ELECTRICAL PROTECTION

(PMI Workshop)

ENGINEERING
Knowledge Management System

ELECTRICAL ENGG.

Key Words
System

Aux Power Supply, Generator, Transformers, Bus-duct, DC

Presentation by : Ms C.Saroj, DGM(PE-Elect),CC, 9868391368, csaroj@ntpceoc.co.in

5/1/2007

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

TODAYS TOPIC
(1) PROTECTION OF AUX POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM (2) PROTECTION OF GENERATOR

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

AUXILIARY POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM It is the Electric power supply system required to run the auxiliary equipment of a power plant smoothly, reliably and economically. In case of interruption it should be possible to restore in fastest possible time. The auxiliary power system is best described by the Key SLD. KSLD.pdf/SLD.pdf

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

ELEMENTS OF Aux Power Sup System ARE Transformers Motors Switchgears Connectors like Bus-duct/Cables DC System All these above elements are to be protected against faults and abnormal operating conditions. Therefore the other element is Protection system

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION Transformer faults are of 5 categories Winding & terminal faults(70% of all faults) Core faults Tank faults Abnormal operating conditions Un-cleared external faults

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

SEVERAL CASES OF FAULTS Earth fault with star connected transformer having NGR (Neutral Grounding Trans/Resitr.)
In this case Fault Current depends on (i) NGR value (ii) Distance of fault from the neutral Primary side relay can not detect if the fault is at < 30% distance away from neutral. It would be necessary to provide a 64R LV

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

100%

Earth Fault Current

Secondary Fault Current

Primary Current

10% 30% Distance From Neutral 100%

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Earth fault with star connected transformer having Neutral solidly grounded
In this case Fault Current depends on (i) Transformer Impedence only; NGR value is zero (ii) Distance of fault from the neutral This is the case for LT Transformers where the system is solidly earthed. Heavy earth fault current flows in the secondary and primary current is also substantial.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

20

15 PerUnit Earth Fault Current 5 Secondary Current 10 Primary Current

Distance From Neutral

100%

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Phase to Phase fault

This case shall be like the previous slide. There is no additional resistance to restrict phase to phase fault so heavy fault current flows in the secondary and primary.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Inter-turn fault
This is not very likely phenomenon , unless the transformer is subjected to several Short-Circuit stress. For transformers connected to O/H line directly, very steep-front high voltage may cause inter-turn insulation failure & inter-turn fault. Shorted turns shall have very high current but primary relay may not see the fault as very high turn ratio shall be applicable for the shorted turns.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

100 80 Fault Current in shorted turns Per Unit 60 Fault Current 40

10

8 6

Per Unit Primary Current

Primary input Current

20

20 Percent Of Winding turns Shorted

10

15

25%

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Core fault
Any conducting bridge across laminated structure or defective core insulation may allow eddy current to flow across. This will generate local heating and degeneration of transformer oil and further gas generation. Electrical relays shall not be able to detect this other than the gas operated relays.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Tank fault
This fault results in loss of cooling oil over heating of core & winding deterioration of insulation Electrical relays shall not be able to detect this unless it develops into an electrical fault.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

EXTERNAL FAULTS
Over load Transformer is designed based on temperature rise criteria. Any over load is viewed in terms of the heating caused by the over load. Over load can be allowed considering the initial thermal status of the transformer. IEC 60354 gives the guide for transformer overloading. The time constant of forced cooled transformers is less as compared to that of the natural cooled ones.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

EXTERNAL FAULTS
System Fault Current fed by a transformer is responsible for heating of its winding. Heat generated is proportional to Sq of the current. For a transformer having 4% impedance may feed up to 25 times its rated current. Which means 625 times heat will be generated as compared to its full load operation. Normally transformers are specified to stand the fault for 2 secs. Over current relays are provided to clear the fault before it reaches the limit.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

EXTERNAL FAULTS
Over voltage There could be two types of over voltage Transient O/V Power frequency O/V Power frequency over voltage causes stress in insulation, increase in the value of Flux associated with excessive increase of magnetizing current.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

EXTERNAL FAULTS
Reduced system frequency Like power frequency over voltage, it increase the value of Flux associated with excessive increase of magnetizing current. Reduction in frequency associated with increase in voltage would be very harmful to the transformer. For bigger transformer V/f protection is provided.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

OVER HEATING OF TRANSFORMER

Rating of a transformer is based on a specific value of allowable temperature. At low temperature over loading may be allowed as per IEC60354 guidelines. Sustained over load ,if it takes the temperature of the winding 10 deg C above permissible temperature, the life of insulation will be eaten away by about a half of original. WTI/OTI is used for alarm as well as tripping of the HV side breaker. LV side is isolated by inter-tripping of LV breaker.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

SUMMARY OF FAULTS AND PROTECTION (i) Primary winding Ph-Ph 87,50 (ii) Primary winding Ph-E 87,50 (iii) Secondary winding Ph-Ph 87 (iv) Secondary winding Ph-E 87,64R (v) Inter-turn 87,63 (vi) Tank Fault 87,63 (vii) Core Fault 87,63

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

SUMMARY OF FAULTS AND PROTECTION (i) Primary winding Ph-Ph 87,50 (ii) Primary winding Ph-E 87,50 (iii)Seccondary winding Ph-Ph 87 (iv) Seccondary winding Ph-E 87,64R (v) Inter-turn 87,63 (vi) Tank Fault 87,63 (vii) Core Fault 87,63 (viii) Over Fluxing 99 (ix) Over Loading/ Design margin,WTI(Alarm/Trip) Heating OTI (Alarm), Cooler Alarm (x) Gas generation 63 (xi) Fire Protection Trip and Alarm

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

PROTECTIONS FOR Stn TRANSFORMER (i) 87 Internal Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth (ii) 51 Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth (Covers up to 11kv
System also. So def time for co-ordination)

(iii) 64R HV (iv) 64R LV (v) 51N (vi) 63 (vii) WTI (viii) OTI (ix) Cooler/OLTC (x) Fire Protection

HV Winding Ph-Earth LV Winding Ph-Earth LV Winding Ph-Earth (upto 1kV) Alarm/Trip Alarm/Trip Alarm Alarm/Trip

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

PROTECTIONS FOR UNIT TRANSFORMER (i) 87 Internal Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth (ii) 51 Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth (Covers up to 11kv
System also. So def time for co-ordination)

(iii) 64G1/64G2 (iv) 64R LV (v) 51N (vi) 63 (vii) WTI (viii) OTI (ix) Cooler/OLTC (x) Fire Protection

HV Winding Ph-Earth LV Winding Ph-Earth LV Winding Ph-Earth (upto 1kV) Alarm/Trip Alarm/Trip Alarm Alarm/Trip

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

PROTECTIONS FOR LT TRANSFORMER (i) 87 (>5MVA) Internal Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth --OR-50 (<5MVA) Ph-Ph / Ph-Earth (ii) 51 Definite time over current (iii) 64R LV LV Winding Ph-Earth (v) 51N LV Winding Ph-Earth (upto next level) (vi) 63 (vii) WTI Alarm/Trip (viii) OTI Alarm/Trip

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

MOTORS PROTECTIONS Causes for Motor failure External Unbalanced Supply Under Voltage Single Phasing Reverse Phase Sequence

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

MOTORS PROTECTIONS Causes for Motor failure Internal Bearing Failure Winding Fault Over Load

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

POSSIBLE FAULTS & ITS PROTECTION Thermal (Over Load) protection Majority of winding failure are caused by over loading on either unbalanced supply voltage or by single phasing. Excessive heating leads to winding insulation failure and further electrical Faults. Sustained over load of a few percentage may result in premature aging of the motor insulation.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Start/Stall Protection Motor draws around 6 times current during starting. But it is not a constant value. The quantum of current reduces as it reaches its rated speed. So to distinguish starting from stalling, it is required to measure the time also along with the inrush of current. Some times it is found that starting time is more than safe stalling time. Then it becomes difficult to provide the stalling protection.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Stalling Means Motor draws large current Resulting in high temperature No cooling as Speed is zero or very low Resulting in winding damage Starting can be sensed by The event of breaker closing followed by increasing of current.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Stalling Protection when tSTARTING <

STALLING

It is very simple to have this protection by following current and time settings:

t I

STARTING

< tSETTING < and < ISETTING <

STALLING

FULL-LOAD

STARTING

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Stalling Protection when tSTARTING > tSTALLING Over and above time & current sensing a speed switch signal is also required to sense that the motor has taken-off. Here as motor speeds up, current reduces and cooling increases and motor remains safe even after tSTARTING exceeds tSTALLING The following current and time settings:

STARTING

< tSETTING < tSTALLING and IFULL-LOAD < ISETTING < I STARTING when ANDED with the speed switch contact gives desired stalling protection. The speed switch setting is normally kept at 20%.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

SHOULD A MOTOR STALL WHILE RUNNING The motor current will increase from rated value to its starting current value. Presently this situation is protected by 51I,alarmed by 50A and RTD tripping through control system. However with numerical relays it is possible to capture the conditions of Motor has started and current is nominal which signifies motor running. Now if current again reaches its starting time value , stalling situation can be detected.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

However, this protection shall operate in the event of restarting of motors after a voltage dip ( EHV Fault nearby or Auto C/O). The difference could be only the duration of high current flow which will be less as compared to the situation at the time of starting.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Short circuit Protection Motor short circuit protection is provided for motor terminal flash-over or major winding faults. Motor instantaneous over current protection (50) is provided for this. However 50 setting is kept at 800% of rated current to take care of motor starting.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Earth Fault Protection Any fault due to any cause, in stator winding will result into an earth fault. For LT motors, where system is solidly earthed, earth fault relay in the residual circuit with 20% setting serves the purpose. HT motors where system is earthed through NGR, sensitive earth fault relay with CBCT is provided.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Under Voltage Protection Motor may stall under severe under voltage causing serious damage to it. Time delayed under voltage trip is provided having system voltage falling below 80% for a duration of 1000 mS.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

RTD Temperature Detection This gives actual direct measurement of motor temperature. Severe over load/ development of hot spot is detected by RTD. RTDs are provided in all HT motors which are embedded during manufacturing. RTDs are fed into the control system which further sends trip signal/ generates alarm.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Protection against excessive no. of Starts Starting should be blocked if the permitted number of starts are exceeded. It is possible to build a thermal replica of the motor in a numerical relay which will allow number of starts considering actual thermal status of the motor.

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Summary Of Motor Protection HT Motors 87 For >2000MW Ph-Ph & Ph-Erth(Intnl) 50x3 For <2000MW 51x2 For Over Load (IDMT) 50Ax1 For Alarm 50N For Earth Fault 50L/R For Motors tSTARTING > U/V

STALLING

For under voltage protection

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Summary Of Motor Protection LT Motors (Breaker Controlled) 50x3 For Ph-Ph & Ph-Erth 51x2 For Over Load (IDMT) 50Ax1 For Alarm 50N1 For Earth Fault U/V For under voltage protection

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

Summary Of Motor Protection LT Motors (Contactor Controlled) Fuse For Ph-Ph & Ph-Erth 49 For Over Load (IDMT) U/V Contactors drop @ V<70%

WORKSHOP ON ELECTRICAL PROTECTION @ PMI

OUR NEXT TOPIC

GENERATOR PROTECTION

GEN. PROTN. PHILOSOPHY

The numerical relays constituting the protection for each Main Generator Circuit, is configured into two independent Numerical Protection Systems
each fed from a separate DC supply, At least one numerical protection system shall be always available to detect and operate for any type of fault in the Generator Circuit, under condition of failure of the other numerical protection system AND/OR on failure of the associated DC supply systems of other numerical protection system.

AC/DC SEGREGATION

CLASSIFICATION OF GENERATOR PROTECTIONS

INTERNAL FAULT
i) PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS PROTECTION ALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIONS

II) PHASE TO EARTH PROTECTION FOR STATOR WINDING

64G1, 64G2, 64R, 64IT

EXTERNAL FAULT
21G, 51NGT, 46G,

ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS

98, 50GDM, LFPR/RP, 59, 99

CHANNEL WISE GROUPING AND TRIPPING LOGIC

PROTECTION FUNCTION CLASS OF TRIP A Remark on grouping of protection 87 G and 87 GT shall be on two different channels of protection.

Generator Differential Protection, 3 pole (87 G) having operating time of 25 milli sec. or lower at five times the current rating. Overall Differential Protection (87GT). Generator Transformer Differential (87 T) Over hang differential protection(87 HV) protection

A A A A 87 T shall be in a different channel than 87 GT 87 HV shall be in a differe channel than 87T 64 G1 and 64 G2 shall be on two different channels of protection.

nt

Stator Earth Fault Protection covering 100% of winding (64G1), operating on low frequency signal injection principle suitable for continuous monitoring of stator insulation even during machine shut down. Stator Standby Earth Fault Protection covering 95% of winding (trip) (64 G2) with adjustable time delay. Inter-turn Fault Protection (95G1), through comparison of zero sequence voltage on generator phase and neutral side. Duplicated Loss of field protection (40G1/2 ).

A A

A A

40G1 and 40G2 shall be on two different channels of protection.

Back up Impedance Protection, 3 pole (21G) along with suitable timer for Co -ordination with line protections Backup Earth Fault Protection Transformer HV neutral (51NGT) on Generator

21 G and 51 NGT different channels A

be

in

Negative Sequence Current Protection, alarm and I 22t element for trip (46G) matching with the machine characteristics. Duplicated Low -Forward Power / reverse power Interlock for steam turbine generator (37 /32G1 & 37/32 G2), each having two stages, a) short time delayed interlocked with turbine trip b) long time delayed independent of turbine trip. Two Stage Rotor Earth Fault Protection (alarm & trip) operating on principle of continuously monitoring rotor insulation value even during machine shut down period (64F).

37/32 G1 and 37/32 G2 shall be in two different channels of protection B A

CHANNEL WISE GROUPING AND TRIP LOGIC

Definite Time Delayed Over (59G) for alarm and trip. -Voltage Protection A Over Flux function (99) shall be in a different channel than O/V and U/F functions Generator Under Frequency Protection with alarm and stage tripping (81G) with df/dt elements. Over Fluxing Protection (99) for Generator / Generator Transformer having inverse time characteristics suitable for Generator /Generator Transformer over fluxing capability. Accidental Back Energisation protection for accidental closu re/flashover of EHV breaker or EHV disconnecting switch (50GDM) 1. Based on Under voltage Measurement and Over current A C

50 GDM based on th principle shall be on different channels.

e two two

2. Over current relay enabled/disabled by HV CB aux contact and drop out/pick up timers. Instantaneous and time delayed Over Current protection to be used on HV side of excitation transformer. Generator Pole slipping protection Generator under voltage relay for interlocks Unit Transformer Differential Protection, 3 pole (87UT) Unit Transformer LV back-up earth fault protection ( 51NUT). Unit Transformer LV REF (64 UT LV) Unit transformer back -up over current protection (51UT). Gen Transformer OTI/WTI trip

A 87 UT & 51 NUT can be in one channel and 64 UT LV & 51UT shall be in another channel.

A A A Turbine Trip

Gen Transformer Buchholtz, mechanical Protections Unit Transformer OTI/WTI trip

PRD

/other

After turbine trip through class B other breakers are tripped. GT WTI/OTI IN DIFF CHANNELS GT BUCH & PRD IN DIFF CHANNELS UT WTI & OTI CHANNELS IN DIFF

Unit Transformer Buchholtz, PRD /other UT BUCH & PRD IN DIFF mechanical Protections CHANNELS CLASS A : TO TRIP HVCB,TURBINE,FIELD, UT LV CBCLASS B : TO TRIP HVCB, FIELD,UT LV CB : CLASS C : TO TRIP HV CB

UT LV CB Trip & signal for change over of unit board. A

Typical Generator protection scheme

GRP NETWORKING
The numerical relays constituting the protection system for all the Generator Circuits shall be wired to a central operator work station, located in Central Control Room . From the operators work station,
it shall be possible to extract all the alarms, events and fault data captured by numerical relays change / upload relay Settings for various numerical relays.

Sharing of the data with switchyard SAS through Substation Level LAN shall also be possible. The communication protocol IEC 61850 is preferred for Generator Circuit LAN.

THANKS FOR
PATIENT HEARING !