IFS-2005 BOTANY

PAPER -I SECTION A 1. Answer any four of the following (Answer should not exceed 150 words in each case) : (4 x 10 = 40) (a) Differentiate between the following (Give examples and diagrams wherever necessary) (i) Zoospore and compound zoospore. (ii) Obligate and facultative parasites. (iii) Ascospore and auxospore. (iv) Archegonium and carpogonium. (b) Write short notes on: (i) Heterocyst in blue green algae (ii) Interferon. (iii) Plurilocular sporangia in Ectocarpus. (iv) Heteromorphic life cycle in Phaeophyceae (Give a diagrammatic sketch). (c) Write short notes on: (i) Thallus of Penicillium. (ii) Thallus structure of Saprolegnia. (iii) Alternation of generations in slime molds (Pictorial presentation of life cycle) (iv) Cleistothecium in Erysiphe. (d) Answer the following: (i) Gametophytic phase in Laminaria.

(ii) Municipal waste treatment by anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms. (iii) L.S. of sporocarp of Marsilea (Labelled diagram only) (iv) Cultivation of edible mushroom (Volvariella sps.) steps leading to sprouting of basidiocarp. (e) Write notes on (i) Control of viral diseases of plants. (ii) Economic importance of Diatomaceous earth. (iii) T.S. of Equisetum stem (Diagram only). (iv) Nucule of Chara. 2. (a) With the help of labelled diagrams only, show the evolutionary trend in the steles of Pteridophyta. (20) (b) Write an account of the importance of bacteria in soil fertility. (20) 3. (a) Discuss the morphological nature of the rhizophore of Selaginella. Draw a neat labelled diagram of T.S. of rhizophore. (b) With-the help of diagrams, describe the structure of Marchantia antheridiophore. (20) 4. Draw neat labelled diagrams of the following: (4 10 = 40) (i) Anatomy of Equisetum cone. (ii) Cross-section of the gametophytic thallus of Riccia. (iii) Life cycle of Ectocarpus(Pictorial presentation only). (iv) Structure of prothallus of Adiantum.

SECTION B 5. Answer any four of the following. The answer should not exceed 150 words in each case : (4 x 10 = 40) (a) Mention the important work done by the following botanists: (i) Prof. S.R. Kashyap (ii) Prof. F.E. Fritsch (iii) Prof. P. Maheshwari (iv) Prof. Birbal Sahni. (b) Give F.F. and F.D. of the following families: (i) Euphorbiaceae (ii) Asteraceae (Compositae) (iii) Liliaceae (iv) Rubiaceae. A of plant specimens. (ii) Functions of endosperm. Endosperm is a triploid tissue(containing three of chromosomes) found in the seeds of flowering plants.Functionally it is comparable to the female gametophyte in gymnosperms but has a unique origin. Whereas the female gametophyte in gymnosperms differentiates before fertilization and is haploid, the endosperm in angiosperm is the product of fertilization and is usually triploid. Endosperm is not formed in the members of families Orhidaceae, Podostemaceae, Trapaceae RUMINATE ENDOSPERM In the families such as Annonaceae, Myristicadaceae, Rubiaceae, Palmae etc. the endosperm is irregularly ridged and furrowed and is termed as ruminate endosperm. The rumination of the endosperm develops of invagination o f the outer tissues which penetrate deeply and appear as dark wavy bands in the mature seed. MOSAIC ENDOSPERM

In endosperm like of Zea mays,the tissue of endosperm is not homogeneous but there are patches of different colour (yellow & white) i.e., heterogenous. Such endosperm is called mosaic endosperm. TYPES OF ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) is normally located directly below the egg cell and undergos division almost immediately after its formation. On the basis of development the endosperm has been classified into three categories as under : a)NUCLEAR ENDOSPERM This is the most common type of endosperm found in angiosperm and is reported in 161 families out of 288 for which data available. In this type the first and subsequent division of primary endosperm nucleus are not followed by cytokinesis or wall formation and thus free nuclear division lead to the formation of a large number of free nuclei in embrosac.At maturity, centripetal wall formation (from periphery to centre) may occur to make the tissue partly cellular. This types of endosperm is found mainly in families malvaceae, juglandaceae, papillionaaceae etc . Endosperm haustoria are also developed in some cases and largest endosperm haustoria are found in Echinocystis lobata (16mm in length) of family cucurbitacea.

b)CELLULAR ENDOSPERM The cellular endosperm is characterized by the absence of free nuclear stage. The division of the primary endosperm nucleus and a few subsequent nuclear division are followed regularly by wall formation. The occurrence of haustoria is a common feature of this type of endosperm; it is more varied than in the nuclear endosperm. Cellular endosperm are found in mangnoliacea and acanthacea. It is reported in 72 families of angiosperm. In Loranthus and Santalum,the ovules are ategmic and different embryo sac lie freely in ovary. Then endosperms of different embro sacs unite together to form unique type of endosperm called composite endosperm.

c) HELOBIAL ENDOSPERM This type of endosperm is restricted largely to the monocotyledons. It is intermediate between nuclear and cellular type.here the first division is followed by a transverse wall resulting in a micropylar and chalazal chamber . Further divisions are generally free nuclear and may be formed by the micropylar chamber only. Helobial endosperm is found in members of order Helobiales like najadacea, butomaceae etc

Depending upon the persistence of endosperm the seeds are classified as a) Non endospermic or ex- albuminous ---- here during the process of development of the embryo, the food stored up in endosperm is completely exhausted by the developing embryo. e.g ., seeds of gram, pea, bean, orchid etc b) Endospermic or albuminous --- here endosperm grows vigorously and is not exhausted by the developing embryo. Cotyledons are thin here. E.g., seeds of wheat, barley, castor, poppy etc

HISTOLOGY OF

ENDOSPERM

The cells of the endosperm are generally isodiametic and store food material in them. The walls of the cells are thin and devoid of pits. In cereals , one of few outer layers of endosperm are thick walled with dense cytoplasm having pits. These are mainly filled with aleurone grainsand hence called aleurone tissues. Aleurone layer secretes some hydrolytic enzymes like amylases and proteases, which break down starch and protein into simple substance , utilized during seed germination. The endosperm is usually non chlorophyllous. In Crinum, during seed development the seed coat as well as fruit wall are absorbed and the endosperm is exposed to sunlight. Consequently it becomes green. Chlorophyllous endosperm also occurs in Mathiola,Raphanus and Viscum. CYTOLOGY OF ENDOSPERM

In normal cases, the endosperm is triploid but diploid, tetraploid and polyploidy endosperm are also found. The number of nuclei contributed by the male gametophyte in the formation of the endosperm is constant throughout the angiosperm, but the number of nuclei contributed by the female gametophyte varies with the types of embro sac ; in Oenothera it is just one, and the endosperm is diploid. Whereas in paperomia it is eight and the endosperm is 9n. In Penea, plumbago, plumbigella , fritillaria , endosperm is 5n. MORPHOLOGICAL NATURE OF ENDOSPERM

This is controversial issue as according to Hofmeister (1858) endosperm is a gametophytic tissue whose growth remains arrested till the entry of pollen tube. But LeMonnier (1887) stated that endosperm is the second embryo which has been

modified to meet the nutritional requirement of the developing embryo. Whereas according to Starburger(1900) endosperm of angiosperm is a belated gametophytic tissue. The most accept view is of Nemec,Brink and Cooper (1942) i.e, it is neither gametophytic nor sporophytic tissue,but it is undifferentiated tissue with different ploidy level.

FUNCTION

OF

ENDOSPERM

i) In plants with albuminous seeds the endosperm reserve support early seedling growth. ii) Endosperm provides nutrition to developing embro. iii) Liquid endosperm of coconut contains anxins, cytokinins and GA and induces cytokinins. When added to basis nutrient medium, coconut milk also induces the differentiation of embryo and plantlets from various plant tissues. iv) Zeatin, a very potent cytokinin, is extracted from the young endosperm of maize.

XENIA The direct or indirect effect of pollen on structure inside embryo sac except embryo has been termed by Focke,1881 as Xenia.This phenomenon is limited to endosperm part only and is seen in Zeamays alone. When yellow endosperm race of maize is crossed with white endosperm race of maize, yellow endosperm is obtained in the progeny. METAXENIA The metaxenia may be defined as the effect of pollen on the seed coat or pericarp lying outside the embryosac. Swingle found that in Phoenix dactylifora the time of maturity of the fruits and their size can be made to vary according to the type of pollen used in fertilization. According to him, the embryo, which diffuses out in the pericarp and seed coat exert a specific influence on them resulting in certain specific variations.

(iii) Experimental induction of polyembryony. (iv) Causes and significance of apomixis. (d) Draw labelled diagrams of the following: (i) L.S. Pinus female cone. (ii) Stem anatomy of Gnetum. (iii) T.S. normal root of Cycas. (iv) T.S. young root of Ginkgo biloba. (e) Answer the following (i) Draw a neat labelled diagram of a typical organised embryo sac. (ii) T.S. of Ephedra leaf. (iii) Application of protoplast culture. (iv) Economic importance of plants belonging to family Umbelliferae. 6. Describe the type of anomalous secondary growth found in the stems of the following (Draw neat labelled diagrams): (i) Aristolochia (10) (ii) Bignonia (10) (iii) Boerhaavia (10) (iv) Dracaena

(10) 7. Answer the following: (i) Discuss the scope of Palynology. (10) (ii) Explain Tunic a-corpus theory relating to structural development and differentiation of shoot apex. (10) (iii) Draw a diagram of T.S. of leaf of Typha. (10) (iv) Write an account of drug yielding plants. (10) 8. (a) Describe the principles governing the construction of mechanical system in plants. (b) Give the botanical name, family and plant parts used in the following: (i) Henna (ii) Penicillin (iii) Ginger (iv) Chestnut Zingiber officinale Castania sativa Zingiberaceae Fagaceae Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae

(v) Indian bow string hemp (vi) Camphor (vii) Clove oil (viii) Sassafras (ix) Mulberry (x) Date Palm. (20 2 = 40) Cinnamomum camphora Syzygium aromaticum Lauraceae Myrtaceae

IFS Botany 2005

PAPER -II SECTION A 1. Write short notes on any four of the following in about 150 words each (5 10 = 50) (a) Nucleosome (b) Male sterility The male sterility in angiosperms may arise due to several reasons 1)Anther suppression, abortion, phyllody, petallody and pistillody ---this has premeiotic determination. 2)Aberrant meiosis or gametophytic developmentThis is determined by the individual meiocyte or gametophyte. The meiotic irregularities occur when meiosis fails or produces genomically unbalanced spores. The gametophytic irregularities occur when meiosis is normal but gametophyte development is aberrant or incomplete. 3)Failure of anther dehiscence ---Normal pollens are formed but not released. 4)Premature dissolution of callose Abortion can occur at any stage during microsporogenesis 5)Fungal or viral infection Gametophyte : Determined pollen sterility is usually due to the meiotic abnormalities, such as meiosis in polyploids which often results in the unequal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter cells. Plants , heterozygous for a gene or minor deficiency which is lethal is the haplophase which will also produce non viable pollen. Sporophyte : Determined pollen sterility is usually due to genic, cytoplasmic or environmental factors. Genic and cytoplasmic or environment factors widespread among angiosperms. Genic pollen sterility is due to recessive genes, e.g.,Maize shows both genic and cytoplasmic sterility. Environmental factors such as photoperiodic treatment and temperature are know to induce male sterility.Similarly chemicals.like auxins,maleic hydrazide and dalapon induce male sterility.

(c) Chi-square test (d) Trisomics (e) One-gene, one-enzyme concept 2. (a) Explain the various methods of transfer of genes. (20) (b) What is recombinant DNA technology? How is it employed in genetic engineering? (20) 3. (a) With suitable classical experiments on sex-linked inheritance, prove that genes are carried on the chromosomes. (30) (b) How is sex determined in plants? (10) 4. (a) Explain the regulatory mechanism of gene action in microbes. (20) (b) What is genetic code? Explain the mechanism of genetic code in the transfer of information from DNA to amino acids. (20) SECTION B 5. Write short notes on any four of the following in about 150 words each: (5 10 = 50) (a) CAM Pathway (b) Phytochrome (c) Gibberellins (d) Bioindicators (e) Red Data Books

6. (a) Describe the morphological and biochemical changes accompanying seed germination. (20) (b) Explain the molecular basis of fruit ripening and show how fruit ripening is manipulated. (20) 7. (a) Explain the physiology of nitrogen metabolism. (20) (b) Explain the mechanism of photorespiration in plants.(20)

8. (a) Explain the characteristics of various forest types of India. (30) (b) Explain forests as renewable resources. (10)