CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

Controlling of electrical drives is a vast area. Now a days electrical drives are mostly used in the industries. Normally we are going to electrical drives is to vary the speed. Electrical drives are most efficient to vary the speed when comparing to the other drives.

Consumption of Electricity in INDIA in 2006

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Electrical Drives
Drives are systems employed for motion control

Require prime movers

Drives that employ electric motors as Prime movers are known as Electrical Drives

CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

Drives are normally classified in to two types namely AC Drives DC Drives Now a day we are mostly using the AC drives.

Varying the speed is very easy in DC MOTORS. But we have only AC source. If we want to use DC motors we must place a rectifier circuits. It will become uncomfortable.

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Modern electric drives

Utility interface Renewable energy Non-linear control Real-time control DSP application PFC Speed sensorless Power electronic converters

Advantages
Inter-disciplinary Several research area Expanding Small Efficient Flexible

A modern variable-speed drive has four components:

Electric machines - ac or dc Power converter - rectifiers, choppers, inverters and cycloconverters Controllers -matching the motor and power converter to meet the load requirements Load

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Components in electric drives

Motors
DC motors - permanent magnet wound field AC motors induction, synchronous (IPMSM, SMPSM), brushless DC Applications, cost, environment

Power sources
DC batteries, fuel cell, photovoltaic - unregulated AC Single- three- phase utility, wind generator unregulated

Power processor
To provide a regulated power supply Combination of power electronic converters More efficient Flexible Compact AC-DC DC-DC DC-AC AC-AC

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Before semiconductor devices were introduced (<1950)

AC motors for fixed speed applications DC motors for variable speed applications

After semiconductor devices were introduced (1950s)

Variable frequency sources available AC motors in variable speed applications Coupling between flux and torque control Application limited to medium performance applications fans, blowers, compressors scalar control High performance applications dominated by DC motors tractions, elevators, servos, etc

Classification of AC drive Controls

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Electrical motors for control Electrical motors for control- velocity drives (1990)

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Electrical motors for control Electrical motors for control- velocity drives (2001)

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Flow chart of reluctance motor control system

Advantages of Switched Reluctance Motor

Simplicity and reducibility of construction Low manufacturing and operating costs Fault tolerance High torque/inertia ratio and efficiency

Disadvantages of Switched Reluctance Motor Reluctance Motor

High level of torque ripple High level of acoustical noise

Normally we are using mechanically operated switches to turn on or to off the motors. Now a day we are using electronic devices to switch off or to on. In this paper we are going to see about switching control of electrical machines.

Categories of Switches
There are three categories of switches: Diodes (rectifiers) - on/off determined by the power circuit. Thyristors (SCRs, Triacs) - latched on by a control signal but turned off by the power circuit. Controllable Switches (BJTs, MOSFETs, GTOs, IGBTs, MCTs) - turned on and off by control signals.

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Power Diodes

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iD

A + vD K
iD

iD vrated
Circuit Symbol: I

vD vF Reverse Blocking Current-Voltage Characteristics:

Real

Reverse Blocking

vD

Ideal

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Thyristor Switching Characteristics

R

vs iA + vAK t
iG

+ -

vs iG

trr = reverse recovery time tq = circuit-commutated recovery time (the time that the thyristor must have reverse voltage applied before entering the forward blocking state) Note: trr tq Note:

t
iA trr
fires

vAK

tq

Controllable Switches
These devices do not depend on power Reversal to go off - they may be triggered off. In many applications, the switch current flows through a series inductance.

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I0
vd
+ -

The current source Approximates the Current that would Actually flow due to Inductive current storage.

iT

+ vT -

Control Switch

Controllable switch

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Switch control signal

off

vT, iT

on off Switching Waveforms

VS
tD(on) tri tfv

IS
Von tD (off) trv tfi tC(off)

VS

tC(on)

tc = cross over ON and OFF times

Gate Turn-Off Thyristors (GTOs)

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Switching Waveforms for GTOs

GTOs are sensitive to dv/dt. Therefore, snubber circuits are used to minimize dv/dt and di/dt. GTOs are available to handle 1000s of V, A up to 10 kHz.

An example for controlling the electrical drives m www.recruitrider.co

Consider an AC motor. Figure shows the flow chart.

EMI filter
DC link

EMI filter
I N 1
L 2 C 3 L 1 C 4

I N

Inverter
C 2 I c d

L1, L2, C1, C2, C3 and C4 constitute a LP filter Keeps asymmetrical conduction interferences within the converter Uncontrolled rectifier

E A

R T

D 2

D4

R m

Cdc

D 1

D3

Uncontrolled rectifier with a C filter

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 EDC is a DC voltage with a ripple. CDC is chosen to minimize the ripple (under 1% EDC)

DC link
Minimizes the ripple of the DC voltage L Contains a shunt resistor RS used to 1gain L information on DC link current (this 2 information is used to compute rotor speed)
E M I f ilt a r
E A R T H

Q D B

C 2

C 1

Inverter

C 1

C 2

U V W Q 1 Q 3 Q 5

Six IGBT transistors with anti-parallel diodes Microprocessor controls the driver circuit, which turns transistors no or off

These are the types of switching control of electrical drives.

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