PIPELINE EMERGENCIES

Chapter 4 Liquid Products Pipeline Operations Michael Callan

Facilitator Guide

Pipeline Emergencies Chapter 4 Notes

Chapter 4 - Liquid Products Pipeline Operations Objectives

1. Describe The Common Types Of Refined Petroleum Products Transported In Pipelines. 2. Describe The Following Physical Properties And Explain Their Significance In The Risk Assessment Process For An Incident Involving A Liquid Products Pipeline. a. Specific Gravity b. API Gravity c. Vapor Density d. Boiling Point e. Volatility 3. Describe The Following Physical Properties And Explain Their Significance In The Risk Assessment Process For An Incident Involving A Liquid Products Pipeline. a. Expansion Ratio b. Vapor Pressure c. Reid Vapor Pressure d. Solubility e. Viscosity 4. Describe The Following Chemical Properties And Explain Their Significance In The Risk Assessment Process For An Incident Involving A Liquid Products Pipeline. a. Flash Point b. Fire Point c. Ignition Temperature d. Flammable (Explosive) Range

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5. Describe The Key Physical And Chemical Properties Of The Following Petroleum Products Transported In Liquid Pipelines: a. Crude Oil b. Gasoline c. Aviation Gasoline d. Distillate Fuel Oils e. Jet Fuel f. Anhydrous Ammonia g. Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) 6. Describe The Basic Principles Of Liquid Transmission Pipeline Operations, Including How A Liquid Pipeline Can Carry Different Products. 7. Identify The Types Of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks Commonly Found At Marketing And Distribution Terminals. 8. List Three Safety Features Found At Cargo Tank Truck Loading Racks. 9. List At Least Three Signs Or Indicators Of A Leaking Liquid Pipeline.

Chapter 4 Instructor Overview

1. Describe the common types of refined petroleum products transported in pipelines. Gasoline, aviation gasoline, jet fuel, home heating and diesel fuels. Gasoline is a volatile flammable liquid with a flash point of 145 degrees F and a flammable range of 1.4 to 7.6%. Aviation gasoline (Avgas) is a gasoline fuel for reciprocating piston engine aircraft and is very volatile and extremely flammable. Compared to gasoline Avgas has a higher octane rating i.e., 100/130.

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Jet fuel is a highly refined kerosene petroleum distillate used for commercial and military aircraft. Home heating oil and diesel fuel are kerosene petroleum products. 2. Describe the physical properties and explain their significance in the risk assessment process for an incident involving a liquid products pipeline. Specific gravity is the weight of a solid or liquid material compared with the weight of an equal volume of water. The value of 1 is the weight of water. Specific gravity provides the emergency responder information as to whether the product is lighter or heavier than water. API gravity is the density measure for petroleum liquids and is inversely related to specific gravity. The higher the API gravity the lower the specific gravity. Pipeline operators use this gravity for determining the exact product break point between batches on refined product pipeline shipment. Vapor density is the weight of a pure vapor or gas compared with the weight of an equal volume of dry air at same temperature and pressure. The value of 1 is the weight of air. Vapor density provides the emergency responder information as to whether the product is lighter or heavier than air. Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes its phase to a vapor or gas. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals atmospheric pressure. Boiling point and flash point are related. The lower the boiling point the greater amounts of vapors will be produced. Page 4 of 31

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Pipeline Emergencies Chapter 4 Notes

Volatility is the ease with which a liquid or solid can pass into the vapor state. The higher a materials volatility, the greater its rate of evaporation. Volatility is a significant property in that volatile materials will readily disperse and increase the hazard area. Expansion Ratio is the amount of gas produced by the evaporation of one volume of liquid at a given temperature. The greater the expansion ratio, the more gas that is produced and the larger the hazard area for example LPG has an expansion ratio of 1 part liquid to 270 parts vapor. Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor within the container against the sides of a container. The importance of vapor pressure is also related to the temperature; as the temperature increases, so does the vapor pressure. Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) is the rate at which vapors are given off from a petroleum liquid. Pipeline industry uses RVP in discussing winter and summer gasoline blends. A low RVP in summer prevents vapor lock in automobile engines and vice versa for winter. Solubility is the ability of a solid, liquid, gas or vapor to dissolve in water or other specified medium. Emergency responders can use solubility in determining the selection of extinguishing agents. Viscosity is the measurement of the thickness of a liquid and its ability to flow. Emergency responders use this information to determine if the product will spread increasing the size of the hazard area. High-viscosity liquid is heavy fuel oils and low-viscosity is like gasoline. Page 5 of 31

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Pipeline Emergencies Chapter 4 Notes

3. Describe the following chemical properties and explain their significance in the risk assessment process for an incident involving a liquid products pipeline. Flash point - is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors that will ignite and flash over but will not continue to burn without the addition of more heat. Risk assessment using flash point will provide the emergency responders information as to the hazards involved with the product. Low flash points are a greater risk than high flash points of products. Fire Point is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors that will ignite and sustain combustion. Risk assessment of fire point will provide information to the emergency responders that temperature normally higher than flash point will result in the product to sustain combustion. Ignition (Autoignition) Temperature is the minimum temperature required to ignite gas or vapor without a spark or flame being present. This information provides the ease at which a flammable material may ignite. Flammable (Explosive) Range is the range of gas or vapor concentration (% by vol of air) that will burn or explode if an ignition source is present. Risk assessment using this information provides the emergency responders on how easily the product will ignite or explode. Gasoline for example has a narrow range of 1.4 to 7.6%. 4. Describe the key physical and chemical properties of the following petroleum products transported in liquid pipelines:

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Crude oil is unrefined petroleum that is the source of a myriad of both liquid and gas petroleum products. Importance of crude oils to emergency responders is the high concentration of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) referred to as sour crude. Little of no sulfur is referred to as sweet crude. Chemical properties: wide range of boiling points. Flash points range from 20 to 90 F. Physical properties: yellow to black, different viscosities. Gasoline: Physical properties volatile flammable liquid, low viscosity, heavier than air. Chemical properties flash pt. -45 F; flammable range of 1.4 to 7.6% Aviation gasoline (Avgas) for aircraft with reciprocating piston engine. Physical properties heavier than air, lighter than water, very volatile (high octane) and extremely flammable. Chemical properties flash pt -45 deg F, high viscosity, flammable range 1.4 to 7.6%. Distillate fuel oils: Physical properties lighter than water, heavier than air, medium viscosity, lower boiling point than diesel oil. Chemical properties high flash point, high boiling point 325 F. Jet fuel (refined kerosene): Physical properties high viscosity, vapors heavier than air, liquid lighter than water, slight solubility. Chemical properties flash pt over 100 F, Anhydrous Ammonia: Physical properties colorless, sharp pungent odor, lighter than air, extremely soluble. Chemical properties boiling pt of -28 F, high ignition temperature, high and narrow flammable range of 16% to 25%. Page 7 of 31

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Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): Physical properties heavier than air, tasteless, colorless and odorless. Chemical properties 1.5 times heavier than air, boiling pint is -44 F, flammable range is 1.5% to 9.6 percent depending on mixture. 5. Describe the basic principles of liquid transmission pipeline operations, including how a liquid pipeline can carry different products. Liquid transmission pipeline operations include the transportation of refined petroleum products through a sophisticated transportation network from refineries to marketing and distribution terminals in the consuming area. See figure 4.4 of text book. Different products are scheduled and tracked by batches. A pipeline train with multiple products is batched together in a specific order based on customer needs and product compatibility. The product is measured at receipt point and at delivery point and documented. Normal product density will maintain separation within the pipeline. 6. Identify the types of aboveground petroleum storage tanks commonly found at marketing and distribution terminals. Cone roof tanks Open top floating roof tanks Covered floating roof tanks Vertical low-pressure storage tanks Horizontal low-pressure storage tanks 7. List three safety features found at cargo tank truck loading racks.

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Electrical connections between loading rack and cargo tank truck must be complete before liquid will flow. Deadman switches control product flow and flow stops if switch is released. Fixed foam protection systems. Drainage system to collect liquid spills to retention area 8. List at least three signs or indicators of a leaking liquid pipeline. What you see What you smell What you hear For example: dead or discolored vegetation, dirt being blown into the air, fire coming out of the ground, presence of construction equipment in the area. Distinctive odor. Hissing sound or roaring sound.

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Slide [1]

Chapter 4 Liquid Products Pipeline Operations

P-59

[2]Objectives
a) Describe The Common Types Of Refined Petroleum Products Transported In Pipelines. b) Describe The Following Physical Properties And Explain Their Significance In The Risk Assessment Process For An Incident Involving A Liquid Products Pipeline. i) Specific Gravity ii) API Gravity iii) Vapor Density iv) Boiling Point v) Volatility P-60

[3]Objectives
a) Describe The Following Physical Properties And Explain Their Significance In The Risk Assessment Process For An Incident Involving A Liquid Products Pipeline. i) Expansion Ratio ii) Vapor Pressure iii) Reid Vapor Pressure iv) Solubility v) Viscosity P-60

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[4]Objectives
a) Describe The Following Chemical Properties And Explain Their Significance In The Risk Assessment Process For An Incident Involving A Liquid Products Pipeline. i) Flash Point ii) Fire Point iii) Ignition Temperature iv) Flammable (Explosive) Range P-60

[5]Objectives
a) Describe The Key Physical And Chemical Properties Of The Following Petroleum Products Transported In Liquid Pipelines: i) Crude Oil ii) Gasoline iii) Aviation Gasoline iv) Distillate Fuel Oils v) Jet Fuel vi) Anhydrous Ammonia vii) Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) P-60

[6]Objectives
a) Describe The Basic Principles Of Liquid Transmission Pipeline Operations, Including How A Liquid Pipeline Can Carry Different Products. b) Identify The Types Of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks Commonly Found At Marketing And Distribution Terminals. c) List Three Safety Features Found At Cargo Tank Truck Loading Racks. P-60

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d) List At Least Three Signs Or Indicators Of A Leaking Liquid Pipeline.

[7]Introduction
a) In This Chapter, We Will Look At The Specifics Of Liquid Pipeline Operations Their Facilities Including i) Crude Oil ii) Refined Product iii) And Liquefied Gas Pipelines P-61

[8]Physical And Chemical Properties

a) To Mount A Safe And Effective Response At A Pipeline Emergency, Responders Must Understand i) How The Product Will Behave (I.E., Its Physical Properties) P-61

ii) How It Can Harm (I.E., Its Chemical Properties)

iii) Physical And Chemical Terms Covered In

This Section May Be Referenced From Either The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) For The Product Or From Emergency Response Guidebooks.

[9]Physical Properties
a) Physical Properties Provide Information On The Behavior Of A Material i) Specific Gravity t he Weight Of A Solid Or Liquid Material As Compared With The Weight Of An Equal Volume Of Water. ii) API (American Petroleum Institute) Gravity The Density Measure Used For Petroleum Liquids. API Gravity Is Inversely Related To Specific Gravity P-61 Page 12 of 31

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[10] Physical Properties

a) Vapor Density the Weight Of A Pure Vapor Or Gas Compared With The Weight Of An Equal Volume Of Dry Air At The Same Temperature And Pressure b) Boiling Point the Temperature At Which A Liquid Changes Its Phase To A Vapor Or Gas. P-61

[11] Specific Gravity and API Gravity

P-62

[12] 4H MEDIC ANNA:

4H H = Hydrogen (VD = 0.069) H = Helium (VD = 0.14) H = Hydrogen Cyanide (VD = 1.0) H = Hydrogen Fluoride (VD = 0.34) P-63

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[13] 4H MEDIC ANNA:

MEDIC M = Methane (VD = 0.6) E = Ethylene (VD = 0.97) D = Diborane (VD = 0.96) I = Illuminating Gas (10% Ethane and 90% Methane mixture - VD = 0.6) C = Carbon Monoxide (VD = 0.97) P-63

[14] 4H MEDIC ANNA:

ANNA A = Anhydrous Ammonia (VD = 0.588) N = Neon (VD = 0.7) N = Nitrogen (VD = 0.96) A = Acetylene (VD = 0.90) P-63

[15] Physical Properties

a) Volatility the Ease With Which A Liquid Or Solid Can Pass Into The Vapor State. b) Expansion Ratio the Amount Of Gas Produced By The Evaporation Of One Volume Of Liquid At A Given Temperature. c) Vapor Pressure the Pressure Exerted By The Vapor Within The Container Against The Sides Of A Container . P-63

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[16] Physical Properties

a) Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) the Rate At Which Vapors Are Given Off From A Petroleum Liquid. b) Solubility the Ability Of A Solid, Liquid, Gas, Or Vapor To Dissolve In Water Or Other Specified Medium P-61 c) Viscosity measurement Of The Thickness Of A Liquid And Its Ability To Flow.

[17] Chemical Properties

a) Chemical Properties Are The Intrinsic Characteristics Or Properties Of A Substance Described By Its Tendency To Undergo Chemical Change i) Flash Point minimum Temperature At Which A Liquid Gives Off Sufficient Vapors That Will Ignite And Flash Over But Will Not Continue To Burn Without The Addition Of More Heat. P-64
ii)

Fire Point Minimum Temperature At Which A Liquid Gives Off Sufficient Vapors That Will Ignite And Sustain Combustion.

[18] Chemical Properties

a) Chemical Properties Are The Intrinsic Characteristics Or Properties Of A Substance Described By Its Tendency To Undergo Chemical Change b) Ignition (Auto-ignition) Temperature the Minimum Temperature Required To Ignite Gas Or Vapor Without A Spark Or Flame Being Present.

P-64

c) Flammable (Explosive) Range the Range Of Gas Or Vapor Concentration (Percentage By Page 15 of 31

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Volume In Air) That Will Burn Or Explode If An Ignition Source Is Present.

[19] Liquid Petroleum Products

a) Development Of A Safe And Effective Tactical Response Plan To Any Pipeline Emergency Is Based Upon: b) Rapidly Identifying The Material(s) Involved, And c) Understanding The Behavior Of The Material(s) Being Transported In The Pipeline. d) Common Products Transported In Liquid Pipeline e) Crude Oil, Refined Petroleum Products, And Liquefied Petroleum Products P-65

[20] Crude Oil

a) Crude Oil Is Unrefined Petroleum That Is The Source Of A Myriad Of Both Liquid And Gas Petroleum Products. b) It Is The Foundation For Many Products That Are Commonplace In Modern Society, Including Motor And Heating Fuels, Petrochemicals, And Plastic Products. P-65 c) Although Referred To As An Oil, Most Crude Oil Is Actually A Mixture Of Oil, Gas, Water And Other Impurities, Such As Metallic Compounds And Sulfur.

[21] Crude Oil

a) Its Color Can Range From Yellow To Black. b) The OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) For Hydrogen Sulfide Is 10 Parts Per Million (Ppm) c) Crude Oil Containing Little Or No Sulfur Is Often Referred To As A Sweet Crude Page 16 of 31 P-65

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[22] One Barrel of Crude Oil (42 gallons)

a) Gasoline b) Distillate Fuel c) Kerosene Type Fuel d) Coke e) Residual Fuel oil f) Liquified Refinery gases g) Still Gas h) Asphalt or road oil j) Lubricant oils k) Kerosene l) Other 19.4 9.7 4.3 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.4 0.5 0.2 0.4 P-66

i) Petrochemical Feed Stocks 1.1

[23] Refined Petroleum Products

a) Flammable And Combustible Liquids Are The Most Common Products Transported By Liquid Transmission Pipelines. b) These Include Refined Products Such As Gasoline, Aviation Gas And Jet Fuel, And Distillates, Such As Home Heating And Diesel Fuels. c) Refined Gasoline Should Not Be Confused With Natural Gasoline Or Casing head Gasoline, Which Is The Liquid Hydrocarbon That Is Recovered From Wet Natural Gas Production.

P-66

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[24] Refined Petroleum Products

a) Aviation Gasoline (Or Avgas) Is A Gasoline Fuel For Reciprocating Piston Engine Aircraft And Should Not Be Confused With Jet Fuel. b) Distillate Fuel Oils Include Both Diesel Fuel And Fuel Oil c) Jet Fuel Is A Highly Refined Kerosene Petroleum Distillate. P-66

d) Military Fuels May Include JP-4, JP-5 And JP-8.

[25] Liquefied Gases

a) Although Commonly Found In Society As Gases, There Are Also Some Products That Are Transported In Their Liquid Form. b) Anhydrous Ammonia i) (NH3) Is The Liquefied Form Of Pure Ammonia Gas. Anhydrous Ammonia Is A Colorless, Alkaline Gas With A Sharp, Pungent Odor. With A Boiling Point Of -28F (-33C) P-68 ii) It Is Lighter Than Air. iii) It Is Extremely Soluble In Water And Will Form Ammonium Hydroxide, A Weak Base, When Mixed With Water

[26] Liquefied Gases

a) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) b) Is A Mixture Of Gaseous Hydrocarbons, Primarily Propane And Butane And Their Isomers. LPG Is A Tasteless, Colorless And Odorless Gas That Is Approximately 1.5-times Heavier Than Air. c) To Permit Its Detection When Released, Ethyl Mercaptan Is Added As An Odorant. Page 18 of 31 P-68

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The Flammable Range Of LPG Is Approximately 1.5% To 9.6% Depending Upon The Exact Gas And Mixture. LPG Is Usually Transported As A Liquid Via Transmission Pipelines.

[27] Liquefied Gases

a) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) b) Is A Colorless, Odorless And Tasteless Gas That Is Approximately Fifteen (15) Times Heavier Than Air. CO2 May Be Shipped As Either A Gas Or A Liquid, Although Liquefied CO2 Would Be Most Likely In Transmission Pipelines.
P-68

[28] Liquid Refined Product Pipeline Operations

a) The Most Widespread Liquid Pipeline Operations Are Those That Involve The Transportation Of Refined Petroleum Products b) These Products Are Typically Broken Into Two Categories: c) Gasoline And Related Fuels Including Aviation Gas And Jet Fuel, P-69

d) Distillates Such As Home Heating And Diesel Fuels. In Addition, There Are Smaller Regionalbased Transmission Pipelines That Move Refined Products From Refineries To A Specific Region Or Market Served By Those Refineries

[29] Liquid Refined Product Pipeline Operations

P-69

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[30] The Business Of Pipelines

a) The Pipeline Operator Constantly Tracks The Location Of The Shipment As It Moves From The Initial Receipt Point To Its Delivery Point. b) The Amount Charged To A Customer Will Depend Upon The Product Being Transported, And The Amount. c) The Pipeline Operator Constantly Tracks The Location Of The Shipment As It Moves From The Initial Receipt Point To Its Delivery Point. P-70 d) The Amount Charged To A Customer Will Depend Upon The Product Being Transported, The Amount, And The Distance Between The Receipt And Delivery Points.

[31] Product Tracking And Operations

a) Unlike Crude Oil And Natural Gas Pipelines That Are Dedicated To A Single Product Service, Refined Product Pipelines Can Simultaneously Transport Several Different Products Through The Same Pipeline When Moving Multiple Products In A Common Pipeline, Some Amount Of Product Will Be Mixed With Another b) This is Called Batching P-70

[32] Product Tracking And Operations

a) Batching Is The Process By Which Multiple Transported Through A Single Pipeline. Batching May Be Done With Or Without A Physical Barrier Separating The Different Products b) The Point At Which Two Products Meet And Mix Is Referred To As Transmix Or The Interface P-70

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[33] Product Tracking And Operations

a) When No Physical Barrier Is Used, Differences In Product Density Will Maintain The Separation, With Only A Short Interface b) Interface Detectors Are Also Used As A Tool For Predicting When Batch Changes Will Arrive At A Specific Location Along The Pipeline c) Physical Separation Between Batches Of Different Products Is Sometimes Accomplished Through The Use Of Spheres Or Pigs P-70

[34] Petroleum Product Batching

P-71

[35] Pump Stations

a) The Movement Of Petroleum Liquid Products Through A Pipeline System Is No Different Than Moving Water In A Fire Department Relay Operation. b) As Water Travels From The Water Source And Ultimately To The Fire, It Must Overcome Pressure Losses Due To Friction Loss And Elevation. c) Pipeline Pressure Cannot Be Allowed To P-71 Drop Below The Required Delivery Pressure At The End Of The Pipeline Or The Flow Will Cease.

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[36] Pump Stations

a) To Maintain Pipeline Flows And Pressures, Booster Pumps Or Pumping Stations Are Used. b) The Number, Size And Spacing Of Pumping Stations Will Vary Depending Upon The Length Of The Pipeline, Its Diameter, And Elevation Differences. P-71 c) Pump Stations May Be Either Attended Or Nonattended.

[37] Pump Stations

a) Equipment At A Pump Station Will Vary Depending Upon A Number Of Factors. b) These Include The Volume Of Liquid Product Being Moved, The Size Of The Pipeline System, The Type Of Monitoring And Control Systems Used, The Remoteness Of The Pump Station, The Environment, And Other Related Factors. P-72

[38] Pump Stations Equipment

a) Pumps Systems - Pumping Stations Will Typically Have Several Pumps. b) Pumps Are Typically Of A Centrifugal Or Positive-displacement Design, Although A Multi-phase Pump That Is Capable Of Pumping Both Liquids And Vapors May Be Found. c) Piping And Piping Manifolds Allow The Products To Be Moved To Specific Pumps, Storage Tanks Or To Other Equipment Within The P-72 Pump Station d) Metering Equipment For Measuring Pipeline Throughput Page 22 of 31

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[39] Pump Stations

a) Pig Manifolds Are Used For Inserting And Receiving Pigs That May Be Run Through The Pipeline For Cleaning, Maintenance Or Inspection Purposes. b) Storage Tanks And Vessels May Be Found Depending Upon The Size Of The Pump Station c) Fire Detection And Suppression Systems. Pump Stations Are Often Protected With A Combination Of Monitoring And Detection Systems, And Fire Suppression Systems P-72

[40] Receiving Procedures

a) Products And/Or Batches Can Be Taken Off A Pipeline Train As Its Moves From Its Origination Point To The Physical End Of The Pipeline b) Regardless Of How The Product May Be Received, There Are Specific Policies And Procedures That Must Be Followed Before Any Product Can Be Transferred From A Pipeline Into A Storage Facility. P-73 c) This Transfer Process Incorporates A Number Of Checks And Balances, These Include: i) The Receiving Facility Must Prepare To Receive The Shipment In Advance

[41] Receiving Procedures

a) The Receiving Facility Must Evaluate The Valve Alignment Required To Transfer The Products From The Pipeline To The Receiving Facility b) The Pipeline Operations Center Will Continuously Monitor The SCADA System. c) Storage Tanks Receiving Product From A Pipeline Are Required By National Fire Codes To Have High-level Alarms (HLA) P-73 Page 23 of 31

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d) Marketing And Distribution Terminals May Receive Incoming Shipments From A Pipeline While Unmanned

[42] Marketing And Distribution Terminal Operations

a) Once Liquid Petroleum Products Are Removed From The Pipeline, They Are Temporarily Stored In Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks Until Transferred Into Cargo Tank Trucks, Rail Cars Or Barges, And Ultimately Delivered To The End User And Consumer. P-74 b) The Most Common Facility Associated With This Phase Of Pipeline Operations Are Known As Marketing And Distribution Terminals

[43] Types Of Storage Tanks

a) There Are A Wide Variety Of Design Standards For Aboveground Liquid Storage Tanks. The Most Common Types Of Storage Tanks Found At Petroleum Marketing And Distribution Facilities Are: i) Cone Roof Tanks ii) Open Top Floating Roof Tanks iii) Covered Floating Roof Tanks iv) Vertical Low-pressure Storage Tanks v) Horizontal Low-pressure Storage Tanks P-74

[44] Cone Roof Tanks

P-75 Page 24 of 31

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[45] Covered Floating Roof Tanks

P-75

[46] Open Floating Roof Tank

P-76

[47] Open Floating Roof Tank Geodesic

Dome

P-76

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[48] Vertical Low-Pressure Storage Tanks

P-77

[49] Horizontal Low-Pressure Storage Tanks

P-77

[50] Loading Racks And Transfer Operations

a) Depending Upon The Location Of The Storage Tank Terminal, Petroleum Products May Be Transferred Into Cargo Tank Trucks, Railroad Tank Cars, And Barge Or Ship Loading Racks b) Cargo Tank Truck Loading Racks c) Cargo Tank Trucks Used For The Transportation Of Refined Petroleum Products Must Be Constructed To U.S. Department Of Transportation (DOT) Specifications For The MC-306 / DOT-406 Atmospheric Pressure Cargo Tank Trucks Page 26 of 31 P-77

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[51] Loading Racks And Transfer Operations

a) Cargo Tank Trucks May Be Loaded In Two Manners: b) Bottom Loading i) Each Compartment On The Tank Truck Has A Vent That Is Connected To The Trucks Vapor Recovery Piping System Responders Should Remember That P-78 Most MC-306 / DOT-407 Cargo Tank Trucks That Are Bottom-loaded Will Have Product In Their Discharge Piping Prior To Making Their First Delivery.

[52] Loading Racks And Transfer Operations

a) Cargo Tank Trucks May Be Loaded In Two Manners: b) Top Loading c) A Fill Tube From The Loading Rack Is Inserted Into Each Compartment And Product Is Then Transferred P-78

[53] Loading Rack Safeguards

a) Electrical Connection Between The Loading Rack And The Cargo Tank Truck. b) Deadman Switches That Control Product Flow. c) Brake Interlock System d) Preset Loading Meters And Control Valves Allow The Vehicle Operator To Load A Specific And Predetermined Quantity Of Product P-79 e) Fixed Foam Protection Systems

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f) Any Spills And Incidental Releases That May Occur Around A Liquid Petroleum Loading Rack Are Usually Channeled To A Retention Area

[54] Clues Of A Liquid Pipeline Incident

a) What You See i) Dead Or Discolored Vegetation That Is Otherwise Green Along A Pipeline Right-ofway. ii) Colorful Sheens, Stains Or Pools Of Hydrocarbon Appearing On Flat Surfaces. iii) Colorful Sheens Appearing On Water. P-80 iv) Pools Of Liquid Not Otherwise Usually Present Along The Pipeline Rights-of-way. v) Presence Of A Vapor Cloud Or Mist Around The Pipeline Rights-of-way. vi) Dirt Being Blown Into The Air. vii) Fire Coming Out Of The Ground viii)Presence Of Construction Or Excavation Equipment In The Area

[55] Clues Of A Liquid Pipeline Incident

a) What You Smell i) All Refined Products And Distillate Fuels Have A Distinctive Odor When Released. ii) Anhydrous Ammonia Will Have A Distinct, Pungent Odor. P-80 iii) LPG Gases, Such As Propane And Butane, Will Smell Like Natural Gas If The Incident Involves Odorized Propane Or Butane. Otherwise, There Will Be No Distinct Smell Or Odor Or A Slight Hydrocarbon Odor. b) What You Hear

i) Unusual Hissing Or Roaring Sound Along A Pipeline Rights-of-way.

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[56] Street Smart Tips

a) Crude Oil Gathering Pipelines May Transport Sour Crude With High Concentrations Of Hydrogen Sulfide b) Gasoline Is Highly Flammable And Is Easily Ignited When Released Into Air c) Distillates, Such As Diesel Fuel And Jet Fuel, Are Combustible Liquids And Produce Less Vapors Than Gasoline. d) All Refined Petroleum Products Have Vapors That Are Heavier Than Air And A Specific Gravity Less Than 1.0 P-80

[57] Street Smart Tips

a) Liquefied Gases That Are Lighter Than Air, Such As Anhydrous Ammonia, Will Initially Hang Low And Collect In Low Areas Until The Vapors Heat Up And Rise b) All Liquid Petroleum Products Have Increased Volatility When Released Under Pressure As An Aerosol c) Diesel And Jet Fuel Vapors Are Not Easily P-80 Detected With A Combustible Gas Indicator (CGI) Due To Their Low Vapor Pressure

[58] Summary
a) Knowledge Of The Container And Its Contents, And The Behavior Of Both Are Critical In Sizing Up The Problem b) The Most Common Types Of Liquid Products Transported In Pipelines Are Flammable And Combustible Liquids, Ammonia, Liquefied Petroleum Gases And Carbon Dioxide. P-81 c) Since Pipelines Usually Terminate At A Bulk Storage Facility, Emergency Responders Must Be Page 30 of 31

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Familiar With The Types Of Storage Tanks And Loading Rack Emergencies That May Occur At These Facilities.

[59] Summary
a) In Many Instances, The Initial Response To A Pipeline Emergency May Be Dispatched As A Call For A Strange Odor In The Area Or As An Unknown Type Of Hazardous Materials Leak Or Spill. b) Responders Must Be Cautious In Approaching These Incidents Scenes And Look For Clues That A Pipeline Is Involved.

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