BEE1222 20slides 200910 2

BEE1222 Computer Programming
By Hazizulden Abdul Aziz
2009 Hazizulden Abdul Aziz, Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, UMP
Course Synopsis
This course introduces computer programming techniques to electrical & electronic engineering students using a structured programming language called C
Outcomes

Explain hardware/software interfacing Demonstrate structured programming techniques using high-level language Use computer programming techniques in solving electrical & electronics engineering problem Work in team and communicate effectively
Syllabus

Computer programming fundamentals Structured program development 5 elements of computer programming Aggregate data types Files Input and Output Hardware interfacing
Assessment
Distribution Assignments (10%) Projects (20%) Quizzes (10%) Tests (60%)
References
B.W. Kernighan and D.M. Ritchie, C Programming Language, 2nd Ed, USA: Prentice Hall, 1988
Additional References
S.G. Kochan, Programming in C, 3rd Ed., USA: Sams Publishing, 2005 G. Perry, Absolute Beginners Guide to Programming, 3rd Ed., IN: Que, 2003 H.M. Deitel and P.J. Deitel, C: How to Program, 3rd Ed., NJ:Prentice Hall, 2001 J.R. Hanly and E.B. Koffman, C Program Design for Engineers, 2nd Ed., MA: Addison Wesley, 2001
Internet Resources
www.cprogramming.com
Computer Programming
An overview of computer programming concept
Programming & Engineering
Computer in engineering environment CNC machines PC based integrated system Embedded microprocessor & controller Scientific computing, complex tasking, data analysis, simulation & visualization
Inside a Computer
Basic architecture of modern computer

Data Bus
I/O interfaces
Control bus
CPU
Memory (RAM/ROM)
Address Bus
The CPU
The brain of a computing devices Registers instruction & memory address ALU (Arithmetic & Logic Units) Clock processor speed Floating points coprocessor
Computer Software (Program)
Operating software Master controller between hardware and other system application software Application software Written to solve specific problem and/or to simplified work processes
Computer Languages

Means of communicating with computers Sequence of instructions for CPU Three types Machine Assembly High Level
Machine Language

Built-in to the CPU Binary code Alternative codes: Octal Hexadecimal bits & bytes
Example:
00000000 00010101 00010110 00110101 01110111
Assembly Language
Symbolic/mnemonics codes Unstructured Processor dependent Assembler translate to machine language
Example:
CLR MOV A,#2 ADD A,#2 MOV R0,A END
High Level Language

Use proper syntax Easy to understand Machine/Processor Independent Compiler language
High Level Language Fortran (1950s) Basic (1960s) Pascal (1960s) C (1970s)
C Programming Language
History 1972 by Dennis Ritchie Based on B/BCPL OS language ANSI/ISO C (1989) Evolution
C advantages Powerful language Lean & efficient Less rigid structure Support bitmanipulation
Borland C, visual C, C++, C#
Low high level language
Compiler Translation Process

Libraries and other object code Source code (FILE.C) Editor Compiler Object code (FILE.OBJ) Linker
Executable program (FILE.EXE)
Errors and/or warnings
Compiler & Linker
Compiler Translate code to machine language Linker Built executable program file
Errors in Programming
Compilation error

Logic error

Syntax error Easy to identify and corrected
Programmer error Not easy to identify and correct May cause run-time error
Development Environment
What you needs? A source code editor A compiler and linker An optional debugger Integrated Development Environment IDE All-in-One application (programming) software
DEVCpp Compiler

OSS License compiler IDE for ANSI C/C++ developer Source editor Compiler & Linker Debugger
Borland C++ Compiler

Source Code editor Compiler & Linker Debugger
Outcomes
Understand the needs to learn computer programming List the three levels of computer programming languages Explain how high level languages are translated to machine language Use DEVCpp and/or Borland C++ compilers IDE features
Structured Programming
An introductory to structured programming paradigm
What is a Program?

A set of instruction for computer to execute A collection of instructions necessary to solve a specific problem SOFTWARE or FIRMWARE?
Programming Paradigm
A point of view on how program execute Influence problem solving methodology
Examples: Unstructured Structured Sequential Procedural or Functional Object oriented
Structured Programming
Disciplined approach to writing program that are clear, correct & easy to maintain Sequential, procedural or functional Top-Down approach to programming
Program Execution

Computers execute instruction line-by-line basis Instructions and data are stored in allocated memory addresses Information stored in memory address is accessed by fetch-execute cycle Program Counter (PC) store current memory address information Registers store current instruction and data executed
The Memory Structure
Program Construction
Start with problem statement Define requirements and test plan Develop Algorithm Create source file Compile and make correction Execute, test and debug
Define the Problem

Understand what is the problem Define scope and generality Define inputs & outputs Define constants & formula Define computational needs
Design Test Plan

Contains list of inputs & correct outputs Test normal & abnormal conditions Test extreme & out-of-bound data
Design a Solution

Algorithm to consider Interaction user & program Fool proofing against illegal inputs
Algorithm

Method for solving well structured problem Sequence of steps to accomplish specific task
Representing Algorithm
Flow Chart Graphical symbols Flow of steps or processes Generic
Pseudo Code Algorithmic language Code without syntax May use borrowed syntax Easily translate
Flow Chart Symbols

start/end
connector operation
input/output
Off-page connector
decision
Pseudo-code statement
Simple English Gets first number Gets second number Add the two numbers Show result
Pseudo-code input(number1) input(number2) Result = number1 + number2 output(Result)
Steps
Start A Problem Statement
Compile
Conceptual design Test Algorithm design Solution Source Code End
Outcomes

Explain the structured programming approach Write appropriate problem definition and test plan Develop simple algorithm to solve basic arithmetic operation
C Programming Language
Explain C Language fundamentals
C Program Elements

Pre-processor* Declaration Keywords Statements Comments
Pre-Processor
Analyze source file before compiling Process pre-processor directive Remove comments Divide program into tokens Result in more efficient & clearer code
How pre-processor works

Replace macros defined with #define directive
Source code file (FILE.C)
Pre-processor
Processed Source Code file
Compiler
Include files with #include directive
Pre-Processor Directive

Begin with # character Call up essential definitions & libraries Pre-processor directives: #include includes header files #define define constant & macros
Declaration

Define attribute (data type) of identifiers used Must precede executable statements Global vs. Local declaration
Global vs. Local Variable

Global variable - declared outside any function Local variable - declared inside a function Local variable take precedence over global variable AVOID using global variables
Keywords

Reserved words Predefined by compiler libraries Cannot be used as identifiers Must be written in lowercase Instruction set
Statements

Sequence of instructions Branching or looping or Function calls Start with a command word and ends with ; Compounded by curly brackets { }
Comments

Use to clarify program statements Make program code more readable Start with /* and end with */ Can be included anywhere in the program
C Program Structure
Pre-processor directives
Global declaration
main () {
Local declaration
Executable statements }
Writing your program code
Programmer header block

/* * * * * Name: <type your full name> Student ID: <type your student ID #> Section: <type your section #> Title: <type the title of your program here> -------------------------------------------*/
/* <Your introduction goes here> */
Outcomes

Explain each element of C Language structure Describe how pre-processor works in C Outline basic structure of C Language
Programming Fundamentals
Explore in-depth the five fundamental elements of computer programming
The FIVE Elements

Declaration statements Action statements Selection statements Repetition statements Invocation statements
Declaration Statement

Associates memory location to identifier Associates identifier to its attribute and data type Variable Constant Function
ANSI C Identifiers
Alphabets, digits and underscore Cannot begin with digit Case sensitive Unspecified length
Example:

student1_age Student1_Age iStudent1_Age
Data types
Scalar/Simple Integer number Real number Character
Aggregate Arrays Strings Pointers
Variables Declaration
Simple data types declaration

int float/double Char datatype identifier;
Syntax
Initialization

Give initial value to variables data type Initialization statement In declaration statement Just before using the variable
Assignment

= symbols (GETS) Assign a value to an identifier Syntax: identifier = value; identifier = expression;
Constant Declaration
#define
const
Define constant of simple built type Syntax
#define VARNAME value
Define constant that depended on other constant Syntax
const datatype VARNAME = value;
Action Statements

Input /Output statements Expression statements Arithmetic operations Algebraic expression Trigonometry functions
Input/Output Statements

Interactive programming User interface with input/output devices
C Input/Output Statements
Pre-processor functions library #include <stdio.h> Input and output instruction in C... puts printf scanf
Syntax: puts
puts(string);
Outputs a text string constant to the standard output device Example: puts(Computer Programming);
Syntax: printf
printf(format,argument);
Outputs a formatted text string to the output in a form defined by format using arguments argument Example:
printf(The value of var1 is %d,var1);
Formatting Operators
Operator %c %d %e %f %u Format Single character Signed decimal integer Scientific floating point Floating point Unsigned decimal integer Operator %s %o %% %x %g Format String of character Unsigned octal integer Print % character Unsigned hexadecimal integer Scientific notation
printf(%f %d %c,fVal1,iVal2,cCh); printf(%m.nf %md,fVal1,iVal2);
Esc Sequence Characters

Char \ \ \\ \n \t Function Double quote Single quote Backslash Line feed Horizontal tab spacing Char \b \a \f \r Function Backspace Audible bell Form-feed Carriage return
printf(Computer Programming\r\n); printf(I/O statement\b);
Syntax: scanf
scanf(format,&argument);
Reads formatted values from keyboard in a format defined by format and loads them into the argument argument
Example: scanf(%f %d %c,&fVal1,&iVal2, &cCh);
Arithmetic Expression

Performing arithmetic on numeric data Arithmetic expression is written as...
identifier = operand operator operand
Arithmetic Operators
Operator + * / Operation Subtraction Addition Multiplication Division Operator -= += *= /= Operation minus equals Add equals Multiplied equals Divide equals
Modulus
Increment & Decrement Operators

j++ Use the operands value in the expression, then add 1 to the variable
Use the operands value in the expression, then subtract 1 from the variable Add 1 to the variable then use the new value in the expression Subtract 1 from the variable then use the new value in the expression
j--
++j
--j
Try this!
Write a short program in C and incorporate the following code:

i = 1; printf(i = %d\n, i); printf(i = %d\n, ++i); printf(i = %d\n, i);
Change the following line in the code:

(was) printf(i = %d\n, ++i); (is) printf(i = %d\n, i++);
Selection Statements

Decision & branching Choose between several possible sequences of action based on the value of expressions Two commonly used selection algorithm IF/ELSE SELECT/CASE
Relational Operators
Operator Operation Operator Operation
<
<= ==
Less than
Less than or equal equal
>
>= !=
Greater than
Greater than or equals NOT equals
operand operator operand expression operator expression
Logical Operators
Operator Operation
&& ||
!
AND OR
NOT
operand operator operand expression operator expression
Flowchart for IF/THEN/ELSE
Used when one of the two statements must be chosen depending on a condition
Syntax: if & if..else

Syntax: if
if (expression) { statement block; }
Syntax: if..else
if (expression) { statement block1; } else { statement block2; }
Syntax: if..else if..else

Nested if..else statement Multiple nested
if (expression1) { statement block1; } else if (expression2) { statement block2; } else { statement block3; }
Flowchart for SELECT..CASE
Used when one statement from many must be chosen as determined by a value
Syntax: switch..case
switch (expression) { case const1: statement(s); break; case const2: statement(s); break; default: statement(s); break; }
Syntax: break

Use to exit from a statement block Use with: switch..case for while () do..while()
Repetition Statement

Looping and counting Control the repetitive re-execution or iteration of sequences of actions Two commonly used looping algorithm DO...WHILE WHILE...DO
Flowchart for DOWHILE
Operation executed at least once
Syntax: do..while
do { statement block; } while (condition);
Flowchart for WHILEDO
Operations performed if condition is met Also While loop FOR loop
Syntax: while
while (condition) { statement block; }
Syntax: for
for (start_value;test_condition;operation) { statement(s); }
where start_value test_condition operation: Starting value of the loop counter relational condition to continue looping. if test condition is TRUE, looping continue loop counting operation
Syntax: continue

Use only in repetitive statement Transfer instruction execution sequence to test condition for repetitive statement
Invocation

Call-up sub-programs/sub-routines Provide structure to a program by allowing the use of sub-programs
Function

A sub-program or sub-routine A module of code that define specific job An identifiable pieces of code with defined interface Reusable can be used repeatedly
Why use Function

Avoid redundancy in coding Provide logical clarity to program structure Customized library of routine instruction
Standard Library Functions

Header File Comment
stdio.h
math.h ctype.h string.h stddef.h stdlib.h
Standard I/O routine

Math functions Character classification & conversion Strings manipulation functions Define common data types & macro Miscellaneous routine
time.h
Time functions
Math Library Function
Contains trigonometry functions Pre-Processor header declaration
Examples:

#include <math.h>
abs(int val) fabs(double val) exp(double val) log(double val) sqrt(double val) pow(double val1, double val2) M_PI
User Defined Functions
Prototype Define function interface (declaration) Definition Block of statements associated to function Specify function operation Call Cause function to be executed
Function Prototype
Syntax:
return_data_type function_name(argument_data_type argument_name);
Function declaration before function call
Function Definition
Consist of two elements
Function block
Header()
Header correspond to prototype definition Body collection of statements contained within {} bracket
{
declaration statements;
other executable statements;

return();
Function Call
Syntax:

Function_name(argument); Identifier = function_name(argument);
Function call can be made from Main() function block or from another function block
void:void Function
Accept no argument and return no value Function prototype declaration
Function definition
void fname(void) {
void fname(void); fname();
Function call
declaration statements; executable statements; }
void:one Function
Return no value but accept all argument(s) Prototype declaration
Function definition
void fname(argument type argument_name); fname(argument);
Function call
void fname(argument type argument_name) { declaration statements; executable statements; }
one:void Function
Return a value and does not accept any argument Prototype declaration
Function definition
return_type fname(void); identifier = fname();
Function call
return_type fname(void) { declaration statements; executable statements; return(argument); }
one:one Function
Return a value and accept all argument(s) Prototype declaration
Function definition
return_type fname(argument_type argument_name);
Function call
identifier = fname(arguments);
return_type fname(argument_type argument_name) { declaration statements; executable statements; return(argument); }
Outcomes

Explain five elements of structured programming Write an executable code in C demonstrating all five elements of structured programming approach Develop a basic algorithm and write a basic program to solve engineering related numerical analysis
Numeric Arrays
Introduce the numeric array data type
Arrays
A series of variables with same data type that share one variable name Related terms Array slots/cells Array elements Array size/length (always an integer number)
Using Arrays
Array data type can be used in all elements of programming Declaration Action statements Repetitive statement Selective statement Function statement
One-Dimension Numeric Arrays
Array data type Declaration
data_type array_name[array_length];
Initialization
array_name[array_length] = {val1,};
Addressing an array element

array_name[index] Note: indexing of array slot start with 0
Functions with Array Arguments

Functions use same memory area for arrays Function can not return an array value Declare array as function argument if function modify array element value
Function Prototype & 1D-Array
Function prototype with array arguments
void fname(ary_type ary_name[], int n, arg_type arg_name); return_type fname(ary_type ary_name[], int n, arg_type arg_name)
Using an array element with a function?
Two-Dimension Numeric Arrays
Declaration
data_type ary_name[row][col];
Declaration with Initialization
data_type ary_name[row][col] = {{r0c0,r0c1,},{r1c0,r1c1},{r2c0,}};
Addressing an array element

array_name[row_index][col_index] Note: indexing of array slot start with 0
2D Numeric Arrays & Function
Function prototype with array arguments
void fname(ary_type ary_name[][col], int n, arg_type arg_name); return_type fname(ary_type ary_name[][col], int n, arg_type arg_name)
Outcomes
Explain the structure of numeric array data type (one- and two-dimensional array) Write a code in C demonstrating the use of numeric array data type
Strings
Introduce string data type as array of character
Character Data Type
Declaration & initialization of character variable

char identifier_name; char identifier_name = char_literal; Identifier_name = char_literal;
Accept single character of alphanumeric or symbols (including blank).
Character Input and Output

Character input scanf( %c, &ch)
Character output printf(%c, &ch)
Note:
A space included before %c type specifier
Operations on Character Type

Operation Copy ch1 = ch2
Character manipulation #include <ctype.h>
Logical operators

Example

==/!= <, <=, >=, >
Increment/decrement
isalpha() islower() isupper() isdigit() isspace() tolower() toupper()
String

Character array (array of char data type) Declaration & initialization of string variable char str[str_len]; char str[] = strings_value;
Note: string will add null character \0 to mark end of string causing number of character stored always one less than str_len
String Input and Output

String Input scanf(%ms, str); gets(str);
String Output printf(%-s,str); puts(str);
Note:
Note:
Ampersand (&) not included as prefix to string variable identifier Input Text longer than string length will cause overflow of string variable
Adding minus (-) sign to type specifier (s) cause left justification of string String variable without null character (\0) may cause run-time error
Operation with String
String library function #include <string.h>

String initialization or assignment statement strcpy(str_var, str_text); Checking length of string variable to avoid overflow strlen(str_var);
Using Strings with Functions
Sting is array of character, therefore using string data type with function is similar to using numeric array with function discussed in earlier topic.
Array of String

Two-dimensional array of character type Declaration char str_ary[row][col]; char str_ary[row][col] = {str1, str2, , str_row};
Pointers
Introduce pointers data type
What is Pointers?

Address of a memory location of a data Points to a memory location where a data is stored Pointer variable contains address of a memory location
Usage
Pointer variable is used To return more than one value from a function To create and/or process string variable To manipulate contents of arrays To construct dynamics array
Pointer Declaration & Initialization
Declaring a pointer variable base_type *pointer_variable_name;

Declaring and initializing a pointer variable as NULL pointer base_type *pointer_name = NULL;
Note: A pointer can refer only to object/data of its base type
Pointer Operators
& operator
* operator
Reference or address operator Example:
Dereference or Indirection operator Inverse of & operator
Instruction m = &k return address of variable k
&*p == p and *&m == m
Using Pointer as Call-by-Address

Return multiple values from a function Pointer variable is declared as a parameter in function prototype Address of a variable is pass to a function in function call Address of a variable is stored in pointer variable (parameter) of the function
Pointers as Function Parameters
Function prototype with pointer arguments
void fname(pointer_datatype *pointer_name); return_type fname(pointer_datatype *pointer_name);
Function call
fname(&var_name);
File INPUT/OUTPUT
Explain how to read and write text data files
Working with Data Files
Use files to store data in permanent form Useful when collecting large quantity of data
Use text file (.txt or .dat file format) Data stored in ASCII characters format
Using Data Files
Declaration FILE data type FILE *file_ptr;

Opening a file
file_ptr = fopen(filename, attrib);
Files Attributes
Attribute
r w a
Description
Open for reading only Create for writing Append/create for writing
r+ w+
a+
Read & write (update) Create (update)

Append (update)
Write Data to File (fprintf())
Syntax
fprintf(file_ptr,format,argument);
Read Data from File (fscanf())
Syntax
fscanf(file_ptr,format,arguments);
Finding End-of-File (feof())

feof() return a TRUE if End-of-File if found

Syntax
feof(file_ptr);
Close a Data File (fclose())
Syntax fclose(file_ptr);
Outcomes
Explain how program read from and store data to a file Write a code in C to write data to a data file Write a code in C to read data from a data file
Hardware Interface
Discuss how to interface with external input/output devices
Software/Hardware Interface
Software (program) to control peripheral device Communicate via I/O ports
Common I/O ports Parallel port Serial port FIREWIRE port USB port
Accessing an I/O ports

Access to I/O ports is restricted by OS Need I/O port device driver to allow access Communicate via IOCTL calls
User program
IOCTL Call
I/O Port device drive
I/O Port
Peripheral device
Parallel Port (IEEE1284 Port)

Commonly used port for (Engineering) projects Allow data transfer in parallel 1 byte at a time Identifiable by D-Type 25 pins connector PC uses Male type connector Almost OBSOLETE replaced by USB port
Hardware Properties
IEEE 1284 Type A: D-Type 25pin connector Data line: Pins (2-9) Port Addresses LPT1: 378h 37Fh LPT2: 278h 27Fh
PORTTALK

Parallel Port device driver for Windows XP Originally written for Borland turbo C++ compiler Pre-Installed on the programming device Invoke through preprocessor directive #include pt_ioctl.c
PortTalk Calls
Open PortTalk OpenPortTalk(); Close PortTalk ClosePortTalk();
Parallel PORT Read/Write
Receive data from peripheral device var_name = inportb(PortID,dataHx); Sent data to peripheral device outportb(PortID,dataHx);
Outcomes
Explain how program communicates with peripheral devices Write a code in C to write data to parallel port Write a code in C to read data from parallel port
In pursuit of life-long learning
CLOSING NOTES
Course Outcomes (revisit)
Demonstrate structured programming techniques using high-level language Use computer programming techniques in solving electrical & electronics engineering problem
Further Readings
Not explore in this course: Structured data type Stream inputs/outputs

Unstructured branching Dynamic Arrays Bit data type and Bitwise operation Other standard library functions Object Oriented Programming
Migration to RAD
RAD Rapid Application Development programming language (e.g. C++ Builder, Visual C++) Object Oriented Programming paradigm
Application Languages
Scripting programming language (e.g. VBA Macros) Webpage programming language (e.g. HTML, Java) Database programming language (e.g. SQL)
Ultimately, its not about the language you use or its syntax, but about how you think about your problems. And more about the tools and structure in your mind than in your language. If you have the former, you can usually work around the deficiencies in the latter
The END
Hazizulden Abdul Aziz Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Universiti Malaysia PAHANG

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BEE1222 Computer Programming

By Hazizulden Abdul Aziz

Distribution Assignments (10%) Projects (20%) Quizzes (10%) Tests (60%)

An overview of computer programming concept

Programming & Engineering

Basic architecture of modern computer

Computer Software (Program)

Symbolic/mnemonics codes Unstructured Processor dependent Assembler translate to machine language

High Level Language

Use proper syntax Easy to understand Machine/Processor Independent Compiler language

Borland C, visual C, C++, C#

Low high level language

Compiler Translation Process

Executable program (FILE.EXE)

Errors and/or warnings

Compiler & Linker

Syntax error Easy to identify and corrected

Borland C++ Compiler

Source Code editor Compiler & Linker Debugger

An introductory to structured programming paradigm

A point of view on how program execute Influence problem solving methodology

Examples: Unstructured Structured Sequential Procedural or Functional Object oriented

The Memory Structure

Define the Problem

Design Test Plan

Flow Chart Graphical symbols Flow of steps or processes Generic

Flow Chart Symbols

Pseudo-code input(number1) input(number2) Result = number1 + number2 output(Result)

Explain C Language fundamentals

Pre-processor* Declaration Keywords Statements Comments

How pre-processor works

Source code file (FILE.C)

Processed Source Code file

Include files with #include directive

Global vs. Local Variable

Writing your program code

Programmer header block

/* <Your introduction goes here> */

Explore in-depth the five fundamental elements of computer programming

The FIVE Elements

student1_age Student1_Age iStudent1_Age

Scalar/Simple Integer number Real number Character

Aggregate Arrays Strings Pointers

Simple data types declaration

int float/double Char datatype identifier;

Define constant of simple built type Syntax

#define VARNAME value

Define constant that depended on other constant Syntax

const datatype VARNAME = value;

Interactive programming User interface with input/output devices

printf(The value of var1 is %d,var1);

printf(%f %d %c,fVal1,iVal2,cCh); printf(%m.nf %md,fVal1,iVal2);

Esc Sequence Characters

printf(Computer Programming\r\n); printf(I/O statement\b);

Performing arithmetic on numeric data Arithmetic expression is written as...

identifier = operand operator operand

Increment & Decrement Operators

Write a short program in C and incorporate the following code:

Change the following line in the code:

operand operator operand expression operator expression

operand operator operand expression operator expression

Flowchart for IF/THEN/ELSE