Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 163

X

Microstrip Antennas for MobiIe WireIess
Communication Systems

HaIa LIsadek
||cc|rcnics Rcscarcn |ns|i|u|c, Micrcs|rip Dcpar|mcn| Cairc
|gqp|

1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to mobiIe communications
In lhe Iasl fev years, lhe lrend of lhe noliIe phone lechnoIogy has leen dranalicaIIy
decreased lhe veighl and size. Due lo enhancenenl in lhis lrend, lhe anlennas used for
noliIe hand heId devices have lo le snaII, Iighl-veighled, Iov profiIe, and have an onni-
direclionaI radialion pallern in lhe horizonlaI pIane. Hovever, sliII lhere are chaIIenges in
lhe anlennas perfornance during inleraclion vilh lhe users head and hand. The novenenl
of lhe user during usage of lhe noliIe hand heId device oflen Iead lo gain, radialion pallern
and inpul inpedance change. Therefore, anlennas used in hand-heId lransceivers for
personaI connunicalions have leen recognized as cruciaI eIenenls lhal can eilher inprove
or Iinil syslen perfornance. This is parlicuIarIy lrue in lerns of landvidlh and efficiency.
Therefore, lo carefuIIy design a handsel vilh superior perfornance, engineers need lo give
allenlion lo lhe design of lhe anlenna syslens of lhe noliIe lransceiver.

1.2 Introduction to antenna systems for mobiIe wireIess communications
MonopoIe anlennas have leen lhe lesl vheIning choice for use in various aulonoliIes and
noliIe equipnenls. This is lasicaIIy due lo ils sinpIicily in design and having lhe
characlerislics lhal are essenliaI for noliIe connunicalion. Ior anlenna designers, lhere is
aIvays unprecedenled denand lo creale conpacl or even eIeclricaIIy snaII anlennas lhal
are conpalilIe vilh lhe noden lechnoIogy, vhich viII operale on a snaII handheId ground
pIane, and salisfy lhe perfornance specificalions, parlicuIarIy vilh respecl lo landvidlh
and efficiency.
TypicaI anlenna eIenenls used so far for snaII noliIe lerninaIs are lhe nonopoIe (MI) (M.
D. Yacoul,1993, }. R. }anes & I. S. HaII, 1989), lhe dipoIe, lhe nornaI-node heIix (K.
Iujinolo, 1998), lhe pIanar inverled-I(IIIA) (C. I. Huang, 1999), lhe nicroslrip palch
(MSA) (}. R. }anes and I. S. HaII, 1989), and lhe neander Iine. RecenlIy, lhere is a groving
lendency in recenl noliIe phones lo enpIoy onIy a luiIl-in anlenna, inslead of using a
nonopoIe lhal slicks oul of lhe equipnenl case (C. I. Huang, 1999, D. M. Iozar and D.H.
Schaulerl, 1995) so, lhe use of a chip anlenna vhich is a very snaII, ceranic encapsuIaled
anlenna has lecone popuIar.

9
Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 164
2. MobiIe Antenna Requirements and ChaIIenges
The expIosive grovlh in lhe denand for vireIess connunicalion and infornalion lransfer
using handsels and personaI connunicalion (ICS) devices has crealed lhe need for najor
advancenenls of anlenna design as a fundanenlaI parl of any vireIess syslens. In nosl
cases, lhe handheId anlenna is pIaced on a snaII pIaslic/conducling lox lhal is in cIose
proxinily lo lioIogicaI lissue of user lody and aIso lhe surrounding crovded
eIeclronagnelic vaves. Al lhe sane line, lhe syslen nusl radiale Iov pover and provide
reIialIe connunicalion of voice and possilIy dala (D. M. Iozar & D.H. Schaulerl, 1995)
Added lo lhe operalionaI requirenenls, lhe user and service providers denand vireIess
unils vilh anlennas lhal are snaII and conpacl, cosl effeclive for nanufacluraliIily, Iov
profiIe and easy lo inlegrale vilh lhe vireIess connunicalion syslen. The anlenna designer
nusl aIso consider lhe foIIoving eIeclricaI characlerislics of lhe anlenna vhich incIude (W.
Sluznan & C.TheiIe, 1998, C. A. aIanis, 1997).
1-anlenna luning (operaling frequency),
2- VSWR and Relurn Ioss (inpul inpedance),
3- andvidlh,
4-Cain and direclivily,
5- Radialion pallern,
6- Diversily,
ul significanl nev varialIes are inlroduced as:
1-The size of lhe chassis (expressed as a funclion of vaveIenglhs),
2- SAR (Specific alsorplion rale) of lhe anlenna.
These design consideralions have Ied anlenna designers lo consider a vide variely of
anlenna slruclures lo neel lhe oflen confIicling needs for vireIess syslens as: operalion
frequency, relurn Ioss (VSWR), landvidlh, gain and direclivily, Iocalion and orienlalion of
lhe anlenna, radialion pallern and diversily.

3. Microstrip Antennas
One lype of anlennas lhal fuIfiIIs nosl of lhe vireIess syslens requirenenls are lhe
micrcs|rip an|cnnas. These anlennas are videIy used on lase slalions as veII as handsels.
Microslrip anlennas have a variely of configuralions and have leen lhe lopic of vhal is
currenlIy lhe nosl aclive fieId in anlenna research and deveIopnenl. The nicroslrip palch
anlennas (}. R. }anes & I. S. HaII, 1989) has increasingIy vide range of appIicalions in
vireIess connunicalion syslens as noliIe and saleIIile connunicalion syslens due lo lheir
greal advanlages. SinpIy, nicroslrip slruclure consisls of a lhin sheel of Iov-Ioss insuIaling
naleriaI caIIed lhe dieIeclric sulslrale. Il is conpIeleIy covered vilh a nelaI on one side,
caIIed lhe ground pIane, and parlIy nelaIized on lhe olher side, vhere lhe circuil or anlenna
pallerns are prinled. Conponenls can le incIuded in lhe circuil eilher ly inpIanling
Iunped conponenls or ly reaIizing lhen direclIy vilhin lhe circuil as shovn in Iigure 1.

Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 165
Iig. 1. Microslrip palch anlennas

MIcrnstrIp antcnna nffcrs ccrtaIn advantagcs as:
1. |asq |c nan|c an incxpcnsitc: as il is snaII and Iighl
2. |cu pcucr-nan|ing capa|i|i|q of prinled circuils
3. Tcpc|cgica| Ccnsicra|icns: inlegraI vilh olher circuil devices, hence, inproving
syslen reIialiIily.
4. Rcuc|icn in Sizc: prinled circuils are lhin and lhus require Iess voIune lhan lheir
vaveguide or coaxiaI Iine counlerparls.
5. |argc-Sca|c |a|rica|icn: once lhe designer has deveIoped lhe lasic circuil pallern,
reaIized a circuil, and lesled il successfuIIy, addilionaI copies can le produced
rapidIy and consislenlIy in Iarge nass produclion.

On thc nthcr hand, It suffcrs frnm snmc dIsadvantagcs as:
1. Narrov landvidlh.
2. Lov gain.
3. Large ohnic Ioss in Iarge feed nelvork.
4. Radialion fron feeds conlrilules lo lhe radialion pallern.
5. Lxcilalion of surface vaves.
6. Lov poIarizalion purily.

3.1 AppIications
Mosl of lhe rapid advances in nicroslrip anlennas and arrays look pIace in lhe 198Os.
IirslIy, lhese vere driven ly defense and space appIicalions. Then lhis lechnoIogy is
groving rapidIy in lhe connerciaI seclor. Specificalions for defense and space appIicalion
anlennas lypicaIIy enphasize naxinun perfornance vilh IillIe conslrainl on cosl. On lhe
olher hand, connerciaI appIicalions denand Iov cosl conponenls, oflen al lhe expense of
reduced eIeclricaI perfornance. Thus, nicroslrip anlennas for connerciaI syslens require
Iov-cosl naleriaIs, sinpIe and inexpensive falricalion lechniques. Sone of lhe connerciaI
syslens lhal presenlIy use nicroslrip anlennas are Iisled in lhe TalIe 1:






Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 166
AppIicalion Irequency
CIolaI Iosilioning SaleIIile 1575 MHz and 1227 MHz
CSM 89O-915 MHz and 935-96O MHz
WireIess LocaI Area Nelvorks 2.4O-2.48 CHz and 5.4 CHz
CeIIuIar Video 28 CHz
Direcl roadcasl SaleIIile 11.7-12.5 CHz
Aulonalic ToII CoIIeclion 9O5 MHz and 5-6 CHz
CoIIision Avoidance Radar 6O CHz, 77 CHz, and 94 CHz
Wide Area Conpuler Nelvorks 6O CHz
TalIe 1. Microslrip Anlenna AppIicalions

3.2 Design Techniques
Anolher area of research, vhich is cIoseIy Iinked lo advances in anlenna deveIopnenl, is lhe
fieId of ccmpu|a|icna| c|cc|rcmagnc|ics. As anlennas lecone nore conpIex, lhe use of sinpIe
anaIylicaI nodeIing lechniques (such as Transnission Iine nodeI and cavily nodeI) is nol
sufficienl anynore. The use of fuII-vave nodeIing lechniques, has lherefore lecone
inevilalIe. The nosl connonIy used fuII-vave nodeIing lechniques are lhe Melhod of
Monenl (MoM), lhe Iinile LIenenl nelhod (ILM) and lhe |ini|c Diffcrcncc Timc Dcmain
(|DTD).

3.3 Microstrip antenna structure
A nicroslrip slruclure is iIIuslraled in Iigure 2.
Iig. 2. Microslrip conslruclion

3.3.1 Waves in microstrip structure
Depending on lhe direclion lovard vhich vaves are lransnilled, vaves in nicroslrip faII
vilhin four dislincl calegories (W. Sluznan & C. TheiIe, 1998):
(1) 5pacc wavcs: Waves lransnilled upvard, vilh eIevalion angIes lelveen O and t /2,
nove lovard free open space, lhus radialed, vilh fieId anpIiludes decreasing vilh
dislance fron anlenna. In lransnission Iines and circuils, lhey are undesiralIe as lhey
produce spurious Ieakage, hovever lhey conlrilule direclIy lo anlenna radialion
efficiency as in figure 3 (a).


Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 167
(2) GuIdcd wavcs: lhey are lrapped lelveen lhe upper and Iover conduclors. They provide
lhe nornaI operalion for lransnission Iines and circuils lul il is nol favoralIe for palch
anlennas as in figure 3 (l).
(3) Lcaky wavcs: lhey are direcled nore sharpIy dovnvard, vilh u Iying lelveen
) / 1 arcsin(
U
c t and t /2. These vaves conlrilule lo radialion lhus lhey are
usefuI for anlennas as in figure 3 (c).
(4) 5urfacc wavcs: lhe vaves lransnilled sIighlIy dovnvard, having eIevalion angIes
lelveen t /2 and ) / 1 arcsin(
U
c t , experience lolaI refIeclion lelveen lhe lvo
conducling pIales. The fieIds renain noslIy lrapped vilhin lhe dieIeclric, decaying
exponenliaIIy alove lhe inlerface as shovn in Iigure 3 (d). Surface vaves lake up sone
parl of lhe signaI's energy lhus reduces lhe anlenna efficiency.

t u c t < < ) / 1 arcsin(
U
) / 1 arcsin( 2 /
U
c t u t < <

Iig. 3. Waves in nicroslrip

3.4 Microstrip array
Microslrip palch anlenna is inporlanl as singIe radialing eIenenl, lul lhe najor advanlages
are reaIized in appIicalions lhal require noderale size array as shovn in Iig 4. When
discrele radialors are conlined lo forn an array, sone characlerislics can le achieved or
enhanced, such as high gain and lean scanning.
Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 168
The nicroslrip anlenna arrays can le cIassified vilh differenl crileria. The eIenenls of lhe
array can le dislriluled lo forn Iinear, pIanar or voIune array. SeveraI vays of feeding can
le used lo ollain cerlain characlerislics. The feed nelvork of phased arrays or SISO arrays
(SingIe Inpul SingIe Oulpul) can le calegorized inlo paraIIeI and series feed. The paraIIeI
(corporale) feed has singIe inpul porl and nuIlipIe feed Iines. If lhe array has nuIlipIe
inpuls and nuIlipIe oulpul porls so il is caIIed MuIli-eIenenl-array (MLA) or MIMO arrays
(D. M. Iozar & D. H. Schaulerl, 1995).



(a) (l) (c)
Iig. 4. Microslrip anlenna array (a) phased array, (l) series-fed array, (c) MuIli-LIenenl
Array (MLA)

4. Compact and MuItiband Microstrip Antennas
4.1 Introduction to compact and muIti band antennas
In vireIess connunicalion appIicalions, lhe denand for Iov profiIe conpacl size pIanar
anlenna is increasing day ly day. The Iighl veighl, snaII size handheId vireIess devices
design chaIIenges never slops. Various lypes of Iov-profiIe eIenenls have recenlIy leen
deveIoped and lhey are fairIy efficienl radialors lhal can le easiIy nanufaclured al Iov cosl.
The convenlionaI nicroslrip palch is nol a good candidale for lhe noliIe vireIess
appIicalions, due lo cerlain disadvanlages as narrov landvidlh. Therefore, nore unusuaI
approaches are invesligaled for nuIliland anlenna vilh reduced size operalion. Differenl
olher nicroslrip slruclures are successfuI candidales as nicroslrip IIanar Inverled I-
Anlenna (IIIA) vilh differenl geonelricaI radialor shapes. The nain goaI is lo design
anlennas for vireIess connunicalion appIicalions vhere lhe space vaIue of lhe anlenna is
quile Iiniled vhiIe il reserves lhe characlerislics of nuIliland, Iighl veighl, Iov cosl,
roluslness, diversily, packaging capaliIilies and aliIily for MLMs inlegralion for snarl
anlenna syslens. SeveraI researches in Iileralure concenlrale on lhese anlenna lypes and
lheir deveIopnenls. In lhis parl lhe aulhor viII lry lo highIighl lhe inporlanl resuIls and
severaI corresponding shapes.
Ianous lechniques for anlenna size reduclion incIude dieIeclric Ioading lo reduce lhe
eIeclricaI size, lop hal Ioading, and use of shorling pins or pIales are sunnarized in lalIe 2
(DaIia Nashaal el aI, 2OO3). DieIeclric Ioading usuaIIy is acconpanied ly landvidlh
reduclion and cosl increase, so il is nol a IikeIy approach. Thus, ve viII invesligale anlennas
vilh lop hal Ioading and shorling pins or pIales, eilher separaleIy or in conlinalion.
Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 169
Pcrfnrmancc
Dnwn sIzIng
tcchnIquc
GcnmctrIca!
(sIzc rcductInn
wIth rcspcct tn
cnnvcntInna!
rcsnnant sIzc)
CIrcuIta!
(Impcdancc
bandwIdth
cnhanccmcnt ratIn)
RadIatInn pattcrn
(symmctry vs. !nw
crnss pn!arIzatInn)
MatcrIa!: hIgh
dIc!cctrIc, s!nw wavc,
ctc.
7O 2 high
5hnrtIng p!ancs:
Wa!!s, pIns, ctc.
5O 5 Iov
Patch ctchIng: s!Its,
s!nts, nntchcs, ctc.
5O 7 nediun
Mu!tI!aycrcd: fn!d,
bcnd, stack, ctc.
6O 1O high
TalIe 2. Dovnsizing lechniques and perfornance affecling on anlennas

4.2 Compact/smaII antenna definition
The ninialurizalion of anlenna slruclure is usuaIIy Iiniled ly physicaI Iavs of nalure.
UsuaIIy, lhe size reduclion is on lhe expense of olher anlenna characlerislics as landvidlh
(W), gain (g), elc. Ior snaII size anlennas, lhere is aIvays a lradeoff anong anlenna
radialion quaIily faclor (Q), W and efficiency (q )(C. I. Huang, 1999, DaIia Nashaal el aI,
2OO3).
The ruIe of lhunl is:


8I
V
q
= Conslanl (1)
Where W is lhe anlenna landvidlh, q is lhe anlenna efficiency and V is lhe anlenna
voIune.


3
( ) 1 / 8I Ka Q q ~ ~ (2)

Where (a) is a radius of sphere lhal can incIude lhe snaII anlenna. Iorn Lqualion 2, il
indicales lhal lhe snaIIer lhe anlenna, lhe higher lhe Q
So lhe nicroslrip anlenna can le considered snaII if ils Iargesl dinension is Iess lhan or
equaI lo (a) vhere:

1 / /2 a | t = = (3)

Where is lhe vaveIenglh of lhe eIeclronagnelic fieIds radialed ly lhe anlenna.. Ior
exanpIe, for anlenna operales al 5CHz, =6Onn so a ~ 1Onn, vhich neans lhal lhe
anlenna can le considered snaII if ils dinensions are Iess lhan 1Onn.

Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 170
4.3-PIFA as compact muItiband antenna
IIIA is veII-knovn as lerninaI anlenna design. These anlennas offer reduced size over
lradilionaI nicroslrip anlennas lecause lhe resonance frequency is al aloul quarler vave
ralher lhan al haIf vave in convenlionaI ones due lo lhe shorling pins/vaIIs in ils slruclure
as shovn in figure 5 (T. Taga, 1992).


Iig 5. Conparison lelveen convenlionaI nicroslrip palch anlenna and convenlionaI IIIA
anlenna

Thc sc!cctInn nf PIFA Is duc tn ccrtaIn advantagcs as
The IIIA landvidlh is affecled very nuch ly varying lhe size of lhe ground pIane,
generaIIy, reducing lhe ground pIane can effecliveIy lroaden lhe landvidlh of lhe anlenna
syslen.
IIIA inpedance nalching can le ollained ly lhe correcl posilioning of feeding and
grounding pins. Thickness of lhe anlenna and pernillivily of lhe sulslrale naleriaI used
aIso affecl lhe inpedance of lhe feeding poinl. To shrink lhe size of lhe IIIA, high conslanl
dieIeclric sulslrale naleriaIs can le used. This veakens lhe perfornance of lhe anlenna,
lecause dieIeclric naleriaI galhers eIeclronagnelic fieIds and lherefore il doesn'l radiale as
good as lhe air insuIaled IIIA. AIso parl of lhe feed pover goes inlo lhe dieIeclric Iosses of
lhe sulslrale naleriaI. The heighl of lhe IIIA is a very crilicaI dinension since il has a greal
effecl on lhe anlennas radialion and aIso ils inpedance landvidlh (}. LIIing el aI, 1991, C.
R. RoveII & R. D. Murch 1997). The lasic ruIe is lhal lhe ligger lhe air gap lelveen lhe
radialor and ground pIane is, lhe leller lhe gain and lhe lroader lhe inpedance landvidlh
viII le. TalIe 3 sunnarizes lhe effecl of differenl IIIA design paranelers,(heighl, vidlh,
Ienglh, Iocalion of feed and shorling pin/vaII and size of lhe ground pIane) on ils
characlerislics.

Iaranelers Lffecl
Heighl ConlroI landvidlh
Widlh ConlroI inpedance nalching
Lenglh Increase induclance of lhe anlenna and delernine resonance
frequency
Widlh of shorl slrip Affecl on lhe anli-resonance and increase landvidlh
Ieed posilion fron
shorl slrip
Affecl on resonance frequency and landvidlh
TalIe 3. The effecl of IIIA paranelers on ils characlerislics
Shorling vaII
Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 171
4.4 PIFA structures for muItiband and compact size appIications:
4.4.1 RectanguIar PIFA shape with U-shaped sIots
A praclicaI nelhod lo design a singIe feed nuIliland IIIA lhal covers lolh lhe ceIIuIar and
non ceIIuIar lands is deveIoped (DaIia Nashaal el aI, 2OO5, HaIa LIsadek, 2OO5, R. Chair el aI,
1999). Iron lhe connerciaI poinl of viev, lhere are nov differenl frequency lands for
porlalIe ceIIuIar/non ceIIuIar devices as lhe convenlionaI O.9CHz CSM land for noliIe
phones and 1.8CHz DCS land for vireIess ceIIuIar appIicalions. Iurlhernore lhe Iueloolh
vireIess lechnoIogy al 2.4 CHz is aIready appIied in nany porlalIe devices and in nosl
vireIess connunicalion syslens as noliIe phones, Iaplops, IDAS, car slereos, audio
speakers, loys, elc (Iueloolh infornalion vel sile). Moreover lhe land of WLAN al 5.2CHz
is leing appIied in sone appIicalions. The conpacl and nuIliland funclionaIily is nol lhe
onIy required denand in such anlenna syslens for vireIess connunicalion appIicalions
lul, aIso olher characlerislics shouId le salisfied as snaII size, Iighl veighl, onni direclionaI
radialion pallern, reasonalIe gain and acceplalIe landvidlh.
Quad land IIIA vilh singIe coaxiaI prole feeding is invesligaled. Ioan sulslrale is used
for Iighl veighl, rigid slruclure and easy shieIding purposes. Three U-shaped sIols are
added vilh cerlain dinensions and al appropriale posilions for operalion al lhe
aforenenlioned four frequency lands. The size reduclion is 3O fron convenlionaI quarler
vaveIenglh IIIA. AddilionaI reduclion ly 15 is achieved ly adding a capacilance Ioad in
lhe verlicaI direclion. The inpedance landvidlh is fairIy acceplalIe. The anlenna gain is
salisfaclory and lhe radialion pallern is quasi isolropic al lhe respeclive four lands of
inleresl. The proposed concepl of adding U-shaped sIols is a dislincl advanlage of lhe
design since lhe lands of operalion are independenl on each olher excepl lhe snaII
conlroIIalIe nuluaI coupIing lelveen lhe sIols. Iigure 6 iIIuslrales lhe suggesled anlenna
design.
Iig. 6. CeonelricaI dinensions of lhe falricaled quad land anlenna

The ruIe of lhunl in anlenna design is:

) ( 4
L L
L
: /
F
I
+
=
(4)
The Ienglh L
i
and vidlh W
i
are repIaced ly L
1
and W
1
=(61nn,4Onn) of lhe IIIA
reclanguIar radialing surface lo delernine lhe firsl resonance frequency f
1
(O.9CHz). WhiIe,
(L
i
, W
i
) are repIaced ly lhe dinensions of lhe Iargesl U-sIol (L
2
, W
2
)=(23nn,3Onn) lo
(a)
L
L
1

Cround
IIane
:

h
Shorling
vaII
Capacilor
pIale

W
W
c

L
c

C
4

C
3
C
2
Irole
feed

SIols' vidlh
C1
Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 172
generale lhe second resonance frequency f
2
(1.8CHz). They are aIso repIaced ly lhe Ienglh
(L
3,
W
3
)=(18nn,2Onn)of lhe niddIe U-sIol lo gel lhe lhird resonance frequency f
3

(2.45CHz). IinaIIy, (L
i
, W
i
) are repIaced ly (L
4
,W
4
)=(9.5nn,8nn) of lhe snaIIesl U-sIol lo
have lhe fourlh resonance frequency al f
4
(5.2CHz). This nuIli-land anlenna has
approxinaleIy lhe sane size as a singIe-land IIIA operaling al lhe Iovesl frequency land.
The radialing eIenenl is grounded vilh a shorling vaII. Il is found lhal lhe videsl
landvidlh is achieved vhen lhe vidlh of lhis vaII is equaI lo lhe vidlh of lhe IIIA
radialing pIale. The anlenna is fed using coaxiaI calIe al lhe appropriale nalching poinl for
lhe four lands of operalion. The anlenna inpedance can le nalched lo 5O ly conlroIIing
lhe dislance lelveen lhe feed poinl and lhe shorling vaII. The IIIA anlenna is falricaled on
a foan sulslrale vilh dieIeclric conslanl
r
=1.O7 in order lo have rigid slruclure lhal can le
easiIy shieIded. Adding U-sIols on lhe IIIA radialing surface, reduces ils size ly aloul 3O
fron lhe convenlionaI IIIA shape. Ior furlher reduclion in size, a capacilor pIale Ioad is
added lelveen lhe radialing surface and lhe ground pIane. This increases lhe reduclion in
size lo le aloul 45. The resuIls of lhe slruclure sinuIalions as veII as experinenlaI
neasurenenls are iIIuslraled in foIIoving lhree figures.



























Iig. 9. The sinuIaled radialion pallern of quad-land IIIA vilh 1OII shorling capacilor
pIale al four differenl resonaling frequencies, a) al paraIIeI L-pIane al phi=O and l) al
perpendicuIar H-pIane al phi=9O.
Iig. 7. Conparison lelveen neasured and
sinuIaled refIeclion coefficienls of quad land
IIIA vilh lhree U-shaped sIols al operaling
frequencies of O.95, 1.8, 2.45 and 5.2CHz,
respecliveIy.
1 2 3 4 5 6
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Return loss of PFA
with Quad-band
simulated
measured
R
e
t
u
r
n

L
o
s
s

i
n

d
B
Frequency in GHz
Iig. 8. The reIalion lelveen capacilor
Ioad in II and anlenna percenlage
reduclion ralio conpared lo
convenlionaI IIIA.
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
The relation between capacitance
load and reduction ratio
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
i
o

(
%
)
Capacitance load (PF)
(a) (l)
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
H-Plane
at 0.9GHZ
at 1.8GHz
at 2.45GHz
at 5.25GHz
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
E-Plane
at 0.9GHz
at 1.8GHz
at 2.45GHz
at 5.2GHz
Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 173
4.4.2 Compact PIFA size with E-shaped radiator
UIlra conpacl IIIA vilh duaI land resonanl frequencies are invesligaled (HaIa LIsadek,
2OO6). The anlenna is designed and falricaled on lolh foan and IR4 cheap sulslrales vilh
dieIeclric conslanls
U
c
= 1.O7 and 4.7, respecliveIy. Over 95 reduclion in lhe anlenna size
is achieved fron convenlionaI
0

/4 reclanguIar IIIA resonaling al sane frequencies. This is

done ly inpIenenling lvo opposileIy shorling capacilive slraps under lhe radialing
surface. DuaI land operalion is achieved ly inserling lvo paraIIeI sIols on lhe edges of lhe
IIIA radialing surface forning an L-shape. In lhis case, lhe cenler ving resonales al lhe
higher frequency vhiIe lhe lvo side vings resonale al lhe Iover frequency. The anlenna
resonance frequencies on IR4 sulslrale are 1.O7CHz and 2.77 CHz vilh areas' reduclion
ralios of 97 and 81 for lhe Iover and upper resonance frequencies, respecliveIy. The
anlenna size on IR4 sulslrale is 13 x 11 x 8nn
3
. The anlenna direclivily is 3.73 vilh
radialion efficiency 97. The radialion pallern has acceplalIe shape vilh Iov cross
poIarizalion in lolh resonances and al lolh L-pIane and H-pIane direclions. Il is vorlh lo
nenlion lhal, vilh frequency scaIing, lhe sane anlenna slruclure can resonale al 2.4CHz
and 5.2CHz vilh dinensions 8nnx8nnx8nn Iigure 1O shovs lhe anlenna geonelry,
vhiIe figure 11 iIIuslrales a conparison lelveen sinuIaled and neasured resuIls vilh
capacilive Ioad reduclion effecl. There are differenl approaches for nuIliland conpacl
anlenna design, hovever, ve concenlraled on IIIA vilh shorling pIales and capacilive
Ioads vilh differenl radialor shapes. Since lhese shapes give exceIIenl resuIls for anlenna
candidales in noliIe connunicalions.




(a) (l)
Iig. 11. Iholo of falricaled L-shaped IIIA on connerciaI IR4 sulslrale and (l) conparison
lelveen sinuIaled and neasured anlenna refIeclion coefficienls.
L
Cround
IIane
W
h 3 Shorling
vaII
Capacilor
pIale
Irole
feed
L1 L
2
W
2
W1
h2 h1
Iig. 1O. L-shaped IIIA anlenna geonelry.
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
-40
-20
0
Three layer E-shaped PFA
on FR4 substrate
simulated
measured
S
1
1

i
n

d
B
Frequency in GHz
Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 174
5. Broad band and UWB Antennas
5.1- Introduction to broad band and UWB antennas
In Iasl seclions, ve iIIuslrale lhe chaIIenge of snaII and nuIliland anlenna lhal can fil in
severaI vireIess connunicalion syslens al sane line. In aII previous designs, acceplalIe
anlenna landvidlh vas achieved. Hovever, severaI olher appIicalions of vireIess
connunicalions require lroadland and even uIlavideland anlenna ralher lhan direclionaI
one. road land anlennas are desired for lhe increasing denand of connunicalion
landvidlh lhal acconnodales high dala rale appIicalion Iike video-on-denand. Moreover
UW lechnoIogy allracls a Iol of allenlion fron lhe researchers in recenl years lecause of
lhe various advanlages il offers. UW lechnoIogy depends on lransnilling puIses of vidlh
in order of nano seconds inslead of noduIaling sinusoidaI signaI and, hence lroadening ils
speclrun and luning ils pover densily leyond noise IeveI (ICC, 2OO2). This nelhod in
lransnission exhilil nany advanlages as innunily lo janning and aliIily lo conlal fading
due lo nuIlipalh effecls. AIso il has penelralion capaliIily as ils speclrun incIude Iov
frequency conponenls. ecause of lhese advanlages UW lechnoIogy has enornous
appIicalions in vireIess connunicalions. One of lhe najor appIicalion is lhe vireIess sensor
nelvork (WSN) vhich is usefuI in nedicaI, lracking and IocaIizalion appIicalions (renole
sensing) (Ian Oppernan al eI., 2OO4, K.I. Ray, 2OO8). As UW provide securily and Iov
pover consunplion lhal increase lhe lallery Iife of lhe porlalIe lerninaIs. On lhe olher
hand, lroad land connunicalion syslens as veII as UW lechnoIogy faces a Iol of
chaIIenges as lhe radialion pallern slaliIily and poIarizalion purily aIong lhe vhoIe land of
operalion.

5.2-Different types of broad band antennas
Many designs have leen invesligaled in Iileralure for lroadening lhe landvidlh of
anlennas. This can le achieved ly using differenl prole feeding shapes as L-shape, adding
parasilic eIenenls lo lhe radialor, foIding lhe ground pIane, elc. (Ian Yang, 2OO1, Yasshar
Zehforoosh, 2OO6). Taking in consideralion for lhe slaliIily of lhe lean pallern and
poIarizalion purily aIong lhe landvidlh, lhe design quaIily is judged. Anong lhe lasic
ideas for lroadening lhe land are inserling sIols of differenl shapes (U,H,V) on lhe radialing
palch anlenna lo inlroduce Ionger currenl palhs and hence add olher slaggered resonaling
nodes. The ruIe of lhunl in adding anolher resonance lo lhe anlenna slruclure is lhe sane
as lhal discussed in previous seclion for nuIliland anlenna designs hovever, in case lhe
resonaling nodes are far fron each olher, lhe slruclure viII acl as nuIliland anlenna. ul if
lhe design is changed lo Iel lhese resonances near fron each olher, lhey viII conpIenenl
each olher forning slaggered resonaling lehavior and lroadland anlenna slruclure. AIso
adding parasilic or slacked palch has leen proposed in (Mohaned A. AIsharkavy al eI.,
2OO4). Anolher lypes as aperlure slacked and nuIli resonalor slacked palches in (Ki-Hakkin
al eI, 2OO6, }een Sheen Rov, 2OO5) .In lhese lypes nuIli palch anlenna are prinled on
differenl Iayer forning nuIli resonalors and hence lroaden lhe anlenna land. These lypes
are luIky and nol adequale enough lo le inlegraled vilh lhe nodern vireIess devices in
spile lhere are successfuI allenpls for lhis. In addilion lhey donl exhilil enough landvidlh
lo cover aII vireIess connunicalion land novadays (3.1-1O.6CHz). RecenlIy UW sIol
anlenna in (Cirish kunar, 2OO3, Yashar Zehforoosh al eI, 2OO6) and prinled nonopoIe
anlenna in (Soek H. Choi al eI., 2OO4) are proposed. They allracl a Iol of inleresls due lo lheir
Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 175
Iov profiIe, ease of inlegralion and very vide landvidlh. Nexl seclion viII focus on lhe
UW prinled nonopoIe anlenna.

5.3- UWB antenna Design
Sone consideralions shouId le laken for UW anlenna design such (Hung-}ui Lan, 2OO5):
1-Il shouId have landvidlh ranging fron 3.1CHz lo1O.6CHz in vhich reasonalIe efficiency
is salisfaclory.
2-In lhis uIlra-vide landvidlh, an exlreneIy Iov enission pover IeveI shouId le ensured.
(In 2OO2, lhe IederaI Connunicalion Connission (ICC) has specified lhe enission Iinils of
41.3 dn/MHz).
3-The anlenna propagales shorl-puIse signaI vilh nininun dislorlion over lhe frequency
range.

5.4 UWB Printed MonopoIe Antenna
Irinled nonopoIe anlenna slruclure is shovn in Iigure 12 and il couId le expIained as an
evoIulion of lhe convenlionaI nicroslrip anlenna vilh ground pIan eIininaled (K.I. Ray,
2OO8). Iron lhe anaIysis of lhe nicroslrip anlenna, (Hirasava and K. Iujinolo, 1982, C.A.
aIanis, 1997) il is knovn lhal lhe sulslrale lhickness (h) is direclIy proporlionaI lo lhe W
and as (h) is exlended lo infinily ly eIininaling lhe ground pIan lhe W lecone very vide.
AIso, lhe resonanl frequency is funclion of lhe palch Ienglh, vidlh and heighl. So vhen
palch prinled on very lhick sulslrale il exciles higher order nodes each enalIes lroad
landvidlh case. If lhese higher order nodes are cIose lo each olher lhe overaII landvidlh is
uIlravideland. Anolher expIanalion for lhe prinled nonopoIe lhal il couId le seen as
convenlionaI nonopoIe lul vilh lhe cyIindricaI nelaIIic rod fIalled lo le pIane of any
differenl shapes (K.I. Ray, 2OO8) (reclanguIar, circuIar, eIIiplic)as il is knovn lhal inpedance
landvidlh increase ly increasing lhe dianeler of lhe nelaIIic rod. The prinled pIane lhal
aIlernale lhe nelaIIic rod is considered of dianeler exlended lo infinily exciling higher
order nodes of Iarge landvidlh. Upon oplinizing lhe dinensions of lhe anlenna, lhese
higher order nodes couId le cIose lo each olhers lo yieId very lroad landvidlh as viII le
eIaloraled in nexl seclions.

Iig. 12. Ceonelry of lhe reclanguIar prinled nonopoIe anlenna
Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 176
5.4.1 AnaIysis
As nenlioned in previous seclion, prinled nonopoIe anlenna is anaIog lo lhe vire quarler
vave nonopoIe anlenna. This couId le used lo anaIylicaIIy design lhe anlenna for lhe Iover
edge frequency ly equaling ils area (in lhis case reclanguIar nonopoIe) lo an equivaIenl
cyIindricaI nonopoIe anlenna of sane heighl L and equivaIenl radius r as foIIoving:

2 r| I| t = (5)

The inpul inpedance of lhin /4 nonopoIe is haIf lhe inpul inpedance of lhin /2 dipoIe
and equaI is sIighlIy Iess lhan quarler vaveIenglh and given ly(15, 38)


O 24
1
O 24
3O O 24
72
| . K
uncrc
K (| / r) / ( | / r) | / (| r)
(| r)

.
|ncrcfcrc
c ( x . )
f / (| r)...GHz
|
| r
=
= + = +
+
=
= = = +
+
(6)

Irevious equalion doesnl accounl for lhe dislance lelveen lhe radialor and lhe ground
pIane (h)


72 /( )...
|
f | r n GHz = + +
(7)

vhere aII dinensions are in niIIinelers. This anaIysis is vaIid for free space lul in our case
vhere anlenna is prinled on a dieIeclric sulslrale vhich decrease lhe effecliveness of lhe
vaveIenglh (
g
). Modificalion on lhe Iover edge frequency is required and can le given ly

72 /( ) .
|
f | r n | GHz = + + (8)

Il is vorlhvhiIe lo nenlion aIlhough previous anaIysis vas on reclanguIar shape prinled
nonopoIe, il is vaIid on olher various shapes of radialors lul onIy L and r viII differ
according lo lhe geonelry of lhe shape. (K. I. Ray, 2OO8).
Afler inspecling lhe Iover edge frequency ve need lo conlroI lhe landvidlh of lhe anlenna.
AcluaIIy lhe L, r and h affecls lolh Iover edge frequency as veII as lhe landvidlh loo so
oplinizalion is needed lo give lhe required landvidlh as veII as lhe Iover frequency.
Anolher inporlanl lhing lhal affecls severeIy lhe landvidlh is lhe lollon shape of lhe
radialor in conlacl vilh lhe 5OD feeder. As Iong as ve avoid alrupl change in lhe
dinensions of lhe lransilion fron lhe feeder lo lhe radialor as Iong as ve ollain lroader
landvidlh. Thals vhy circuIar radialor inherenl vider land lhan reclanguIar one. Alrupl
lransilion forn feeder lo radialor is overcone ly using slepped or lapered feeders (S. I. Lalif
al eI., 2OO5, A.I. Zhao and }. RahoIa, 2OO5). IinaIIy using CIW (copIanar vaveguide feed)
inslead of nicroslrip feed enhances lhe landvidlh. As prinled nonopoIe anlenna
resonaling around quarler vave Ienglh so lhey have siniIar radialion pallern as nornaI
Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 177
nonopoIe. Il is onni in lhe H-pIane and eighl shaped in lhe L-pIane. IoIIoving are
exanpIes aloul lroad land and UWA anlenna designs.

5.5 ExampIes on braodband and UWB microstrip antenna designs
5.5.1 Broad band antenna
The geonelry of lhe proposed anlennas is as shovn in figure 13. The anlenna consisls of V-
shaped palch vilh V- unequaI arns vilh dinensions (L
1
, W
1
) and (L
2
, W
2
). The isosceIes
lrianguIar anlenna is vilh dinensions (L
T
, W
T
). The shorling vaII vidlh is equaI lo W
T
for
naxinun size reduclion (HaIa LIsadek and DaIia Nashaal, 2OO8). The ground pIane is vilh
reclanguIar shape of dinensions (L
g
, W
g
). The lvo parls of lhe slruclure, V-shaped palch
and lrianguIar IIIA, are coupIed lhrough a V-shaped sIol vilh unequaI arns vilh sIols
Ienglhs and vidlhs are (L
s1
, W
s1
) and (L
s2
, W
s2
). The lvo arns of lhe V-shaped palch excile
TM
O1
node. The Ienglh of lhe lvo arns of lhe V-shaped palch is differenl in order lo excile
lvo differenl slaggered resonanl nodes. The unequaI spacing/vidlhs lelveen lhe coaxiaIIy
fed lrianguIar shorled palch and lhe V-shaped palch are for differenl vaIues of coupIing
lhus, excile lvo nore differenl nodes. To add lvo nore resonaling nodes, equaI arns V-
shaped sIol can le Ioaded on lhe lrianguIar palch radialion surface. The sulslrale is foan
vilh dieIeclric conslanl
U
c =1.O7 and sulslrale heighl h=6nn. The anlenna geonelry is
iIIuslraled in figure 13. When lhe ground pIane size is reduced lo cerlain proper vaIue, lhe
anlenna lehavior changes lo le vide landvidlh anlenna ralher lhan nuIliland anlenna.
The resonaling frequencies can le approxinaleIy delernined fron foIIoving equalion
(Yujiang Wu and Zaiping Nie, 2OO7).


4
c
f
i
|
i
=
(9)

Where:
L
I

is resonanl frequency al land i, C is lhe veIocily of Iighl =
8
10 3 n/s and
L
/ is
lhe haIf Ienglh of lhe radialing surface or lhe Ienglh of lhe sIol al lhe corresponding
operaling land i. The TrianguIar IIIA parl is exciled ly coaxiaI prole feed. The prole is
posilioned in lhe cenlerIine of lhe shorled palch al dislance
I
G fron shorling vaII. The
I
G
vaIue conlroIs lhe anlenna characlerislics. Ior nuIliland operalion, lhe resonaling
frequencies are al 2.88CHz, 3.64CHz, 3.95CHz, 4.38CHz, 4.81CHz and 5.6CHz, lhe dislance
I
G is 16.75nn vhiIe for lroadland operalion, lhe dislance
I
G increased lo le 18.5nn.
Iigure 14 iIIuslrales conparison lelveen lhe sinuIaled and neasured resuIls for lhe
nuIliland slruclure. The radialion pallern of lhe anlenna is approxinaleIy onni direclionaI
in lolh L-pIane and H-pIane vilh lack lo fronl ralio of Iess lhan 5d and 3d leanvidlh of
aloul
D
60 .
Moving coaxiaI feeding lovards open end of lrianguIar IIIA anlenna al
I
G = 18.5nn, lhe
resonanl frequencies of lhe anlenna lecone slaggered cIose lo each olher so achieving
videland operalion. The landvidlh is 3 al lhe fundanenlaI node 2.95 CHz, hence lhe
fundanenlaI resonaling frequency viII approxinaleIy nol affecled ly changing lhe feed
Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 178
posilion. The higher resonance landvidlh is 27 al 4.721CHz. Iigure 15 presenls lhe
conparison lelveen lhe sinuIaled and neasured resuIls of lhe videland anlenna
slruclure.
IoIding lhe shorling vaII of lhe lrianguIar IIIA as in figure 13, converls lhe anlenna lo
UW vilh landvidlh of 53 al sane resonaling frequency 4.65CHz. The anlenna gain is
1O.5 di


























Iig. 14. Conparison lelveen sinuIaled and
neasured resuIls of lhe nuIli-land anlenna
Iig. 15. Conparison lelveen sinuIaled
and neasured resuIls of lroad land
anlenna

5.5.2 UWB antenna
Consider ve have sulslrale naleriaI of
U
c =3.38 and h=O.813nn and ve need lo design
prinled reclanguIar nonopoIe shovn in figure 12 so ve need lo knov lhe vaIues L,W,H for
ollaining Iover edge resonance frequency al 5Chz and ollain W as Wide as possilIe.
Iron alove equalions in sulseclion 5.4.1, lo salisfy 5CHz a Iol of soIulions couId le
ollained for L, W, h lul nol aII of lhen viII give lhe naxinun W, so oplinizalion is
Iig. 13. Configuralion of lhe proposed anlenna of V-shaped palch vilh unequaI arns
coupIed lo isosceIes lrianguIar IIIA lhrough V-shaped sIol of unequaI arns
d
f

W
T

L
1

L
2

L
T

W
1

W
2

W
g

L
W
s1

L
L
s2

W
s2

CoaxiaI
feeding
TrianguIar
IIIA
V-shaped palch
vilh unequaI arns
Cround pIane
IoIded shorling
vaII for UW
h
Shorling
vaII
1 2 3 4 5 6
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
reflection coefficient
simulated
measured
higher frequency bandwidth =27.3%
R
e
t
u
r
n

L
o
s
s

i
n

d
B
Frequency in GHz
2 3 4 5 6
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Multi-band antenna configuration
simulated
measured
R
e
t
u
r
n

L
o
s
s

i
n

d
B
Frequency GHz
Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 179
needed for ollaining lhe oplinun dinensions. Iaranelric anaIysis for lhe effecls of lhese
lhree dinensions on landvidlh is shovn in figures 16-18 (Hakin Aissal al eI, 2OO6, Min
Hau Ho al eI, 2OO5). Slarling vilh L=W=O.25
O
/\
U
c =8nn and h=2nn. Iron lhe lhree
figures leIov, lhe oplinun dinensions are W=12,L=11.5 and H=O.75.


Iig. 16. The effecl of
changing I on lhe relurn
Loss al |=5 nn and n=2
nn.
Iig. 17. The effecl of
changing | on lhe relurn
Ioss al I=12 nn and n=2
nn.
Iig. 18. The effecl of
changing n on lhe relurn Ioss
al I= 12 nn and |= 11.5
nn.

6. ReconfigurabIe microstrip antenna
6.1 Introduction to reconfigurabIe antenna system
Due lo lhe increasing denand of nuIlipurpose anlennas in lhe nodern vireIess
connunicalion devices and radar syslens, reconfiguralIe anlennas have allracled a Iol of
researcher's allenlion. One lype of lhese anlennas capalIe for operalion al nulIi lands and
hence couId inlercepl various connunicalion syslens (KICS/WiMAX/CSM/WCDMA)
vilh Iover co-sile inlerference. Olher lypes exhilil diversily in lransnission or receplion lo
conlal fading effecls and enhance signaI quaIily. ReconfiguralIe anlennas are siniIar lo lhe
convenlionaI anlennas lul one or nore of ils specificalion or characlerislics couId le
adjusled or luned using RI svilches/MLMs or varialIe capacilors/induclors. They have
four lypes: 1-Irequency reconfiguralIe, 2-poaIrizalion diversily, 3-radialion pallern
sleering, 4-conlinalion of lhe lhree previous lypes. Advanlages of reconfiguralIe anlennas
are inlegralion vilh vireIess and radar devices inslead of nuIlipIe anlenna syslens,
conpaclness, cosl reduclion, elc. Irequency reconfiguralIe anlenna couId decrease
inlerference and nake efficienl use of lhe eIeclronagnelic speclrun. IoIarizalion diversily
and radialion pallern sleering anlennas couId Iead lo increase in lhe connunicalion syslen
capacily and fading innunily. Moreover lhey open lhe vay of energing sone nodern
connunicalion syslens Iike MIMO and cognilive radio. AIso fron fulure polenliaI for lhe
inlroduclion of snarlness and inleIIigence lo lhe handheId lerninaIs. Svilching and/or
luning lakes pIace vilh lhe aid of IIN diodes or MLMs svilches or varaclors adopled vilh
lhe anlenna slruclure. Iin diodes are reIialIe and experience high svilching speed lul
inlroduce non Iinearily and need conpIex lias circuilry lo le inlegraled vilh lhe anlenna.
On lhe olher hand MLMs have Iover inserlion Ioss, easier in inlegralion (no need for
liasing circuilry), Iess slalic pover consunplion and have higher Iinearily, lul il needs high
slalic lias voIlage. According lo lhe various advanlages of reconfiguralIe anlennas lhey are
currenlIy parl of nany nodern vireIess connunicalion syslens such as
(DCS/CSM/WCDMA/Iueloolh/WLAN), hand heId CIS and olher navigalion syslens,
Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 180
MIMO Syslens and sleeralIe arrays. In lhe foIIoving differenl exanpIes and kinds of
reconfiguralIe anlennas viII le presenled.

6.2 PoIarization Diversity
The vork proposed ly Hakin Assal in (Hakin Aissal al eI, 2OO6) provide circuIar anlenna
vilh svilchalIe poIarizalion as shovn in Iigure 19 in vhich 2 diodes in lhe ground 45
O
sIol
are ON and lhe olhers in lhe O
O
sIols are OII nake lhe anlenna Iinear poIarized on conlrary,
vhen lhe olher 2 diodes in lhe 45
O
are ON and in lhe O
O
are OII nake lhe anlenna circuIar
poIarized. Thin sIils (13Oun) vere nade in lhe ground pIane lo avoid DC shorl on lhe
svilches. A ruIe of lhunl for lhe svilches liasing circuilry design lhal lhe RI shouIdnl go
lo lhe DC and lhe DC shouIdnl affecl lhe RI. So for DC lIockage fron RI, Iarge capacilors
are luiIl over lhe sIils ly slacking copper slrips and adhesive lapes (upper Iayer on Iigure
19). The sIils are firsl covered ly an isoIaling adhesive Iayer, vhich insures a dc isoIalion
nainlaining RI conlinuily. The adhesive Iayer is lhen lopped vilh four copper lapes lo
shieId lhe sIils al RI frequencies. This anlenna enalIes diversily in TX/RX and hence couId
enhance signaI quaIily or increase syslen capacily ly poIarizalion nuIlipIex.
Ior olher shapes of nicroslrip anlenna in (Yujiang Wu & Zaiping Nie, 2OO7) proposed
square palch vilh svilchalIe poIarizalion RHCI/LHCI using 4 pin diodes. The anlenna is
shovn in Iigure 2O.CircuIar poIarizalion is synlhesized ly lruncaling lvo opposile corners
of lhe palch. And lolh LHCI/RHCI are generaled ly doulIe feeding lhe palch fron lvo
orlhogonaI sides. Svilching ON/OII diodes 1&2 shovn in lhe Iigure 2O in opposile
nanner achieve RHCI and LHCI, respecliveIy. AIso Iinear poIarizalion couId le ollained
ly allaching lrianguIar snaII slrips connecled lo lhe lruncaled corners and connecling lhen
lo lhe palch via pin diodes3&4 as shovn in Iigure 2O. When lhese diodes are ON Iinear
poIarizalion is exhililed.













Iig. 19. CircuIarIy poIarized reconfiguralIe
anlenna
Iig. 2O. Configuralion of lhe corner-
lruncaled square nicroslrip anlenna vilh
svilchalIe poIarizalion


Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 181
6.3 Radiation pattern Steering
Adaplive lean spiraI anlenna found in lhe vork done in (Creg H. Huff el aI, 2OO4). The
geonelry of lhe anlenna is shovn in Iigure 21 vhere posilioning of open circuil in lhe spiraI
arn change currenl dislrilulion Ieading lo sleering lhe lean direclion. Tvo svilches are
used lo open/cIose lhe open circuil in lhe spiraI arn and hence lhe pallern direclion is lvo
lil conlroIIalIe.
In (Yong Zhang el aI, 2OO5), a fraclaI HiIlerl nicroslrip anlenna vilh reconfiguralIe
radialion pallerns using 8 svilches is proposed. The anlenna is shovn in Iigure 22. y
lurning svilches on and off inleresling resuIls can le ollained. Ior exanpIe al svilch pairs
(a3, a4) & (a7, a8) are OII and lhe olhers, (a1, a2) & (a3, a4) are ON and lhen aIlernales
lelveen lhe slalus of lhe naxinun radialion pallerns in L-pIan sleer fron +/-3O
O
anong
lvo slales. The radialion pallerns in lhe H-pIanes of lhe lvo slales are aInosl lhe sane.



Iig. 21. reconfiguralIe reclanguIar spiraI
anlenna (SIRL)
Iig. 22. Ceonelry of lhe originaI and
nodified reconfiguralIe fraclaI HiIlerl
nicroslrip anlennas

6.4 Frequency reconfigurabIe antennas
(Ahned Khirde & HaIa LIsadek,2OO9) proposed sinpIe design for a Iov cosl land nolch
UW prinled nonopoIe anlenna vilh reconfiguralIe capaliIily in a vay you are alIe lo
creale and canceI land nolch in lhe UW speclraI nask covering lhe in-land ILLL8O2.11a/h
co-exisling syslens. The anlenna dinensions are shovn in Iigure 23(a) and Iigure 23(l). A
palch is added in lhe lack pIane as a parasilic haIf vave resonalor coupIed eIeclricaIIy lo lhe
reclanguIar nonopoIe. SIol is cul inlo lhe parasilic palch as shovn in Iigure 23(l).The lvo
palch parls are connecled ly neans of lvo RI svilches S1 and S2 vhich are nodeIed as
nelaI pad vilh dinension O.3xO.9nn.AIlhough lhis nodeI is ideaI, il gives a very good
approxinalion for lhe reaI connerciaI pin diode svilch HIND-4OO5 nanufaclured ly HI.
The roIe of lhe svilches here is lo reconfigure lhe anlenna lelveen lhe ON/OII slales. The
ON slale vhere lhe anlenna exhilil a land nolch covering lhe landvidlh of lhe WLAN for
ILLL 8O2.11a/h vhich is 5.15-5.825 CHz. The OII slale lhe land nolch is renoved and lhe
anlenna landvidlh relurned fIal. The sinuIalion and experinenlaI resuIls conparison for
lhe ON slale and OII slale are presenled in figures 24 and 25, respecliveIy. The anlenna
gain over lhe vhoIe land is presenled in figure 26.

Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 182

Iig. 23. Ceonelry of land nolch nonopoIe anlenna Iig. 24. Conparison lelveen
sinuIaled and neasured relurn Ioss
of lhe ON slale












Iig. 25. Conparison lelveen sinuIaled
and neasured relurn Ioss of lhe OII slale

Iig. 26. Anlenna gain in lhe on and off
slales

As nenlioned alove reconfiguraliIily couId le achieved using RI Micro LIeclro-MechanicaI
(MLMs) svilches or aclualors. An exanpIe for a frequency lunalIe anlenna suing MLMs
nicronachining is proposed in (R. AI-DahIehel aI,2OO4). Il is sinpIe palch prinled on SiIicon
using VLSI nicoreIeclronics lechnoIogy and Air gap is lenealh lhe palch. .MLMs aclualor is
lo change lhe lhickness of lhe air gap lenealh lhe palch, hence changing lhe effeclive
sulslrale dieIeclric so lhe resonance frequency is changed. The anlenna slruclure is shovn
in Iigure 27. This kind of anlennas is very inporlanl for anlenna on chip and nodern Soc
lechnoIogy lhal are vilaI for conpacl handheId devices.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Simualted
Measured
4G 6G 8G 10G
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
Simualted
Measured
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Switches ON
Switches OFF
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

G
a
i
n

(
d
B
i
)
Frequency
Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 183

Iig. 27. Schenalic of lhe frequency lunalIe nicroslrip palch anlenna shoving lhe MLMs
nenlrane in lhe ground pIane leIov lhe anlenna

7. Smart Microstrip Antennas
7.1 Intorduction to smart antenna system
A snarl anlenna syslen consisls of eilher singIe anlenna eIenenl or conlines nuIlipIe
anlenna eIenenls vilh a signaI processing capaliIily lo oplinize lhe radialion and/or
receplion pallern aulonalicaIIy in response lo lhe required signaI environnenl. Differenl
lechnoIogies are conlined and defined loday as snarl anlenna syslen. These ranges fron
sinpIe diversily anlennas lo fuIIy adaplive anlenna array syslens. In lrulh, anlennas are nol
snarl ly ilseIf~anlenna syslens are snarl. In olher vords, such a syslen can aulonalicaIIy
change lhe direclionaI of ils radialion pallerns or any olher characlerislic Iike resonaling
frequency, poIarizalion direclion, anlenna gain, anlenna landvidlh, elc. in response lo ils
surrounding signaI environnenl. This can dranalicaIIy inprove lhe perfornance (such as
capacily and coverage range) of lhe vireIess syslen.

7.2 Smart antenna systems cIassifications
Seclorizalion schenes, vhich allenpl lo reduce inlerference and increase capacily, are lhe
nosl connonIy spaliaI lechnique lhal have leen used in currenl noliIe connunicalion
syslens for years. CeIIs are lroken inlo lhree or six seclors vilh dedicaled anlennas and RI
palhs. Increasing lhe anounl of seclorizalion reduces lhe inlerference seen ly lhe desired
signaI. One dravlack of lhe seclorizalion lechniques is lhal lhe efficiency decreases as lhe
nunler of seclors increases due lo anlennas' pallerns overIap. Any reduclion in lhe
inlerference IeveI lransIales inlo syslen capacily inprovenenls. Snarl anlennas couId le
divided inlo lvo najor lypes, fixed nuIlipIe leans and adaplive array syslens. olh
syslens allenpl lo increase gain in lhe direclion of lhe user. This couId le achieved ly
direcling lhe nain Iole, vilh increased gain, in lhe direclion of lhe user, and nuIIs in lhe
direclions of lhe inlerference (Ahned LIzooghpy The inlernalionaI engineering consorliun,
2OO5).
The foIIoving are dislinclions lelveen lhe lvo najor calegories of snarl anlennas
regarding lo lhe choices of lransnil slralegy:
Iixed nuIlipIe svilched lean: A finile nunler of fixed, predefined pallerns or conlining
slralegies (seclors) are lransnilled
Adaplive array: an infinile nunler of pallerns (scenario-lased) are adjusled in reaI line.

Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 184
7.2.1 Switched beam smart antenna system
Svilched lean anlenna syslens forn nuIlipIe fixed leans vilh heighlened sensilivily in
parlicuIar direclions. These anlenna syslens delecl signaI slrenglh, choose fron one of
severaI predelernined, fixed leans, and svilch fron one lean lo anolher as lhe user
noves lhroughoul lhe seclor. In lerns of radialion pallerns, lhe svilched lean approach
suldivides nacroseclors inlo severaI nicroseclors as a neans of inproving range and
capacily. Lach nicroseclor conlains a predelernined fixed lean pallern vilh lhe grealesl
sensilivily Iocaled in lhe cenler of lhe lean and Iess sensilivily eIsevhere.

7.2.2 Adaptive smart antenna system
Adaplive anlenna lechnoIogy represenls lhe nosl advanced snarl anlenna approach lo
dale. Using a variely of nev signaI-processing aIgorilhns, lhe adaplive syslen lakes
advanlage of ils aliIily lo effecliveIy Iocale and lrack various lypes of signaIs lo dynanicaIIy
nininize inlerference and naxinize inlended signaI receplion. Adaplive arrays uliIize
sophislicaled signaI-processing aIgorilhns lo conlinuousIy dislinguish lelveen desired
signaIs, nuIlipalh, and inlerfering signaIs as veII as caIcuIale lheir direclions of arrivaI. This
approach conlinuousIy updales ils lransnil/receive slralegy lased on lhe changes in lolh
lhe desired and inlerfering signaI Iocalions (Ahned LIzooghpy, lhe inlernalionaI
engineering consorliun, 2OO5). Iigure 28 iIIuslrales conparison lelveen lhe lvo snarl
anlenna syslens coverage.















Iig. 28 (a) ean forning Ioles and nuIIs in svilched and adaplive array syslens, green Iines
are lhe required user direclion and yeIIov Iines are for co-channeI inlerference and (l)
coverage pallerns for svilched leans and adaplive array anlennas

7.3 Advantages and disadvantages of smart antenna system
7.3.1 Advantages
The duaI purpose of a snarl anlenna syslen is lo augnenl lhe signaI quaIily of lhe radio-
lased syslen lhrough nore focused lransnission of radio signaIs vhiIe enhancing capacily
lhrough frequency reuse. The nain advanlages of lhe snarl anlenna syslen and lheir
refIecled effecl on syslen perfornance are Iisled in lalIe 4 leIov (MichaeI ChryssonaIIis,
2OO, Rappaporl, T. S., 1998, TsouIos C. V., 2OO1).
(a) (l)
User direclion User direclion
Inlerferee
direclion
Inlerferee
direclion
Microstrip Antennas for Mobile Wireless Communication Systems 185
Iealure enefil
5Igna! gaIn: Inpuls fron nuIlipIe anlennas
are conlined lo oplinize avaiIalIe pover
required lo eslalIish required IeveI of
coverage.
Bcttcr rangc-cnvcragc: Iocusing lhe energy
increases lhe lase slalion coverage range.
Lover pover requirenenls aIso enalIe a
grealer lallery Iife and snaIIer/Iighler
handsel size.
Intcrfcrcncc rcjcctInn: Anlenna pallern can
le generaled lovard co-channeI inlerference
sources, lhus inproving lhe signaI-lo-
inlerference ralio of lhe received signaIs.
Incrcasc capacIty: Irecise conlroI of signaI
nuIIs and niligalion of inlerference aIIovs
for inproving capacily.
5patIa! dIvcrsIty: Conposile infornalion
fron lhe array is used lo nininize fading
and olher undesiralIe effecls of nuIlipalh
propagalion.
HIghcr bIt ratcs transfcr: nuIlipalh rejeclion
reduces lhe effeclive deIay spread of lhe
channeI vhich aIIovs for higher lil rales lo
le supporled
Pnwcr cffIcIcncy: Il conlines lhe inpuls
fron nuIlipIe eIenenls lo oplinize
avaiIalIe processing gain in lhe dovnIink
(lovard lhe user)
Rcducc cxpcnsc: Lover anpIifier cosls,
reduce pover consunplion, and increase
reIialiIily.
TalIe 4. enefils of snarl anlenna syslen

7.3.2 Disadvantages
One of lhe najor exisling disadvanlages of snarl anlennas is in lheir conpIex hardvare
design and inpIenenlalion. MuIlipIe RI chains can increase lhe cosl and nake lhe
lransceiver luIkier. Mosl of lhe laseland processing requires coherenl signaIs. This neans
lhal aII lhe nixer LOs and ADC cIocks need lo le derived fron sane sources. This can
presenl significanl design chaIIenges. The phase characlerislics of RI conponenls can
change over line. These changes are reIaliveIy slalic and hence need caIilralion procedures
lo accounl for phase differences.

7.4 AppIications of smart antenna systems
Snarl anlenna lechnoIogy can significanlIy inprove vireIess syslen perfornance and
econonics for a range of polenliaI users. Il enalIes operalors of ICS, ceIIuIar, and vireIess
IocaI Ioop (WLL) nelvorks lo reaIize significanl increases in signaI quaIily, capacily, and
coverage.
Adaplive anlennas have leen used in areas such as radars, saleIIile connunicalions, renole
sensing, and direclion finding, lo nane a fev. Ior inslance, radar and secure
connunicalions syslens lake advanlage of lhe aliIily of lhese anlennas lo adapl lo lhe
operaling environnenl lo conlal janning. SaleIIile connunicalion syslens have used
nuIlipIe lean and spol lean anlennas lo laiIor lheir coverage lo specific geographic
Iocalions. (KavaIa I. and U. H. Sheikh, 1993).

7.5 Future perspectives for smart antennas systems
According lo recenl sludies, snarl anlenna lechnoIogy is nov depIoyed in one of every 1O
lase slalions in lhe vorId, and lhe depIoynenl of snarl anlenna syslens viII grov ly 6O
percenl in lhe nexl four years. Il vas shovn in lhe sane sludy lhal snarl anlenna
Mobile and Wireless Communications: Network layer and circuit level design 186
lechnoIogy has leen successfuIIy inpIenenled for as IillIe as 3O percenl nore cosl lhan
siniIar lase slalions vilhoul lhis lechnoIogy.
Snarl anlennas are aIready parl of currenl reIeases of 3C slandards and nore sophislicaled
approaches are considered for fulure reIeases. Iurlhernore, lhere is currenlIy increasing
inleresl in lhe incorporalion of snarl anlenna lechniques for ILLL vireIess LAN/MAN
(8O2.11n and 8O2.162). Hovever, inpIenenlalion cosls can vary consideralIy, and cosl-
effeclive inpIenenlalion is sliII lhe najor chaIIenge in lhe fieId. Al lhe lase slalion of
parlicuIar inporlance is lhe deveIopnenl of inproved anlenna slruclures (possilIy
enpIoying MLMS, lechnoIogy, e.g., nicro-svilches, or inproved calIing slruclures, and
efficienl Iov-cosl radio frequency/digilaI signaI processing archileclures. Al lhe lerninaI,
lhe appIicalion of snarl anlenna lechniques can have a significanl inpacl, in lerns of sys-
len perfornance, cosl and lerninaI physicaI size (T.L.Roach el aI, 2OO7). The financiaI
inpacl of lhe depIoynenl of snarl anlenna lechnoIogies in fulure vireIess syslens vas
sludied in (AngeIiki AIexiou & Marlin Haardl, 2OO6) for CDMA2OOO and UMTS. The resuIls
shoved lhal snarl anlenna lechniques are key lo securing lhe financiaI vialiIily of
operalors' lusiness, vhiIe al lhe sane line aIIoving for unil price eIaslicily and posilive nel
presenl vaIue. They are cruciaI for operalors lhal vanl lo creale denand for high dala usage
and/or gain high narkel share. ased on lhis lype of anaIysis, lechnoIogy roadnaps aIong
vilh lheir associaled risks can le concIuded lhal enalIe appropriale lechnoIogy inlercepl
poinls viII le delernined, resuIling in lhe deveIopnenl of lechnoIogies appropriale for each
appIicalion area.

8. AcknowIedgment
The aulhor vouId Iike lo acknovIedge Lng. Ahned Khidre for his efforl and supporl in
discussions, coIIecling Iileralure naleriaI and ediling issues lhal heIp in conpIele lhis
research vork

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