Experiment No.:-1: Aim: Theory

Microwave and Radar Lab
EXPERIMENT NO.:-1
AIM: To study about waveguide components THEORY:
Rectangular waveguide: Wave-guide is a hollow metallic tube that acts as a high pass filter, having uniform cross section for transmitting electromagnetic waves by successive reflections from the inner walls of the tube. Wave-guide sections of specified length can be supplied with flanges, painted outside and silver or gold plated inside to protectfrom oxidation. US standardise WG-90 waveguide is used in the lab that works in X-band with inner dimensions as 2.286x1.016 sq. cms and outer dimension as 2.54x1.27 sq. cms. These wave guides work under 10 mode.
Fig 1. Rectangular wave-guide Klystron Power Supply: It provides sufficient power to the microwave klystron tube. For the reflex klystron it operates in X-band(8-12GHz). Its specifications are: Operating Voltage: mains, 230V, 50 Hz Beam Voltage: 180-400V (+or-20V) with nearly 270 for max safety limit. Repeller Voltage: 5 to 220V(+or- 10V) with max. safety limit between 40-90V Current MOD Supply: 50mA
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Freq. For AM: For FM: 50-2500Hz 50-5000Hz
Amplitude 10-15V 10-15V
Modulated signal is is an AM MOD square wave/ FM saw tooth wave. Klystron Source: it is a single cavity resonator, that delivers low power microwave(10100mW) power output in a microwave frequency range of 1-30GHz with an maximum efficiency of 30% max. A small hole in the broad of the wave guide is provided, through which output coupling the klystron tube enters into the waveguide. This hole is exactly located in the centre in of the board walls as the electric field is maximum at the centre of TE10 mode. Maximum power is obtained by tuning the plunger of the klystron cavity. PIN MODULATOR: It consists of the GUNN power supply and requires more stabilized voltage as it is sensible to fluctuation in voltage or temperature. GUNN oscillator uses a GUNN diode that works on a negative resistance as a high frequency oscillator. Operating Voltage: Mains 220V, 50Hz. Voltage range: +/-(0-12)V Regulation: 1 mV rms (ripple). 0.2% for +/- 10% variation in noise. MOD square wave: FM is between 900-2599 Hz variable and for AM is 10-25 V variable. Fixed attenuator waveguide: Fixed attenuators are used for inserting a known attenuation in a waveguide system. These consist of a lossy-vane inserted in a section of waveguide, flange on both sides or can be a short section of waveguide with a tapered plug of absorbing material at the ends which is made up of dielectric like glass slab coated with aquadog or a carbon film. These are useful for isolation of waveguide circuits.
Fig 2. Fixed attenuator Variable attenuator waveguide: Variable attenuators provide continuous or step wise variable attenuation. These consist of a movable lossy-vane inside a section of waveguide by means of a micrometer. The configuration of lossy vane is so designed to obtain the low VSWR characteristics over the entire frequency band.These are meant for adjusting power levels and isolating a source and load.
Fig 3. Variable attenuator Frequency meters: (I) Micrometer type: These are made of tunable resonant cavity (having high Q) of particular size. This cavity is connected to the source of energy through a section of waveguide. The cavity absorbs some power at resonance, which is indicated as a dip in the output power. The tuning of the cavity is achieved by means of a plunger connected to a micrometer. The reading of micrometer at resonance gives frequency from the calibration-chart provided.
Fig 4. Micrometer type frequency meter
(II) Direct reading type: Direct reading frequency meter is used to give direct frequency on the dial provided. These are recommended for use whenever quick determination of frequency and easy reading are desired in laboratory and production testing.
Fig 5. Direct reading type frequency meter Slotted section with probe carriage: Slotted sections consists of a precision waveguide slotted line and the probe-carriage. The waveguide slotted line, comprises of an accurately machined section of waveguide in which a small longitudinal slot(2mm) has been cut which is a basic means for monitoring wave-patterns inside the waveguide system. For dominant mode traveling inside the waveguide, the slot does not radiate any
power. A precision built probe carriage has a centimeter-scale with a vernier reading of 0.1 mm least count and a dial gauge can be mounted easily if precise readings are required. As the tunable detector mount detects maxima and minima, hence can calculate the (1) load impedance, (2) Standing wave ratio, (3) waveguide frequency (4)reflection coefficient (5)guide wave length and (6)power
Fig 6. Slotted section with probe carriage Tunable probe: Tunable probes are used with slotted sections. A small probe is inserted through the slot senses the relative field strength of the standing wave pattern inside the waveguide. The depth of penetration into a waveguide section is adjustable by the knob of the probe. The tip (central wire projection of the probe) pickup the RF power from the
line and this power is rectified by crystal detector, which is then fed to the VSWR meter or
indicating instrument. Fig 7. Tunable probe Three-port ferrite circulators: Circulators are matched three-port devices and these are meant for allowing microwave energy to flow in clockwise direction with negligible loss but almost no transmission in the anti-clockwise direction.
Fig 8. Three-port ferrite circulators Ferrite-isolators: These are well-matched uni-directional devices offering low forward insertion loss and high reverse isolation.
Fig 9. Ferrite isolator Wave guide detector mount (tunable) : Wave- guide detector mount (tunable) is used for detecting microwave power through a suitable detector. It consists of a detector crystal mounted in a section of waveguide and a shorting plunger for matching purpose. The output from the crystal may be fed to an indicating instrument.
Fig 10. Wave-guide detector mount (tunable) Precision slide screw tuner: Slide screw tuner is used for matching purpose by changing the penetration and position of a screw in the slot, provided in the centre of the waveguide. These consist of a section of waveguide, flanged on both ends and a thin-slot is provided in the broad wall of the waveguide. A carriage carrying the screw is provided over the slot. Precision Slide screw Tuner has a micrometer driven screw and a vernier scale of least count 0.1 mm to control and read the depth and position of the screw respectively.
Fig 11. Precision slide screw tuner Cross directional couplers: Directional couplers are flanged, built in waveguide assemblies which can sample a small amount of microwave power for measurement purposes. Cross Directional coupler consists of two sections of waveguide joined together at right angles. The coupling is provided by star slots made in broad wall of wave-guide. It is used in monitoring signal frequency, power etc. in a microwave system.
Fig 12. Cross directional coupler Matched termination: Matched terminations are useful for VSWR measurement of various wave-guide components. These are also employed as dummy and as a precise reference loads with Tee junctions, directional Couplers and other similar dividing devices. These consist of a small and high dissipative taper flap mounted inside the center of a section of wave-guide.
Fig 13. Matched termination E H Tee or Magic Tee: Magic Tee consists of a section of waveguide with both series and shunt waveguide arms, mounted at the exact mid-point of main arm. Both ends of the section of waveguide and both arms are flanged on their ends. These Tees are employed in balanced mixers, automatic frequency control circuits and impedance measurement circuits etc. This becomes a four terminal device where one terminal is isolated from the input terminal.
Fig 14. Magic Tee Movable short: Movable short consists of a section of a waveguide, flanged on one end and terminated with a movable shorting plunger on the other end. By means of this noncontacting type plunger a reflection co-efficient of almost unity may be obtained.
Fig 15. Movable short

E Bend and H Bend: These are the waveguides used for twiting or bending the communication paths at required places. If the bend is in the direction of the wider dimension, H lines are affected and if, the bend is in the direction of the narrow dimension, the E-lines are affected(E-bend). The bending radius must be atleast 2 times the guide wave length for a gradual bending as abrupt(for example 90 degree) may lead ti infinite VSWR.
EXPERIMENT NO.-2
AIM: To study the mode characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its
electronic tuning range.
MICROWAVE SETUP BENCH FOR REFLEX KLYSTRON
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Klystron power supply Klystron tube 2k-25 with klystron mounts Isolator Frequency meter Detector mount Variable Attenuator Wave guide stand VSWR meter Oscilloscope BNC Cable
THEORY:
The reflex klystron is a single cavity variable frequency microwave generator of low power(1-2.5Watt) and low efficiency(22.48%). This is most widely used in applications where variable frequency is desired as
1. In radar receivers 2. Local oscillator in w receivers 3. Signal source in micro wave generator of variable frequency 4. Portable micro wave links.
5. Pump oscillator in parametric amplifier It is a cavity resonator which makes use of velocity modulation to transfer a continuous beam ( AM, FM, CW noise) into modulated microwave power for delivering 10100mW output in a frequency range of 1-30GHz with a maximum efficiency of 30% in Xband. In this scheme, an electron is emitted from cathode which is accelerated and passed through a negative reflector at the other end, which retards its forward motion and reflect it back to the resonator, thus operating as an oscillator. The cathode beam intensity of electron and the repeller voltage is controlled by adjusting the beam current and the repeller knob within the safety limit of the power supply. An continuous message signal can be provided using a grid in order to modulate it with a high frequency carrier wave, which in this case is the electron beam generated in resonator. Frequency Characteristics: The frequency is primarily determined by the dimension of resonant cavity. Hence by changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning range of Klystron is possible. Also a small frequency change can be done by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is called Electronic Tuning Range. PowerOutput Characteristics: The mode curves and frequency characteristics. The
frequency of resonance of the cavity decides the frequency of oscillation. A variation in repeller voltages slightly changes the frequency.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE:1) 2) 3) Connect the equipments and components as shown in the figure. Set the variable attenuator at maximum Position. Set the MOD switch of Klystron Power Supply at CW position, beam voltage control 4) 5) 6) 7) knob to fully anti clock wise and repeller voltage control knob to fully clock wise and meter switch to OFF position. Rotate the Knob of frequency meter at one side fully. Connect the DC microampere meter at detector. Switch ON the Klystron power supply, CRO and cooling fan for the Klystron tube. Put the meter switch to beam voltage position and rotate the beam voltage knob
clockwise slowly up to 300 Volts and observe the beam current on the meter by changing meter switch to beam current position. The beam current should not increase more than 30 mA. 8) 9) 10) Change the repeller voltage slowly and watch the current meter, set the maximum voltage on CRO. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for the maximum output. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, where there is less output current on multimeter. Read directly the frequency meter between two horizontal line and vertical marker. If micrometer type frequency meter is used read the micrometer reading and find the frequency from its frequency calibration chart. 11) Change the repeller voltage and read the current and frequency for each repeller voltage.
EXPECCTED GRAPH:
OBSERVATION TABLE:Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Beam Voltage:V Beam Current: mA.
Repeller
Current
Power
Dip Frequency
Voltag
(mA)
(mW) (GHz)
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1) 2) 3) Never keep repeller zero. All connections should be tight. Before Switching on the klystron power supply, set the beam voltage control knob to fully anticlockwise, reflector voltage control knob to fully clockwise and meter switch to off position. 4) Set the beam voltage to 300V and observe the beam current. The beam current should not increase more than 30mA.
EXPERIMENT NO.-3.
AIM: To study the V-I characteristics of Gunn diode. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Gunn power supply Gunn oscillator PIN Modulator Isolator Frequency Meter Variable attenuator Slotted line Detector mount and CRO.
MICROWAVE TEST BENCH FOR GUNN DIODE EXPERIMENT.
THEORY:
Gunn diode oscillator normally consists of a resonant cavity, an arrangement for coupling diode to the cavity, a circuit for biasing the diode and a mechanism to couple
the RF power from cavity to external circuit load. wave guide cavity is commonly used.
A co-axial cavity or a rectangular
The circuit using co-axial cavity has the Gunn diode at one end of cavity along with the central conductor of the co-axial line. The O/P is taken using an inductively or capacitivety coupled probe. The length of the cavity determines the frequency of oscillation. The location of the coupling loop or probe within the resonator determines the load impedance presented to the Gunn diode. Heat sink conducts away the heat due to power dissipation of the device.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:VOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS:1) 2) 3) Set the components and equipments as shown in Figure. Initially set the variable attenuator for minimum attenuation. Keep the control knobs of Gunn power supply as below 1. 2. 3. 4) 5) Meter switch OFF Gunn bias knob Fully anti clock wise PIN bias knob Fully anti clock wise PIN mode frequency any position Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation. Switch ON the Gunn power supply. Measure the Gunn diode current for corresponding various Gunn bias voltages through the digital panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the bias voltage above 10 volts.
6) 7)
Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph. Measure the threshold voltage which corresponding to max current.
EXPECTED GRAPH:-
Volts(v)
OBSERVATION TABLE:Gunn bias voltage (v) Gunn diode current (mA)
RESULT:-
PRECAUTIONS:
>> UPS should be used for the power supply. >> Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15 sec. >> Readings should be obtained as fast as possible. heating Gunn diode may burn Otherwise due to excessive
EXPERIMENT No.-4
AIM: To study about insertion loss and attenuation measurement of attenuator. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Microwave source Klystron tube (2k25) Isolator (xI-621) Frequency meter (xF-710) Variable attenuator (XA-520) Slotted line (XS-651) Tunable probe (XP-655) Detector mounts (XD-451) Test Attenuator 1) Fixed Variable Matched termination (XL-400) Klystron power supply & Klystron mount Cooling fan BNC-BNC cable VSWR or CRO
THEORY:
The attenuator is a two port bidirectional device which attenuates some power when inserted into a transmission line. Attenuation A (db) = 10 log (P1/P2) Where, P1 and P2 is the power detected by the load without and with the attenuator in the line. Insertion Loss(db)=P1-P2 The attenuators consist of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to
absorb microwave power according to their position with respect to side wall of the wave guide. An electric field is maximum at centre in TE10 mode. The attenuation will be maximum if the vane is placed at centre of the wave guide. Moving from centre towards the side wall, attenuation decreases. In fixed attenuator, the vane position is fixed where as in variable attenuator, its position can be changed with the help of micrometer or by other methods.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
FIG: MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION
PROCEDURE:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Connect the equipment as shown in the above figure. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of operation Connect the detector mount to the slotted line and tune the detector mount also for max deflection on VSWR or on CRO Set any reference level on the VSWR meter or on CRO with the help of variable attenuator (Say P1) Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line without disturbing any position on the setup, place the test variable attenuator to the slotted line and detector mount to O/P port of test variable attenuator. Keep the micrometre
reading of texts variable attenuator to zero and record the readings of VSWR meter or on CRO. Let it to be P2. Then the insertion loss of test attenuator will be P1-P2 db. 6) For measurement of attenuation of fixed and variable attenuator. Place the test attenuator to the slotted line and detector mount at the other port of test attenuator. Record the reading of 7) 8) VSWR meter or on CRO. Let it be P3 then the attenuation value of variable attenuator for particular position of micrometer reading of will be P1-P3 db. In case the variable attenuator changes the micro meter reading and record the VSWR meter or CRO reading. Find out attenuation value for different position of micrometer reading and plot a graph. 9) Now change the operating frequency and all steps should be repeated for finding frequency sensitivity of fixed and variable attenuator.
EXPECTED GRAPH:
OBSERVATION TABLE:Micrometer reading P1 (dB) P2 (dB) Attenuation=10logP1/P2(db) Insertion Loss=P1-P2 (db)
RESULT:-
PRECAUTION:1) For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of micrometer reading of the variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies of operation.
EXPERIMENT No.-5.
AIM: To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular wave guide working
in TE10 mode.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Klystron tube 2. Klystron power supply 5kps 610 3. Klystron mount XM-251 4. Isolator XI-621 5. Frequency meter XF-710 6. Variable attenuator XA-520 7. Slotted section XS-651 8. Tunable probe XP-655 9. VSWR meter SW-115 10. Wave guide stand XU-535 11. Movable Short XT-481 12. Matched termination XL-400
THEORY:
The cut-off frequency relationship shows that the physical size of the wave guide will determine the propagation of the particular modes of specific orders determined by values of m and n. The minimum cut-off frequency is obtained for a rectangular wave guide having dimension a>b, for values of m=1, n=0, i.e. TE10 mode is the dominant mode since for TM mn modes, where n and m are the multiples of the half wave length of the EM wans in the dimension of the waveguide which is the lowest-order mode possible in TE10, called the dominant mode in a rectangular wave guide for a>b. For dominant TE10 mode rectangular wave guide o, g and c are related as below. 1/o = (1/g) + (1/c) Where ,
o is free space wave length , g is guide wave length , c is cut off wave length For TE10 mode c =2a where a is broad dimension of wave guide.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1) 2) 3) Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure. Set up variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 4) 5) Beam voltage OFF Mod-switch AM Beam voltage knob Fully anti clock wise Repeller voltage Fully clock wise AM Amplitude knob Around fully clock wise AM Frequency knob Around mid position
Switch ON the klystron power supply, CRO and cooling fan switch. Switch ON the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300V with help
of beam voltage knob. 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) Adjust the repeller voltage to get the maximum amplitude in CRO Maximize the amplitude with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum Amplitude. Tune the repeller voltage knob for maximum Amplitude. Tune the frequency meter knob to get a dip on the CRO and note down the frequency from frequency meter. Replace the termination with movable short, and detune the frequency meter. Move the probe along with slotted line. The amplitude in CRO will vary .Note and be d2. Calculate the guide wave length as twice the distance between two successive minimum positions obtained as above. 15) Measure the wave guide inner board dimension a which will be around 22.86mm for x-band. 16) Calculate the frequency by following equation. f = C / 0 = C 1/ g 2 + 1/ c 2 Where C = 3x108 meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
17. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency modes
record the probe position, Let it be d1.
Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again, Let it
18. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies. fo = C/o => 3x108 m/s (i.e., velocity of light) 1/o = 1/g + 1/c For TE10 mode => c = 2a Waveguide inner broad dimension a = 2.286cm (given) c = 4.6cm
C =>
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Beam voltage (V) Beam Current (mA) Repeller Votage (V) Fo (GHz) d1 (cm) d2 (cm) d3 (cm) d4 (cm) d1= d2= d3d2-d1 (cm) d2 (cm) d3= d4 - d 3 d= (d1+d2+d3)/3 g= 2 x d 0 f0
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1) 2) All connections should be tight. Before Switching on the klystron power supply, set the beam voltage control knob to fully anticlockwise, reflector voltage control knob to fully clockwise and meter switch to off position. 3) Set the beam voltage to 300V and observe the beam current. The beam current should not increase more than 30mA
EXPERIMENT No.-6. AIM:

1) 2) 3) To study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring
the following parameters. The Coupling factor Insertion Loss and Directivity of the Directional coupler
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Microwave Source (Klystron or Gunn-Diode) Isolator, Frequency Meter Variable Attenuator Slotted Line Tunable Probe Detector Mount Matched Termination MHD Coupler Waveguide Stand Cables and Accessories CRO
THEORY:
A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident and reflected wave separately. It consist of two transmission lines the main arm and auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other Refer to the Fig.1. The power entering, in the main- arm gets divided between port 2 and 3, and almost no power comes out in port (4) Power entering at port 2 is divided between port 1 and 4.The coupling factor is defined as Coupling (dB) = 10 log10 [P1/P3] Isolation (dB) = 10 log 10 [P2/P3]
Where P1 is matched and port 2 is terminated. With built-in termination and power entering at Port 1, the directivity of the coupler is a measure of separation between incident wave and the reflected wave. measured as follows: Directivity D (dB) = I-C = 10 log10 [P2/P1] Main line VSWR is SWR measured, looking into the main-line input terminal when the matched loads are placed at all other ports. Auxiliary live VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output terminal when the matched loads are placed on other terminals.Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the transmission line by insertion of coupler, it is defined as: Insertion Loss (dB) = 10 log10 [P1/P2] Directivity is
DIAGRAM:-
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Set up the equipments as shown in the Figure. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency . Remove the multi hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to the slotted section. Set maximum amplitude in CRO with the help of variable attenuator, Let it be X. Insert the directional coupler between the slotted line and detector mount. Keeping port 1 to slotted line, detector mount to the auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port 2 without changing the position of variable attenuator. 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) Note down the amplitude using CRO, Let it be Y. Calculate the Coupling factor X-Y in dB. Now carefully disconnect the detector mount from the auxiliary port 3 and matched termination from port 2 , without disturbing the setup. Connect the matched termination to the a uxilia ry p o r t 3 and de t e cto r mount to port 2 and measure the amplitude on CRO, Let it be Z. Compute Insertion Loss= X Z in dB. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
12. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction i.e., port 2 to slotted
section,
matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3, without
disturbing the position of the variable attenuator.

13. Measure and note down the amplitude using CRO, Let it be Y0. 14. Compute the Directivity as Y-Y0 i n dB.
RESULT: PRECAUTIONS:
1) 2) Avoid loose connections. Avoid Parallax errors.
EXPERIMENT NO.-7
AIM: To Study the operation of Magic Tee and calculate Coupling Co-efficient and
Isolation.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) Microwave source : Klystron tube (2k25) Isolator (XI-621) Frequency meter (XF-710) Variable Attenuator (XA-520) Slotted line (SX-651) Tunable probe (XP-655) Detector Mount (XD-451) Matched Termination (XL-400) Magic Tee (XE-345/350) Klystron Power Supply + Klystron Mount Wave guide stands and accessories
THEORY:
The device Magic Tee is a combination of E and H plane Tee. Arm 3 is the H-arm and arm 4 is the E-arm. If the power is fed, into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric field divides equally between arm1 and 2 with the same phase and no electric field exists in the arm 4. If power is fed in arm 4 (E-arm) it divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3. Further, if the power is fed in arm 1 and 2 simultaneously it is added in arm 3 (H-arm) and it is subtracted in E-arm i.e., arm 4. ISOLATION The Isolation between E and H arm is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by the generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected at H-arm (port 3) when
side arms 1 and 2 are terminated in matched load. Isolation3-4 (dB) = 10 log10 [P4/P3] Similarly, Isolation between other ports may be defined.
CouplingFactor:
It is defined as Cij = 10 /20 Where is attenuation / isolation in dB when i' is input arm and j is output arm. Thus, = 10 log10 [P4/P3] Where P3 is the power delivered to arm i and P4 is power detected at j arm.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig: Magic Tee
PROCEDURE:
1) 2) 3) 4) Setup the components and equipments as shown in figure. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the detector mount for maximum output. With the help of variable frequency of operation and tune the detector mount for maximum output attenuator, set any reference in the CRO let it be V3. Without disturbing the position of the variable attenuator, carefully place the Magic Tee after the slotted line, keeping H-arm to slotted line, detector mount to E-arm and matched termination to Port-1 and Port-2. 5) 6) 7) 8) Note down the amplitude using CRO, Let it be V4. Determine the Isolation between Port-3 and Port-4 as V3-V4. Determine the coupling co-efficient from the equation given in theory part. The same experiment may be repeated for other Ports also.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
PORTS POWER(watt)
CALCULATIONS:
Isolation3-4 (dB) = 10 log10 [P4/P3] Coupling Co-efficient: = 10 log Pi/Pj Therefore C=10-/20
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1) 2) All connections should be tight. Before Switching on the klystron power supply, set the beam voltage control knob to fully anticlockwise, reflector voltage control knob to fully clockwise and meter switch to of position. 3) Set the beam voltage to 300V and observe the beam current. The beam current should not increase more than 30mA. 4) Cooling Fan should be used
EXPERIMENT NO.-8
AIM: To study the function of three port circulator by measuring the following parameters
by using source reflex klystron: 1) 2) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) Insertion loss and Isolation. Microwave source : Klystron tube (2k25) Isolator (XI-621) Frequency meter (XF-710) Variable Attenuator (XA-520) Slotted line (SX-651) Tunable probe (XP-655) Detector Mount (XD-451) Matched Termination (XL-400) 3 port test circulator Klystron Power Supply + Klystron Mount Wave guide stands and accessories
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
THEORY:
Circulator Circulator is defined as device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to the other ports. This is depicted in fig. Circulator can have any number of ports.
Port 2 Port 3
Port 1 Fig.1 Circulator
The important circulator parameters are:
Insertion loss Insertion Loss is the ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected by a detector in the coupling port i.e output port with other ports terminated in the matched load. It is expressed in decibels. Isolation Isolation is the ratio of power fed to input port and the power detected at not coupled port with other port terminated in the matched load. This ratio is expressed in db. Set up for measurement of insertion loss and isolation of circulator is shown in fig
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig-3 Set up for measurement of insertion loss and isolation of circulator
1) 2) Setup the components and equipments as shown in fig.3. Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular frequency of operation. Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the VSWR Meter. 3) 4) Set any reference level of power in VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR Meter, Let it be P1. Carefully remove the detector mount without disturbing the position of the set up. Insert the circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keep input port to slotted line and detector to its output port. A matched termination should be placed at third port 5) Record the reading in the VSWR meter, if necessary, change range (db) switch to high or 6) 7) lower position, and taking 10 db change for one step change of switch position. Let it be P2. Compute insertion loss given as P1 P2 in db. For measurement of isolation, the circulator has to be connected in reverse i.e. output port to slotted line and detector to input port with other port terminated by matched termination after setting a reference level without circulator in the set up described in insertion loss measurement .Let same P1 level is set.
8) 9) 10) 11) Record the reading of VSWR meter after and let it be P3. Compute isolation as P1 P3 in db. Repeat the experiment for other ports of circulator. Repeat the above experiment for other frequency if needed.
CALCULATIONS
1) 2)
Insertion loss(in db)= P1 P2 Isolation (in db)= P1 P3
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
4)
Cooling Fan should be used
EXPERIMENT NO.-9
AIM: To study waveguide horn and its radiation pattern and determine the gain. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) Gunn power supply Gunn Oscillator PIN modulator Frequency meter Isolator Variable attenuator Detector mount Two-horn antenna Turntable VSWR meter and Accessories
DIAGRAM OF THE MODULE
MICROWAVE SET UP BENCH FOR MEARUREMENT OF RADIATION PATTERN
THEORY:
If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will be radiation from this end .In case of rectangular waveguide this antenna presents a mismatch of about 2 :1 and it radiates in many directions. waveguide is a horn shape. The Radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of field strength or more often the power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the radiating antenna. An antenna pattern is of course three- dimensional but for practical reasons it is normally presented as a two-dimensional pattern in one or several planes. An antenna pattern consists of several lobes, the main lobe, side lobes and the back lobe. The major power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep the power in the side lobe and back lobe as low as possible. The power intensity is maximum in the main lobe compared to the power intensity achieved from an imaginary omni directional antenna (radiating equally in all directions) with the same power fed to the antenna is defined as gain of the antenna. Fig 1a and 1b shows the antenna radiation pattern. Fig 2 shows the experimental set up. The match will improve if the open
Fig-1(a). Polar pattern
Fig-1(b). Linear plot
BLOCK DIAGRAM
1) Set up the equipments as shown in the fig. 2 Keeping the axis of both antennas in same line.
2)
Energize the Gunn oscillator for maximum output at desired frequency with square wave modulator by tuning square wave amplitude and frequency of modulating signal of Gunn power supply and tuning the detector.
3) 4)
Also tune the S S tuner in the line for maximum output (if S S Tuner is in the set up) Obtain full-scale deflection (0db) on normal db scale (o-10db) at any convenient range switch position of the VSWR meter by gain control knob of VSWR Meter by gain control knob of VSWR meter or by variable attenuator.
5)
Turn the receiving horn to the left in 20 or 50 steps up to 400 500 and note the corresponding VSWR reading in normal db range. When necessary, change the range switch to next higher range and add 10 db to the observed value.
6) 7) 8)
Repeat the above step but this time turn the receiving horn to the right and note down the reading. Plot a relative power pattern i.e. out put Vs angle. From diagram determine 3 db width (beam width) of the horn antenna. Pr = (PtoG1G2)/(4S2)
FORMULA USED:
Where Pt = transmitted power Pr = received power G1,G2 = gain of transmitting and receiving antenna S = radial distance between two antenna o=free space wavelength.
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
1) 2) 3) 4) All connections should be tight. Do not exceed the Gunn bias voltage above 10V. Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15 seconds Reading should be obtained as fast as possible, otherwise due to excessive heating GUNN Diode may burn.
EXPERIMENT NO.-10
AIM: To measure VSWR and reflection coefficient by standing wave and double
minimum methods
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) Klystron tube klystron power supply VSWR meter klystron mount isolator frequency meter variable attenuator slotted line tunable probe waveguide stand movable short/termination or any unknown load BNC cable and S-S tuner
THEORY:
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line, may be considered as sum of two traveling waves :- first is the incident wave which propagates from the source to the load and the reflected wave which propagates towards the generator and another is reflected wave which is set up by reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity in the line or from the load impedance. The superposition of the two traveling waves gives rise to a standing wave along the line. The maximum field strength is found where the waves are in phase and minimum where the two waves add in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum (or maximum) is half the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident wave is called reflection co-efficient. The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as ratio between maximum and minimum field strength along the line Hence VSWR denoted by S is as follows
S=Emax / Emin =(I Ei I + I Er I)/( I Ei I- I Er I) Ei = Incident Voltage, Er = Reflected voltage

Reflection coefficient, p is p =(Er/Ei)=(ZL - ZO)/( ZL + Zo)
Where ZL is the load impedance, Zo is characteristics impedance.
The above equation gives following equation | p |=(S-1)/( S + 1) The setup for VSWR measurement is shown in fig.
BLOCK DIAGRAM :
Fig. Standing wave
Fig. Double minima method
1) 2) 3) Set up the equipment as shown in fig. 1 Keep variable attenuator in the minimum attenuation position. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 4) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 5) Range db Input switch Meter switch Gain (coarse fine) Meter switch Mod switch Beam voltage knob Reflector voltage knob AM-amplitude knob AM-frequency & amplitude knob = = = = = = = = = 40 db/50db Low impedance Normal Mid position approx. Off AM Fully anticlockwise Fully clockwise Around fully clockwise = Mid position
Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below:
Switch ON the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
6) 7) 8) 9) 10)
Turn the meter switch of klystron power supply to beam voltage position and set the beam voltage at 300 V. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflector in VSWR meter. Tune the output by turning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM modulation. Tune plunger of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter. If required, change the range db-switch, variable attenuator position and gain control knob to get deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.
11)
As you move probe along the slotted line, the deflection will change.
Measurement of low and medium VSWR 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Move the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter. fig2. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter indicates 1.0 on normal VSWR scale. Keep all the control knobs as it is, move the probe to net minimum position. Read the VSWR on the scale and record it. Repeat the above step for change of S.S. tuner probe depth and record the corresponding VSWR. If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, change the range dB switch to next higher position and read the VSWR on second VSWR scale of 3 to 10. Measurement of high VSWR (Double minimum method) 1) 2) 3) Set the depth of S.S. tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR. Move the probe along-with slotted line until a minimum is indicated. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain a reading of 3 db in the normal db scale (0 to 10 db) of VSWR meter.
4)
Move the probe to the left on slotted line until full-scale deflection is obtained, i.e. 0db on 0-10 db scale. Note and record the probe position on slotted line let it be d 1 fig3.
5) 6) 7) 8)
Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along the slotted line until full scale deflection is obtained on 0-10 db normal db scale. Let it be d2. Replace the S.S. tuner and termination by movable short. Measure the distance between two successive minima positions of the probe. Twice this distance is guide wave length g. Compute SWR from the following equation.
SWR = g/ (d1 d2)
CALCULATION:
SWR = g/ (d1 d2)
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
Echelon Institute of Technology

Faridabad
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Name of the Student:
Roll No:
Lab Name:
Lab Code:
Branch/Semester:
Faculty In charge:
Lab Instructor:
Index Sr. No. Name of the Experiment

4)
Date of Date of Grade Exp. Sub.
Signature of Faculty
5)
6) 7)
8) 9) 10) 11) 12)
13)
14) 15)

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record the probe position, Let it be d1.

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EXPERIMENT No.-6. AIM:

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