Big Themes-US History -Final Exam2012 Review Sheet Urbanization:

Urbanization occurs when the population shifts from rural to urban areas. With the advent of innovative agricultural technologies and industrialization, Americans began to migrate to cities in droves during the 1800s. By 1920, over 50% of Americans lived in cities.

Causes of Urbanization
1. Improvements in Transportation cable cars, trolley car, subway o New forms of mass transportation made it easier to commute from the suburbs Suburbs communities that developed at the edge of big cities o People moved around the city more easily 2. Steam Power Factories could be established anywhere 3. New Factories opened 4. Rural unemployed came looking for jobs Mechanized farm machinery replaced farm workers 5. Immigrants came looking for jobs 6. Urban Attractions plays, concerts, electricity , indoor plumbing 7. African Americans came north looking for job Immigration 1. After 1890 Poor, Uneducated, Illiterate 2. Lack of rigid social class system gave immigrants social mobility and freedom 3. Farmers moved to cities for better paying jobs 4. Cities offered bright lights, running water, modern plumbing plus museums, libraries and theaters. New Urban Environment 1. 2. Skyscrapers-tall steel frame buildings used to save space Mass Transit: Horse car, railroad, cable cars, and electric trolley car moved large numbers of people around cities quickly.

Separation by Class 1. In the growing cities, wealthy, middle class, and working class people lived in different parts of town. 2. High society lived in custom-designed mansions, castles, chateaus 3. Middle class used railroads to move out of city to suburban areas 4. Working class lived in tenements, crowded multifamily apartments. tenement housing substandard housing lack of fresh air and unsanitary rats, germs, disease Urban Problems 1. City living posed threats: Crime(lack of policemen), violence, fire(lack of firemen), pollution and disease 2. Murder increased 6x over 20 years 3. Alcohol contributed to violent crime 4. Biggest threat: Garbage, sewage, pollution lack of sanitation systems Urban Politics 1. Political corruption: Politicians controlled contracts accepted bribes on construction contracts Businessmen and politicians prospered Taxpayers taxes increased 2. Political machines political organization that controlled election results by awarding favors in exchange for votes Politicians won votes by doing favors for the poor Ward boss person who controlled jobs contracts and favors within a voting ward Most Famous Political Machine Tammany Hall, NY o George Washington Plunkit minor ward boss in Tammany Hall

Progressivism-prohibition cause/effect
Cause: The Progressive Movement (1901-1917) was initiated as a response to political and corporate abuses at the turn of the Twentieth Century. Religious groups, members of the press, and radical political groups all cried out for reform.
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Effects: Reforms were initiated by individuals, and at the city, state, and national levels of government. President Theodore Roosevelt supported the movement by embracing environmental conservation, forcing arbitration in the Anthracite Coal Strike, and busting monopolies that were harmful to the public. A number of social reformers also worked to reform what they viewed as the ills negatively impacting US society. Progressive Era Amendments 16th (1913) 17th (1913) 18th (1919) 19th (1920) Granted Congress the power to tax income. Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators. Prohibited making, selling, or transporting alcohol. Provided women suffrage (voting).

Imperialism: FDR, isolationism, imperialismcauses/effects, Big Stick Policy Info taken from class powerpoint:
Essential Question: How did Americas role in the world change by 1900? Warm-Up Question: What is foreign policy? Foreign policy: the official view of how a country deals with other countries. Why would the U.S. want to annex each of the following territories during the late 1800s? *Alaska *Hawaii *Puerto Rico
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 Americas Changing Role in the World From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs: From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs: In 1796, George Washington promoted a policy of neutrality & warned against alliances with foreign nations (especially Europe) From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs: In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted neutrality, but proclaimed that the U.S. would protect the western hemisphere from European influence From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs: In 1845, the U.S. used treaties & wars to pursue its Manifest Destiny & expand to the Pacific Ocean From 1790 to 1900, the U.S. expanded its role in world affairs: By the 1890s, the U.S. gained new overseas colonies & developed a more active foreign policy Reasons for U.S. Imperialism In the late 1800s, the United States emerged as an imperialist nation: Imperialism is the act of strong nations exerting their power over weaker nations, often by gaining new colonies From 1867 to 1904, the U.S, annexed Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines & built the Panama Canal Americans were motivated by a variety of factors to imperialize: In 1890, the U.S. census declared that the frontier was closed & there were no new lands in the west for Americans to expand into
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 During the Gilded Age, American industry grew so large that new overseas markets & new sources of raw materials were needed European powers had acquired colonies & many Americans believed that the USA had to imperialize in order to keep up At the urging of Admiral Alfred Mahan, the USA developed a modern navy, allowing the U.S. to compete with other powerful nations Many believed that Social Darwinism gave Americans a duty to civilize the inferior races of the world by introducing medicine, technology, Christianity, & democracy Perry opens Japan: US business leaders believed that the US would benefit from trade with Japan as well as with China. President Franklin Pierce decided to force Japan to trade with the US. Ordered Commodore Matthew C. Perry to take a naval expedition to Japan to negotiate trade treaty. Japan could not compete against modern Western technology and weapons, so signed treaty opening ports to American trade 1854 Japan began to industrialize so that they could build powerful modern navy and build tier own empire in Asia.

Overview of American Involvement American involvement in 8 different locations. The White Mans Burden- Feeling of superiority-Social Social Darwinism: nations competed with each other politically, economically and militarily, and that only the strongest Anglo-Saxonism

: HAWAII

 U.S. Imperialism Annexing Hawaii: Faced with economic crisis and the queens actions, the US planters backed an attempt to overthrow the monarchy; Supported by the Marines, the planters forced the Queen to give up power and set up provisional government. Requested that US annex Hawaii Annexing Hawaii (2.07) U.S. Imperialism: CHINA China: The Open Door Policy (3.28) U.S. Imperialism: CUBA The Spanish-American War Begins (2.19) The Spanish-American War was fought to liberate Cuba & the Philippines from Spanish control; The war lasted only 113 days As a result of the Spanish-American War, Cuba was liberated & the USA annexed the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico U.S. Imperialism: PUERTO RICO The War in the Philippines and the Caribbean (3.09) U.S. Imperialism: PHILIPPINES U.S. Imperialism: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC U.S. Imperialism: PANAMA U.S. Imperialism: MEXICO The Debate over American Imperialism Not all Americans supported imperialism: The Anti-Imperialist League formed in 1899 to fight U.S. annexation of the Philippines
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 Many argued that the U.S. had no right to force American culture upon others The U.S. Becomes a World Power By the 20th century, the USA was a world power: Built the worlds 3rd largest navy Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, many Pacific islands Asserted itself in Latin America (Spanish-American War, Panama Canal, & Roosevelt Corollary

Influenced Asia (Open Door Policy)

Causes of WWI/United States involvement Reasons for US to Enter the War Most Americans believed the USA should stay neutral in World War I U.S. President Wilson felt WWI was a European conflict but the US entered because of: Economic & historic ties to the Allies (England & France) German submarine warfare The Zimmerman Telegram

The U.S. Enters the War The Germans used unrestricted submarine warfare around England to keep the Allies from getting aid from the U.S. & others Germany attacked any ship arriving in England

The U.S. grew angry with Germany because Americans were on these ships but the U.S. was a neutral nation!In March 1917, British intercepted the Zimmerman TelegramGermany promised to give US territory (Texas, New
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Mexico, Arizona) to Mexico if Mexico supported Germany in WWI; the US found out & was angry On April 2, 1917 the US entered WWI WWI Alliances & Battlefronts, 1914-1917 The US on the Western Front, 1918 War in the Trenches The arrival of US troops raised Allied morale at a crucial time Turkey, Austria-Hungary, & Bulgaria were all out of the war By November 1918, the German king knew the war was over so he abdicated (gave up his throne) & a new German democracy was created

The Fighting Comes to an End On November 11, 1918, leaders of the new Weimar Republic signed an armistice (a cease-fire) on the 11th hour of 11th day of 11th month of 1918 War in the Trenches WWI was total war: 9 million soldiers & 20 million civilians died (and 57% casualty rates) Artillery, poison gas, grenades, machine guns led to trench warfare & war of attrition But the US had only 320,000 casualties (6.8%)

Wilsons 14 points, League of Nations Treaty of Versailles/US involvement n The Treaty of Versailles n The Big Four at the End of the War n In July 1918, Allied forces broke through the western front n Kaiser Wilhelm is told Germany cant win the war; on Nov 9,1918 he abdicated & the German Weimar Republic is formed
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n Other Central Powers surrendered n On November 11,1918an armistice ended the fighting n Effects of the War n Total Warthe enemy is the other nation (not just its army); it is OK to attack civilians & use blockades; new weapons are used to kill the enemy; a nation devotes all energy to war effort n As a result of the war, government leaders are removed in Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary n Countries are broke because they spent all their money on the war n Terrible death & destruction: 65-70 million soldiers were sent to fight; 8.5 million died; 21 million wounded; 7.75 million missing in action Casualty RatesRussia (76%), France (73%), Germany (65%), AustriaHungary (90%) War destroyed towns, farm land, & buildings

n Paris Peace Conference n In Jan 1919, 27 nations met in France to work out a treaty to officially end the warParis Peace Conference n Big Four: USWoodrow Wilson FranceGeorge Clemenceau EnglandDavid Lloyd George ItalyVittorio Orlando

n Francen Prime Minister Clemenceau wanted to punish Germany; Made 3 demands to ensure war never happened again: Return Alsace-Lorraine (taken during Franco-Prussian War) Pay reparations to cover the entire cost of rebuilding Give up Rhineland so Germany cannot attack France again

n England n Many in England wanted to punish Germany too: Squeeze em until the pips squeak; but Prime Minister David Lloyd George disagreed: If Germany was treated too harshly it will cause more trouble in the future; Germany should be allowed to recover Rhineland should be demilitarized (military removed), not taken over

n Italy

Prime Minister Orlando had agreed to leave the Triple Alliance (with Germany & Austria-Hungary) & fight for Allies after France & England secretly promised to give Adriatic Coast to Italy after the war; Italys only demand: France & England should keep their promise to give this land to Italy

n United States n Prez Woodrow Wilson came up with 14 Points of Light to restore Europe: Europe should have freedom of seas, free trade; Reduction of weapons; Divide all colonies Self Determinationcountries should have right to choosetheir own type of government Create a League of Nations to prevent future wars
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n Paris Peace Conference n Treaty of Versailles n Signed June 28, 1919; 3 main topics: n Treaty of Versailles: Military n Germany was forced to: Reduce its army to 100,000 men Reduce its navy to 6 warships; no submarines; airforce destroy its entire

No soldiers or military equipment allowed within 30 miles of the Rhineland Cannot manufacture war materials

n Treaty of Versailles: Money n Germany forced to: Sign War Guilt Clause accepting total responsibility for WW1 Pay $31 Billion in reparations to Allies over 30 years for damage; many felt this was too much & would destroy German economy

n Treaty of Versailles: Territory n Germany was forced to give up land to the Allies; give up all overseas colonies, & give up Polish Corridor (separates Prussia from Germany) n Italy didnt get Adriatic Coast; used to form Yugoslavia (Serbia+Bosnia) n New countries (from Russia): Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland; n New countries (from Austria-Hungary): Czechoslovakia, Hungary

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n Germany after Versailles n The new democratic government called the Weimar Republic signed the Treaty of Versailles n Most Germans felt humiliated: Stabbed in back by those who signed the armistice Not allowed a say in treaty Punishment was too severe Why was only Germany to blame for the war?

n Created a League of Nations n Results of Versailles n Treaty of Versailles created more problems than it solved n Riots, debt, humiliation in Germany will allow leaders (Hitler) to rise to power by promising revenge n Italy was not given land it was promised; economic problems will lead to strong leaders who promise a return to glory (Mussolini) Roaring 20s: conflict of values, shift in culture, growth of consumerism=causes/effects

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Great Depression/New Deal Hoover vs. FDR/New Deal/new role o government The 1920s were a decade of consumer spending & the economy looked healthy on the surface: Income did increase in the 1920s, but there were some severe problems with the U.S. economy In October 1929, the Roaring Twenties came to an end & the Great Depression beganwhy? Causes of the Depression Weak Industries: o Mass-production of consumer goods led to overproduction o People did not need as many appliances & cars by the end of the decade (under-consumption) o Railroads, textiles, steel, coal mining, construction were barely profitable o Overproduction of Consumer Goods o Traditional industries suffered in the 1920s Depressed Farming: o The end of WWI led to a decline in demand for agricultural products o Too much food led to a 40% drop in crop prices o Farmers could not pay back loans & many had their farms foreclosed o Some rural banks failed Credit: o Many Americans used easy credit to live beyond their means o By buying now & paying later, Americans generated large debts o As a result, Americans cut back on spending by the end of the decade o Americans bought goods on credit & did not have much in savings accounts Uneven Division of Wealth o Despite rising wages, the gap between the rich & poor grew wider in the 1920s o 70% of Americans were considered poor o Most of the spending in the 1920s was done by 30% of the population o Distribution of Wealth in the 1920s o Causes of the Depression

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 The Stock Market: o In the 1920s, the stock market soared & people speculated with stocks o Many people borrowed money to pay for stocks, called buying on margin o There was no regulation of the market & some companies altered stock values to raise profits o Buying Stocks on Margin On October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) the stock market crashed People rushed to sell, prices plummeted, & investors lost $30 billion Speculators who bought on the margin, could not pay off their debts Many lost their savings Failures: After the crash, people tried to withdraw their money from banks In 1929, 600 banks failed due to lack of funds & the inability to recoup loans o The failure of the banks left many Americans without their life savings o Bank & Business Failures, 1928-1933 o Causes of the Depression Foreign Trade: o Post-war debts in Europe & high protective tariffs in America limited international trade o The Great Depression led to a global depression in Europe, Asia, & Latin America o World trade fell by 40% o A Global Depression o Causes of the Depression Consumer Confidence: o Millions of Americans lost their jobs or took pay cuts to keep jobs o The lack of confidence in the future kept people from spending money o The lack of spending made the depression drag on until the 1940s o Unemployment & Consumer Spending, 1928-1933 o Effects of the Great Depression o The Great Depression led to a collapse of the U.S. financial system o 25,000 banks & 90,000 businesses failed by 1933 o Unemployment peaked at 25% o o o o Bank o o
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o Many Americans lost their homes o America had record poverty & suicide rates; Fathers abandoned families; Healthcare declined o Private charities created soup kitchens & breadlines to help o Poverty in America The Dust Bowl o The effects of the depression were made worse by the Dust Bowl: o Heavy droughts & over-farming in the West destroyed the Plains o In the early 1930s, windstorms swept away loose soil o Farmers in the Plains left their farms & searched for work or better land in West coast states o The Dust Bowl (1931-1939) worsened the effects of the Depression

President Hoovers Response o President Herbert Hoover initially rejected bold govt action in response to the depression: o He tried to reassure Americans that prosperity would return o He called for volunteerism & rugged individualismAmericans need to work together to end the depression o President Hoovers Response o As the depression worsened, Hoover called for more govt action o The govt issued relief checks to help the unemployed o The Reconstruction Finance Corps (RFC) loaned money to failing businesses o Building projects like Hoover Dam o These efforts did not end the depression & many citizens lost faith in President Hoover Employment Agencies & Relief-Check Lines
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 Americans who lost their homes, lived in shantytowns nicknamed Hoovervilles Conclusions o The Depression of the 1930s came as a shock to Americans: o When the stock market crashed in 1929, businesses closed & millions were unemployed o Americans lost faith in Hoover & began looking for new leadership & a more active govt to solve their problems Hoover & the Depression From 1929 to 1932, President Hoover was criticized for not doing more to end the depression o Unemployment reached 25% o U.S. banking collapsed o Hoover offered govt intervention (relief check, job programs) but it was seen as too little, too late By the election of 1932, Americans wanted hope & strong leadership Unemployment in America, 1929-1942 FDR & the New Deal In 1932, Democrat Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) defeated Hoover FDR & the New Deal FDR initiated his New Deal, a series of laws that were designed to fight the depression by offering: o Relief: govt relief checks & jobs to get people back to work o Recovery: tried to end the depression by stimulating industry & farming o Reform: long-term solutions to Americas economic problems
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 The Hundred Days In his 1st 100 days in office, FDR & Congress passed 15 major laws o FDRs 1st action was to address the bank crisis; By 1933, people had no faith in banks o FDR declared a 4-day bank holiday after which banks were allowed to re-open only after gaining a govt endorsement FDRs Fireside Chats FDR used the radio to sell his New Deal programs to the American people o These fireside chats used simple , clear language to explain his New Deal programs & gain public support for these goals New Deal: Relief The greatest success of the New Deal was its ability to offer relief to unemployed citizens: o The govt provided relief checks to 15% of Americans o The govt created jobs for Americans Percentage of American Families Accepting Government Relief in 1933 New Deal: Relief Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work program for young men aged 1825: o The CCC built roads, soil erosion projects, & parks o The CCC employed 3 million young men New Deal: Reforms
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 The New Deal created long-term reforms to address weaknesses in the American economy Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) was created to regulate the stock market & prevent another stock market crash New Deal: Reforms To help restore public confidence in banks, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was created: o The national govt insures money in bank accounts (up to $250,000 as of 2006) New Deal: Reforms The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) created hydroelectric power plants in the South o TVA created dams in 7 states to provide cheap hydroelectric power & create jobs o New Deal: Recovery New Deal programs tried to stimulate the economy & end the depression o Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) tried to help farmers by paying them not to produce o By lowering supply, the govt hoped to increase crop prices Unemployment in America, 1929-1942 FDRs Critics The failure of the New Deal to end the depression led to frustration & criticism of FDRs programs: o The most vocal critic was Louisiana Senator Huey Long o Longs Share the Wealth plan suggested taxing all personal income over $1 million to give each family $2,500 per year

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 Huey Long Court Packing The Supreme Court declared 2 recovery programs unconstitutional o FDR feared that the Supreme Court would weaken the New Deal o FDRs solution was called court-packing: He wanted to increase the number of justices from 9 to 15 o Congress rejected his radical plan FDRs Second New Deal In 1935, FDR launched the Second New Deal o The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was the biggest New Deal program o Created 10 million jobs in a variety of professions & cost the govt $10 billion WPA Initiatives WPA Arts Project WPA Music Projects WPA Theater Projects FDRs Second New Deal Social Security was Americas 1st welfare program; It created o Old-age pensions to be funded by employers & workers o Welfare payments for the blind, handicapped, & needy children FDRs Second New Deal The Wagner Act: o Protected workers right to strike & collectively bargain
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o Outlawed unfair practices used by companies to discourage union membership The First New Deal (4.46) The Second New Deal (6.00) Conclusions FDRs New Deal created a new role for the U.S. government: o For the 1st time, the govt used deficit spending (going into debt) to stimulate the economy o For the 1st time, the govt took responsibility for the people & created welfare programs o New Deal successfully offered relief to ease peoples suffering, but it did not end the Depression World War II-causes/effects, US involvement, Pearl Harbor, difference policies post war, A-bomb

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