + .i +J: o ` o :.: :e
`o ++J +:: xe o J o ::+oe : .:: :
o +e Ii : ::ommo + g +eo +: o :.
L:: + x: `o n o ` no e + o :.
;o +:o +o ` : :::. + xe :J:o ` :
o ::+o I++::e :n+g Jo n+xe :Je
o ` x: o ::+o :+Jo :e e jxi +g i +
: ;:x
RIGHT: AN ERUPTING VOLCANO SHOWING
MOLTEN ROCK AND LAVA FLOWING DOWN
ITS SIDE. BELOW: IGNEOUS DUMP ROCK
FROM VOLCANOES.
I+ n:, x: no :+ :: :oo : :+J
x:Je +:, ++i +g +o g +:o +:o :. Ix:
+:n:, ::, ::+ ne :+ x: no :+ o :.
o :e + xe :o Jx:Jo :.
.o +g :o xe :n::n:+y o ::+oe :
i + xe ne :e +::e ::+J:ome +:`e n
o ` xe e ::e +:::: Ixey ne e ::e
`o m:+y ye ::, hrowi +g o + ::h ::,
:+J::, o ::: :+J J+: Y:: :':
je : xe j no .:J, b+J+g x: :+J
h g xe :+Jxlghe
I`yo + :+xe W::, jo + ::+ :
:ee nxe : x: :::+oe :o +:e ne e ::
e Io J:j xey :e ex i +: ^o ++J
:+J :bo + txe n jo + nl h +J n:+y
kl +J:oll +eo +: o :.:
13
Are there
many kinds of
igneous rocks?

RANI TE i s
one of our
most common Ig-
neous rocks, made
deep under the ground.
Granite is made of quartz, feldspar
and mica. These are al l minerals .
Quartz and feldspar are light-colored.
They make granite a light-colored rock.
The little bits of mica in granite make
the dark spots.
Granite may be colored red, pink,
yellow or brown. Often it is a mixture
of colors in between.
DIORITE is an igneous rock. It is
made like granite, but is much darker
i color. It is darker than granite be
cause it has no white quartz in it.
Diorite is made of dark minerals -
dark feldspars and horblende.
14
GRANITE
DIORITE
FELSITE rocks are made from fast
cooling lava. The lava cools too fast
to tur into granite or basalt. The lava
cools too slowly to make obsidian, an
other kind of igneous rock. It cools
just right and turs into felsite.
Felsite rocks are usually made from
light-colored lavas. These rocks are
often colored light gray, green, yellow
or even red.
B^J^.T::+::.x:.:+n:: `+n
:+::++:: J+u:.u:: .x: ::: `+n :
:+::++ : : ::j J:: :++. ^: .x:
J:: ::: :+wj :++: . .+ms +.+ :
b::: +:: :::Jb:::.
B:::.::::j +::`+ +:++: +::.
I. : :+:x:J :+J :+J .+ n::: n:+j
+::`+ .x+:. B:::. : +::J + :J:
w::: b+J+: :+J +:J: j+:. ::
g:+.:
Tx: :+J +` +:: w:: `+n:J +
:+.:x::.:wx:+.x::+::+.:+::++::
;++:J ++. x+: h +w: +` ::: .x:.
:++:J `::.: .x:+ .x: :+.:`+m+
u:n:s
INDIANS MADE THE TIPS OF THEIR SPEARS
AND ARROWS OUT OF OBSIDIAN.
OBJI0IAN : :++.x: +:++: +::
n:J:bj :+::++:s Wx:+ :v: h+ws
++. +` .x: :+::++ . +`.:+ :++: ::j
`::. :+Jf +n: : +:: :::J +b:J:+
Tx:+:: ++::j+:. :::++:J :::
I. : ::j +:.+: ::: :+J : `+++J
+ n:+j :++:
I+J:+s `+++J +b:J:+ :: +::`+
Tx:j n:J:.x:.;:+`.x::+w::+J
:;:::++.+`.. Tx:w:j+wx:x.x:
+:: b:::: :;:. n:::: . :::j .+
:x:;::+w:+J:p::p++.:.
C:+ j++ .: x+w .x: +:++: +:::
j++ x:::j +:. ::J :b++.w:: n:J:/
C:+.: :+J J+.: w:: `+n:J
wx:+.x:m:n:JJ++.:::x.x:sxr
`::: +` .x: ::.x. Tx: n:n: :++:J
::j :+wj J::p ++J: .x: ::.x' s
:+`:::
B:::.w:: n:J:wx:+ .x: n:n:
:::x:J.x::+`::: Tx:n:n:::n:
++. +` .x: ::.x :+Jw: :: . :::
Tx: ::: :++:J +.+b:::..
F::.: `+n:J `+n `::.: :+++
::: .x:+b:::.. B+. .x: `::.::. :++
+ ::: +` : .++:J +.+ ::: Tx:
+:.+: :::w: :: +b:J:+
15
HEAVY CRANES ARE USED BY WORKERS IN QUARRIES TO LIFT BIG ROCKS. IN THI S GRANI TE
QUARRY, A MAN GUIDES THE MOVEMENT OF A ROCK WHICH HAS BEEN RAISED UP BY A CRANE.
ROCK QUARRIES
What is
a quarry?
P
QU^33Y :
: :g : +;e +
h +:+.xeg ++n J
+.x::J:+`:x I.:: ;::e nhe :
roc .::+d :.o +e ::re d +o +.
Ixe :::n:+/ :l +J:+`+::q+:
n:: O+: :+J nx::e g :+.e +:::
A++.he nl h ::e ::+J:.+ne :+J.he e
:: :+ne q+:e : +` n:b e .++
Bg n::hl +e : he ; .he n+.e : .:.:
.h: +:: ++. +` :g :+.e q+:/ Ih :
b g +::::e +:e J.+b +l Jm:+/ .h +g :
16
b +. n+:. +` .he .ne .he b +Je : +:e J
n+e :n:l +:.: .h:+b g +:::
3+:. :+:hl +g n::hl +e : .:.e .he
b g +::: :+Jb ::: .he nl +.+ :n:e
ple ::: Ihe :e :m: plece : o ` bro .e +
+::::::e J:+:he J+:: +g ::e
nh:x :+:e J +b +J +e n +:J:
R+:.l : xe :y :+dex ;e +:l :e .o m+e
: ++g n:j Ixere `+re, ne h +d ro :.
q+:le :c +:e o blg
_
le : o +e n ro :J:
nhe e +.: +` :+:he J +:: : +:e J `+
:++:.+:.++;+;+:e :
Does the
earth
wear out?
EROSION
V
OLC^NOEJ
:::+Jb+J
::. Tx:j x:; .+
n::: . x: :+J
xx:. B+..x::+JJ+::++.:.:jb+.
+;. I. :::;:w::+ :w:j. 0:j :`.:
J:j :+J j:: :`.: j:: .x:w+J :+J
.x:w:.:x:;.+w:::w:j.x::+J.
Tx:w+J n:jb+w J. ::+J :+J
:+ +.+ : +::bj :.::n. Tx: :.::n
:::: .x: J. ::+J :+J :+ .+ .x:
:::. D:j:`.: J:j.x: ::.x :w::x:J
:w:jbj ++++w:.:.
Y++n:jx::::::+:n+JJj :.::n
+ ::. I. w:: ::j+ .x: ::.x
.+w:J.x::::.Tx::.x:w:j.x:w+J
:+J .x: w:.: :: .::+ :w:j .x:
::.x
N+.::.::n:::J.+.x: :::. J+n:
:+J + :::: + +.x: :.::n:. Tx:::
:.::n: ::j n:.:: +.+ .x: ::::.
I+.n:.x::::h:+;w.xn+J J.
::+J :+J .x: ::. Wx:+tx: x:;;:+:
.x::::.++:+.+::x:+wn::x. I+
.n:.x:n::xn:jJj+;. Tx:::+
+.x: ;z:: `+nwx:x .x:w+J :+J
w:.: n:j .::: :w:j .x: :+J.
Wx:+.x::+J:b:+n+::Jbj.x:
w+J+w:.:w:s:j.::+J+. Tx:
;+::::+`:+:++:++++:+`.x:
.n:. I.n:jb:x:;`+ b+.n+:+`.:+
. : x:n`+ + J::.+j+ n+:x ::+
:b: :+J.
ON SEACOASTS, OCEAN WAVES ERODE
THE LAND. THE WAVES CARRY LOOSE BI TS
OF ROCK. THESE BITS OF ROCK, PLUS THE
FORCE OF THE WAVES AGAI NST THE LAND,
WEAR AWAY THE EARTH.
SEDI ME NTARY ROCKS
BODIES OF WATER HOLD MUD, SAND AND
ROCKS, AS WELL AS LIVING THINGS, IN
CLUDING PLANTS AND SEA ANI MALS. MANY
OBJECTS SINK IN THE WATER-SOME TO
THE VERY BOTTOM, OTHERS ONLY PART
WAY. IN TIME, THERE ARE LAYERS OF ROCK,
SAND AND MUD IN THE WATER.
Are there rocks
under the water?
C
... + ; :
x:+J` + +`
J. + : ::: +`
w:.: ^.h:..x:w:.:wb::|++Jj
B+. ` .x:w:.: : :`. :++: .x: J.
w::..:.+.x:b+.+n+`.x:::: I+
.u:.x:w:.:wb::::::+
Tx: J. .x:. x:: ::..:J .+ .x:b+.
.+u +` .x: ::: : :::J ::Jn:+.
F+u .xsw+J :+n:: .x: +:n: ::J
n:+.:j .x: +:n: `+ .x: :::++Jb
++; +` +:.:
Tx: :+J +` +:: w:: `+n:J bj
::Jn:+. `+n ::: :+J :.::n:
E::j J:j.x::.::n::+J:::b+
u+::+Ju+:u+J ::+J :+J+::.+
.x: :::: Tx::: ::..: .+ .x: b+..+n
:+J :: ::|:J ::Jn:+.
Ix:b +::: ::..:h:. Ix:, :+s
h:.b:::+::.x:j::b::+Jx::::
N:x . .x: ::+J :+J .x:+ .x: n+J :+::
.+ .x:b+..+n +` .x: ::: I+ .x:w:j
Jh::+. :j:: ::b+. +; Tx:|:j
::b+J +; ++ .x: :::b+..+n j::
:`.: j:: ++. .x:j :: ::j .x:.
VOLCANIC TUFF IS SEDIMENTARY ROCK. TUFF IS COM
POSED OF MANY LAYERS OF VOLCANIC ASHES AND DUST.
THESE LAYERS BUILT UP AROUND ACTIVE VOLCANOES.
Ix:n:x.o ` x::j::o ` ::n J:n J
n:.::bo ::;:::Jo nn on .h :bo om
:j:o ' ::n J Ix:bo om :j:b :n :
.o :x:x:
E::x .lny :n o ` ::n J b :ln : o
:.:: .+ :no .x:o +: Ix: ::n J :n :
:x:n : n .o :.on : B:::+:: x: :on :
:n:J:`o n::n J n:::l ::n J:on :
J:+J:.on : : : ::Jm:n :j o ::
M+:. ::Jn:n .:j o :: :m:J: +n
J:.x:n:.:in :s::o :::::n Jn h :
+:::+: B+. :o n:.l n:: ::Jlm:n .:j
o :: : n:J:on Jj :n J
Fo +:.:+:: +n :o n:n j :o
::+o ::be no +.::x:::n J:o ::n :J+:.
nx:x ::..:J :o +n J .x:m Y:: :`.:
j::.x::ye :b +.+;In n::no .x:
.n Jol o :. n::m:J: ::Jlm:n :j
o :: :::J :o ::+: .+h
In x:We :., :: :::::::o :::J
n.x .h : .ln J o ` ro :. Ih : Jlh:r :n
:j::::o ` Jl l:r :n :olor :, m:.ln :
:o o `+l ::Jlm:n :yro :.
VOLCANIC LYERS
How are
rocks made?
T
N
OT
.
ALL sed
Iment ar y
rocks were made
from dirt and sand
that came down the river. Some were
made from the shells of sea animals and
plants.
Millions of animals live in the sea.
Some of them build a hard shell which
is made of lime, and this protects the
animal living inside. Clams and snails
live in shells.
Some plants have shells, too. A dia
tom is a tiny plant that lives in a shell.
Millions and millions of tiny shelled
diatoms live in the sea.
When a plant or animal dies, its shell
MOON SHELL SCALLOP
CLAM
20
sinks to the bottom of the sea. After
many years, millions of dead shells pile
up on the bottom of the sea. Again, the
top layer pushes down on the bottom
layers. The shells in the bottom layer
are pushed close together.
The weight of the shells on top
changes the bottom layer of shells. The
shell layer at the bottom turns into
stone. The name of this stone is lime
stone, which is another kind of sedi
mentary rock.
Look again at the word limestone. Do
you see that the frst part of the word
says lime? This tells us what the rock is
made of. The last part of the word tells
us the lime has tured into stone.
LIMESTONE
Where are
sedimentary
rocks found?
C
E DIME N
I^3Y o :.:
w::`o n:J++J:
. h : : : : : a+ J
+:::+: Ih:::Jl n:+.:/ o :::b+.+;
xx::+Jxh:+:o n:;:::: Ix:
n:J: .x: :::bo ..o n ::h x: :+J
xx:
M++: +` / :::w:+.b/ I+ :o n:
;::::.x::::bo ..o n o :::ow/ I' .
o :: xh :+o +x l . ::n:o +.o ` .x:
w:.:
Th::+J.x:.::n:o +.o ` .x:w:.:
w:: n:J:o ` ::Jn:+. B:+w .h: .o ;
:j :: +` ::Jn:+. w:: ::Jn:+.:/
+:

: Y++ ::+ ::: .h::: +:.: .o J:/


+:: .h: ::::x+:
SEDI MENTARY ROCK THAT CAME OUT OF
THE WATER OFTEN ROSE TO GREAT HEI GHT.
YOU CAN SEE HOW LAYERS OF SEDIMENT
WERE BUI LT UP AS YOU DRI VE ALONG HI GH
WAYS WHICH CUT THROUGH HI LLS MADE
OF SEDI MENTARY ROCK.
NEAR THE SEASHORE, YOU CAN SEE SEDI
MENTARY ROCK. LAYERS OF SEDI MENT DE
POSI TS I N THE WATER ROSE HIGHER AND
HIGHER. AFTER MANY YEARS, SEDI MENTARY
ROCK EMERGED FROM THE WATER.
Wx:::: /o + h+J :+J .x:. w::
o +:: ++J:w:.: /o + :: :no :. :+:
.o h+J::Jn:+.:/ o :.
3o :J: :: o `.:+ :+. .xo +x xi :
I'.x:h :n:J:o ` ::Jn:+.:/ o :.
.w:how.x::/ :: Yo +::++:+:/
h+J::Jn:+.:/ o :.:+ x: .x:.::
:j ::J
J:Jn:+.:/ o :.:::::/ :o nno +
:+J n:/ b : `o +n J :no :. :::/ nx::
Th: nJw::.:+ ;:.+` ++ :o ++./ :
:+:::Jn.x::Jl n:+.:/ o :.: .::
::::o ` .x:c::.::n:J:o ` .h:./ ;:
+` +:: Tx:W::. ::o x:: .: :h::
o ` ::Jn:n .:/ J:;o :l .:J o :.
21
Are there
many kinds of
sedimentary rocks?
L
c:
ERATE is a
sedimentary rock.
It is made of a mix
ture of smooth round stones and
pebbles. The larger stones i n a con
glomerate rock are held together by
another kind of stone, either limestone
or sandstone.
Conglomerate rock is made i old
streams and river beds. The large stones
are washed down the stream. Then, in
a quiet pool, the rocks sink to the bot
tom and pile up.
More rocks and sand continue to pile
up in the old stream bed. In time the
big and little rocks become changed
into conglomerate rock.
SANDSTONE
22
CONGLOMERATE
SANDSTONE is a very useful sedi
mentary rock. It is used in walls and
buildings, because it is strong and easy
to quarry. After it has been taken from
the quarry, it is cut into blocks and used
in the building of things.
There are many diferent colors of
sandstone. Brown is common. In some
places so much sandstone is colored
brown it is called brownstone. You can
also fnd yellow-colored, gray-colored
and red-colored sandstones.
JH^LE : n:J: `+nh+: :. :+J
n+J ^++.x:+:n:`+.:n+J:.++:
Y:. :+n:.n::.::+:+`. .:x+.::
::.++::.:
M+:. +::: J+ ++. x::: :+j +J+
b+.w:.:x::J+:: I:n::l ::J:n;
::r .h
Y++ ::+h+J :x:e : +` n:+y Jh:
:+. :++: 3:J b +w+ :+J g :y ::
:+nn++ :o +r : +` :h :e Tx: :olor, o `
:++r ::, de )e +d : +)on .x:color o ` xe
n+J +h+e :l `rom wh :x he :h :e
n:: n:Je
LIMESTONE
LIMES IONE :::e Jne +:y o ::
.x:. `+n: ++j ++Jer w:e I .::e :
no +:+`j::r :o m:.e :l +o ` l me
:.++e Jo n: Je )+:.: +` ne :.++e :e
.x++::+J: +` `e :. .x::'
P+: n::.++: l : :e :+ :+J wxl e
B+. +`.:+ +.x: .x+g :ge . nxe J +.o
.x:n::.++:.x:.n:y :h :+g :.::o +r
Wx:+ : l ..: b . +` ++ g :.: nx :J
+.+ . .x: nx.: n::.++:ch :+g :: .+
j:+w +b +w+ O.x: n:er :l : ::+
:x:+g :.x::++ +`ne :.++e o g ::+
:j b::: :+J n:+j +x: :++:
DOLOMITE
DOLOMITE ::++x::ndo ` l n:
:.o +: n:J: ++J:r h : :e : I :+:+:lly
nx: +r g x:olored O+e .nd o `
J++n: b e ::: +) e ::ly Thl : :+d
++::j+:.:e nxl .::e '
23
METAMORPH I C ROCKS
LIMESTONE
MARBLE
Why do rocks
have diferent
J
HE NAME
metamorphic
shapes and colors?
means "to have
been changed." This name i s used to tell
about rocks that have been changed in
some way. This is the third and last big
group of rocks.
Metamorphic rocks began as one
kind. of rock and later were changed
into another kind. All of them began
once as igneous or sedimentary rocks.
The new rocks do not look the same,
for in becoming metamorphic rocks
their structure and often their color
change.
24
Sedimentary rocks are formed deep
under the seas. After they have been
formed, they may become very hot.
Heat helps to change sedimentary rocks.
The weight of the rocks and water on
top of the sedimentary rocks is very
great. The heavy weight or pressure
also helps to change the sedimentary
rocks . Heat and pressure together
change the sedimentary rocks into meta
morphic rocks.
When limestone is changed, it turns
into marble. If shale is changed, it turns
into slate. Both marble and slate are
metamorphic rocks.
THE HEAT AND HEAVY WEIGHT, OR PRESSURE, ON SEDIMENTARY
AND IGNEOUS ROCKS HELP TO CHANGE THEM INTO METAMOR
PHIC ROCKS. AS A VOLCANO PUSHES ITS WAY UP THROUGH
THE EARTH, GREAT HEAT IS CREATED. AS THE VOLCANO PASSES
THROUGH A SEDIMENTARY LAYER, THE HEAT CHANGES THE
SEDIMENTARY ROCK INTO METAMORPHIC ROCK.
Where do
metamorphic
rocks come from?
C
.:..
I^R\oc .:
::n:J:J::;++
J: .x:s::: :+J
oc ::+bo ..+n: So n:.n:: : ::: +::
Jj Ix: :+J n+::: +; :+J .xe ::J
n:+.:j +::: :: :.;+::J
I+.n:.x:w+Ja+J:+w::Jow+
.x: .o ; :j:: o ` oc . Ix:+ :+o x:
:+J +` +:: : :.;o ::J Ix: o :: :.
;+::J : n:.:no ;x: o ::
T+h+Jn:.:no ;x:o :: jo +n+:.
::. : ;:::wx:: .x: :+J x::b::+
w::+ Jow+ `o n:+j j::: Ix::
::;:::: + x: :::.:+U+:JS.:.::
:+J:`:w+x:W::.wx::o +:c :+:::
.x::+Jo ` oc : Ix:: ::::+n:+j
n:.:n+;xc oc .:`:+o .x+C:+:J:
So n:.n:: n:.:no ;xc +c :: ::+
b: `+++J wx:: +J :o c :++:: o +c :
:.o J Ix::Jxo .:::`o nx:no `.:+
:x:+:Jo .x: oc .: +.o n::no ;x:
+:::
Ix:,p : o ` n::no xcroc .co +J
occ +wx::x::o c :+o ;+:x:J:n:j
+; xo +x .x: ::.x ;:::n xo +x
: ::Jn:+ :j:o + x: n:j H:: x:
x:: x:;:J o c x:+: x: ::Jn:n :,
oc .+o n::no ;xc oc .
26
Are there
many kinds of
metamorphic rocks?
C
.^Ic : :
n: . : n+
;h: +:: n:J:
'+n .h: ::Jn:+
.:j+:::h:: Wh:+:h::::x:n :J
b j x::.:+J;:::+:, ..++:+.+::.:
S :.::n J:x::x:::.x:::n::++:,
b +. .h :, J+ ++. ++: ::: Ix:j ++:
Jh::+. b :::+:: +` h +n .h:/ b :::
Ih: n:j .h:. .h:jb:::h:;: .+ .:
.h:n:;:.
S :.:b :::: +.+ :n++.h h:. :h::.:
+'+:: Y++::+ :;..+.+ ::/ .h+
;::::, nx:h n:::h+::.:;;+:.++::
Ih:h+::.b::.b +:J: :: n:J: +`
::.:.h:.x::b::+:;.+.+.h +:x::.:
O+: :J: : .
,
:+ ;+:h:J ::j :n++.h
b :'+:.: +::J'+:b :::b+:J
Sh::n++.b :::+.+:n++.xh:.
:h::.: +' +:: I.b :::: ++j +.+ +JJ
:h:;:: I

::.++:h::..:+::b :::+::
+'

x:n:j+wh:h .b::

:
CHLORITE SCHI ST
SLATE
SCdIS I::n:.:n+;h:r +:

n:J:
`+nn+J:.++:+:x:l : 3+::n+:.b :
:h:+:J n:+j .n:s + +J: .+ n:::
::h:.
^: ::x:. : n:J:, :+n: +' .x: n+
:::+ .:x:n : Ix:::n+:::.h:+
b ::+n: n:: :n J : :: .+m:J .h:
::n:n:j Ix:..:b .:+'n:: n:::
.h:::x:.:h +::+J:;:::
SERPENTINE
SE3PESTISE : : n:.:n+;x:
+c :+`.:+c ++:J::+ S+n:::;:+
.+:+c ::::x.::+:+J:+n:::
J:: ::+ Ix: :.++: : :;;:j .+
.++c x I.`:::::`.w::c +:::Jw.x
w:.+ :+:;
Wx:x .x: +:: : :.;+::J .+ .x:
w::.x:, . :+++ b:::: J+w+ :+J
:+nb:::w:j
QU^3I/II : : ::j x:J n:.:
no prc oc . n:J: `o n x:J ::+J
:.++:
P:::+::+Jx::.c x:+:J.x:::+J
:.++:+.+x:Jq+:.z .: S+n:q+:.z
.: : c ++:J l :: ::+J:.++: Ix:::
:++:::,:+wb+w+p+::+J:J
BLACK MARBLE
WHITE MARBLE
M^3BLE : : n:.:n+;x: +::
I.c +n:: `+n n::.++: .x:. x::b::+
c x:+:Jbjx::. :+J;:::+: M:b:
:n:J: +::n::.++:
M:b::+`.:+n:+jJI::+.:++s
Y++ ::+ h+J wx.: n:b: + b:::
n:b: +j+:. :b++. :+j :++ +b:
.w::+ O`.:+ .x: n:b: : s.;:J +r
n:::Jw.x ::::: :++: M+:::,
+ n;+.:: + .x: n:b: :x:+: .s
c ++
Ix: :.++: : +::J + :+n: +` .x:
::. ;+bc b+J+: + ++c+++.j
M:+jb ::+.`+ n+++n:+.: :: n:J:
nx.x:+::`+:++:
27
EPIDOTE
AMAZONI TE (or Amazon stone)
Triclinic System
Monoclinic System
CRYSTALS
What is
a crstal ?
J
a..: :
x + x v +
:+b :.:x:::wx:x
+w +.+ b+J:: +` v:++: :x:;::
Tx:j +wbj :JJx +x n+: :j::
+`.x:::n::+b:.:x:: :::;+.x:::n:
:x:;: :. : .n:: Tx::: b+J:: +`
v:++::x:;:::::::J:j:.::M+:.
:+J:+b:.:+::: ::n+:::, ::cj:
.:x:, .x:. i: .x:j :: n:J: +; +`
:j:.:: S+ : :j:.: : ::j :x+.x:
`o no ` o ::::+Jnx::: :x ::;..x:.
.x:w+J :j:.:" .:| :+:.x:..x:+::
+n+:::+`:::.:x:x:;:
Tx:::JI::x.:j:.::x:)::wx:x
x:; +: .+ .: .x: nx::: :;:. ::
o +;:J+.o :.n:x:+J:+:j:.:n:.
C+b:Sj:.:nT:.:+x:Sj:.:nHex
:++:Sj:.:n O.x+x+nb:Sj:.:n,
Mo +o :+:Sj:.:n :+1 Tr:+:Sj:
.:n Ex :n;:: +` .x: :x JI:e x.
:x:;::n:jb::::+x.x::j:.:|`+n:
:xow+ ++ .

: ;::
Wx:+n+:::::h:.`+n:J .x:j
+`.:+.+++.+ :j:.:: I..:::: :++
.n:.+n:.:b:j:.::b+.:+n:..:
:j:.:: ::+b:n:J:i .w+ J:j :
28
SULPHUR
Orthorhombic System
CALCI TE
Hexagonal System
RUTILE
Tetragonal System
HALITE (salt)
Cubic System
How can you
make a crystal?
M
RE ::w:j
.o n::::o n:
:j:.::o ` j++
o n+S::y ::l ::::::j.o n:::
Sx:::bl ::;oo +:`+o ` ::.+.o
: :+;o ` n:n n:: ^: jo x :. .x:
n:.: x:::nl J::;;::1+ : `:n
n++.:: jo +n+o .b : :b: .o ::: .x:
:: :,::: Tx:, x::: J::;;:::J
+o x:w:.:
N:..;o +x: ::y n:: +o : ;:
;:+ S:..x:;:+nx::. nb : n:n
S:.:j:::nl o n`:::+:n:n
;:::
Nowjo +n+:n:`o x: n:: o
:::;o :.: Ixi : n:y .:.: : `:n J:y :
L..:bj.:x:w::nll J::;;::
E::j J:j oo . : x: ;:+ o ` ::
n:: Soo + nx: c j::l : n b :+
.o `o n :o ++J x: :J: o ` x: ;:+
Ix: nx.: :j::: :: n:J: o ` ::
S+: :j:.:: ::+ b : n:J: + x:
::n: n:y ::+ b : c y ::: x:+
:+:o ::c :+b : n:J:by J::o :+
:l +n:j::l :Wx:+x:y ++b sc . +o
:y ::l : ::+ jo + nll b : :+;::J :
x: :z : \o + ::+ b +j :l +n : :+j
J+:o :`o :`:n::+:
29
' "
M I N E RAL
Where does the
salt we eat
come from?
FOODS
M
a OT
our s al t i s
made near the sea-
shore, in large fat
ponds flled with sea water. This water
contains lots of salt.
Day after day the hot sun shines and
warms the sea water in the pond. Warm
sea water helps the salt crystals to
form.
As each day goes by, a little more
water disappears by evaporation. Salt
crystals form in the water that is left.
After many days, the sea water is all
gone and only the salt is left behind.
The salt has formed as white crystals
on the bottom of the dry pond.
When the pond is dry, workmen can
gather the salt. The salt is put into little
boxes for us to use. Everyone uses salt
crystals left behind by the sea water.
Many years ago salt was difcult to
get in some countries. Workmen have
even been paid wages with salt, instead
of money!
This kind of salt has another name
- halite. Halite is the mineral name
for salt, but most of the time halite is
just called salt.
SALT PONDS USED I N THE
EVAPORATION OF SEA WATER
Can we eat
minerals?
1
.M^Yb:
:+; ::J .+
::+ .x:. :::j
J:j jo + ::. n:+j
Jh::+. n+::: b::J:: ::. Tx:::
n+::: :: ::j x:;'+ .o jo +
W:.:: :::j :o nno + n+:: I.
: .x:no :.n;o .:+.n+::j++ +::
S+n:+`.:+.x:`oo J jo +::. O.x:
w:.: : + .x: n: jo + J+: Y++
b+Jj +::J: :+n:w:.: :::j J:j
Y++ ++j +::J .o ::. ::j .xj
:n+++.: o ` .x:o .x: n+::: wx:x
:: `+++J + `++J: Ix:j ::+++. b:
:::+b:::+:: .x::::o +j.xjb.: +`
.
,
:n B +..x:j :: ::j n;+.:x.
I++::+n;o .:+.n+::+::J.+
n:::::::+J+.x:.x+: I.:::+:
n+::jo ++::J .+::. I.: `o ++J x
:: :+J :: C::+n : : n+::
`o ++J + :x:::: :+J . x:;: .+ n:::
:.o +b++::I+J+:::n+::+::J:J
.+ :::; j++ bo Jj x::.xj Io J+: :
+`.:+n.:Jw.x.x:::.jo +::.
^+`.x:::n+::::+Jn:+jn+:
::`o ++J+.x:`oo J jo +::.Yo ++::J
.+::.n:+jJh::+..+J:o ` `o +Jb:
::+:::::x:+Jx::Jh::+. n+:::
Tx:j x:;j++.+b+J:x::.xjb+Jj


EGGS AND MEAT (iron)
CHEESE (calcium)
SALT (iodine)
FISH (phosphorus)
BEANS AND PEAS (copper and manganese)
3l
32
ROCK-FORMI NG MI N ERALS
What are some of
the rock-forming
minerals?

OCKJ : :
n:J: `+n
++:+n+: .+J:
+`n+::: C:+
.: :: +:: n:J: `+n .x:: ::J: +`
n+:::~q+:.: `:J:;: :+J n::
Q+:.: `:J:;: :+J n:: :: +::
`+n+n+:: Ix:j :::::J .x:.
b:::+:: .x:/ n:.: +:.: .: :+.:
QJ^3I/ : ++: +` .x: n+:. :+n
u+++:.`+n+n+::::+J:`+++J
x:.x:b++;:+`+:::~ ::++:
::Ju::.:j::J u:.:u+;x: +:::
J+u: q+:.: : :++::: :: ::
ROCK CRYSTAL IN DRUSY QUARTZ
SMOKY QUARTZ
O.x::++:::wx.: ;+:v+:.:xJ
:j S+n:.n:: .x: J:::++:J
q+:.: : :::J:n+.jq+:.: I.|++.:
::.x::+++`J:::n+::
Y++::+h+Jq+:.:v:j :::j Tx:
:n: s:xJ g:x: x J. :: +`.:x
q+:.: B:::x ::xJ : u:+:j `+ +`
q+:.::+: I.i:`+++J+ n+:.x:
++:+::: +`.:++.x:`+n +`:j:.::
Ix`::. .x:+:n::+`n:+j u+:::
:+J+:::J:;:+J+;++wx:.x:+x+.
q+:.: : ;:::+. x .1: ::n;: Y++
:x++J:++:J:q+:.:.+b:++:+`.x:
u+:.n;+.:+.+::`+n+ u+:::
CITRINE QUARTZ
AMETHYST QUARTZ
ROSE QUARTZ
F.J'^3::::j:+nn+

+:.
`+n+ n+:: .:q+:: B+ x:
+:n:`:J:;:: ::/ : `:nj +:n:
Ix:. : . : : +:n: +::J `+ :. +
::::+JI::+.`:J:;:n+:::
^ +` x::: `:J:;: n+::: ::
n+:x:.: :+n:n:::+n+:x:+.x:
.:x:J+:x:n:;:. I.:::::
.+j+:.::x:n`:|J:;: +`:J:;::
.x: `:nj +:n: ::+ .+ : +` .x:r
F:|J:;:n+:::+::++:n+::
+`.x:+:++:+:.: O`.:+x::+++`
.x:+:.J:;:+J: +;++.x: :++ +`x:
`:J:;: n.:J +.+ .
GRANITE WITH PINK FELDSPAR
GRANITE WITH WHITE FELDSPAR
MICROCLINE FELDSPAR
F:J:;:m:jb::++:Jwx.: x.
;+.+:::+::xTx:wx.::+J;x:
:++: :: x: ++:: j++w ::: n+:.
+`.:+
C:+.:wx ;+.`:J:;:w ++.
p+. I`x:`:J:;:: nx: .x::+
.: n ++.wx: Ix:q+:.: + .x:
:+.: x:;: + :x:+: x: :++ .++
A: :+.:+n:+J:+J::.;+::J
.+ .x:w::.x: .b:+: + `:| :;:.
W: ::j .x: . :b:+++ .+ J::+n
;+:: ^:+:j . :.x: `:J:;:+ .x:
:+: .x: :b::.+ :;:. I+ .n:
.x:n+J:+Jw:.:x:;.+ :x:+:.x:
`:J:;:+.+:|:j
33
IDENTIFICATION OF ROCKS
AND MINERALS
How do we begin
to identif rocks
and minerals?
J
a.. A
several ways
to identify rocks
and minerals. First
you will have to make some tests. These
tests are easy to do and will help you to
kow more about rocks and minerals.
Each test you make will tell you
more about your new rock, until at last
you w be able to tell the rock's name.
You must not expect to be able to
name every new rock or mineral at frst.
In the beginning you will be able to
name only a few. It takes a long time
to lear most of the names of the rocks
and mnerals.
One of the fs tests you will make
is to ask yourself, "Where did this rock
come from?" Is it an igneous rock? Or
does it look more like a sedimentary
rock? It might be even a metamorphic
rock!
You would fst like to know what
general kind of rock it is. When you
kow where it came from, you can often
tell what general kind it is.
Once you know if it is an igneous,
sedimentary or metamorphic rock, you
can make some other tests.
34
GRANITE I S AN I GNEOUS ROCK COLORED
RED, PI NK, YELLOW OR BROWN. IT I S USED
OFTEN IN CONSTRUCTI ON WORK.
CONGLOMERATE IS A SEDI MENTARY ROCK
MADE OF STONES AND PEBBLES, HELD TO
GETHER BY LI MESTONe OR SANDSTONE.
LIMESTONE I S OFTEN WHI TE AND SAND
STONE I S USUALLY BROWN.
MARBLE IS A METAMORPHI C ROCK USUALLY
STRI PED OR MARKED WITH SEVERAL COL
ORS. IT COMES FROM LI MESTONE. MARBLE
I S WI DELY USED I N MONUMENTS.
IN THE FI ELD, THERE ARE SOME SI MPLE
WAYS TO TEST THE HARDNESS OF ROCKS
AND MI NERALS.
YOUR FI NGERNAI L CAN SCATCH TWO
MI NERALS-TALC AND GYPSUM.
A PENNY IS HARDER THAN YOUR FI NGER
NAI L AND CAN SCRATCH CALCITE, AS WELL
AS TALC AND GYPSUM.
THE BLADE OF A SMALL POCKET KNI FE I S
HARDER THAN A PENNY. IT CAN SCRATCH
FLUORITE AND APATITE, AS WELL AS THE
MINERALS BELOW THEM ON THE SCALE.
HARDER MI NERALS CAN SCRATCH THE
SOFTER ONES, AND EACH MI NERAL CAN
SCRATCH ANOTHER OF ITS KIND.

NE o f t h e
most impor
rock or mineral is?
tant tests you can
How can you tell
how hard a
make on a speci
men is to fnd out how hard it is. Hard
ness tells you how easy it is to scratch
one mineral with another. Some miner
als are very soft. Others are very hard.
If you know how hard or soft a
specimen is, it will help you to tell it
apart from other minerals.
Geologists, for a long time, have used
ten minerals to test for hardness. These
ten minerals are called the Scale of
Hardness minerals.
Each mineral on the scale has a num
ber as well as a name. You have already
read about the names of some, and
others will b new to you.
There are also some common things
that will help you to test for hardness . .
One of these testers you have with you
all of the time - your fngerail -
which will scratch at least two minerals.
A penny can also be used to scratch
certain minerals, and a small pocket
knife is another common tester. Its blade
will scratch still other minerals. Each
mineral can also scratch itself. You will
read about these and others in the dis
cussion about the "Scale of Hardness"
minerals, beginning on the next page.
These minerals have been arranged
in order. The softest mineral is number
one and the hardest is number ten.
Those minerals in between will vary,
each higher-numbered mineral being
harder than the one before.
35
SCALE OF THE
H ARDNESS MI NERALS
What are the
hardness minerals?
N
UMBER 1.
TALC: T::
is : n:.:n+;x:
n+:: I.:.x::+`.::.+`.x:n+:::
+.x::::: Y++ ::x:::.:x .::w.x
j++h+:x:
T::+n;+wJ::n:J:`+n++xJ
+;.:: O`:++:: .x:+:::n::;+.
+:`.:.x:.:::+++J+;
GYPSUM
Number 2. GYPSUM: Cj;:+n s :
s:Jn:x.:j n+:: I : x:J: .x:+
.:: b+. j ++ ::x :. :::.:x .w.x
j++h+:m:
Gj;:+nn:jb::++:::+nx.:I.
s `+++J + x+: b:J: + .x: +++J
wx:: . : J+ ++. Cj;:+n : :+ n
;+.:x. n+:: P::.: +` P:: :
n:J:`+n. '::.:w:b+:J:::+
n:J:`+nj;:+nDJj++.++n.x:.
.x:b::.b+:J:x:.j+++::i+::x++
w::n:J:`+nj;:+n/
36
FOLIATED TALC ON SERPENTINE
CALCITE
Number 3. CALCITE: C::.:s .xJ
x .x: x:J+:s:s::: I. :::.:x:s .::
:xJ j;:+n Y++ ::+ :::.:x :::.:
n.xap+xj
C::.: : : :++::: + nx.: nx
:: Y++wh+J . + n:xj ;::::
:+Jw.x:++;:+`+:.s
A s;::: `+n +` :::.: :I:::+J
S;: Wx:x j++ ++. .x++xa :::
:j:.:+`I:::xJS;: :v:j.xxsxd
J:xj++:sJ++b:`
FLUORITE
Number 4. FLUORITE: Tx: n+::
:+x:+`.x:n+:.:+|+`++`.x:x:J
+:::n+::: Cj:.:|: +`h ++.: n:j
b:wxt : :j b::. :+J n:+j +.x:
:++: Ix:jn:j:|:+b::++|:::
F++.::`++++.x:x:J+::::::|:
b+. j++ ::+ :::.:x . n.x : :n:l |
p+:.:.kx`:
Number 5. APATITE: ^p:..: : :x
+.x:n+::.x:.`+n:b::+.`+:j:
.:: +` n:+j Jh::+. :++: J+n: +`
.x::: :++: ::wxi.:, br +wx, ::n,
v+:., b+: :+J j:+w Y:+w : .x:
n+:.:+nn++:+|+
Y+uc:+:::.:x:p:..:w.x:k +`:
.++ ^p:..:+.++w:::.:x:+j+`
.x:x:J+:::n+:::b:+w. ^p:..:
.::::x+`.x:+.x:n+::: ::b:.+
:::.:x.::|`
Number 6. FELDSPAR: F:J:p: :
:b++..x:n+s . :+nn++n+::++.x:
::.xWx:+.x:n+::b::.:+p :xJ
r +.:, . .++: +.+ :|:j C:j : `+++J
:n+:.:v:yx::
Y++r .x`:w++.:::.:x`:J:p:,
bu ..x:`:|J:p:n|l :::.:xj++.+`:'
QUARTZ
Number 7. QUARTZ: Qu :r .: s :
:+nm+xni+::j+u x:v::::Jj::J
:b+u .I . :+n::xn:xj:++: ^b::+
.i`u kxJ +`qu :.: : +:n:J T:' s
Ey::xJ:+::Jxj :w:j
Q+:.z ::+J i : n:| .:d :+J .+n:J
i x.+ ::: ::: R:J+: :xJ px+++
:px:v:ry +`.:x x:v:sp :::qu :r .:
:r js.:s x.x:n Q+:.z :v:j+::`u
I . :.x:x:J::.nx::j++:::p ..+
mJ::si y
37
Number 8. TOPAZ: Topaz is a ver
hard stone. It will scratch quartz or any
of the other merals below quartz.
Topaz is prized as a gem stone because
it is very beautiful. This stone is com
monly yellow.
Number 9. CORUNDUM: Corundum
is next to the hardest mineral. Some
crystals of this mineral are also gem
stones. Ruby is a clear red corundum
crystal. Such a crystal is quite valuable.
Ordinary corundum is crushed into
small bits and made into sandpaper.
38
Number 10. DIAMOND: This is the
hardest mineral known on earth. N oth
ing is harder than diamond. It is many
times as hard as corundum. Clear crys
tals are. made into jewels. Dark-colored
diamonds are used to polish and cut
other hard stones, as well as other
diamonds, too. Diamonds are valuable
because they are very hard, beautiful
and rare.
These are the hardness minerals.
They are all used for many things. Test
ing the hardness 'of other minerals . is
just one of the things for which they are
used.
, As you become more interested i
rocks and minerals, you will want to
have a set of hardness testing minerals.
A set is not expensive, for most sets do
not contain a diamond. Since a dia
mond could only test another diamond,
there is little need for one in the set.
Even before you have such a set,
many tests can be made with your fger
nail, a penny, a pocket kife and a
piece of quartz.
DIAMOND
How can you
tell what kind
S I MPL E
T
OJC^N .::.
`+ .x: +:u:
of rock it is?
+` : +:: + u+
::l n.x::.:::;:.: ^ :.::: ;:.:
:n:J:+`++:::J:
M:+j :;::u:+: :::: : :+l +:J
:.::: nx:+ .x:j :: +bb:J ++ .x:
:.::: ;:.: Tx: :++ +` .x: ::::
x:;:.++:u:.x:+:: Y++::+n:::
:Jb+:ba :::+Jn:+j+x::+l +:J
:.:::: J+u: ::u;:: n ++. :::+
u:::::.:::`
TESTS
RUB THE ROCK OR THE MI N
ERAL ON A STREAK PLATE.
THE STREAKS MADE BY THE HARDNESS MI NERALS VARY FROM
WHITE TO GRAY, WHI LE SOME OF THE MI NERALS MAKE NO
STREAKS OR ARE COLORLESS. GENERALLY, NON-METALLI C
MI NERALS MAKE COLORLESS TO LI GHT GRAY STREAKS, AND
METALLI C MI NERALS MAKE DARK GRAY TO BLACK STREAKS.
A SIMPLE WAY TO TEST ROCKS AND MI N
ERALS FOR WEIGHT IS TO HOLD A DIFFERENT
SPECIMEN I N EACH HAND. EVEN THOUGH
BOTH ROCKS ARE OF THE SAME SIZE, ONE
WILL WEIGH MORE THAN THE OTHER.
How can you
test a rock
or mineral
for weight?
T
OU C A N
NOT++: :. :
+:: +r n+:r :
:+J.:x+wh::vj
. : Y:. :+u: n+::: + +::: ::
u+:x x::v: .x:+ +.x:: Wx:+ j ++
;:: +; : ::u;: +:: j++ ::+ .: `
. :::u: x:::j + x.
Wx:+ j++ .j .x: n.x : Jh::+.
+::+e ::xx:+J j++::+.:nx:x:
.x:x::::B +.x::u;::n+:.b::b++.
.x: ::n: ::: +` :++:: Y++ nb:
:+;::J.+:::x+n:::j / ++::+ .:
x: Jh::+:: + n:x b:.n::+ .n+
r +::: Wx:.x: .x: +:: : x:::j +
i x.u:jx:;.+.:.:+:n:
M+::J::+::Jb++k :n:x+n/ ++
+.x: n:j: +`h+J+ .x: n:x +` :
+::+u+:a
39
What is
a fossil?
FOSSI LS
P
....:i:.xe
:n:i+: +`
:+n: :nim :l or
;:+. nx:x :++++: :+ I.x::
b ::+J::J`+n:+/ j::::+J++jp:.
+`.x::+n:+;:+.::`..+J:j. Ix:
;:.::::J:`+::.
C:n: +`.:n .+m +.+ `+::: H::
l : x+n.x:::+x:;;:+
Wx:+ : ::n J:: .x: :+`. ;:.: +`
.:b +J/ :++n +. :n:/ B+. .x: :x:
+`.x:::n : ::/ x:J I. : n:J: +`
:::+n ::++b ++:: :+J::+++.+.
:n:/. Ix::x::+::.+.x:::+J:..x:
b +..+n+`.x::::
M:+/ j:::;::::+J+.x::x::j+i+
.x:h:. :x: F+: ::+J n::x:: +v:
.x: :x:: :n J b +i:: t x:n. I+ .ne
.x: ::+J :x:+:: +.+ ::+J:.++: B+.
.x::x:::::..x::b+r :Jwi.x.xe
::+J:.++:
M++: +` j::: +bj :+J .x: :e :
b+..+n b ::+n:: Jj :+J. Ix: ::+J
:.++:::+++nb::::+
I`j++:x++JJJ+n++.+.x:::+J
:.++: / ++ n++J h+J .x: +J ::n
:x::Y++n++J::.x:n`+::i:++w.
Ix:/ :e :::J.x:.b :::+::`+:::::
haJ:+:J .:::: +` :+n:: +p :+.:
nx:xx:::b ::+;:::::J+.x:::.x
HERE ARE CLAM SHELL FOSSILS WHI CH
HAVE BEEN PRESERVED I N SANDSTONE .
. .
THE WORD FOSSIL COMES FROM A LATIN WORD MEANING "DUG UP. " THE DISCOVERY OF
FOSSIL REMAINS OF ANIMALS ON LAND AND IN THE SEA HAS GIVEN SCI ENTISTS MUCH
INFORMATION ABOUT THE WORLD AS IT WAS MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO.
Why do we
study fossi ls?
C
.d : /
/ ++n:/h+J
: `+:: Y++ w
w:+. .+ .++w .: +:n: Y++ na / :::
/ ++::`, Wx:: JJ .x: :+n: `+n/
I:.:+:+n:+:.:+:./H+wJJ
. :. x::/ I: . ::+:b :/" Ixe :: :+J
n:n / +.x:q+::.++:n:j+::+.+j++
Tx::c :n .:.:wx+::::xl + `+:::
:n J :.+Jj .x:n :: .n +w+ ::paleon
tologists. Bj::n ++l `::+J:x:+::
.x:.+c :u :J+n ::.x+.x:;::., .h:j
c :n :u ;;y :n :w::l + .x: `+.+:
F+:::::+::::+J:+J:;:.+r :
+` .x: ;::. .x:. :b :/ ++J .x: .:+ +`
x+n:+n:n+jF+n.x:nw: ::+hn J
o +. ++. ++jwx:. ::.:+ ;:+.: :+J
:n n:: ++.:J .:, b +. ::+ J:J+::
+.x: .x+: F+ :.:n;:, b / h+J+
l +:::x:l h :x+;:::+.l jn+++.:+++:
:on :, w: ::+ :::+.hc :j :+n :+J:
.x:..h ::::w::+n ::+n J::::w:.:
Bjhn Jn l +::: +` .+;:: ;:+.: +
G::n :+J, w: n+:.:+n :+J:.x:..x:
:n Jn::s +n ::x:J::n:.:q+.:Jl
`::n .l +nwx:. .x::.+J:j
4 1
Where are
fossils found?

s.+f .xebes .
;::::.+++:
f +`+::::x:e J
u:x.:j+::: J+`.:h:::xJ::xJ:.+x:
+f .:x x:v: `+::: x .x:u Tx::: ::
b+.x::Ju:x.:j+:::
Lu::.+x: : : ::Ju:x.:j +::
u:J:+;+`u+x:+`.xj:x::+`:::
:xu:: J+u:.u:: .x: :x:: +` .x:
:xu:: ::xb: :::x x .x: u::.+x:
Y++ :++J .xx: +` .x: :xJ +f u:
:.++::: `+:: :.+xe "
GOOD EXAMPLES OF PETRIFIED WOOD MAY
BE FOUND IN THE PETRIFIED FOREST NA
TI ONAL PARK IN THE STATE OF ARIZONA.
THE SHELLS OF SEA ANIMALS CONTRIBUTE
TO THE FORMATION OF LIMESTONE. LIME
STONE IS, THEREFORE, A GOOD SOURCE OF
FOSSILS. NOTE THE SHELLS IN THIS STONE.
T::: :xJ;:x.:.x:.:: x:::k::
:xJ :.::u: +`.:x `: x.+ .x:w:.:
J+u:.u::.x:j:x:.+.x:b+..+u:xJ
::b+:J x .x: :+`. u+J Txe j :::
;:::bjM+:u+J:+v::.x:+l J.:::
J+wj.x:.::::x:x:x.+`+:::
Tx:.::::u:xjj:::.+ +::+ B+.
hx:j .x:t :: x::b::x :x:x:J `+u
w++J x.+ : u+:: I. : x+ +x:
u:J: +`w++J, b+. +` :.+x: W: ::
.x: :xJ+` :.+x: ;:.h:Jw++J
Tx:: :: ;:::: x .x:W::.wx::
wx+:`+::.:+`;:.h :J.:::+`+:::
:: `o +xJ J+n: :::: x:v: b::x ::.
::J:::x:.+x:+:.:.:n+x+u:x.:.+
;::::: .x::: .::: :+J f +::: `+n
:++v:x x+x.:: Y++ u:j :+u: J:/
v:.+x:+`.x:::;::::j++::`
RARE
What makes
a mineral
a gem stone?
STONES

.:.++::::
:::+Jn+e
J``:+. .+ `+J
. x:+ +J +: j
+::: Ih :j:r :x:J: .+h+Jb:::+::
.x:: :: ++. :+ n:+j +` .x:n I` :
:.++: : x:J .+h+J ` . :b::+.`+
:+J ` . ::+b: ;+:x:J . .h :+ b:
:+n::v:+:b: Ix: :+J +` :.++: :
+:n:J::n:.++:
F+ h++J:J: +` j::r : m:+ h:v:
++::J `+ v:+:b: :n :.++:: :+J
n+::: T+J:j +.x: n:n :e :.
h++.+ `+ +:n ;:::: .+ h+J :n
:.++::
A +bj : : b::+.`+l :J :++:J
:n :.++: Wx:+ : +bj:;+:h :J .
:;:::: :+J :x+:: Ix: :++ +` .x:
+bjh:;:.+n:::.v:+:b:
O.x: :n :.++:: :: +;:: ;:::
:n:a J: :+JJ:n++J: En::J: :+J
J:n++J: :: .x: n+:. :x ;:+:v : :+J
:::. :n :.++:: ^| :n :.++:: ::
b::+.`+ C:n :.++:: :: +::J m
j :w:j Ih :j::+`.:+::.+ +:
STAR SAPPHIRE
EMERALD
SAPPHIRE
OPAL
DI AMOND
RUBY
43
What is
pumice?
P U M I CE
|
UMICE ::+
+:++: +::
I. : n:J:bjv+-
::n +:: J+n:.n::
x::+::n +.xr +n: ++. +b: +` n+.:+
r +:. L.: x+:: r +n + x: +:.b:-
`+r :.:++s Tx:::x+::::::+:e Jb j
:.::n +r :: .r :;;:J + .x: n+.:+
+:. Tx: x+:: n ;+n:: ++. j+:.
.:.x:x+::n :+:`+`br ::J`
'+n:: s : :.+n : x:. ::n h +:. ++
n:.:r ` I.h+:.: ++w:.:b:::+:: . :
:+ ::j x.
Txs s +n : : +::J .+;+:xh+: `+-
+.+: :n J .+ n:k:b +J+ n:.:::
COAL
44
What is
coal?
PUMI CE
COAL
L
..I J A
::Jn:n .:j
+::.x:.wlb++
C+:b+n:j+:.::w++JJ+::I.i:+::J
.+b+Jw:r nh::
C+:n::n:J:n+n :+`j::::+
Ix: +:. : n:J: `r +n ;:+.: :+J
r ::s +r `:rn :.x:.::J+n :+
Th:::r ::::n Jp :n :b :ca n:b +r :J
j+:..:`+s ::In .n:.x:j.+rn :J+.+
:+:C+::::j.x::n:n :+`n:+j
.r ::::n J;:n .: Y++::+.x+.+`:+:
:: `+:: n++J "
C+: J:;+:.: :r : `++n J : +:e .x:
Un :JS :::T x::::.:n Jb ::.++::
:r : n .x: ::s :rn ;:r +` ++r :+++.r j
I CE
.
. .
.
.
ASB ESTOS
What is
asbestos?
P
..... :
:n+::.x:.
J+:: ++. b++' I.
:+::`+ :+++J :.+::: :+J x+. ;::::
`+ .w| .::; .x+: +:: .x: :.+::
`+nb+m+
^:b::.+: : : x. :+o :J n+::
.x:.:+n::`ro n:.+Jol ::;:+n : I .
: n:J: n .+ ::b::.+: :+.x ::b::.o :
;:;: :n Jo .x: x:;`+ .xn : Il j++
w+: : ;:r o ` ::b::.+: +:::, jo +
:++J.++:x:+Jx:+J:xo ..xn :w.x-
++.:..+b++:J'
What is
ice?
I CE
|
CE IJTHE :+l-
+::: n +::
. x : . ` + : . : +
w:.:' I:::::j
:w:.:c ys .: lo n:Jwx:+ .x: .:n
;::.+r :olw:.:o no :.+:n .x::
:::x::.x:freezing point, n J::.:Jbj
32 o + .x:F:x:+h :. .x:n+n:.: +
0 +n .x: c :n .:J: .x:n+n:.:
Ic : :.;:+Js , n :::::: .: :o +n:)
:s .lo ms Il on :w::.+n:::+: ++.
:l :::n :q +:;:.s +l w:.: :n Jl ::z :
on :wo +l J hn J .x:. . .:.:: +; ::
m+c x s ;:c : :s .w:::;:.s Wx:n .x::
s no room lo w:.: .o :.;:n J ;r ::-
sur :b ::om:ss .on w:.:r ;;:s l +
:xam;:wol .:ns ;l .+;:++w+.:
Ic :b:s b:n x.: .x:n w:.:
wi hoa . In .x:s :: :bo +. +n ::x.x
ol :n c :b :g s :s bl : .x:r :s . o ` .s
xidd :n be ow .x:s +rl :c :
ASBESTOS
45
46
START A ROCK A N D M I N ERAL
COL L ECTI ON
How do you begin
_.whxJ.
a rock and
:::j.+:.:r .:
mineral col lection?
+:. :+J n+:r :
:+::.++ B:+
.o :+::.bj++.++::r j++x+n:
I`j++x:::::J:+ j++n:jh+d :
+c .x:r :I`x::::++p:+h:| J :| +::
bj . :x++J :++.:+ :+n:r +:.: j++
w| n:+..+x:::+j++:+::.++
^: n+r .n:+b+J+ : +:w x++::
+:a j++ x+n:/ Ix:j n:j x::: J+
+; :+n: +:.: + n+:r :: j++ J+ ++.
x::: J+n:.n:: .x:b+| J:r :br + +
+:n .+J: +` +:.: L++. .x:n +::

Ix:r : nx.b: :+n: j++ n| w:+. .+
:+::.b+.::.;:n::o +hr :.
I`j++++.+.x::+++./ n:.:x`+r
+.x:r +:w r +:.: + n+:r :: L++. :.
+:w r +:J :+.: Ix: : +`.:+ : ++J
;::: .+ :+::.r +c .: ^ Jj :r ::. +
:.::n:a ++.x::xc :|| :+.p|ac :.+| ++.
O+: +` .x:h+::. ;|a ::: n|| b: +:
r +:.q+:r j H:r : j++ :r : :+: .+h+J
:+n:n+.xwx| ::;:c n:+: O`:++::
j++ n+:.b: :::`+| + n:.:x ++. `+r
+::x:++r +c .: + | ++:: :.++:: I.
:n:| .+:+| :c .n.x:p:.+:~ :+J
n+:`++ .++'
- -. -.
What wil l you
need to col lect
T
e WI L L
need some-
rocks and minerals?
thing to put your
specimens in when
you fnd them. If you are collecting near
home, a heavy paper bag will do. But
put in only a few small rocks at a time.
Most collectors use a collecting bag
made of strong cloth. It has a strap that
goes over your shoulder to help carry
heavy loads. Surplus goods stores usu
ally have a bag of this kind.
You will often need to break of
rocks and break open new ones. A ham
mer or even another stone will some
times help. With a hammer, or a pros
pector's pick, you can chip of a small
piece of rock from a larger one.
Rock and mineral collectors like to
take home only one or two of each kind
of rock they fnd. It does not help to
take too many of each. You would soon
run out of room in which to keep them.
How can you
keep your rocks
and minerals?
T
.eWI L L
want to keep
your best rocks
and minerals. It
will help if you keep each kind together.
The igneous rocks can go into one box.
All of the sedimentary and the meta
morphic rocks should be put into other
boxes.
Shoe boxes or wooden cigar boxes
make good containers. A label on the
outside of the box will help you to lo
. cate specimens quickly.
Each rock should be labeled sepa
rately before you put it into your col
lection bag. A good system is to put a
piece of adhesive tape with a number on
it on the sample. In your collecting
notebook wrte the name of the speci
men and where you found it. Later on,
at home, paint a small round white spot
on your specimen with w}ite paint.
India ink numbers over the white paint
will show up fne.
Start your numbers with one, two,
three, and so on. This will help you to
keep your collection organized. Do not
carelessly try to collect everything and
put of labeling your rocks until later.
47
I DENTI FI CATION CHART OF MAJOR SPECI MENS
I GNEOUS ROCKS
SLATE
I
SCHI ST
THE SCALE OF HARDNESS MI NERALS
2. GYPSUM
7. QUARTZ
GEM STONES
SAPPHI RE EMERALD
CRYSTALS
AMAZONI TE EPI DOTE
SERPENTI NE QUARTZI TE
3. CALCI TE 4. FLUORI TE
8. TOPAZ 9. CORUNDUM
OPAL RUBY .
SULPHUR RUTI L E
' .
'
--
MARBLE
5. APATI TE
1 0. DI AMOND
PEARL
HALI TE
' .
.
i
'
-
Produced and approved by noted aut hor i t i es, t hese
books answer the quest i ons most oft en asked about
' sci ence, nat ure and hi st ory. They are presented i n a
cl ear, readabl e styl e, and cont ai n many col orf ul and
i nst ructi ve i l l ust rat i ons. Readers wi l l want to expl ore
each of t hese fasci nat i ng subj ects and col l ect t hese
vol u mes as an aut hent i c, ready-reference, basi c l i brary.
5001 DI NOSAURS 5032 DOGS
5002 WEATHER 5033 PREHI STORI C MAMMALS
5004 ROCKS & MI NERALS 5034 SCI ENCE EXPERI MENTS
5007 I NSECTS 5042 THE AMERI CAN REVOLUTI ON
5008 REPTI LES 5046 MAGNETS AND MAGNETI SM
5009 BI RDS 5053 TREES
501 1 BEGI NNI NG SCI ENCE 5055 NORTH AMERI CAN I NDI ANS
501 3 THE HUMAN BODY 5064 STARS
501 4 SEA SHELLS 5065 AI RPLANES AND THE STORY
501 6 THE MI CROSCOPE OF FLI GHT
5021 CHEMI STRY 5066 FI SH
5022 HORSES 5069 TRAI NS AND SHI PS
5024 PRI MI TI VE MAN 5070 ECOLOGY
5031 WI LD FLOWERS AND OTHER TI TLES
11 Th'"go 1
Boone, N. c.

q I

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