Some speculation about the mechanism of magnetic charges appearance

in experiments with ferromagnetic aerosols.

V. F. Mikhailov
050032 Almaty, 32, Sadovaya, 8
E-mail: vfmikhailov@mail.kz

PACS – 14.80 – Magnetic Monopoles.

Abstract.
In article possible process of formation of the magnetic charge on
particles in experiences with ferromagnetic aerosols is discussed.

1. Introduction.
A series of the experiments performed by us earlier, devoted
to research of effect of the magnetic charge on ferromagnetic
aerosols (Mikhailov 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993,
1995, 1998)*, has not given, unfortunately, the clear answer to a
question about the mechanism of occurrence of a magnetic charge
on a particle. However some regularities established in these
experiments allow suggesting a hypothesis which can be useful for
understanding the nature of the effect.

* The essence of the effect is as follows. Under intensive illumination the separate gas-suspended
ferromagnetic particles move in the magnetic field along its lines of force: reversal of the field vector
H also causes a reversal of the particle motion, and reducing the field to zero causes them to stop. An
increase in field strength or light intensity causes a rise in particle velocity, while decreasing these
quantities results in a reduced particle velocity. The number of particles moving in the direction of H is,
within statistical variations, equal to the number of particles moving in the opposite direction.
From the moment of monopole problem beginnings various hypotheses about
formation by magnetic monopole of atomic structures were repeatedly considered in
scientific publications. It was supposed that if magnetic monopoles exist in nature,
these monopoles can form neutral atoms, i.e. « the magnetic world » (magnetic
matter, the ‘g’ world), which consist only of the magnetic atoms (from the atoms
consisting of particles, carrying only magnetic charges), having structure similar to
structure of Bohr’ atom.
If magnetic atoms represent full similarity of Bohr ‘ atoms the frequencies of
the quanta which are let out by such atom at transitions of a magnetic charge g from
one stable orbit on another one will be determined by the formula:
mgc2 z2 1 1
νg = α 2g ( − ) (1)
2hg n12 n22

Where n1 and n2 - the main quantum numbers (n2 = n1-ni, ni = 1, 2, 3…).

At z=1 it is hydrogen magnetic atom (HМА).
Hereinafter, the index g concerns to magnetic atom, an index е - to electric one; mg
and me - mass of a monopole and electron, accordingly.
Potential of ionization of such HМА is:
mgc 2 2
Wg = αg (2)
2
Potential of ionization of usual atom of hydrogen is
mec2 2
We = αe (3)
2
Here
e2 g2
αe = , αg = . (4)
ec gc

From (2) and (3) we find:

Wg mgα 2g
= . (5)
We meα 2e

From here
 Wg  α 2e
mg = me   2 .. (6)
 We  α g
Let's determine a constant of fine structure of «magnetic world».

For this purpose we shall not resort to additional postulates, as, for example, it is

made in work (Zrelov 1979) (it is postulated: α g = α e , g ≠ e ) and in (Daviau

2005) (it is postulated: : α e ≠ α g, e = g = . ).

Let's remind, that Bohr's magneton

e e
μe = (7)
2mec
can be expressed as product RBg, where RB - radius of the first Bohr’s orbit, and g - a
magnetic charge, that is
2
μe = e
g (8)
mee2
From (7) and (8) we find a magnetic charge:
αe
g= e. (9)
2

The value of this charge coincides with the value obtained before by us
experimentally (Ehrenhaft’s monopole).

We shall write similar ratio for HМА, exchanged by places the

magnetic and electric charges (Dirac considers monopoles as fermions with spin 1/2;
in this case, they should have the electric dipole moment directed for positive
monopole opposite the spin and for negative – according to spin (Dirac 1948),
(Amaldi 1970)):

2
g g g
μg = = e. (10)
2mgc mgg2

From here
αg
e= g (11)
2
It is obvious, that μg in « the magnetic world » will represent the
certain electric dipole, and correspond to Bohr's magneton in « the
electric world ».
 From formulas (7), (8) and (10) we shall find the relation μe/μg and, after
obvious transformations, obtain:
e4
e
= . (12)
g g4

Substituting ħg from here in (4) and taking into account value of a magnetic charge
(9) we obtain a ratio:
4
αg = (13)
αe
Now we shall return to the formula (6) and we shall substitute in it the
obtained value αg ; then
4
 Wg  α e 
mg = me    . (14)
 We  2 
In experiments with ferromagnetic aerosols we observed effect of a magnetic
charge in light He-Ne laser, which wave-length λ =6328 Ǻ (photon energy is equal
1.96 eV). I.e., Wg ≤ 1.96 eV, ionization potential of hydrogen atom We = 13.6 eV. Then
the monopole mass is estimated by value
mg ≤ 2.55.10−11me , mgc2 ≤ 1.3.10−5 eV. (15)

However, the ratio (8) is not a unique opportunity to express Bohr's magneton
through a magnetic charge. . It appears, Bohr's magneton can be expressed as product
rog , where ro is classical electron radius. Then:
e e e2
μe = = g. (16)
2mec mec2

Whence:

1
g= e (17)
2α e

It is Dirac’s monopole.
By analogy
g g g2
μg = = e, (18)
2mgc mgc 2
Whence:
1
e= g. (19)
2α g

g2
= rg (20)
mgc2

- the classical radius of a monopole.

For this case as earlier, again we shall find the relation μe/μg, whence we obtain

g = e . (21)

Remembering, that, in this case, a charge of a monopole is Dirac's (17), we shall

determine a constant of fine structure. It is easy to see that in this case
1
αg = . (22)
4α e

Let's estimate mass of Dirac's monopole. For this purpose we shall take use again of
the formula (6) and the formula (22):

 Wg 
mg = me  ( 2α e ) 4 . (23)
 We 
Using the same conditions, as at calculation Ehrenhaft’s monopole mass (15), we
obtain the following values:
mg ≤ 6.5.10−9 me , mgc2 ≤ 3,3.10−3 eV. (24)

The divergence (24) with (15) is caused by numerical factors which are present at
calculation initially.

Thus,
−11
1. Ehrenhaft’s monopole: mg ≤ 2.55.10 me , mgc2 ≤ 1.3.10−5 eV. (15)

−9
2. Dirac’s monopole: mg ≤ 6.5.10 me , mgc2 ≤ 3,3.10−3 eV. (24)

In both cases we deal with rather easy monopole. This result, to a certain
extent, will be coordinated to the result obtained by Lochak theoretically (Lochak
1983, 1985, 1995, 2002).
All stated above concerns to a variant when appearance of free magnetic charges is
consequence of ionization of neutral HМА.
But it can be considered another variant, namely, a creation of monopole-
antimonopole pairs from vacuum. Then mg≤1.96 eV, that is also, in many orders,
lighter of electron. However in this case we shall not consider this variant.

2. Discussion.

From said above, it is possible to draw a conclusion: if

« the magnetic World » exists, it should consist of considerably more light atoms, than
atoms of « the World electric ».
Some physicists consider that such world can be constructed from atoms,
similarly to Mendeleyev’s periodic system (Zrelov 1979), (Daviau 2005).
There is no basis to believe, that magnetic atoms, with monopoles instead of
electrons and protons, are arranged somehow differently though quantitative
characteristics can be others. But in this case the field connecting the monopoles in
magnetic atoms will be, naturally, magnetic one.
From here the conclusion follows: if magnetic and electric atoms are rested
one concerning another they can practically be simultaneously in same "point" of
space and "not see" each other. The static electric field does not act on a motionless
magnetic charge, and the static magnetic field does not act on a motionless electric
charge.
Hence, the magnetic World, the World "g", formed of set of
magnetic atoms, and , the World "e", formed of set of electric atoms,
under conditions described above, may be both simultaneously in
the same space, not interacting one with other. Thus in our universe
there can be a parallel universe (monopoles' ether). The influence of
the parallel universe upon our universe will be only in dynamics,
when these Worlds start to move one through another. In this case,
additional electromagnetic fields will arise around electric and
magnetic charges, and the Worlds will start to interact.
 Thus, in order to give acceleration to a material body in the World "e" it will
be necessary to overcome resistance of the World "g" with which this body will start
to interact. There is a big temptation to identify it with force of inertia! Not far
motionless stars, but the ubiquitous World "g" - the reason of inertia force arising
(short-range interaction).
Probably, at such picture of the World a problem of latent
mass and of dark energy in astrophysics can be also obtained a
different sounding.

However we shall return to our problem.

Ferromagnetic aerosols are the microparticles having the size about
10-6cm. Such particles are one-domain structures and, hence, have a
magnetic moment (dipole). Intensity of a magnetic field near a pole
of such dipole reaches several tens kilogauss. Process of magnetic
charge formation on such particle can occur as follows.
a. The field of a particle causes polarization of magnetic atoms (ether)
surrounding it.
b. The field of a particle is non-uniform: as a first
approximation, its intensity with distance from the particle
decreases as r-3. Therefore, the polarized magnetic atoms will move
in the direction of poles of the particle and to form on its surface the
enriched layer (it is possible, the process terminates by adsorption of
atoms on the surface of the particle).
с. An illumination of a particle by a beam of the laser causes
an ionization of adsorbed atoms. The neutral atom breaks up upon
two fragments, with opposite sign of the magnetic charges. The
fragment (monopole or ion) with the charge of the same sign as the
pole one of the particle throws away into space by magnetic field of
the particle. The second fragment contacts and connects with the
particle. Thus the particle gets a magnetic charge. Namely this
charge drags a ferromagnetic particle along or against direction of
external magnetic field (depending on the charge sign).
 If the process described here takes place actually then with increase of a
beam intensity of the laser the charge on a particle should increase too. Moreover, it
should increase discretely as its value, finally, is determined by the sum of elementary
charges of the ionized magnetic atoms because its number, in this case, also increases.

Our researches have shown that these requirements following from a

suggested hypothesis are satisfied. It is experimentally established (Mikhailov 1983,
1987, 1990, 1993, 1995) that the magnetic charge of a particle G, other conditions
being equal, is proportional to intensity of a light beam and multiple to an elementary
charge (9):
αe
G=n e. (25)
2
Here n=1, 2, 3… is integer.

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