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Apply here. Last date for application is August 15, 2011. Mulagumudu From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Mulagumoodu city Coordinates Country State District(s) Population Time zone Codes[show] Pincode 629167 India Tamil Nadu Kanniyakumari 0 (2001) IST (UTC+05:30)

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Mulagumoodu is a panchayat town in Kanniyakumari district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. [edit] Demographics As of 2001 India census[1], Mulagumudu had a population of 18,061. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Mulagumoodu has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the National Average of 59.5%: Male Literacy is 83%, and Female Literacy is 80%. In Mulagumudu, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. The Block Development Office of Thuckalay Union is located in between Mulagumoodu and Kozhipor Vilai. It is 1.5 km away from Mulagumoodu Junction. Mulagumoodu-Colachel Road of 8kms length is the shortest land line connecting the NH 47 to the natural harbour Colachel. Mulagumoodu is known for its delicious Jack Fruits. St.Mary's Church

Mulagumoodu is the Vicariate head-quarters of the Catholic Diocese of Kottar. St.Mary's Church celebrated it's 150 years of meaningful existence in September 2009. Belgium based ICM Sisters Foundation house is located in Mulagumoodu. Mother Marie Louise De Meester founded the Religious - Missionary Sisters of the Immaculati Cordis Mariae or the Immaculate Heart of Mary (ICM) in Mulagumoodu, India in 1897.St.Mary's Church and ICM Convent have considerably contributed to the socio-economic development of Mulagumoodu and it's neighbourhood.Infant Jesus Training School with its solid presence has taken Primary education to greater heights by training a lot of women teachers from Tamil Nadu.Pope John Paul College of Education, Mulagumoodu Community College, St.Joseph's Higher Secondary School, St.Joseph's Matriculation School and other academic institutions decorate Mulagumoodu as the Academic Centre of Kanyakumari District. Mulagumoodu Milk Producers Cooperative and Nanjil Dairy Centre are creating White Revolution in the District. The Skill of local women in lace-making, trained by ICM sisters creates new records. There are a good number of Cashew-Nut factories around. Mulagumoodu Tile Works dominated the market in the yester-years. [edit] References 1. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/tow n.php?stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2008-11-01. This Kanniyakumari district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Coordinates: 81605N 771747E8.26806N 77.29639E

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Catholic Church in India

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Santhome Basilica in Chennai is a place of Roman Catholic (Latin Rite) worship and pilgrimage. There are over 17 million Catholics in India. The Catholic Church in India is part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church under the leadership of the Pope and the curia in Rome. There are over 17.3 million Catholics in India,[1] which represents less than 2% of the total population[2] and is the largest Christian church within India.[1] There are 157 ecclesiastical units in India comprising 29 archdioceses and 128 dioceses. Of these, 127 are Latin Rite, 25 SyroMalabar Rite and 5 Syro-Malankara Rite. All the bishops in India, both Western and Eastern, form the Catholic Bishops' Conference of India, which was founded in 1944.[3] The Holy See's representative to the government of India and to the Church in India is the Apostolic Nuncio to India. The diplomatic mission was established as the Apostolic Delegation to the East Indies in 1881. It was raised to an Internunciature by Pope Pius XII in 1948 and to a full Apostolic Nunciature by Pope Paul VI in 1967.
Indian Christianity portal Catholicism portal

Contents
[hide]

1 History o 1.1 Early Christianity in India o 1.2 Early missionaries o 1.3 Arrival of the Portuguese o 1.4 Later conversions 2 Social works 3 Provinces

4 Statistics 5 Catholic Servants of God, Venerables, Beatified, and Saints from India o 5.1 Saints o 5.2 Beatified people o 5.3 Venerables o 5.4 Servants of God 6 References 7 External links

[edit] History
[edit] Early Christianity in India
Main article: Saint Thomas Christians

Relationship of the Nasrani (Saint Thomas Christian) groups Christianity in India was introduced by Thomas the Apostle in 52 AD.[4] These Saint Thomas Christians were known as Nasrani Christians, which means believers in Jesus the Nazarene.[5] This community was governed by the Assyrian Church of the East until the arrival of Portuguese.

[edit] Early missionaries

John of Monte Corvino, was a Franciscan sent to China to become prelate of Peking in around 1307. He traveled from Persia and moved down by sea to India, in 1291, to the Madras region or Country of St. Thomas .There he preached for thirteen months and baptized about one hundred persons. From there Monte Corvino wrote home, in December 1291 (or 1292).That is one of the earliest noteworthy account of the Coromandel coast furnished by any Western European. Traveling by sea from Mailapur, he reached China in 1294, appearing in the capital Cambaliech (now Beijing)[6] Friar Odoric of Pordenone arrived in India in 1321. He visited Malabar, touching at Pandarani (20 m. north of Calicut), at Cranganore, and at Kulam or Quilon, proceeding thence, apparently, to Ceylon and to the shrine of St Thomas at Maylapur near Madras. He writes he had found the place where Thomas was buried. Father Jordanus Catalani, a French Dominican missionary, followed in 1321-22. He reported to Rome, apparently from somewhere on the west coast of India, that he had given Christian burial to four martyred monks. Jordanus is known for his 1329 Mirabilia describing the marvels of the East: he furnished the best account of Indian regions and the Christians , the products, climate, manners, customs, fauna and flori given by any European in the Middle Ages - superior even to Marco Polos. In 1347, Giovanni de Marignolli visited the shrine of St Thomas near the modern Madras, and then proceeded to what he calls the kingdom of Saba, and identifies with the Sheba of Scripture, but which seems from various particulars to have been Java. Taking ship again for Malabar on his way to Europe, he encountered great storms. Another prominent Indian traveler was Joseph, priest over Cranganore. He journeyed to Babylon in 1490 and then sailed to Europe and visited Portugal, Rome, and Venice before returning to India. He helped to write a book about his travels titled The Travels of Joseph the Indian which was widely disseminated across Europe.

[edit] Arrival of the Portuguese

Introduction of Catholicism in India started with the arrival of Vasco da Gama,[1] who was seeking pre-existing Christian nations with which to form anti-Islamic alliances. The lucrative spice trade was further temptation for the Portuguese crown.[7]

With the papal bull Romanus Pontifex the patronage of the mission (see "Padroado") was granted to the Portuguese and they were remunerated with a trade monopoly.[8] After four decades of prosperous trading they started the proselytization around 1540. Missionaries of the newly founded Society of Jesus were sent to Goa and the Portuguese colonial government supported the mission with incentives for baptized Christians. They offered rice donations for the poor, good positions in the Portuguese colonies for the middle class and military support for local rulers and hence these Christians were dubbed Rice Christians who even practiced their old religion. At the same time many New Christians from Portugal migrated to India as a result of the inquisition in Portugal. Many of them were suspected of being Crypto-Jews, converted Jews who were secretly practicing their old religion. Both were considered a threat to the solidarity of Christian belief.[9] Saint Francis Xavier, in a 1545 letter to John III of Portugal, requested the Inquisition be installed in Goa[9] which spelled the end of Portuguese domination in Christian India.[10] Latinisation of St Thomas Christians started in the early 16th century.[11] The Synod of Diamper was convened by the Portuguese between 20 and 26 June 1599. The Saint Thomas Christians were pressured to acknowledge the authority of the Pope[11] and most eventually accepted the Catholic faith, but a part of them switched to West Syrian rite.

[edit] Later conversions

Other than the St Thomas Christians, people of other faiths were converted zealously by the Portuguese. This started with Goa, then spread to fishery coast of Cape Comorin, inland districts of Madurai and the western coast of Bassein, Salcette, Bombay, Karanja, and Chaul.[12] With the advent of suppression of Jesuits in 1773 the missionary expansion declined in India[13] along with the need for organisations within the Church in India.[12] Especially when the Vicar Apostolate of Bombay was erected in 1637[14] which was under the direct ruling from Rome, caused misunderstanding between the Portuguese missionary and the Apostolate.[12] The Inquisition of Goa had caused strained relationship and mistrust with the Hindus of India[10] The strained relations between the Church and the Portuguese missionaries reached a climax when in 1838 the Holy See cancelled the jurisdiction of the three suffragan Sees of Crangaqnore, Cochin, and Mylapur and transferred it to the nearest vicars Apostolic, and did the same with regard to certain portions of territory which had formerly been under the authority of Goa itself.[12] Finally in 1886 another concordat was established, and at the same time the whole country was divided into ecclesiastical provinces, and certain portions of territory, withdrawn in 1838, were restored to the jurisdiction of the Portuguese sees.[12]

[edit] Social works

Mother Teresa Concern with charity was common to Catholics and Protestants, but with one major difference: whilst the former believe that salvation comes from faith in God which manifests itself in good works such as charity, the latter could not rely on such a possibility, since they believe that only one's faith is a requisite of salvation, and that one's works are insufficient to gain or lose salvation.[15] Consequently, Catholic charitable efforts in India have been extensive. In Portuguese India, for instance, Saint Francis Xavier and his fellow missionaries were especially careful to help the local charitable institutions by tending to the sick, both spiritually and physically, and performing other works of mercy.[15] The Jesuits' educational institutions, although never succeeding in missionary activities, had left a prestigious impact through their education institutions.[16] Education has become the major priority for the Church in India in recent years with nearly 60% of the Catholic schools situated in rural areas.[17] Even in the early part of the 19th century, Catholic schools had left its emphasis on poor relief and welfare.[18] Though Catholics make up less than 2 percent of India's population, the Church provides an estimated 22 percent of all health-care services, operating 5,000 facilities, and employs 33 percent of Indian health-care workers, including 40,000 Catholic nurses.[2]

[edit] Provinces
Main article: Catholic Ecclesiastical Provinces in India The provinces covered by the Church include 31 provinciates, which are broken down into 23 Roman Catholic (Latin Rite), 6 Syro-Malabar and 2 Syro-Malankara provinces.

[edit] Statistics
Statistics for 2011[19]

Bishpos: 168 Total number of diocesan priests: 9,301 Religious Priests: 6,765 Religious Brothers: 2,528 Religious Sisters: 50,112 Colleges and schools: 14,429 Training Institutes: 1,086 Hospitals and dispensaries: 1,826 Publications: 292

[edit] Catholic Servants of God, Venerables, Beatified, and Saints from India

The following are some notable Servants of God, Venerables, Beatified, and Saints of the Catholic Church in India:

[edit] Saints

St. Gonsalo Garcia (1556-1597), First person with to be canonized with partial Indian origin.[20] St. Alphonsa (1910-1946), First official Indian Saint.[21]

[edit] Beatified people

Blessed Joseph Vaz, Apostle of Ceylon, (1651-1711) Blessed Kuriakose Chavara, (1805-1871) Blessed Mariam Thressia, (1876-1926) Blessed Euphrasia Eluvathingal, (1877-1952) Blessed Thevarparampil Kunjachan, (18911973) Blessed Mother Teresa, (1910-1997)

[edit] Venerables

Fr Aurelian of The Blessed Sacrement OCD, born in Spain(1887-1963) Venerable Agnel D Souza, priest of the Society of Missionaries of St. Francis Xavier (18691927) Mar Thomas Kurialachery, (1872-1925) Fr Mathew Kadalikattil, (1872-1935)

[edit] Servants of God

SG Devasahayam Pillai, Nagercoil (1712 - 1752) SG Mother Eliswa, (1831-1913) SG Mar Mathew Makil, (1851-1914) SG Fr Constant Lievens SJ, (1856-1893) SG Fr Joseph Vithayathil, (1865-1964) SG Tommiyachan Poothathil, (1871-1943) SG Msgr Raymond Francis Camillus Mascarenhas, (1875-1960) the founder of the Congregation of the sisters of the Little Flower of Bethany SG Fr Varghese Palakkapillil (1876-1929) SG Fr Augustine John Ukken (1880-1956) SG Geevarghese Mar Ivanios, OIC (1882-1953) SG Fr Zacharias, OCD (1887-1957) SG Msgr. Joseph C Panjikaran (1888-1949) SG Fr Augustine Thachuparampil (1894-1963) SG Msgr. Lawrence Puliyanath (1898-1961) SG Archbishop Mar Mathew Kavukatt (1904-1969) SG Msgr. Reynolds Purackal (1910-1988) SG Fr Theophane OFM CAP (1913-1969)

SG Mother Petra DSS (1924-1976) SG Maria Celine Kannanaikal, UMI (1931-1957) SG Sr Rani Maria (1954-1995)

[edit] References
1. ^ a b c Factfile: Roman Catholics around the world on BBC news. 2. ^ a b Megan Galbraith Catholic Church of India Responds with Leadership Field note on Glocal Health Council website. 3. ^ Catholic Bishops Conference of India on CBCI website. 4. ^ Stephen Andrew Missick.Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India. Journal of Assyrian Academic studies. 5. ^ Were these Christians infected with Nestorianism before 1599? on Catholic Encyclopedia entry on St.Thomas Christians. 6. ^ Odoric of Pordenone (Nendeen, Liechenstein, 1967), Henry Yule, trans. Cathy and the Way Thither vol. II ,P-142. 7. ^ Vasco da Gama collection on University of Michigan 8. ^ Daus, Ronald (1983). Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus. Wuppertal/Germany: Peter Hammer Verlag. p. 33. ISBN 3-87294-202-6.(German) 9. ^ a b Daus, Ronald (1983). Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus. Wuppertal/Germany: Peter Hammer Verlag. pp. 6166. ISBN 3-87294-202-6.(German) 10. ^ a b Paul Axelrod, Michelle A. Fuerch Flight of the Deities: Hindu Resistance in Portuguese Goa Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2 (May, 1996), pp. 387-421 11. ^ a b Synod of Diamper on Synod of Diamper Church website. 12. ^ a b c d e India on Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. ^ The Catholic Frontier in India; 16-17th century from The Free library. 14. ^ Archdiocese of Bombay on Catholic Herarchy website. 15. ^ a b Isabel dos Guimares S Catholic Charity in Perspective: The Social Life of Devotion in Portugal and its Empire (1450-1700) Journal of Portuguese History. Vol.2, number 1, Summer 2004. 16. ^ Catholic education in India The New York Times, June 6, 1887. 17. ^ Card. Toppo: Education is the Churches priority mission and key to Indian development Asia News. 18. ^ J. Hutching THE CATHOLIC POOR SCHOOLS, 1800 to 1845: Part 1 The Catholic Poorrelief, welfare and schools Journal of Educational Administration and History, Volume 1, Issue 2 June 1969 , pages 1 - 8. 19. ^ [1] 20. ^ Since he is the son of a Portuguese father and an Indian mother. He is considered by the Catholic church as to be a Portuguese Saint. 21. ^ Kerala celebrating St-Alphonsa, first Indian saint

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Roman Catholic Church in India
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Giga-Catholic Information Catholic Encyclopedia article on India Catholic Bishop's Conference of India Syro-Malankara Church Syro Malankara Catholic Church International website Our Lady of Snow Kallikulam, Tamil Nadu, India Our Lady of Snows Church, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India [show]v d eRoman Catholicism in Asia

[show]v d eChurches in India

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Christianity in Tamil Nadu

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San Thome Basilica, Chennai is built over the site where St.Thomas is believed to be originally interred

St. lourdes church in Tiruchirappalli Christianity in the state of Tamil Nadu, India is believed to be 2000 years old. It possibly was introduced to Tamil Nadu by St. Thomas Didymus (the twin), one of the Apostles of Jesus Christ

between 52-72 AD. But the colonial age brought a large number of Portuguese, Dutch, British and Italian Christians. Priests accompanied them not only to minister the colonizers but also to spread the Christian faith among the millions of non-hristians in Tamil adu. Currently, Christians are a minority community comprising 6% of the total population.[1] Christians are mainly concentrated in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu - Kanyakumari (44% of the population, 2001), Thoothukudi (17%, 2001) and Tirunelveli (11%, 2001). The Roman Catholic Church, the Church of South India (C.S.I.) and other evangelical denominations all together constitute the entire Christian population in Tamil Nadu. The Latin Rite of Roman Catholic Church is the oldest and the largest among all. With 15 dioceses including the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai, the Latin Rite has a homogeneous presence throughout the state. In 1996, the Syro-Malabar Rite of R.C. Church created its first `Diocese of Thuckalay` in Kanyakumari district, (which was under the Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Changanassery in Kerala till then), of Tamil Nadu. The same year the Syro-Malankara Rite of R.C. Church has also newly established the `Diocese of Marthandam` (bifurcated from its Archdiocese of Trivandrum) in Kanyakumari district. St. Thomas Mount in Chennai, the place where St. Thomas, one of the disciples of Jesus Christ, was believed to have been martyred,[2] is an important pilgrimage site for Indian Christians. The Santhome Basilica, supposedly built atop the tomb of St. Thomas, and the Vailankanni Basilica of Our Lady of Good Healthrevered churches by India's Roman Catholicsare good examples of majestic church architectures in Tamil Nadu. The Church of South India and the Pentecostal Mission Church are headquartered in Chennai. Christian missionaries have contributed to the state's development in the fields of education, healthcare and literature.

Contents
[hide]

1 Important Basilicas o 1.1 Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health o 1.2 San Thome Basilica o 1.3 Poondi Madha Basilica 2 Martyrs and saints 3 Contributions to literature 4 World's oldest church structure 5 Christian pilgrimages 6 List of denominations 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 References

[edit] Important Basilicas

The Tamil Nadu churches hold a special place in the history of Christianity in South India and are among the important religious places. Some of the most important and most visited churches in Tamil Nadu are listed below.

[edit] Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health

Main article: Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health

Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health The Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health is located in the small town of Velankanni in the state of Tamil Nadu in Southern India. The Roman Catholic Basilica is devoted to Our Lady of Good Health. Devotion to Our Lady of Good Health of Velankanni can be traced to the mid-16th century and is attributed to three miracles at different sites around where the Bacilica currently stands: the apparition of Mary and the Christ Child to a slumbering shepherd boy, the curing of a lame buttermilk vendor, and the rescue of Portuguese sailors from a violent sea storm.[3] Although all three apparitions ultimately resulted in the erection of a shrine to our Lady, it was the promise of the Portuguese sailors that was the proximate cause of a permanent edifice being built at Velankanni. The chapel was dedicated on the feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (September 8), the day of their safe landing. More than 500 years later, the nine-day festival and celebration is still observed and draws nearly 2 million pilgrims each year. The Shrine of Our Lady of Vailankanni, also known as the "Lourdes of the East,"[4] is one of the most frequented religious sites in India.

[edit] San Thome Basilica

Main article: San Thome Basilica

San Thome Basilica at evening San Thome Basilica is a Roman Catholic (Latin Rite) minor basilica in Santhome, in the city of Chennai (Madras), India. It was built in the 16th century by Portuguese explorers, and rebuilt again with the status of a cathedral by the British in 1893. The British version still stands today. It was designed in Neo-Gothic style, favoured by British architects in the late 19th century. Christian tradition holds that St. Thomas arrived in Kerala from Israel in 52 A.D. preached between 52 A.D. and 72 A.D., when he was martyred on St. Thomas Mount. The basilica is built over the site where he was believed originally to be interred. San Thome Basilica is the principal church of the Madras-Mylapore Catholic Archdiocese. In 1956, Pope Pius XII raised the church to the status of a Minor Basilica, and on February 11, 2006, it was declared a national shrine by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of India. The San Thome Basilica is a pilgrimage centre for Christians in India. The church also has an attached museum. [5]

[edit] Poondi Madha Basilica

Main article: Poondi Madha Basilica Our Lady of Lourdes Basilica, Poondi, is a Catholic pilgrimage centre located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, South India. Poondi is a small village located in Thiruvaiyaru Taluk (also spelled as Taluka), about 35 km away from Thanjavur. It is considered as one of the Roman Catholic pilgrim centres similar to Velankanni, which houses the famous Poondi Madha Shrine that attracts pilgrims from all over India.

[edit] Martyrs and saints

Tamil Nadu has produced a few Christian martyrs and Christian saints as Persecution of Christians happened at times due to christophobia or religious intolerance in the past. Thomas the Apostle is believed to have been killed in Chennai. The Christian martyr John de Britto who did missionary work in Tamil Nadu was beheaded in Oriyur. Devasahayam Pillai has also been recommended for beatification after his martyrdom at Kattadimalai in Kanyakumari district.

[edit] Contributions to literature

Thambiran Tamil New Vanakkam first Tamil Testament (1713) Christian book (1578) Christians of Tamil Nadu who have made concrete contributions to Tamil language and Tamil literature are

Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai (1826-1889) Henry Albert Krishna Pillai (1827-1900) Dr.Abraham Pandithar Xavier Thaninayagam

Christians who had been born in Europe, but were adopted to Tamil culture and made major contributions to Tamil language and literature are

Roberto de Nobili, also known as Thaththuva Bothagar Constanzo Beschi / Constantine Joseph Beschi, also known as Veeramaa Munivar Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg Robert Caldwell George Uglow Pope

[edit] World's oldest church structure

The Thiruvithamcode Arappally or Thomaiyar Kovil or Amalagiri church, as named by the then Chera king Udayancheral [6] , dedicated to Holy Mother Mary, built by Thomas the Apostle in 57 CE [7] at Thiruvithancode in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu is one of the oldest existing Christian Church structures in the world today. It is now declared as an international St. Thomas pilgrim center.

[edit] Christian pilgrimages

Notable Christian churches and pilgrimage sites in Tamil Nadu.

Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health, Velankanni San Thome Basilica, St. Thomas Mount Chennai Poondi Madha Basilica Our Lady of Snows Basilica and Mountain Church in Kallikulam St. Antony's Church at Uvari St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral Church at Kottar

[edit] List of denominations

Apostolic Christian Assembly[8] Apostolic Church[8] Assemblies of God[8] Bible Believing Churches in India[8] Bible Crusade Missionary Society [8] Blessing Youth Mission[9] Church of Christ (Non-Instrumental)[10] Dohnavur Fellowship[10] Eternal Light Ministries[10] Evangelical Christian Church of India[10] India Gospel League[11] Indian Pentecostal Assemblies[11] Madras Pentecostal Assembly Church[11] Maranatha Full Gospel Churches[11] Prince of Peace Church[11] Tamil Baptist Churches[12] The Pentecostal Mission[11]

[edit] Further reading

William Strickland, `THE JESUIT IN INDIA`,London/Dublin,1852. Reprint: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi,2001.(ISBN:81-206-1566-2).

[edit] See also

Christianity in India portal

List of notable Indian Christians List of cathedrals in India List of Roman Catholic missionaries in India Christianity in Goa Christianity in West Bengal Christianity in Kerala Christianity in Maharashtra

[edit] References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. ^ http://census2001.tn.nic.in/religion.aspx ^ St. Thomas in India. ^ History of Velankanni ^ Hindus join in India's Marian pilgrimage on Catholic World News ^ "Basilica of the National Shrine of St.Thomas". SanThomeChurch.com. http://www.santhomebasilica.com/basilica.html. Retrieved 20 February 2010. ^ Dr. Isaac Arul Dhas G., `Kumari Mannil Christhavam` (Tamil), Scott Christian College, Nagercoil, 2010, ISBN: 978-81-8465-204-8, Page:7. ^ Dr. Isaac Arul Dhas G, `Kumari Mannil Christhavam` ISBN: 978-81-8465-204-8, Page:7. ^ a b c d e World Christian Encyclopedia , Second edition, 2001 Volume 1, p. 368 ^ Contact BYM ^ a b c d World Christian Encyclopedia , Second edition, 2001 Volume 1, p. 369 ^ a b c d e f World Christian Encyclopedia , Second edition, 2001 Volume 1, p. 370 ^ World Christian Encyclopedia , Second edition, 2001 Volume 1, p. 371

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Description English: English: Thambiraan Vanakkam; First book printed in Tamil Nadu, India. The book was published by the Portuguese Jesuit priest Henrique Henriques in October 20, 1578 at Kollam, Kerala. It is a book on Christianity (a translation of "Doctrina Christam" from Portuguese). The first 8 pages of the 16 page book was printed using types prepared in Kollam (in 1577). The rest of the pages were printed using corrected types manufactured the next year. This book is in the University of Harvard library. "Lingua Malabar Tamul" is how Tamil was known to the Portuguese. : ( 20,1578- ) . , . . 1520-1598 . . , . Date 1578 Source Achchum Padhippum by Ma. Sa. Sambandhan 1980 Author Henrique Henriques Permission
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curre 16:52, 11 June nt 2010

({{Information |Description={{en|1={{en|1=''Thambiraa n Vanakkam''; First book printed in 1,4642,2 Sodabott Tamil Nadu, India. The book was 19 (779 le published by the Portuguese Jesuit priest KB) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_H enriques Henrique Henriques] in October 20, 1)

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Christianity in Tamil Nadu Henrique Henriques Printing in Tamil language Tamil script Talk:Lingua Malabar Tamul

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This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file. Canon Camera manufacturer Canon PowerShot SD780 IS Camera model 1/15 sec (0.066666666666667) Exposure time f/9 F-number 80 ISO speed rating Date and time of data generation 21:06, 11 June 2010 5.9 mm Lens focal length

Normal Orientation 180 dpi Horizontal resolution 180 dpi Vertical resolution Microsoft Windows Photo Gallery 6.0.6000.16386 Software used 21:45, 11 June 2010 File change date and time 2 Y and C positioning 2.21 Exif version 21:06, 11 June 2010 Date and time of digitizing 3 Image compression mode 3.90625 Shutter speed 6.34375 Aperture 0 Exposure bias 3.34375 Maximum land aperture Pattern Metering mode Flash fired, auto mode, red-eye reduction mode Flash sRGB Color space 10,622.950819672 Focal plane X resolution 10,622.950819672 Focal plane Y resolution inches Focal plane resolution unit One-chip color area sensor Sensing method Normal process Custom image processing Auto exposure Exposure mode Auto white balance White balance 1 Digital zoom ratio Standard Scene capture type B12,970BCD9,274,327,933F3E2B325,405F6 Unique image ID Show extended details Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thambiran_Vanakkam_1578.JPG"
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