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1
3
1
+
cu
s
x
d
1 3
3
s cu
cu
1
3
1 700
700
10 200
0035 0
0035 0
s s
MPa
.
.
3
2 2
1
cu
s
x
d
2 3
3
s cu
cu
'
2
3
2 700
700
10 200
0035 0
0035 0
s s
MPa
.
.
'
6
the steel in tension yields if:
the steel in compression yields if:
s
yd
s
E
f
>
1
yd s
f d
x
+
+
700
700
700
700
1
s
yd
s
E
f
>
2
yd s
f d
x
'
700
700
700
700
2 2
for tension
for compression
if the steel not yields, then the steel is in the elastic domain
and the stresses are:
,
_
1
1
700
1 1
s s s
E
,
_
'
E
s s s
1
1 700
2 2
7
Example 1: The resistance moment when the tension stell yields and the compression steel
is in the elastic domain:
2 1 s c s
F F F +
0 X
2 2 1 s s cd yd s
A f x b f A +
1
]
1
,
_
+
x
d
A f x b f A
s cd yd s
2
2 1
1 700
2 2 2
2
1
700 700 d A x A f x b x f A
s s cd yd s
+
0 700 700
2 2 1 2
2
+ d A x f A x A f x b
s yd s s cd
0
700
700
2 2
2 1 2
cd
s
cd
s yd s
f b
d A
x
f b
A f A
x
,
_
cd
s yd s
x
f b
A f A
b
700
2 1
1
x
a
,
_
cd
s
x
f b
d A
c
2 2
700
x
x x x x
a
c a b b
x
2
4
2
8
Conclusion: the compression reinforcements is not used for calculus if :
( )
2 2 2
2
d d A
x
d f x b M
s s cd Rd
+
,
_
2
d x >
If:
and
cd s
f
1
uk ud s
. < 9 0
1
then
x
d x
s
2
2
700
and
2
d x If:
,
_
2
x
d f x b M
cd Rd
then
2
d x
9
Example 2: double reinforced section with compression reinforcement in elastic range
versus simple reinforced section. (C20/25, PC52)
10
cm .
f b
f A
x
cd
yd s
54 7
1
,
_
2
x
d f x b M
cd Rd
m kN . M
Rd
54 22
only tension reinforcement: (Example 1 Lecture 4)
Conclusion: the increasing of the resistance moment
of a double reinforced section is small compared
with a similar section simply reinforced if the
compression reinforcement is in the elastic domain
11
Example 3: singly versus double reinforced sections
singly reinforced double reinforced
m kN . M
Rd
54 22 m kN . M
Rd
38 23
1.57cm
2
0.57cm
2
1.00cm
2
if this difference is added to the tension reinforcement and the section is considered
as simply reinforced, then an important increasing of resistance moment is obtained:
singly reinforced
m kN . M
Rd
15 27
12
Example 4: if we double the reinforcing percentage of the resistance steel both in the case of
singly and double reinforced sections, we obtain:
m kN . M
Rd
54 22
% . p 24 1
singly
reinforced
section
m kN . M
Rd
80 37
% . p 47 2
13
m kN . M
Rd
38 23
Double reinforced section
m kN . M
Rd
12 44
the steel yields both in
tension and compression
reinforcements
m kN . M
Rd
05 51
the compression reinforcement
is in elastic domain (not yields)
( )
2 2 2
2
d d A
x
d f x b M
s s
cd Rd
+
+
,
_
x
A
s1
A
s2
( ) f
yd
b f
cd
x
M
Rd
b x f
cd
d
x
2
A
s2
f
yd
d d
2
( ) +
...
14
Conclusions:
in normal reinforcing situations, the compression reinforcement not leads to a significant increase
of the resistance capacity,
to over-reinforced elements, the compression reinforcement leads to a significant increase
of the resistance capacity,
it is not economic to use compression reinforcement in a section before all the singly reinforcing
possibilities are used
15
Sections with resistance reinforcements on multiple rows:
c
j
sj sj
t
i
si si cd
A A f x b
1 1
0 X
x
d x h
i
cu
si
1
3
x
d h E
i
cu
s
si
,
_
,
_
1 700 1
3
x
d h
x
d h
E
i i
cu s si
x
d x
j
cu
sj
x
d
E j
cu
s
sj
1
3
,
_
,
_
x
d
x
d
E
j j
cu s sj
1 700 1
3
16
,
_
,
_
c
j
j
sj
t
i
i
si cd
x
d
A
x
d h
A f x b
1 1
1 700 1 700
x - is the solution of the resulting quadratic equation
Once x calculated, the reinforcements strains and stresses values can be obtained:
for tension reinforcements:
x
d x h
i
cu
si
,
_
,
_
1 0035 0
3
x
d h
.
x
d x h
i i
cu si
and
s si si
E
if
s
yd
si
E
f
<
yd si
f
if
s
yd
si
E
f
for compression reinforcements:
x
d x
j
cu
sj
,
_
,
_
x
d
.
x
d x
j j
cu sj
1 0035 0
3
and
s sj sj
E
if
s
yd
sj
E
f
>
yd sj
f
if
s
yd
sj
E
f
The resistance moment can be calculated with the following relation:
+ + + +
c
j
sj sj sj
t
i
si si si c cd
c
j
sj sj
t
i
si si c c Rd
z A z A z f x b z F z F z F M
1 1 1 1