POWER AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE QUESTIONS

Q1
R
L
10O
R
B
+V
CC
(+15V)
N
P
: N
S
v
i Q
1
C
1
+
v
O
-


Figure Q1

Refer to Figure Q1, given | = 100, V
CE(SAT)
= 2.5 V, N
P
:N
S
= 14.6 : 8 and V
BE1
= 0.7 V.

(a) Determine the AC resistance reflected to primary transformer. [2 marks]

(b) Sketch and label the DC and AC load lines. [4 marks]

(c) By referring to part (b), determine:

(i) Maximum peak to peak output without distortion. [2 marks]

(ii) Maximum power delivered to the load R
L
. [2 marks]

(iii) Power dissipation in transistor Q
1
. [1 mark]

(iv) Percentage maximum power efficiency of the amplifier. [2 marks]

(v) Is the answer in (iv) similar with theory ? Give your reason(s). [2 marks]

















POWER AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
Q2

R
B
R
L
20 O
20V
V
in
1. 58:1
I
CQ


Figure Q2

Parameters for the power transistor used in Figure Q2 are as follows:
|=40, V
BE(ON)
=0.7V, V
CE(sat)
=2V
If I
CQ
is 0.2 A, :
a) Sketch and label the DC and the ac load line [7 marks]
b) What is the maximum symmetrical peak value of the collector voltage without
distortion?
[1 mark]
c) What is the efficiency under conditions (b)? [3 marks]
d) What is the necessary base current, I
B
, to set a new Q point that will permit
maximum possible symmetrical peak output voltage? Hence, calculate the
value of R
B
. Sketch and label the load line under these conditions. [6 marks]
e) What is the efficiency under conditions (d)? [3 marks]














POWER AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
Q3
(a) What is the percentage duty-cycle of the class B power amplifier? [2 marks]

(b) What causes crossover distortion? [2 marks]

(c) Give one reason why a heat sink is used. [2 marks]

Q
1
R
L
8 O
V
i
= 4 sin 314t V
R
1
R
2
Q
2
Q
A
Q
B
56 kO
56 kO
V
CC
= +5V
V
EE
= -5V


Figure Q3

(d) Referring to Figure Q2, if V
BE
= 0.7 V for all transistors, determine:

(i) Power delivered to the load. [2 marks]

(ii) Percentage maximum power efficiency. [3 marks]

(iii) Peak output voltage when power dissipation in the transistor
is maximum. [3 marks]

(iv) Maximum power dissipation in the transistors, Q
1
and Q
2
. [2 marks]


(e) A power transistor with T
Jmax
= 180C able to dissipate 50 W of power at case
temperature of 50C. If a heat sink with thermal resistance 0.6C/W is used,

(i) What is the temperature of a heat sink if the transistor need to dissipate
30 W of power? [3 marks]

(ii) For an ambient temperature of 39C, what is the heat sink
thermal resistance? [3 marks]

(iii) If sink to air thermal resistance is 4.5C/W per cm long, what size of heat
sink is needed? [3 marks]



POWER AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
SOLUTIONS

Q1 (a) O = |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 31 . 33 ) 10 (
8
6 . 14
R
N
N
r
2
L
2
S
P
L


(b) A 9 . 0
3 . 33
15
2
r
V
2 I 2 i
L
CEQ
CQ ) sat ( c
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

V
CE
(V)
I
C
(A)
Q
V
CEQ
15V
V
CC
30V
I
CQ
0.45A
i
c(sat)
0.9A
V
CE(SAT)
2.5V
Garis beban AT
Garis beban au


(c)
(i) Maximum peak to peak output swing
) SAT ( CE CEQ
V V 2 =

V 5 . 27
5 . 2 ) 15 ( 2
=
=


(ii) Primary peak voltage = V 75 . 13
2
5 . 27
v
) p ( ce
= =

Thus the voltage at secondary transformer:


V 53 . 7 ) 75 . 13 (
6 . 14
8
) v (
N
N
v
) p ( ce
P
S
) p ( L
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=


Power delivered to the load, W 84 . 2
) 10 ( 2
) 53 . 7 (
R 2
V
P
2
L
2
) p ( L
L
= = =


(iii) Power dissipated in transistor, W 75 . 6 ) 45 . 0 )( 15 ( I V P
CQ CEQ DQ
= = =

POWER AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE QUESTIONS

(iv) W 75 . 6 P P
DQ AT
= =
Maximum power efficiency, % 22 . 42 % 100
75 . 6
84 . 2
% 100
P
P
AT
L
= = = q

(v) No, because the maximum output swing is limited by V
CE(SAT)
.



Q2 N
P
: N
S
= 1.58 : 1
Given I
CQ
= 0.2 A, | = 40
) 20 ( ) 58 . 1 ( R
N
N
r
2
L
2
S
P
L
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = 49.928 O
DC load line: Slope is infinity, and crosses V
CE
axis at V
CC
= 20 V
AC load line:
(

+ + =
=

CQ
L
CEQ
ce
L
c
L CEQ ce
CQ c
I
r
V
) v (
r
1
i
r
1
V v
I i

When v
ce
= 0, 2 . 0
928 . 49
20
I
r
V
i
CQ
L
CEQ
c
+ = + = = 0.6 A
When i
c
= 0,
(

+ =
(

+ = 2 . 0
928 . 49
20
) 928 . 49 ( I
r
V
r v
CQ
L
CEQ
L ce
= 29.986 ~ 30 V
When v
ce
= 2 V, 6 . 0 ) 2 (
928 . 49
1
i
) sat ( c
+ = = 0.56 A

(a)
V
CE
(V)
I
C
(A)
Q
V
CEQ
20V
V
ce(cutoff)
29.98V
I
CQ
0.2A
0.6A
V
CE(SAT)
=2V
DC load line
ac load line
0.36 A
0.2 A
18 V 29.98-20 =9.98 V
928 . 49
1
' R
1
slope
L
= =


POWER AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
(b) From load line, the maximum symmetrical peak value of collector voltage is
v
ce(p)
= 9.98 V

(c) Efficiency:
v
o(p)
= ) 98 . 9 (
58 . 1
1
v
N
N
v
) p ( ce
P
S
) p ( o
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = 6.316 V

( )
) 20 ( 2
316 . 6
R 2
2 v
P
2
L
) p ( o
(max) L
= = = 0.997 W
2 . 0 20 I V P
CQ CC DC
= = = 4 W
% 100
4
997 . 0
% 100
P
P
%
DC
(max) L
= = q = 25 %
(d) For possible maximum output voltage, Q point must be at the centre of the ac
load line.

L CEQ ) SAT ( CE
CQ
r
1
V V
I
=

load remains the same, so r

L
remains the same.
| | | | 20 2
928 . 49
1
V V
r
1
I
CEQ ) SAT ( CE
L
CQ
= = = 0.36 A
Therefore new base current:
40
36 . 0
I
I
CQ
) new ( BQ
=
|
= = 9 mA
and
mA 9
7 . 0 20
I
V V
R
) new ( B
BE CC
B

= = 2.14 kO

76 . 0 ) v (
928 . 49
1
36 . 0
928 . 49
20
) v (
928 . 49
1
I
r
V
) v (
r
1
i
ce ce CQ
L
CEQ
ce
L
c
+ =
(

+ + =
(

+ + =

V
CE
(V)
I
C
(A)
Q (20V, 0.36A
V
CEQ
20V
2V
CC
- V
CE(SAT)
= 40-2 = 38 V
I
CQ
0.36 A
0.76A
V
CE(SAT)
=2V
ac load line
0.36 A
0.36 A
18 V
' R
1
slope
L
=
DC load line
18 V
0.72A


When v
ce
= 2 V (V
CE(SAT)
), i
c
= 0.72 A
When v
ce
= 0 V, i
c
= 0.76 A
When i
c
= 0 A, v
ce
= 0.76 x 49.928 = 38 V
POWER AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE QUESTIONS

(c) Efficiency:
v
o(p)
= ) 18 (
58 . 1
1
v
N
N
v
) p ( ce
P
S
) p ( o
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = 11.39 V

( )
) 20 ( 2
39 . 11
R 2
2 v
P
2
L
) p ( o
(max) L
= = = 3.24 W
36 . 0 20 I V P
CQ CC DC
= = = 7.2 W
% 100
2 . 7
24 . 3
% 100
P
P
%
DC
(max) L
= = q = 45 %


Q3 (a) Class B power amplifier operate at 50% duty cycle.

(b) Crossover distortion occur because the base terminal of the transistor is not
initial bias at 0.7 V when input signal is applied.

(c) The use of a heat sink is to enlarge the transistors surface area so that the heat
can transfer quickly into air thus protecting the transistor from getting
overheated.


(d) (i) tV 314 sin 4 v v
i O
= = then V 4 v
) p ( o
=

Therefore, W 1
) 8 ( 2
4
R 2
v
P
2
L
2
) p ( o
L
= = =

(ii)
W 59 . 1
) 8 (
4
) 5 ( 2
R
v
V 2 I V 2 I V 2 P
L
) p ( o
CC ) average ( C CC CC CC DC
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
t
=
t
= = =
% 89 . 62 % 100
59 . 1
1
% 100
P
P
, efficiency power
AT
L
= = = q

(iii)
L
2
) p ( o
L
) p ( o
CC L DC DQ
R 2
v
R
v
V 2 P P P
t
= =
Maximum power dissipation occur when 0
v
P
) p ( o
DQ
=
o
o

Therefore 0
R
v
R
V 2
v
P
L
) p ( o
L
CC
) p ( o
DQ
=
t
=
o
o

Thus the peak output voltage, V 183 . 3
) 5 ( 2 V 2
v
CC
) p ( o
=
t
=
t
=



POWER AMPLIFIER EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
(iv) Maximum power dissipation in transistors:

W 63 . 0
) 8 (
) 5 ( 2
R
V 2
R
V 2
R
V 4
P
2
2
L
2
2
CC
L
2
2
CC
L
2
2
CC
DQ
=
t
=
t
=
t

t
=

(e) (i) W / C 6 . 2
W 50
150 180
P
T T
D
C J
JC

= u

( )
( ) C 84 30 6 . 0 6 . 2 180 T
P T 180
P T T
S
D CS JC S
D JS S J

= + =
u + u =
u =


(ii)
D SA A S
P T T u =
W / C 5 . 1
W 30 C 39 C 84
SA
SA

= u
u =


(iii) The size of heat sink needed is cm 3
W / C 5 . 1
cm / W / C 5 . 4
= =