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College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics Lab
MECH-348
Experiment No. 6
Bernoullis Theorem
Student Name: Iman Abdulwaheed
Wafa Mubarak
Sayeda Abboud Al Ameri
ID: 200820143
200302479
200812660
Spring 2011
1
Contents
Abstract ...................................3
Introduction ........3
Materials & Methods:
Apparatus 4-5
Procedures ...5-6
Equations 6
Results 7-17
Discussion .......17-18
Conclusion ...18
References .................................................................................19
Abstract:
This report presents analysis based on Bernoullis theorem to investigate the
validity of Bernoullis theorem as applied to the flow of water in a tapering circular duct.
A description of the apparatus used in the experiment, tables, calculations and
figures are provided through the report to reach the goals.
It was found that the total head is constant throughout the duct which is equal
the static head added to the velocity head. It was found also that Bernoullis theorem is
valid.
Introduction:
The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity,
and elevation, and is valid in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional
forces are negligible. It has proven to be a very powerful tool in fluid mechanics.
The Bernoulli equation states that the sum of the flow, kinetic, and potential
energies of a fluid particle along a streamline is constant. Therefore, the kinetic and
potential energies of the fluid can be converted to flow energy (and vice versa) during
flow, causing the pressure to change.
Some applications where the Bernoulli equation can be applied are spraying
water into the air, discharging water from a large tank, and the rise of the ocean due to
a hurricane.
The main objectives of this experiment are to invistigate:
o
4. The valves (6K) and (1C) was opened. Then time was allowed to get the air
out of the system.
5. Valve (6K) was adjusted to give a steady flow rate. Time was allowed for the
water levels in the piezometer tubes to stabilize and the values of h were
recorded.
6. The tip of the total head probe was located at each of the selected sections
and the total values were recorded.
7. Steps 3 to 6 were repeated again for different flow rates.
8. Valves (6K) and (1C) were closed and the pump was shut.
9. The test section was reversed from convergent to divergent and vice-versa.
o Equations:
The following equations were used through the experiment to determine
the reqiured values:
(1)
Where V = fluid velocity, Z = elevation head
(2)
Where hv = velocity head, hp = static or pressure head and is equal to
, it is also
called hydraulic grade line HGL, H = total head and is also called energy grade line EGL,
htc = total calculated head
(3)
Where Q = energy flow rate, V = volume in m
(4)
Results:
Using the equations mentioned previosly, the following data in the tables were
obtained:
Convergence
Vi(m3)
0
Vf(m3)
0.001
Average
0
0.005
Average
0
0.005
Average
0
0.005
Average
t(sec)
ha
hb
hc
hd
he
hf
htm
13
61
73
86
98
117
134
137
16
60
71
80
99
111
130
136
18
69
70
82
90
110
139
134
15.67
0.063
0.0713
0.0827
0.0957
0.1127
0.1343
0.1357
90
88
99
106
115
124
132
133
88
80
100
105
114
123
133
132
89
87
98
107
116
125
131
134
89
0.085
0.099
0.106
0.115
0.124
0.132
0.133
33
50
84
130
173
218
264
268
36
49
83
129
172
219
263
267
38
51
85
131
174
217
265
269
35.67
0.05
0.084
0.13
0.173
0.218
0.264
0.268
45
63
93
135
240
210
251
255
44
62
92
134
241
209
250
254
46
64
94
136
242
211
249
256
45
0.063
0.093
0.135
0.241
0.21
0.25
0.255
Volume=0.001m3
Velocity(m/s)
P(pa)
constant htotal
0.812704192 998.63595
0.1356 0.1356
0.723308296 1067.2926
0.1356 0.1356
0.6364712 1126.3322
0.1356 0.1356
0.52855417 1189.1952
0.1356 0.1356
0.381871297 1255.9672
0.1356 0.1356
0.130033995 1320.4256
0.1356 0.1356
heights(m)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Volume=0.001m3
heights(m)=Htotal h(total)m
0.072333333
0.1356
0.064333333
0.1356
0.053
0.1356
0.04
0.1356
0.023
0.1356
0.001333333
0.1356
6.38298E-05
5.61798E-05
0.000140187
0.000111111
0.16
0.14
Height(m)
0.12
0.1
heights(m)=Htotal
0.08
h(total)m
0.06
Poly. (heights(m)=Htotal)
0.04
Linear (h(total)m)
0.02
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Height(m)
Figure5: Height Vs Heads and total head for the first readings
Volume=0.005m3
velocity(m/s)
0.715301442
0.636619662
0.560190007
0.465206854
0.33610395
0.114449397
Tubes
a
b
c
d
e
f
P(pa)
constant htotal
1047.572
0.133
0.133
1100.758
0.133
0.133
1146.494
0.133
0.133
1195.191
0.133
0.133
1246.917
0.133
0.133
1296.851
0.133
0.133
Volume=0.005m3
heights(m)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
heights(m)=Htotal-h
0.048
0.034
0.027
0.018
0.009
0.005
h(total)m
0.133
0.133
0.133
0.133
0.133
0.133
0.14
0.12
0.1
height(m)
heights(m)=Htotal-h
0.08
h(total)m
0.06
Poly.
(heights(m)=Htotal-h)
0.04
Linear (h(total)m)
0.02
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
height(m)
Figure6: Height Vs Heads and total head for the second readings
Tubes
a
b
c
d
e
f
Volume=0.005m3
velocity(m/s)
1.784911076
1.588574296
1.397857308
1.160843271
0.838689296
0.285588681
P(pa)
constant htotal
1033.446
0.268
0.268
1364.616
0.268
0.268
1649.397
0.268
0.268
1952.621
0.268
0.268
2274.7
0.268
0.268
2585.62
0.268
0.268
Volume=0.005m3
heights(m)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
heights(m)=Htotal-h
0.218
0.184
0.138
0.095
0.05
0.004
h(total)m
0.268
0.268
0.268
0.268
0.268
0.268
0.3
0.25
Height(m)
0.2
heights(m)=Htotal-h
0.15
h(total)m
Poly. (heights(m)=Htotal-h)
0.1
Linear (h(total)m)
y = -10x2 - 3.6286x + 0.257
R = 0.9994
0.05
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Height(m)
Figure7: Height Vs Heads and total head for the third readings
Tubes
a
b
c
d
e
f
Volume=0.005m3
velocity(m/s)
P(pa)
constant htotal
1.414707297 1498.302
0.255 0.255
1.25909222 1706.343
0.255 0.255
1.107931348 1885.244
0.255 0.255
0.920075777 2075.73
0.255 0.255
0.664738924 2278.061
0.255 0.255
0.226355473 2473.382
0.255 0.255
Volume=0.005m3
heights(m)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
heights(m)=htotal-h
0.192
0.162
0.12
0.088
0.045
0.005
h(total)m
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.255
0.255
10
0.3
0.25
Height(m)
0.2
heights(m)=htotal-h
h(total)m
0.15
Poly.
(heights(m)=htotal-h)
0.1
Linear (h(total)m)
0.05
y = -9.6429x2 - 3.0907x + 0.2248
R = 0.9989
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Height(m)
Figure8: Height Vs Heads and total head for the fourth readings
0.16
0.14
y=x
R = 1
Theoritical
0.12
0.1
0.08
htotal
0.06
Linear (htotal)
0.04
0.02
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Exp
11
0.14
y=x
R = 1
0.12
Height(m)
0.1
0.08
0.06
htotal
0.04
Linear (htotal)
0.02
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Height(m)
Divergent section:
Using the equations mentioned previosly, the following data in the tables were obtained:
Divergence
Vi(m3)
0
Vf(m3)
0.005
Average
0
0.005
Average
0
0.005
Average
0
0.005
Average
t(sec)
ha
hb
hc
hd
he
hf
htm
49
104
103
110
125
140
163
205
50
106
102
109
126
139
162
206
43
105
104
111
124
141
161
204
47.33
0.105
0.103
0.11
0.125
0.14
0.162
0.205
38
94
80
99
121
142
181
249
49
93
81
100
120
140
180
248
40
95
79
101
119
141
179
250
42.33
0.094
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.141
0.18
0.249
40
96
86
100
121
140
177
246
42
97
85
101
120
141
176
245
50
95
87
99
122
139
178
247
44
0.096
0.086
0.1
0.121
0.14
0.177
0.246
51
125
120
129
143
155
176
221
48
126
121
128
142
156
177
220
59
124
119
130
144
154
175
219
52.67
0.125
0.12
0.129
0.143
0.155
0.176
0.22
0.0001056
0.0001181
0.0001136
9.494E-05
Volume=0.005m3
velocity(m/s)
1.344968205
1.197024293
1.053315014
0.874719929
0.631970104
0.215197105
Tubes
a
b
c
d
e
f
P(pa)
constant htotal
1104.5
0.205 0.205
1292.6
0.205 0.205
1454.3
0.205 0.205
1626.4
0.205 0.205
1809.3
0.205 0.205
1985.8
0.205 0.205
Volume=0.005m3
heights(m)
heights(m)=Htotal-h
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.1
0.102
0.095
0.08
0.065
0.043
h(total)m
0.205
0.205
0.205
0.205
0.205
0.205
Height(m)
0.2
heights(m)=Htotalh
0.15
h(total)m
0.1
Poly.
(heights(m)=Htotalh)
0.05
Linear (h(total)m)
y = -27.143x2 + 0.7257x +
0.0966
R = 0.9961
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
height(m)
Figure11: Height Vs Heads and total head for the first readings
13
Volume=0.005m3
velocity(m/s)
1.503822717
1.338405115
1.177722299
0.978033307
0.706612242
0.240614086
Tubes
a
b
c
d
e
f
P(pa)
constant htotal
1309.459
0.249
0.249
1544.536
0.249
0.249
1746.685
0.249
0.249
1961.925
0.249
0.249
2190.55
0.249
0.249
2411.252
0.249
0.249
Volume=0.005m3
heights(m)
heights(m)=Htotal-h
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
h(total)m
0.177
0.169
0.149
0.129
0.108
0.069
0.249
0.249
0.249
0.249
0.249
0.249
0.25
heights(m)=Htotal-h
height(m)
0.2
h(total)m
0.15
Poly. (heights(m)=Htotalh)
0.1
0.05
Linear (h(total)m)
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
height(m)
Figure12: Height Vs Heads and total head for the second readings
14
Volume=0.005m3
velocity(m/s)
1.446859736
1.287707952
1.133111606
0.940986591
0.679846627
0.231499916
Tubes
a
b
c
d
e
f
P(pa)
constant htotal
1364.098
0.246
0.246
1581.704
0.246
0.246
1768.829
0.246
0.246
1968.072
0.246
0.246
2179.704
0.246
0.246
2384.004
0.246
0.246
Volume=0.005m3
heights(m)
heights(m)=Htotal-h
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
h(total)m
0.165
0.151
0.146
0.125
0.106
0.069
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.246
0.25
heights(m)=Htotal-h
height(m)
0.2
h(total)m
0.15
Poly.
(heights(m)=Htotal-h)
0.1
0.05
Linear (h(total)m)
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Height(m)
Figure13: Height Vs Heads and total head for the third readings
15
Volume=0.005m3
velocity(m/s)
P(pa)
constant
htotal
1.208768893
1425.439
0.22
0.22
1.075806643
1577.32
0.22
0.22
0.946650203
1707.927
0.22
0.22
0.786140696
1846.991
0.22
0.22
0.567973131
1994.703
0.22
0.22
0.193404993
2137.297
0.22
0.22
Tubes
a
b
c
d
e
f
Volume=0.005m3
heights(m)
heights(m)=Htotal-h
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
h(total)m
0.11
0.1
0.091
0.077
0.065
0.044
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.2
height(m)
heights(m)=Htotal-h
0.15
h(total)m
0.1
0.05
Poly.
(heights(m)=Htotal-h)
Linear (h(total)m)
y = -11.964x2 - 0.4454x + 0.1149
R = 0.9968
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
height(m)
Figure14: Height Vs Heads and total head for the fourth readings
16
y=x
R = 1
Theoritical
0.2
0.15
htotal
0.1
Linear (htotal)
0.05
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Exp
Discussion:
In this section, the previous tables and graphs will be discussed and compared.
The heights were recorded at a constant flow rate using the differents readings
rule. The readings were recorded three times for different volume flow rate at each
convergent section and divergent section which is shown in Table (1) and (5).
The average heights hp for the convergent section which are equals to pressure
heads are used in Tables (2) to (4), to find the total head for the three readings by first
calculating the velocity head hv. The same calculations were repeated in Tables (6) to
(8) for the divergent section.
Total theoretical head htc is compared with total experimental head htm in Table
(2,3,4) for convergent section and in Table (6,7,8) for divergent section. The total
theoretical and experimental heads are not very far from each other. That means the
total head is constant and is equal to the total head at each tap. This is true since the
pressure head increases while the velocity head decreases to remain the equality.
From the obtained results, the velocity in convergent section increases with the
diameter decreasing, while it decreases in divergent section due the increasing of the
17
Conclusion:
The objectives of this experiment were finally achieved by investigating the total
energy of a fluid flow through a passage of variable section and by investigating the
validity of Bernoullis theorem as applied to the flow of water in a tapering circular duct.
It was found that the summation of the static head and the velocity head equals
the total head which is the energy grade line. The difference between the heights of the
energy grade line and the hydraulic grade line is equal to the dynamic head. It was also
found that Bernoullis equation is valid for this experiment.
Errors that appear in the experiment are almost personal such as being not
accurate during recoding the heights. It may occur also because of difficulty in making
the water flow steady. A systematic error was a leaking in water from the apparatus.
The Bernoulli equation is one of the most frequently used and misused equations
in fluid mechanics. Its simplicity and ease of use make it very valuable tool for use in
analysis, but the same attributes also make it very tempting to misuse.
This experiment is important since it is related to important topics in our life.
18
References:
Cengel, Yunus, and John Cimbala. Fluid Mechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill,
2006.
http://www.ceet.niu.edu/faculty/kostic/bernoulli.html
19