Example 4 - Cafeteria

Size the index run for the ductwork system shown below and give the total pressure drop for the system. Size the fan for the system. The building is a Cafeteria. The index run includes sections A,B,C,D.

Section A B C D NOTES: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Air Flow Rate (m3/s) 1.20 0.90 0.60 0.30

Length (m) 10 3 6 8

Keep one side 350 mm high. Ductwork to be rectangular galvanised steel. There are no additional pressure losses. Tapered reductions are at 45 degrees.

Duct Sizing Table

1 Section 2 Length 3 Flow 4 Pressure

5 Duct

6 Velocity

7 Velocity

8 Fittings

10

Pressure Loss

11 Total

12 Cumulative

Rate (m) (m3/s)

drop per metre (Pa/m)

Size (mm)
0.47 m dia. p(0.47/2) / 0.350 = 0.4957 500 x 350mm
2

(m/s)

Pressure (Pa) 0.5 x 1.2 x 6.86 = 28.2

2

pressure loss factor or z (zeta) factor Intake louvre = 6.5 see drg. Bend = 0.67 Reduction to section B will go in downstream section (B). TOTAL = 7.17 Branch Index Circuit is straight through (VP1 to VP2) . The VP ratio VP2/VP1

Fittings (Pa) 28.2 x 7.17 = 202

10

1.2

1.0

1.2 / (0.5 x 0.35) = 6.86

Straight Duct (Pa) 1.0 x 10 = 10

Pressure Loss (Pa) 202 + 10 = 212

Pressure Loss (Pa)

212

0.9

1.0

0.43 m dia. 425 x 350mm

6.05

22.0

0.29 x 22 = 6

221

0.6

1.0

0.37 m dia. 325 x 350mm

5.28

16.7

0.3

1.0

0.28 m dia. 175 x 350mm

4.90

14.4

= 22 / 28.2 = 0.78 The z zeta factor from EXAMPLES OF z zeta FACTORS is 0.09 Reduction z = 0.2 for taper on one side. TOTAL = 0.29 Branch VP ratio = 16.7 / 22 6 = 0.76 zzeta factor = 0.16 by interpolation Reduction z = 0.2 for taper on one side. TOTAL = 0.36 Branch VP ratio = 14.4 / 64 16.7 = 0.86 zzeta factor = 0.08 by interpolation Reduction z = 0.2 for taper on one side. Bend = 0.67 Outlet diffuser = 3.5 see drg. TOTAL = 4.45

12

233

72

305

It is a good idea to look at the velocities in each section. If the air velocity is high, then noise may be a problem. Acceptable noise levels depend on the areas to be ventilated. The Table below may help to decide if the velocity is too high or not. The velocity for the main ducts, section A,B,C do not exceed 9 m/s from the Table. The velocity for the branch duct, section D also does not exceed the value of 6 m/s from the Table.

Air Velocity (m/s) Building

Main Duct Domestic Auditoria Hotel bedroom, Conference hall Private office, Library, Hospital ward General office, Restaurant, Dept. store Cafeteria, Supermarket, Machine room Factory, Workshop 3 4 5 6 7.5 9 10-12 Branch 2 3 3 4 5 6 7.5

The fan should be capable of delivering 1.2 m3/s against a pressure of 305 Pa. A percentage addition may be added to these figures for a design margin. Fan Selection To choose a fan go to; www.flaktwoods.com. Type: JM Aerofoil axial flow fan, or go to http://www.flaktwoods.com/169/0/1/076c8cda-f44c-4779-ab73-8ede6304a028 for a technical catalogue. The fan code: 35JM/16/2/5 size: 355 mm diameter, 28o blade pitch angle, 2840 rev/min 5 Blades 50 Hz would fit the criteria for duty and output pressure; 1.2 m3/s against a pressure of 305 Pa. Since this fan is running quite fast at 2840 rev/min it is somewhat noisy at about 86 dB (less corrections). A quieter fan would probably be better. System Resistance The system resistance of 305 Pa is mainly from section A at 212 Pa. If we examine this section on the Duct Sizing Table we can see that most of the resistance comes from the Intake Louvre. The Intake Louvre pressure drop is; Intake Louvre - z x V.P. = 6.5 x 28.2 = 183 Pa. We could choose a louvre with a lower resistance. Go to; www.gilbertsblackpool.com. series wg louvres. Or go to http://www.gilbertsblackpool.com/UserFiles/File/louvres/SERIES%20WG%20-%20Jan%202006.pdf. If a 700mm wide x 500mm high louvre is used then the sizing nomogram gives a pressure drop of 69 Pa for a air flow rate of 1.2 m3/s. This is a lot less than the previously calculated pressure drop of 183 Pa so this louvre would significantly reduce fan pressure. We could also examine the outlet diffuser resistance. The Outlet Diffuser pressure drop is; Outlet Diffuser - z x V.P. = 3.5 x 14.4 = 50 Pa. Go to www.waterloo.co.uk. Aircell polymer louvre faced diffuser. The air flow rate in section D is 0.3 m3/s = 300 l/s. If a M600 diffuser is used it will fit into a ceiling tile and have less pressure drop than a M450. The performance Table for a 4 way diffuser supplying 315 l/s gives a Ps (Static pressure drop) of 9 Pa. This is a lot less than the previously calculated pressure drop of 50 Pa so this diffuser would also reduce fan pressure. The new fan pressure is; 305 - 183 - 50 + 69 + 9 = 150 Pa. The new fan rating is; 1.2 m3/s against a pressure of 150 Pa. The new fan code: 45JM/16/4/5 size: 450 mm diameter, 28o blade pitch angle, 1420 rev/min 5 Blades 50 Hz, would fit the criteria for duty and output pressure; 1.2 m3/s against a pressure of 150 Pa. Since this fan is running at half the previous fan speed it produces less noise at about 79 dB (less corrections), but is a more expensive fan. To be more accurate we could add resistances for; transformation pieces at the Intake louvre and fan, VCDs (volume control dampers), flexibles at fan, plenum box at outlet diffuser.