Kelsey Firebaugh May 22, 2012 Period 2

The effect of natural selection on population diversity

Pre-lab:
Purpose: To discover how natural selection works throughout the generations to eventually make a dominate population. Hypothesis: If nature favors a specific trait, then eventually it will become present throughout all organisms because natural selection will eliminate the organisms with unfavorable traits. Procedure: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Make a table spots for all of the information that will be recorded. Label 3 dishes: FF, Ff, ff Place 50 red beans and 50 white beans in a container Shake the container to simulate mating. Without looking, pick out 2 beans at a time until all beans have been paired up. Place all ffs in a container to the side. (These are dead) Count all live Fs and fs. Record. Place all beans that survived back in the container and repeat steps about through all 10 generations. 9) Record all information and determine gene frequency by dividing number of alleles by number of alleles in the container.
Generation

Number Number Number Number of Number of FF of Ff of ff F alleles of f alleles individuals individuals individuals 14 18 22 23 23 23 25 25 21 14 5 4 4 2 0 0 15 5 4 1 0 1 0 0 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 24 14 6 4 2 0 0 0

Total number of alleles 74 64 56 54 54 52 50 50

Gene frequency of F 67% 78% 89% 92% 96% 100% 100% 100%

Gene Frequency of f 33% 21% 10% 7% 7% 3% 0% 0%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10

25 25

0 0

0 0

50 50

0 0

50 50

100% 100%

0% 0%

Observations:
1)
120%

Frequency of Alleles in Rabbits

Frequency of Allele (%)

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency of F Frequency of f

Generations 2) We did not share information with the class, so question 2 cannot be done. 3) In Generation 10, there was no recessive characteristics left, but there were 50 dominate characteristics. 4) In Generation 10, there were 0% recessive alleles, and 100% dominate alleles. Own Words: As the generations increased, the number of recessive traits dropped drastically. By generation 5, there were no recessive traits left. This would be accurate in nature too. If a rabbit has no fur, it would either get eaten because of its lack of camouflage, or freeze to death. This would quickly eliminate the furless rabbits and demolish the gene causing this. Genes are constantly changing, and just like it was observed here, eventually a new gene will come along that nature favors more, and exterminate the presently dominate gene. That is the way of evolution-constant change.

Conclusion:
1) We did not share information with the class, so question 1 cannot be done.

2) In a real habitat, organisms will bring in new alleles, and organisms will leave and carry along their old alleles. There could be more Fs if the rabbits are immigrating, or there could be less if they are emigrating. This is the same with fs- More if immigrating, or less if emigrating. 3) In order to simulate the effect of immigration and emigration, at the start of each generation, randomly pick out a handful of beans from the bin and set them to the side (emigrating), and randomly pick a handful of mixed beans to enter the gene pool (immigrating). 4) New genes are coming in to the environment constantly. If nature favors one of the new traits, the carrier will mate and produce offspring that will then do the same-thus creating a new generation, all with favorable genes-also known as evolution.) It can be concluded that generations are constantly changing, and what is favored today could change by tomorrow. Hairless rabbits might have been good when the weather was warm, but the allele was lost as it got colder. This can be true for all organisms. When an allele becomes burdensome, nature acts fast to get it out of the gene pool in order to try to maintain a healthy, favored species. Animals go extinct when their genes do not evolve to fit their current lifestyle. This is probably why the American cheetah, dire wolf, and giant beaver went extinct- because they were not able to evolve fast enough to keep up with natures demands.

Extra Credit:
1) In generation 1, the frequency of: - Homozygous recessive: 30% - Heterozygous: 42% - Homozygous dominant: 28% 2) p +2pq+q =1
(.5) +2(.25) + (.5) =1 .25+.5+.25=1 1=1 3) In generation 5, the frequency of:

Homozygous recessive: 0% Heterozygous: 15% Homozygous dominant: 85%

4) .8464+368+.49
Total=27 23/27=85%p 4/27=2(pq) and 0/27=q

5)

In generation 10, the frequency of:

Homozygous recessive: 0% Heterozygous: 0% Homozygous dominant: 100%

6) (.100) +2(0)+(0) =1 1=1