A Brief Survey of Lifes Diversity (aka Parade Through the Kingdoms)

Biology 11 Diversity Unit Self Study Complete the following questions using the chapters of McGraw-Hill Ryerson Biology 11 (Chapters 11 13), as well as outside research (not all answers will be in your textbook, you are expected to do some research. Taxonomy and Phylogeny 1. What is taxonomy? How do biologists determine the relatedness between different organisms? 2. What is phylogeny? How is phylogenetic relatedness determined? What is the value of phylogeny? 3. What does cladistics focus upon? 4. Some have argued that its misleading to divide all life into two groups, prokaryotes and eukaryotes because it implies a close relationship between Archae and Bacteria. Does such a relationship seem to exist, based on the history of the groups? Archea and Bacteria 5. How common are prokaryotes on Earth? 6. How do bacterial cell walls differ from plant cell walls? 7. How does the cell wall aid in the classification of bacteria? 8. Why is it difficult to apply the species concept to the bacteria? 9. How do bacteria locomote (3 different methods)? 10. Describe the four methods by which the bacteria may reproduce. Which method is by far the most commonly used by bacteria? 11. Identify and briefly define the four nutritional categories of bacteria. 12. What are some of the differences between the Archea and Bacteria? 13. What is the ecological significance of prokaryotes?

14. Outline the main features that identify the three domains. Include one example of an organism from that domain. Domain Bacteria Characteristic Example

Archea

Eukarya

Protists 15. Why are the Protists said to be the most diverse of all eukaryotes? 16. Provide the general characteristics of the Kingdom Protista. 17. Give the general characteristics of the four phyla of the protozoa (animal-like protists). 18. Give the general characteristics of the six phyla of the algae (plant-like protists). 19. Give the general characteristics of the three phyla of the slime and water moulds (fungus-like protists).

Fungi 20. How do fungi acquire nutrients? 21. How do the cell walls of fungi differ from the cell walls of plants? 22. What is the role of fungi in the ecosystem? 23. In what ways are fungi important to humans? 24. Give a general description of the major characteristics of the four phyla of the Kingdom Fungi. 25. Describe the reproductive cycle of the fungi. Plants 26. What is the evidence that land plants evolved from green algae? 27. What were the adaptations that were necessary for life on land? 28. Explain alternation of generations. 29. Why is a vascular system so important to plants? What groups compose the non-vascular plants, and why? 30. Give the general characteristics and an example of each of the following groups. General Characteristics Bryophytes Example

Hepatophytes

Anthocerophytes

Psilotophytes

Lycopodophytes

Sphenophytes

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

31. When you look at a moss, are you mostly seeing tissue that is haploid or diploid? What about a fern? Do either mosses or ferns produce seeds? 32. How are the various groups of plants economically important? 33. What is the advantage to seed plants of reducing the gametophyte generation to such a small part of the plant? 34. What are the advantages of producing seeds? 35. What are the two major groups of angiosperms, and how do the differ? 36. How are plants important to humans (hint: see chapter 14)? Animals 37. What are the maim characteristics used to define an animal? 38. What is thought to be the origin of the first animals? What is the evidence for this? 39. Most animals show symmetry. Describe the two forms of symmetry found in animals? 40. What is the significance of the development of the head as an evolutionary trend? 41. What are the three layers of cells found in most animals? Which animals do not have all three layers? What is the significance of the devolpment of the mesoderm and the development of three layers in the embryo?

41. What is the importance of the coelom? What are the two ways that the coelom develops? 42. Define the following terms, and their significance to animal classification a. Acoelomates b. Pseudocoelomates c. Coelomates d. Protostomes e. Deuterostomes 43. What is the major difference between a protostome and a deuterostome? 44. How does the structure of a sponge relate to its method of nutrition? 45. What are some unique characteristics of the Cnidarians? 46. What are the two forms that the Cnidarians exist as? 47. What are some evolutionary advancements seen in Platyhelminthes? 48. How are Platyhelminthes significant to humans? 49. Define parthenogenesis. 50. What are the three major body areas of Mollusks? 51. Why is segmentation important? 52. Why are the Arthropoda regarded as the most successful of all animal phyla? 53. Identify a characteristic that was most significant to Arthropod success. 54. What are the three characteristics of the Chordates? 55. Describe and give an example of an invertebrate chordate. 56. What characterizes the subphylum Vertebrata? 57. What was the significance of the evolution of the jaw? 58. What are the four classes of vertebrates that evolved on land? Viruses 59. Why are viruses not considered living things?

60. Describe, in words or with the help of drawings, the typical structure of a virus. 61. List the characteristics that led to a classification of viruses into 21 groups. 62. Describe the life cycle of a virus. 63. How does the life cycle of a retrovirus differ from the cycle described in # 65? 64. List two reasons why viruses are important for humans. 65.. What is current thinking regarding the origin of viruses? 66. Study the cladogram given.

i) Assuming this to be the cladogram of the kingdom animalia, the biggest similarity would be found between a) b) c) d) ii) a) b) c) d) between members of groups 1 and 5 between members of groups 5 and 6 between members of groups 2 and 3 between members of groups A and B Of which group are you most likely to find fossils because they are the oldest? A H 3 5

iii) If 1 represents the kingdom level, 2 and 3 would represent the level of a) phylum b) family c) genus d) species

iv) Assuming that this cladogram represents the animalia kingdom, and H represents Humans, G might represent a) cows b) lions c) chimpanzees d) snails v) a) b) c) d) Assuming that this cladogram represents the Angiosperms, 2 might represent ferns fungi gymnosperms monocots