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A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: IN WHICH THE WORDS ARE DEDUCED FROM THEIR ORIGINALS, EXPLAINED IN THEIR DIFFERENT MEANINGS, AND AUTHORIZED BY THE NAMES OF THE WRITERS IN WHOSE WORKS THEY ARE FOUND. ABSTRACTED FROM THE FOLIO EDITION, BY THE AUTHOR, SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D. * * * * *

TO WHICH IS PREFIXED, DR. JOHNSON'S PREFACE TO THE ORIGINAL FOLIO EDITION,

AND HIS GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 1812. * * * * *

A GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE. GRAMMAR, which is the art of using words properly, comprises four parts: Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. In this division and order of the parts of grammar I follow the common grammarians, without inquiring whether a fitter distribution might not be found. Experience has long shown this method to be so distinct as to obviate confusion, and so comprehensive as to prevent any inconvenient omissions. I likewise use the terms already received, and already understood, though perhaps others more proper might sometimes be invented. Sylburgius, and other innovators, whose new terms have sunk their learning into neglect, have left sufficient warning against the trifling ambition of teaching arts in a new language. ORTHOGRAPHY is the art of combining letters into syllables, and syllables into words. It therefore teaches previously the form and sound of letters. The letters of the English language are, Roman. A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o Italick. A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o Name. a be see dee e eff jee aitch i (or ja) j conson. ka el em en o

P P Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z

P p Q q R r S s T t U u V v W w X x Y y Z z

pee cue ar ess tee u (or va) v conson. double u ex wy zed

To these may be added certain combinations of letters universally used in printing; as, fl, ff, fi, ffi, ffl, and &, or and per se, and. Our letters are commonly reckoned twenty-four, because anciently i and j as well as u and v were expressed by the same character; but as those letters, which had always different powers, have now different forms, our alphabet may be properly said to consist of twenty-six letters Vowels are five, a, e, i, o, u. Such is the number generally received; but for i it is the practice to write y in the end of words, as thy, holy; before i, as from die, dying; from beautify, beautifying; in the words says, days, eyes; and in words derived from the Greek, and written originally with , as sympathy, , y t m, .

In tr t ng on th l tt r , I h ll not, l k om oth r gr mm r n , n r nto th or g n l of th r form, n nt r n; nor nto th r form t on nd rol t on by th org n of ch, m ch n ck, n tom t, or hy olog t; nor nto th ro rt nd gr d t on of o nd , or th l g nc or h r hn of rt c l r comb n t on , wr t r of n v r l nd tr n c nd nt l gr mm r. I con d r th Engl h l h b t only t Engl h; nd v n n th n rrow d t on I follow th x m l of form r gr mm r n , rh w th mor r v r nc th n j dgm nt, b c by wr t ng n Engl h I o my r d r lr dy c nt d w th th Engl h l ng g , nd con ntly bl to rono nc th l tt r of wh ch I t ch th ron nc t on; nd b c of o nd n g n r l t m y b ob rv d, th t word r n bl to d cr b th m. An cco nt, th r for , of th r m t v nd m l l tt r , l , lmo t l k to tho who know th r o nd, nd tho who know t not.

OF VOWELS

Th

o nd of

ll th l tt r

r v r o .

For w oft n wr t w ft r v w, vow, flow ng; lown .

vow l, to m k

d hthong;

, r w, gr w,

A.

E.

It lw y hort b for do bl con on nt, or two con on nt , n vx, r l x ty, r lnt, mdl r, r t l , r nt, cll r, c t on, bl ng, fll, fll ng, dbt.

E lw y m t t th nd of word, xc t n mono yll bl th t h v no oth r vow l, th ; or ro r n m , P n lo , Ph b , D rb ; b ng d to mod fy th for go ng con on nt , nc , onc , h dg , obl g ; or to l ngth n th r c d ng vow l, bn, bn ; cn, cn ; n, n ; tn, tn ; rb, rb ; , ; fr, fr ; cr, cr ; tb, tb .

Almo t ll word wh ch now , y r, y r ; w ldn of th Fr nch f m n n , con on nt; for n old d t cl -r , f l-l , knowl d-g

t rm n t n con on nt nd d nc ntly n , w ldn ; wh ch rob bly h d th forc nd con t t t d yll bl w th t oc t on word r om t m d v d d th , . Th w rh for t m voc l or

E long, thn.

n cn ; or

hort,

n cll r, r t , cl br t , mn,

th

l tt r wh ch occ r

mo t fr

ntly

n th Engl h l ng g .

om t m fo nd n L t n word not com l t ly n t r l z d or m l t d, b t no Engl h d hthong; nd mor ro rly x r d by ngl , C r, En .

A or w h

th

o nd of th G rm n ,

r w, n ghty.

A form d hthong only w th or y, nd or w. A or y, n l n, w n, g y, cl y, h only th o nd of th long nd l nd r , nd d ff r not n th ron nc t on from l n , w n .

Th long , f rolong d by gr z , f m .

t th

nd of th

Th

hort

ro ch

to th

o n,

gr

. word, lw y l nd r,

M ny word rono nc d w th bro d w r nc ntly wr tt n w th ; lt, m lt; nd w t ll y, f lt, v lt. Th w rob bly th S xon o nd, for t y t r t n d n th north rn d l ct , nd n th r t ck ron nc t on; m n for m n, h nd for h nd.

A bro d r

mbl

th

of th G rm n;

ll, w ll, c ll.

A o n th of th It l n, or n rly r congr t l t , f ncy, gl .

mbl

t;

f th r, r th r,

Th l nd r th ro n h Ar b ck Gr mm r, o nd b tw n th o n th word , nd n th

r Engl Angl c nd th r m

h , c ll d v ry j tly by Er n , m c m m t m, h v ng m ddl . Th Fr nch h v m l r o nd n c l n .

A l nd r fo nd n mo t word , f c , m n , nd n word t on, cr t on, lv t on, g n r t on.

A h

thr

o nd , th

l nd r, o n,

nd bro d. nd ng n

It h om t m n th nd of word o nd ob c r , nd c rc ly rc t bl , o n, h n, hott n, th tl , rt c l , m tr , l cr . d,

I.

Th t m n ntly ob rv bl n , wh ch m y b l k w r m rk bl n oth r l tt r , th t th hort o nd not th long o nd contr ct d, b t o nd wholly d ff r nt.

O.

n t d to

n om word

d r v d from Gr k,

conomy; b t

O co l c nto o nd of o long.

d hthong w th ,

mo n, gro n,

ro ch: o

Th

hort o h

om t m

Wom n

rono nc d w m n. th o nd of clo , on, com . h th

O long, bn , b d nt, corrd ng; or bl , lll.

hort,

blck, knck,

I jo n d w th n l o nd d th o n .

, nd

w n v w; wh ch tr hthong

It form d hthong only w th , do bl ; xc t fr nd, wh ch

f ld, h ld, wh ch o nd d frnd.

oft n o nd d b for r,

hort ;

fl rt, f r t,

h rt. o nd d th

Th long o nd n mono yll bl thn .

lw y m rk d by th

I h

o nd long,

fn ; nd

hort

fn.

f n l,

Eo wh r

fo nd n y om n, wh r t rono nc d l k

t .

o nd d

hort; nd

E m y b

d to form

d hthong by r d l c t on,

gr

, l

ng. o l ,

thn,

E, , , r comb n d n b o nd of .

o nd

long nd

oft. ty nd t d r v t v , b t h v only th

o nd d l k

long,

z ,

rc v ng.

o nd l k

long,

m n; or l k

r, cl r, n

r.

E form or w,

d hthong w th n w, t w.

n r; w th

d gn, r c v ; nd w th

Th

f ntn of o nd n rott n, or follow

fo nd wh n m t nd l

r t

m t from n c ttl .

It do

not lw y l ngth n th for go ng vow l,

glv , lv , gv .

l nt n o try m t . C md n n h

conv n nc r r d; b t t h R m n c ll t th l nt .

b n long wholly

d,

U.

It co l c w th forc of th w con n th lo , y, g rd, g

, , , o; b t h r th r n th comb n t on th on nt, ff, t, t, t , l ng h; om t m t o nd, n j c . It om t m m t b for , , t, g , b y.

Y.

GENERAL RULES.

A vow l n th b g nn ng or m ddl

yll bl , b for two con on nt ,

Y b ng th S xon vow l y, wh ch w commonly occ r v ry fr ntly n ll old book .

d wh r

now

t,

Y vow l, wh ch, Q nt l n ob rv of on of th Rom n m ght w nt w tho t nconv n nc , b t th t w h v t. It l l c of t th nd of word , thy, b for n , dy ng; commonly r t n d n d r v t v word wh r t w rt of d th r m t v ; , d troy, d troy r; b tr y, b tr y d, b tr y r y r; y, y r; d y, d y .

l tt r , w th nd hthong, n r; r y,

om t m m t t th nd of word, n m t t on of th Fr nch, rorog , yn gog , l g , v g , h r ng .

follow d by

n v rt , b t th

no

long n , conf on; or hort,

Som l t nnov tor h v j ct d th , w tho t l t yll bl g v th o nd n th r of or nor th m, f not com o nd d of both; b d th t th to from th Fr nch no n n r, hon r, f

con d r ng th t th r, b t o nd b tw n y r rob bly d r v d v r.

, conc

on.

o nd.

fr ntly n or nd r m d l bor, f vor.

d n th l t yll bl of word wh ch n L t n nd Engl h, hono r, l bo r, f vo r, from honor,

W th or w, o r, ow r, flow r; b t n om o long, n o l, bowl, ow, grow. Th d ff d t ng h d ff r nt gn f c t on : bow n bow, d r on of th h d; ow, th h of d; bowl, n orb c l r body; bowl, wood n v

word h only th o nd of r nt o nd r d to n tr m nt for hoot ng; bo r; ow, to c tt r l.

om t m rono nc d l k o oft, co rt; om t m l k o hort, co gh; om t m l k clo , co ld; or o n, ro gh, to gh, wh ch only c n t ch.

W th o,

boot, hoot, cool r; oo h

th

o nd of th It l n

Th

co l t on of l tt r m to n t th o nd of th two l tt r , f r two o nd c n b n t d w tho t b ng d troy d, nd th r for ro ch mor n rly th n ny comb n t on n o r tong to th not on of d hthong.

W th ,

o l, o l, mo l, no om .

b ng not n Engl h d hthong, th y r o nd d, w th only , conomy.

b tt r wr tt n

th y r

* OF CONSONANTS. B.

C.

Ch o nd d l k k n word d r v d from th Gr k, chym t, ch m , chol r. Arch commonly o nd d rk b for vow l, rch ng l, nd w th th Engl h o nd of ch b for con on nt, rchb ho .

D.

F.

F, tho gh h gr mm r n commod o nv r bl

v ng n m b g nn ng w th vow l, n mb r d by th mong th m vow l , y t h th l ty of m t , th t t ly o nd d b for l d, fl k, fry, fr ckl . It h n o nd, xc t th t of om t m ok n n rly ov.

It

d b for

r,

dr w, dro ; nd w

n form n

o nd,

d th, d l g nt. dw ll.

It

d b for

l nd r,

clock, cro .

C, ccord ng to Engl h orthogr hy, n v r nd word; th r for w wr t t ck, block, wh ch w r or g n lly, t ck , block . In ch word c now m t .

Ch, n om Fr nch word not y t m ch n , ch .

m l t d,

o nd l k

h,

Ch h o nd wh ch n lyz d nto t h, ch rch, ch n, cr tch. It th m o nd wh ch th It l n g v to th c m l b for nd , c tt , c rro.

C m ght b om tt d o nd m ght b r rv to th y c t v from c t v

n th l ng g w tho t lo , nc on of t l d by, , nd th oth r by k, b t th t t th tymology of word , f c from f c , .

C h b for nd th o nd of ; nc r ly, c ntr ck, c nt ry, c rc l r, c t rn, c ty, cc ty: b for , o, nd , t o nd l k k, c lm, conc v ty, co r, ncor or t , c r o ty, conc c nc .

It

d b for

l nd r,

bl ck, brown.

It m t n d bt, d btor, comb, womb.

btl , do bt, l mb, l mb, d mb, th mb, cl mb,

B h

on

nv r d o nd,

ch

t obt n

M ny

rono nc d

f t w r wr tt n m nny.

n oth r l ng g .

In mono yll bl t g, frog.

ngl vow l b for

commonly

hort,

rt n ty. ngl con on nt hort;

G.

G b for oft, g m, g n r t on, xc t n g r, g ld, g , g t, g wg w, nd d r v t v from word nd ng n g, ng ng, trong r, nd g n r lly b for r t th nd of word , f ng r.

It h oft n t th nd th o nd of f, l gh; wh nc l ght r r t n th m o nd n th m ddl ; co gh, tro gh, o gh, to gh, no gh, lo gh.

H.

It ldom b g n ny b t th f r t yll bl , n wh ch t lw y o nd d w th f ll br th, xc t n h r, h rb, ho tl r, hono r, h mbl , hon t, h mo r nd th r d r v t v .

J. J con on nt o nd n formly l k th oft g, nd th r for l tt r l , xc t n tymology, j c l t on, j t r, joc nd, j c . K. K h th o nd of h rd c, nd d b for nd , wh r , ccord ng to Engl h n logy, c wo ld b oft, k t, k ng, k rt, k t ck, for o t ho ld b wr tt n, not c t ck, b c c o nd d l k , n c n .

n v r do bl d; b t c

d b for

t to

hort n th vow l by

It d b for n, mod rn ron nc t on.

kn ll, knot, b t tot lly lo

o nd n

It om t m b g n m ddl or f n l yll bl n word com o nd d, blockh d; or d r v d from th L t n, com r h nd.

H not of rono nc d w th

r t on, nd how th t th follow ng vow l m t b trong m on of br th, h t, hor .

d b for h, l,

nd r.

It not to b do bt d, b t th t n th or g n l ron nc t on gh h th forc of con on nt d ly g tt r l, wh ch t ll cont n d mong th Scotch.

Gh n th b g nn ng of word h th o nd of th h rd g, th m ddl , nd om t m t th nd, t t l nt, o ght, ok n tho', r t , o t .

gho tly; n tho gh, r ght,

G b for h rd, g v , xc t n g nt, g g nt ck, g bb t, g b , g bl t , G l , g ll, g ll flow r, g n, g ng r, g ngl , to wh ch m y b dd d Egy t nd gy y.

m t

b for

n,

gn h,

gn, for gn.

B for

nd

th

o nd

nc rt

n.

At th

nd of

word t

lw y

h rd,

r ng,

n g,

ong, frog.

G h two o nd ; on h rd, g nt.

n g y, go, g n; th oth r oft,

n g m,

L.

Th S xon , who d l ght d n g tt r l o nd , om t m r t d th l t th b g nn ng of word , hl f, lo f, or br d; hl ford, lord; b t th ron nc t on now d d.

M.

N.

P.

Q.

R.

Rh d n word d r v d from th Gr k, c t rrho , rh m, rh m t ck, rhym .

myrrh, myrrh n ,

Th S xon of word .

d oft n to

t h b for

t,

b for l

R h

th

ro gh

n rl ng o nd

n th oth r tong

. t th b g nn ng

Q con

om t m o nd d, n word d r v d from th Fr nch, l k r, l or, r , ch r.

Q, n oth r l ng g , lw y follow d by , nd h o r S xon nc tor w ll x r d by cw, dr nt, lt, n ry, r , ot d n. Q n v r follow d by

Ph d for f n word d r v d from th h l nthro y, Ph l .

Gr k,

h lo o h r,

om t m

m t ,

lm, nd b tw

n m nd t,

t m t.

n, .

o nd wh ch tr n, k,

P h

lw y th

o nd wh ch th W l h nd G rm n

om t m

m t

ft r m,

d mn, cond mn, hymn.

N h

lw y , th

o nd,

nobl , m nn r .

M h

lw y th

o nd,

m rm r, mon m nt l.

confo nd w th b.

L t th nd of word rono nc d l k lmo t m t , t bl , h ttl .

k l, n wh ch th

L, om t m m t , ho ld, lm, t lk,

Th c tom to do bl th l t th nd of mono yll bl , k ll, w ll, f ll. Th word w r or g n lly wr tt n k ll , w ll , f ll ; nd wh n th f r t gr w l nt, nd w ft rw rd om tt d, th ll w r t n d, to g v forc , ccord ng to th n logy of o r l ng g , to th for go ng vow l. n c lf, h lf, h lv , c lv , co ld, wo ld, lmon, f lcon.

L h

n Engl

h th

do bl con on nt,

cockl ,

ckl .

o nd

n oth r l ng g .

S.

It o nd l k z b for m t , r f , nd b for y f n l, ro y; nd n tho word , bo om, d r , w dom, r on, r on r, r nt, r nt, d m l, c m nt.

T.

V.

    



V as a so d o

ar a

y o

          

                                          

as wo so ds; o , k. T so d s w r d r va v s a d , r, y, s, w wo vow ls, as, a r .

so , as s, w r; o r ard, as so s words, , c , a d r , compo ds, a d a , s , o , , y, os , m, o , s; a d all words r, w r; a d w r a d a vow l, as d r, a m s , a l. W r add d, as r a , s

      

  

I o so r a

r words s ard, as ck, d a d o a word, a s l ; clo , clo .

, as va , va

y.

               

or a vow l as so d o s as salva o , c p a s o s or , as q s o ; c p l k w s d r va v s rom words d y, as m y, m r.

   

T as

s c s omary so d; as ak ,

mp a o .

s m

sl , sla d, d m s , v sco

, c tt r, d gno, dr cc olo, f v ll r , , s om rar , s ra ar , s ak , sl m r, sm ll, s p , spac , spl do r, spr , sq s r w, s p, s r , s ram , s r p , sv ra, sw ll.

It th c l r l ty of , th t t m y b o nd d b con on nt , xc t x nd z, n wh ch com r d, x b nd z h rd or gro . Th th r for t rm d by gr ot t t l t r ; th r on of wh ch th l rn d Dr. Cl rron o ly o d to b , th t n om word t m ght b l r . Th w f nd n v r l l ng g .

for ll ng only k , mm r n rk do bl d t

z ,

 

It o nd l k z b for l k , f t follow

on, f vow l go b for con on nt, conv r on.

t,

ntr

on;

     

S, tr

ngl t th nd of word , h gro r o nd, l k th t of z, , y , xc t th , th , , r b , r l .

nd

ngl lov , d tr nd word th r n nc ntly

ldom nd ny word, xc t n th th rd r on of v rb , grow ; nd th l r l of no n , tr , b h , ; th rono n th , h , o r , yo r , ; th dv rb th ; d r v d from L t n, r b , r l ; th clo b ng lw y , ho , hor , or n , gr , dr , bl , l , gr , dr .

S h

ng o nd,

b l t on,

t r.

R , t th nd of om word d r v d from th L t n or Fr nch, rono nc d l k w k r, th tr , lchr .

  

W.

X.

Y.

Z.

I or o rap y I av s ppos d or o py, or j s ra c o words, o cl d d; or o rap y o ly ar o pr ss c r a so ds y prop r c arac rs. I av r or o s rv d w a words a y o l rs ar m . Mos o wr rs o E l s rammar av v lo a l s o words pro o c d o rw s a y ar wr , a d s m o s c ly o av co s d r d, a o E l s , as o all l v o s, r s a do l pro c a o , o c rsory a d colloq al, o r r lar a d sol m . T c rsory pro c a o s always va a d c r a , mad d r d r mo s y l c , sk l l ss, or a c a o . T sol m pro c a o , o y o m a s mm a l a d p rma , s y always l ss r mo rom or o rap y, a d l ss l a l o capr c o s ova o . T y av ow v r rally orm d r a l s accord o c rsory sp c o os w w om y app d o co v rs ; a d co cl d a w ol a o com s o v a la a o ma r, av o s a l s d jar o o low s o p opl as mod l o sp c .

                                                                                          



   

 

For pro c a o s ral r l mos l a sp ak rs w o d v a l as

s, o co s d r rom wr

os as words.

                        

  



            

Z s o word or ally E l s ; or s ard pr ss s, o a s r d w pala y o , as r z , roz .

as so d, as s am a clos r compr ss o o

zzard

 

                 

      

             

c ar m so ds w c r d a r a vow , ; do, odd; r s m la c o ac

y w c w a d y app ar o always vow ls s, a y ar s ppos d o av as co so a s, ca o l, l k a o all o r co so a s; s w say w d, d w; wo so ds o w av o o r.

             

           

Y, w or a d p all cas a vow l w

ollows a co so a , s a vow l; w pr c d s r a vow l o , s a co so a , as y , yo . I s o y som o s a vow l. B may o s rv d o y as o w, a ollows o a y a s, as rosy yo .

 



 

s o E l s

word:

as

so d o

ks, as a l ,

ra o s.

                

as a so d acco d p c l ar o pr ss d y w, as, w a , w c , w w ol som , w s so d d l k a s mpl

 

   

E l s , w c a o s ; w or o ly, a d som .

                   

                   

O w, w c av do d w a do l , or sam so d ar o s rv d, a ra c , as

o s s o a r v r a co o , as wa r may r always r cko d co so w ollows a vow l w ros y w r.

d p

do d vow l, som rammar a s so a ; a d o ra r as s call d solv d o o a r; l rs o a s o r alp a s: a d may o a y a s or d c l y o r m s

 

 

  

From d acr

Isla d ck alp a cal po .

, v s o ly d s

s d y a

ETYMOLOGY.

AN, A.



       

I s s s pl ral w o

w c w s a or a a ar cl ; as s ar

s lar, w sp ak ood ooks.

          

                          

A as a mor ; as H was k ma a a ar

d T s s ll d y a oy; oys; A

s ca o , a d m a s o a ood ook; a s, o amo a sword; a s, som sword; a s, or o o os a army m r w o r s



  

 

ARTICLE. av wo ar cl s, a or a, a d .

E l s

som r r c o ooks a ar ood; T s s a r ook or a ar m a o o os s a c ; a s, a y army.

, w

 



             

E ymolo y ac s d d c o o o mod ca o s y w c s s o ors s; I lov , I lov d.

                                                                                                                          
om o s m , d d, av d avo r d o d s rv w ll o r co ry, y wr o or a d la or or o o r a d la o r, r d or r ad pr r- s , sa s or says, r p or r p a , pla or pla , or d clam or d cla m. O s may sa d, a as y av do o ood y av do l l arm; o ca s y av ova d l l , a d ca s w av ollow d m. * * * * * word rom a o r, a d var o s sam word s d v rs d; as ors ,

T r av ma y sc m s o r d or m da o a d s l m o o r or o rap y, w c , l k a o o r a o s, orm d y c a c , or accord o a cy o arl s wr rs r d a s, was a rs v ry var o s a d c r a , a d s y s c ly rr lar. O s r orm rs som av d avo r d o accommoda or o rap y r o pro c a o , w o co s d r a s s o m as r y a s adow, o ak a or a mod l or s a dard w c s c a w l y apply . O rs, l ss a s rdly d d, w q al l k l ood o s cc ss, av d avo r d o propor o m r o l rs o a o so ds, a v ry so d may av s ow c arac r, a d v ry c arac r a s l so d. c wo ld or o rap y o a w la a , o orm d y a sy od o rammar a s po pr c pl s o sc c . B w o ca op o pr va l o a o s o c a r prac c , a d mak all r old ooks s l ss? or w a adva a wo ld a w or o rap y proc r q val o co s o a d p rpl y o s c a al ra o ?

                                                                                                                              

T E l s la a as prop rly o d al c s; s yl o wr rs as o pro ss d d v rs y s o words, or o r l o s a d rm a o s, or d rs y d r d r s o sk ll or car . T oral d c o s orm o spac o s co ry, as l ss var a o E la d a mos o r a o s o q al . T la a o or r co s r a s ma y words ow o o s , w c ar commo ly o T o ck rac , a d s r d w a pro c a o w c ow s ms ars a d ro , was pro a ly s d y o r a c s ors. T or r sp c s r or o ar aro s, o sol . T sp c w s r prov c s s ms o d r rom ral d c o ra r y a d prav d pro c a o , a y a y r al d r c w c l rs wo ld pr ss.

THE.

1. Prop r am s, as Jo , Al a d r, Lo s, Ar s arc s, J r sal m, A s, Rom , Lo do . GOD s s d as a prop r am .

s s o *

* UB TANTIVE.

lar.

  

 

G . Ma s r ,

o a Mas r, o or Mas r's,



Nom. Ma s r,

a Mas r,

Mas r. Mas r, Mas r's.

       

             

r la o s o E l s o s o words o or or ollow ar o pr ss d y cas s, or c a s o rm a o , , as mos o o r E rop a la a s, y pr pos o s, l ss w may sa d o av a v cas .

  

O NOUN

             

3. Words w c o s o r, wa r;

m r rass,

o a y s l.

s mpl d: T s

2. A s rac am s, as lack ss, w c -cra , v r , v c , l ss, lov , a r d, a r, ood- a r , k d ss.

a y,

    

 

  

 

Ma y words ar

s d w

ar cl s; as

I am as r as Na r rs mad ma , Er as laws o s rv d a , W w ld woods o l sava ra .

     



  

s s d

m rs.

                 

            

T a v or

s, a par c lar r , a d odd r or ca l , a d r os s a ar ca l , a d

  

O a Bro

T r or dd r , w os mor al as d a o world. M l o . s world w c w l v . o, H r s or s o ma ; a s, s s a s ma .

 



           

 

as a par c lar a d d

ca o .

Dryd .



A or a ca o ly jo d w a s lar: corr spo d pl ral s o w o a ar cl , as, I wa a p , I wa p s; or w pro om al adj c v som , as, I wa som p s.

  



    

A ors , a ors , my k

dom or a ors .

ak sp ar .

                              

Grammar a s o app ars a or s l

                  
las a d r c , a a s o ld s d or ; w E l s a c ly asp ra d l ss. A s s ll s d ; as a r , a o s ma ; o rw s a; as

I av mad a or al ar cl , or , o , appl d o a w s , as c o or a co so a

ca s s o ly G rma , a d sp d o

a o a , Fr c ; ra c . c

   

Pl ral.

                                                                    

T s v s ar always wr w a mark o l s o , mas r's, sc olar's, accord o a op o lo r c v d, a 's s a co rac o o s, as sold r's valo r, or sold r s valo r: s ca o r or al, ca s 's s p o mal o s, Woma 's a y; V r 's d l cacy; Ha y J o's r l a ; a d coll c v o s, as Wom 's pass o s; ra l 's sol c ; m l d 's olly: all s cas s s appar a s ca o d rs ood. W say l k w s o da o 's s r ; d amo d's l s r ; w r's s v r y: s cas s s may d rs ood, a d s av orm rly appl d o rs plac ow s ppl d y a d s.

mpl .

 



    

a word ds om a v , as V

s,

may

sam

I s a r r co rma o o s op o , a old po s o v a d pl ral w r lo r y a sylla l a or al word: k s or k 's, C a c r; l av s or l av s, p s r.

                           

T s rm a o o o s ms d ca poss ss o . I s d r v d cl d sm , a sm ; G . sm sm ar, sm s; a d so wo o

                                   

o co s a r al v d o s rom a o 's w o r, o a sm ; Pl r. sm r or r o r s v d cl s o s.

T l ar d a d sa ac a r o r v r c adj c v poss ss v ; appl d sam o o r La v . poss ss v pro o s m

o s Wall s, , calls s I k w v Dr. Low , o a d

o w om v ry E l s rammar a ow s mod ca o o o a o mor propr y a m av q m d c s, Troj or s, or a y o r par , s ppos s o v cas s.

                    

 

 

c olar,

G . c olar's.

Pl r. c olars.

Mas r,

G . Mas r's.



 

O r o s ar

r or o ly d cl

s:

Pl r. Mas rs.



A l. Ma s r s,

rom Mas rs, rom

Voc. Ma s r ,

Mas rs, O Mas rs. Mas rs.



Acc. Ma s ros,

Mas

rs,

Mas rs.

 

Da . Ma s r s,

o Mas rs, o

Mas

 

G . Ma s ror m,

o Mas rs, o



Nom. Ma s r ,

Mas rs,

Mas

rs. Mas rs. rs.



A l. Ma s ro,

rom a Mas r,

Voc. Ma s r,

Mas r, O Mas r. rom Mas r.



Acc. Ma s r m,

a Mas r,

Mas r.

 

Da . Ma s ro,

o a Mas r,

Mas r.

    

 

 

    

 

      

T compara v d r s p rla v y add

Compar so o

Adj c v s. o adj c v s s orm d y add r, s , o pos v ; as, a r, a r r, a r s ;

 

   

       

Adj c v s E l s cas , d r, or m r, w o a y c a ; as, a ma , ood m , o ood m



ADJECTIVE . la a ar w olly d cl a l ; av r a d add d o s s a v s all r la o s ood woma , ood wom , o a ood woma ; a ood .

                                                                                                         

om E l s s s a v s, l k os o ma y o r la a s, c a r rm a o as y pr ss d r s s; as pr c , pr c ss; ac or, ac r ss; l o , l o ss; ro, ro . To s m o d y Dr. Low may add d ar r ss, po ss, c a r ss, d c ss, r ss, ov r ss, r ss, p r ss, a or ss, ray r ss, a d p r aps o s. O s var a l rm a o s w av o ly a s c m r o mak s l o r wa ; or w w say o a woma a s s a p losop r, a as ro om r, a ld r, a w av r, a da c r, w p rc v a mpropr y rm a o w c w ca o avo d; w ca say a s s a arc c , a o a s , a s d . ca s s rm a o s av o a d o m o o o s . I words w c c ss s o l ar o r q r , s s d s s d o y d r rm a o s y d r am s, as a ll, a cow; a ors , a mar ; q s, q a; a cock, a ; a d som m s y pro o s pr d, as a - oa , a, s - oa . * * * * *

   

    

                              

Dr. W ll s ks s c p ras s ar a a s m. T y wo Lord's o s may B s d s a mark o s c o .

Lords' o s may sa d or o ow s ; a d s r ly a E l ld commo ly prod c a ro l som o s o Lords, or o s o l s o s mprop r, or

o s o Lords; s ar r ls am y, as o a Lord. Lords' o s

 

   

  

Pl rals W

d s av o m s w s a a s

v s; w say, Wom s lad s a rs.

 

                

Irr lar pl rals ar mo s , s rom oos , p y, r r rom ro

rom oo , l c rom lo s , m c rom oo , d c rom d , p c r, c ldr rom c ld. c ll

rom rom

c s, a d

E c p a w, m , m s; c , c s. o oo , roo , proo , r l m sc , p , c , dwar , a dk rc , r .

                



Words a d cal , calv s.

commo ly

orm

r pl ral y v s, as loa , loav s; ,

               

A w words s ll mak pl ral , as m , wom , o mor a c ly y , s oo . T s orma o s a w c pr va ls T o ck d al c s.

, sw , a d rally



  

   

 

orma

o o

pl ral a d

lar s

 
sam .

         

T pl ral s orm d y add s s rs; wood, woods; or s w a r c , s, s , , z; a r c vocal or s, as la c , la c

s, r so s;

as a l , a l s; ly, l s; s s r, s co ld o o rw s so d d, as d d l k s, a d l k j; m s o ra , o ra s.

 

 

  

om words ar rr larly compar d; as, ood, r, s ; ad, wors , wors ; l l , l ss, l as ; ar, ar r, ; m c , mor , mos ; ma y ( or mo ), mor ( or mo r) mos ( or mo s ); la , la r, la s or las .

Ma y adj c v s do o adm o compar so y rm a o s, a d ar o ly compar d y mor a d mos , as, vol , mor vol , mos vol .

Mo osylla l s ar commo ly compar d. Polysylla l s, or words o mor a wo sylla l s, ar s ldom compar d o rw s a y mor a d mos , as, d plora l , mor d plora l , mos d plora l .

om compara v s a d s p rla v s ar y o d ood wr rs orm d w o r ard o or o r l s; a la a s j c d so l l a d so la ly o rammar, s c a omal s m s r q ly occ r. o s ady s compar d y M l o .

A d v r o s.

  

 

s o

so d coro s,

r sp c o God,

 

 

  

o r l

y Ray, w o

d d o

o r a

or

y. s o ld mm d a ly do

 

W a s w lls o say or do, ms w s s , v r o s s , d scr

s ,

T 'd

s ad s cov r d, oc r al o .

Par. Los .

s .

Par. Los .

       

                   

                     

D ssylla l s ar s ldom compar o lsom ; l, as, car l, c arm ; o s, as poro s; wr c d; d, as ca d d; a , as c r a ; v , as ky, as rocky, c p l cky; ropy, c p appy; ry, as

d spl l ss, al, as m ss v my, oary.

y rm a som , as lsom , l, dr ad l; , as r l , as, car l ss, arml ss; d, as mor al; , as r c , rv ; ; dy, as woody; y, as p y; as roomy; y, as sk y; py, as

    

T compar so o adj c v s s v ry c r a ; a d commod o s ss o ra c , or a r a l ss o so d, r d c d o r l s.

m c r la d y s o as ly



 

 

I adj c v s a adm a r lar compar so , o r s d a s p rla v mos , as mor or a r r, a mos a r or a r s .

compara v mor a r s o r wr

    

All adj c v s may compar d y mor a d mos , v w compara v s a d s p rla v s r larly orm d; as, a r, a r; a r s , or mos a r.

y av a r r, or mor



   

                

 

  

 

  

  

     

       

    



 

   

Mos

s som

m s add d o a s s a

v , as, opmos , so

mos .

 



 

 

om compara v s orm a s p rla v rmos ; o r, o rmos ; d r, orm r, or mos .

y add , mos , as d rmos ; p, pp r,

r, pp rmos ; or ,

 

  

 

    

lov ly, lov l r, lov l s ; sw , r, s .

, sw

r, sw

s ; low, low r, low s ;

  

 

                  

Famo s, y M l o .

Mor al, y Baco .

Na ral, y Wo o .

W av s s a 'd o day do l , W a av' 's r a k a pow'r ll s o s d A a s s rom a o s ro . Par. Los .

* O PRONOUN .

Acc s. a d o r o l q

M ,

Us.

Nom.

I,

W .

lar.

Pl ral.

 



pro o s p rso al ar

rr

larly

            

l c d.

               

Pro w , m a

o y , ,

s, E l s la a , y; , w o, w c , w o r, o rs, y, , yo o r, a o r, sam ,

, ar , I, o , , w r pl rals, a , w r, w oso v r, w a so v r, my, r, yo rs, s, r, rs, rs, s, som .

         

T rm a o s may acco d som sor a compar so , y w c s ca o s d m s d pos v , as lack, lack s , or d o lack ss; or av a l l as o sal ; y r or adm T s rm a o s s ldom add d o words pr ss q al s, or o o words o a ov o sylla l , a s d sol m or s l m s yl .

       

                 

                        

Pow r l,

y M l o .

d r o low sal , sal s , o compar so . s s l d s scarc ly

 

  

          

wr c d r ar co m rs o all lps; s c as pr s m o r ow a rals, d r d d l c , a d mock a rms w y d rs a d o s. B Jo so .

Wr c d,

y Jo so .

   

I w ll ow d l v r a w o prop r s a lo o s p c . Wo o 's Arc

a d a ral s co s d ra o s c r .



 

   

   

   

      

T o

mor al s po so s prac s d y W s I d a s, av som m lood, a , or l s o ma . Baco .

 

 

         

T os av all ma

v v s ads or all p rpos s, a d ro rs. Asc am's c oolmas r.



I v

v , y Asc am. d s o s

   

 

I s all O wom , s

am'd amo a sol m

amo s s s vals.

M l o 's A o s s.


r

               

all a y

m a s a d r l r or or s ord a

s s ms l , w o mak m s r. Ray o Cr a o .

s o

 

 

cas s.

O rs, yo rs, rs, rs, ar s d w s s a v pr c d s s para d y a v r , as T s ar o r ooks. T s ooks ar o rs. Yo r c ldr c l o rs s a r , o rs s rpass yo rs l ar .

s.

 

Nom.

W c .



r o l q

cas s.

W om.

G .

W os .

Nom.

W o.

 



 

 

Pro o s r la v

ar , w o, w c , w a , w

r, w oso v r, w a so v r.



 

      

  

T r a d pl ral o

rs ar , a d ar

poss ss v s l k w s r or appl d o

y, w

y s

         

  

      

   

M w po s s

a d w c o ow ry: y ar s a v pr c mor spac o s

r orm rly s d or a vow l, as m am a l lady: d s s d pros , m s ll prop rly co d s d as o rs a d yo rs, w y ar r rr d o a d , as y o s s lar r a m , my ard a .

 

O rs, yo rs, rs, rs, o w s a d r s m pl ral rm a o , ar appl d q ally o s lar a d pl ral s s a as, T s ook s o rs. T s ooks ar o rs.

v s,

            

   

   

         

 

             

poss ss v o rs p rso s my, m , o r, o rs; o y, , yo r, yo rs; o rd, rom , s; rom s , rs; a d pl ral, r, rs, or o s s.

s co d, r, a d

 



  

T o

poss ss v pro o s, l k rm a o .

r adj c v s, ar w

cas s or c a

 

 

 

For

prac c o a c

O l q .

I s,

T m. wr rs was o s , a d or s, s.



Nom.

I ,

T y,

O l q .

H r,

T m. Appl d o rs or s.

 



Nom.

T y,

O l q .

H m,

T m. Appl d o m s.

Nom.

H ,

T y,

lar.

Pl ral. Appl d o masc l s.

   

Yo s commo ly s d mod r wr rs or y , par c larly la a o c r mo y, w r s co d p rso pl ral s s d or s co d p rso s lar, Yo ar my r d.

   

O l q .

Yo .

Nom.

T o ,

Y .

W r s o ly s d om a v a d acc sa v cas s; a d as o pl ral, appl d o ly o o o a m r, commo ly o o o wo, as W r o s s l I k ow o . W r s all I c oos ? I s ow almos o sol .

v s.

 

 

s add d o poss ss v s, as mys l , yo rs lv s; a d som

m s o

                       

Ow s add d o poss ss v s, o s lar a d pl ow o s . I s mp a cal, a d mpl s a s l oppos o ; as, I l v my ow o s , a s, I d d w my ow a d, a s, w o lp or

ral, as my ow a d, o r co rar y, or o a r d o s . T s o y pro y.

 

T r ar s l .

wo mor words s d o ly

co j c o w

pro o s, ow

a d

  

                          

T r or a d w r or , w a , or w c , ar ow r r s s m o pass y a alo o s. T y ar r rr

c ar prop rly r cko d co j c o s, a d r s o l c , d o o s lar a d

or a d w r or, or d co d s . T o prop r, s l, a d pl ral a c d s.

                                   

H r , r , a d w pro om al s . H r r , r y, w r po , w r w a , &c. o w c ,

r , jo d w c r a par cl o , r , r y, r a r, r po , r w , w r o , w , w c s y, o s, w c , &c.



        



A o

r,

o ly a o

r,

as o pl ral. s, av a r r w , r , w r s, &c. o la v r o , y, a , a d

         

          

T pl ral o rs s o pr c d , as I av s ors s, o rs.



r. s d w s r o r ors s. I av rr d o a s s a o s sam v





r,

 

I all cas s.

T a

T os . rs.

T s

T s

lar.

Pl ral.

 

      

W oso v r, w a so v r, r l o r pr m

compo

d d o

w o or w a , a d so v r,

 



W a , w

r r la v

or

rro a v , s w

var a o . ollow

           

  

O a Bro

T r or dd r , w os mor al as d a o world. M l o .

 

 



     

           

 

W os

s ra

po

cal

lar

v o w

c .

                        

W o s ow s d r la o o p rso s, a d w c s; y w r a c ly co o d d. A l as say, ma w c , o I r m m r o ampl o

 

  

 

  

r o l q

cas s.

W c . r la o o was commo w o. o

 

G .

O w

c , or w os .

co d F

r .

 

 

         

 

r . s all av ; y s all av .

. I s all av , o s al av , Pl r. W s all av , y s all av ,

         

. I ad ad, o Pl r. W ad ad, y

 

 

Pr

rpl p r c . ads ad, ad ad. ad ad, y ad ad.

  

 

  

     

. I av ad, o Pl r. W av ad, y

   

 

Compo

d Pr

r . as av ad, ad, as or a y av ad. ad;

    

  

. I ad, o Pl r. W ad, y

 

mpl Pr

r . ads , ad ad, y ad.

 

  

Has s a rm a o co o d rom o v rs a d pros .

          

 

   

Pr s

T s . as , av , a or as, y av . a , ow mor r q ly s d

. I av , o Pl r. W av , y

To av . I d ca v

Mood.

   



T pass v vo c s orm d y jo s s a v v r , as I am lov d.

                          

V r s av o ly wo s s l c d r rm a o s, a d s mpl pr r ; o r s s ar compo d d o a v r s, av , s all, w ll, l , may, ca , a d v o or r v r . par c pl pr r

pr s , l ary ac v o

 

  

   

Mos v r s s a d com s r k .

y ac o may l k w s s y co d o or a rs; as I lov , I am lov ; I s r k , I am ow

 

E l s v r s ar ac v , as I lov ; or ar orm d l k ac v s.

    

   

 

 

VERB. r, as I la s . T rs ,

                              

H ms corr a s H ms

l p s l

s l , ms lv s, ar s ppos d y Wall s o p y o , or s s l , s l , r s lv s; so a s l s always a v . T s s ms j s ly o s rv d, or w say, H cam ms l ; s all do s; w r ms l ca o a acc sa v . * * * *

p rso al pro o s, as ms l , s l , ms lv s. I , l k ow , pr ss s mp as s a d oppos o , as I d d s mys l , a s, o a o r; or orms a r c procal pro o , as W r o rs lv s y va ra .

             

      

Imp ra v Mood.

Co j c v Mood.

 

    

  

 

Pr

r .

. I co ld av , o co lds av , co ld av ; Pl r. W co ld av , y co ld av , y co ld av .

 

   

  

Pr s

. av ; av .

. I ca av , o ca s av , ca Pl r. W ca av , y ca av , y ca

               

 

Pr

r . av , o m av , y m s av , m av , y m av ; av .

. I m Pl r. W m

 

   

  

Pr s

. I may av , o mays av , may av ; Pl r. W may av , y may av , y may av .

    

   

 

    

T po a d m mood o



Po

al. al orm o sp ak , co ld, or s o ld, v r . s pr ss d y may, ca , pr r , jo d w pr s ; v

   

 

 

       

. I s all av ad, o s al av Pl r. W s all av ad, y s all av

   

 

co d F

r . ad, ad, s all av ad; y s all av ad.



r . . I s all av , as I d ca v .

     

    

. I av ad, o Pl r. W av ad, y

   

 

Pr

compo d. av av ad, ad, av ad; y av ad.



 

Pr

        

Pr s

. av , av , av ; y av .

. I av , o Pl r. W av , y

s mpl

as

I d ca v .

     

. Hav , or av o , l m av ; Pl r. L s av , av or av y , l

m av .



      

By r ad a d w ll.

s s may

 

        

. I w ll av , o w l Pl r. W w ll av , y w l

av , av ,

w ll av ; y w ll av . o s rv d var a o s o s all

   

V r Ac v . To lov .

. I lov d, o lov ds , lov d; Pl r. W lov d, y lov d, y lov d. Pr rp r c compo d. I av lov d, &c. Pr rpl p r c . I ad lov d, &c. F r . I s all lov , &c. I w ll lov , &c. Imp ra v .

. I lov , o lov , lov ; Pl r. W lov , y lov , y lov . Pr r s mpl , as d ca v . Pr r compo d. I av lov d, &c. F r . I s all lov , &c. co d F r . I s all av lov d, &c.

  

    



v .

Pr s . To lov . Pr r . To av lov d. Par c pl pr s . Lov . Par c pl pas . Lov d.



     



Po

al. . I may or ca lov , &c. . I m , co ld, or s o ld lov , &c. Pr r . I m , co ld, or s o ld av &c.

Pr s Pr r Do l lov d,

    

          

Co j c v . Pr s

 

. Lov or lov o , l m lov ; Pl r. L s lov , lov or lov y , l

 

             



 

Pr

s mpl .



. I lov , o lov s , lov Pl r. W lov , y lov , y lov .

 



I d ca v . Pr s

. or lov s;

     

    



v Mood.

Pr s . To av . Pr r . To av ad. Par c pl pr s . Hav . Par c pl pr r . Had.

m lov .

 

  

I l k ma

r w

s , I m

av

ad; I co ld

av

ad, &c.

   

. I s o ld av ad, o s o lds av ad, s o ld av Pl r. W s o ld av ad, y s o ld av ad, y s o ld av

        

  

 

   

 

   

T r

s l k w s a do l

  
Pr r .

I l k ma

r s o ld

d o

v r .

ad; ad.

Imp ra v .

Co j c v Mood.

 

I I av

lov d, &c. I lov d, &c.

I w r lov d, &c. I I s all

I am lov d, &c. I was lov d, &c. I lov d, &c.

Pass v Vo c . I d ca v

   

    



v .

Pr s . To . Pr r . To av . Par c pl pr s . B . Par c pl pr r . Hav

Mood. av

 



Po

I may or ca ; wo ld, co ld, or s o ld wo ld, or s o ld av , &c.

          

 

Pr

r .

. I w r , o w r , w r ; Pl r. W w r , y w r , y w r . Pr r compo d. I av , &c. F r . I s all av , &c. al. ; co ld,

   

. I Pl r. W

o , y

Co j c v . Pr s

. s , ; , y .

     

. B Pl r. L

o ; l s ;

 

Pr r compo d. I av Pr rpl p r c . I ad F r . I s all or w ll

, &c. , &c. , &c.

m ; y ; l



  

 

W r s prop rly o d ca v .

    

      

 

 

Pr

r .

. I was, o was or w r , was; Pl r. W w r , y w r , y w r .

co j c v

mood, a d o

 

. I am, o ar , s; Pl r. W ar or , y ar or , T pl ral s ow l l

   

I d ca v . Pr s

. y ar or s . .

              
o o s d

             

T d

pass v r

s orm d y s s o v r

add o o par c pl pr o , w c m s r or

r r

d.

To do.

. I do, o dos , do ; Pl r. W do, y do, y do.

Imp ra v .

I . To do, o av do . Par c pl pr s . Do . Par c pl pr r . Do . Do s som m s s d s p r l o sly, as I do lov , I d d lov ; s mply or I lov , or I lov d; s s co s d r d as a v o s mod o sp c .





 

                                

s r q ly jo d w a a v ; as, I l k r, r; I w s d m s cc ss, d d o lp m. T s, y c app ars mor asy a o r orm o pr ss sam a v adv r a r v r , I l k r, lov r o mp ra v pro ory s s ldom appl d

  

I do lov , a d w C aos s com a a .

 



s som

m s s d mp a cally; as, I lov o , ak sp ar . I do o lov s om a l as , s s y a .

s co d p rso , a l as

   

    



  

 

r s ar

as

 

. I do, o do, Pl r. W do, y do,

Co j c v . Pr s

. do; y do.

I d ca v .

 

 



 

. Do Pl r. L

o , l m do; s do, do y , l

m do.

        

 

Pr

r .

. I d d, o d ds , d d; Pl r. W d d, y d d, y d d. Pr r ., &c. I av do , &c. I F r . I s all or w ll do, &c.



 

I d ca v . Pr s

ad do , &c.

             

T r s a o r orm o jo d o v r do l ar d s plac .

E l s v r s, w c s var o s l c o s, w c

     



   



v .

Pr s . To lov d. Pr r . To av lov d. Par c pl . Lov d. v ar mood s r or o





     



Po

al Mood.

I may or ca lov d, &c. I m , co ld, or s o ld lov d, &c. I m , co ld, or s o ld av lov d, &c.

I s c s s rro a v orms o sp c , w c s s d ro all p rso s; as, Do I l v ? Dos o s r k m ? Do y r l? D d I compla ? D ds o lov r? D d s d ? o l k w s a v rro a o s; Do I o y r v ? D d s o d ?

The d at ve a d j t ve m ds a e by m de w te s f eq e tly f ded, athe the j t ve s wh lly egle ted, whe s me ve e e f ve s f at d s t v te ts ev val. It s sed am g the p e w te s f f me t mes afte f, th gh, e e, bef e, t ll t l, whethe , ex ept, less, whats eve , wh ms eve , a d w ds f w sh g; as, D btless th a t fathe , th gh Ab aham be g a t f s, a d Is ael a k wledge s t. * * ERBS. * * *

The E gl sh ve bs we e d v ded by Be J s t f j gat s, w th t a y eas a s g f m the at e f the la g age, wh h has p pe ly b t e j gat , s h as has bee exempl f ed: f m wh h all dev at s a e t be s de ed as a mal es, wh h a e deed, m syllable Sax ve bs, a d the ve bs de ved f m them, ve y f eq e t; b t alm st all the ve bs wh h have bee ad pted f m the la g ages, f ll w the eg la f m. O ve bs a e bse ved by D . Wall s t be eg la ly the f mat f the p ete t, a d ts pa t ple. I deed, the s a t ess f j gat s, the e s s a ely a y the pla e f eg la ty.

 

  



  

                         

The ap j h,

f st eg la d tte a e ed w th the f sh, f, k, x, a

ty s a sl ght dev p et al t a t me by s pp ess d afte the s a

at f m the eg la f m, by : the last syllable ed s fte f e; as l v'd f l ved; afte , ts s, th, whe m e st gly



                     

   

                    

 

                            

Of IRREGULAR

         

               

                 

I l k ma r w commo ly pr ss pr s s ; as, I am am r v , dol o, s dy , lla mor r. T mp s s r proc lla. I am p rs a my, os m s q or. o s s, as, W w r walk , , I have walk g, I had bee walk g, I shall w ll be walk g.

                                                     

                                

The e s a the ma e f s g the a t ve pass ve s g f at : as, The g amma s ha t s mp m t . The b ass s f g g, a p , a v t s exp ess , p bably b t w s mewhat bs lete: The b k s a p a be g p pe ly at, a d p t g a d f g a t , a d g t the a al gy f th s la

pa t ple, wh h g w p t g, g ammat a ex d t . Th s pted f m a ph ase t g, The b ass s g ve bal s s g g age.

            

                                                 
T r s a o r ma s d, may o mprop l c d accord o . T y a sw r r s , s rr , La J m' o s prom . r o co j rly d om o pass arly o ; J m s

a r v r s, w c , w s a m r pass v s, as y ar v orm y lp o v r s s a v r c procal v r s Fr c ; as, I am s l v, Fr c . I was walk d o , ram:

 





Do a d d d ar

s s d o ly

or

pr s

a d s mpl pr

r .

o , o. I ra , o r bee ves t a a jam s, my m e p e, a f g g; fy g

   



pros , w o word do; as, a y, do o do o .

op

m,

do o

m; Pra s

    

   

       

  

Th se w ds wh h te m ate l ll, p, make the p ete t t, eve s lem la g age; as ept, felt, dwelt; S met mes afte x, ed s ha ged t t; as vext: th s s t sta t.

A l g v wel s fte ha ged t a sh t e; th s kept, slept, wept, ept, swept; f m the ve bs t keep, t sleep, t weep, t eep, t sweep. Whe e d t g bef e, the add t al lette d t, th s t a ted f m, ales e t e lette w th the ad al d t: f t we e the ad al, they ales e t t; b t f d we e the ad al, the t d t, as the e the the lette may be m e eas ly p ed; as ead, led, sp ead, shed, sh ed, b d, h d, h d, fed, bled, b ed, sped, st d, sl d, d; f m the ve bs t ead, t lead, t sp ead, t shed, t sh ead, t b d, t h de, t h de, t feed, t bleed, t b eed, t speed, t st de, t sl de, t de. A d th s ast, h t, st, b st, eat, beat, sweat, s t, q t, sm t, w t, b t, h t, met, sh t; f m the ve bs t ast, t h t, t st, t b st, t eat, t beat, t sweat, t s t, t q t, t sm te, t w te, t b te, t h t, t meet, t sh t. A d l ke ma e , le t, se t, e t, g t; f m the ve bs t le d, t se d, t e d, t g d. The pa t ple p ete t pass ve s fte f med e stead f ed; as, bee , take , g ve , sla , k w , f m the ve bs t be, t take, t g ve, t slay, t k w. Ma y w ds have tw m e pa t ples, as t ly w tte , b tte , eate , beate , h dde , h dde , sh tte , h se , b ke ; b t l kew se w t, b t, eat, beat, h d, h d, sh t, h se, b ke, a e p m s sly sed the pa t ple, f m the ve bs t w te, t b te, t eat, t beat, t h de, t h de, t sh t, t h se, t b eak, a d ma y s h l ke. I the same ma e , s w , shew , hew , m w , l ade , lade , as well as s w'd, sh w'd, hew'd, m w'd, l aded, laded, f m the ve bs t s w, t sh w, t hew, t m w, t l ad, t lade. C e g these d ble pa t ples t s d ff lt t g ve a y le; b t he shall seld m e wh emembe s, that whe a ve b has a pa t ple d st t f m ts p ete t, as w te, w te, w tte , that d st t pa t ple s m e p pe a d elega t, as The b k s w tte , s bette tha The b k s w te. W te h weve may be sed p et y; at least, f we all w a y a th ty t p ets, wh , the ex ltat f ge s, th k themselves pe haps e t tled t t ample g amma a s.

1. W , sp , beg , sw m, st ke, st k, s g, st g, fl g, g, w g, sp g, sw g, d k, s k, sh k, st k, me, , f d, b d, g d, w d, b th the p ete t mpe fe t a d pa t ple pass ve, g ve w , sp , beg , sw m, st k, st k, s g, st g, fl g, g, w g, sp g, sw g, d k, s k, sh k, st k, me, , f d, b d, g d, w d. A d m st f them a e als f med the p ete t by a, as bega , sa g, a g, sp a g, d a k, ame, a , a d s me the s; b t m st f these a e w bs lete. S me the pa t ple pass ve l kew se take e , as st ke , st ke , d ke , b de .

                                   

                

 

The e a e the

a mal es

the p ete t.

                                    

                                           

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

                                    

                                    

p ed, a d s met mes afte m, , , f sed p at , b t ve y seld m w s at h't, f sh't, wak't, dwel't, smel't f wak'd, dwel'd, smel'd; pla ed, s at hed, smelled.

p e eded by a sh t v wel, t s t g athe tha d; as pla 't, pla 'd, s at h'd, f sh'd, f shed, waked, dwelled,

                                                              



 

 

        

   

 



 

                                        

2. F ght, tea h, ea h, seek, besee h, at h, b y, b g, th k, w k, make f ght, ta ght, a ght, s ght, bes ght, a ght, b ght, b ght, th ght, w ght.

3. Take, shake, f sake, wake, awake, sta d, b eak, speak, bea , shea , swea , tea , wea , weave, leave, st ve, th ve, d ve, sh e, se, a se, sm te, w te, b de, ab de, de, h se, h se, t ead, get, beget, f get, seethe, make b th p ete t a d pa t ple t k, sh k, f s k, w ke, aw ke, st d, b ke, sp ke, b e, sh e, sw e, t e, w e, w ve, l ve, st ve, th ve, d ve, sh e, se, a se, sm te, w te, b de, ab de, de, h se, t de, g t, beg t, f g t, s d. B t we say l kew se, th ve, se, sm t, w t, ab d, d. I the p ete t s me a e l kew se f med by a, as b ake, spake, ba e, sha e, swa e, ta e, wa e, lave, gat, begat, f gat, a d pe haps s me the s, b t m e a ely. I the pa t ple pass ve ma y f them a e f med by e , as take , shake , f sake , b ke , sp ke , b , sh , sw , t , w , w ve , l ve , th ve , d ve , se , sm tte , dde , h se , t dde , g tte , beg tte , f g tte , s dde . A d ma y d l kew se eta the a al gy b th, as waked, awaked, shea ed, weaved, leaved, ab ded, seethed.

* Of DERI ATION.

That the E gl sh la g age may be m e eas ly de st d, t s e essa y t q e h w ts de vat ve w ds a e ded ed f m the p m t ves, a d h w the p m t ves a e b wed f m the la g ages. I th s q y I shall s met mes py D . Wall s, a d s met mes e deav t s pply h s dete ts, a d e t fy h s e s.

The th g mpl ed the ve b, as d e p d ed, s mm ly e the the p ese t f the ve b; as t l ve, l ve; t f ght, a f ght; t f ght, a f ght; the p ete t f the ve b, as t st ke, I st k st k, a st ke.

      

   

       

 

        

     

S bsta t ves, t ve bs: s fte ed; as, t g aze; p

adje wh a h e, t

t ves, a d s met mes h ase the v wel s se, t h se; b ass, p ze; b eath, t b

the pa ts f spee fte le gthe ed, t b aze; glass, t eathe; a f sh, t f

h, a e ha ged the s a t glaze; g ass, sh; l, t

The age t, pe s a t g, s de ted by the syllable e ve b, as l ve , f ghte , st ke .

added t the

 

The a t s the same w th the pa t f ght g, st k g.

ple p ese t, as l v g, f ght g,



     

         

         

  

 



  

 

s a e de

ved f m ve bs.

        

 

   

                    

          

        

5. D aw, k make the lay; the fl w , sla (f m the

w, g w, th w, bl w, w l ke a k, fly, slay, see, ly, p ete t d ew, k ew, g ew, th ew, blew, ew, flew, slew, saw, pa t ples pass ve by , d aw , k w , g w , th w , bl w , , see , l e , la . Yet f m flee s made fled; f m g , we t, ld we d) the pa t ple s g e.

 

4. G ve, b d, s t, make the p ete t gave, bade, sate; pass ve g ve , b dde , s tte ; b t b th b d.

                                                                                                     

the pa t

 

B t a g eat ma y f these eta l kew se the ea hed, besee hed, at hed, w ked.

eg la f m, as tea hed,





 

  

  

 



      

 

   

 

 

       

    

 

ple

S met mes the te m at e s added, espe ally t adje t ves; as, haste, t haste ; le gth, t le gthe ; st e gth, t st e gthe ; sh t, t sh te ; fast, t faste ; wh te, t wh te ; bla k, t bla ke ; ha d, t ha de ; s ft, t s fte . F m s bsta t ves a e f med adje t ves f ple ty, by add g the te m at y: as a l se, l sy; wealth, wealthy; health, healthy; m ght, m ghty; w th, w thy; w t, w tty; l st, l sty; wate , wate y, ea th, ea thy; w d, (a w d) w dy; a , a y; a hea t, hea ty; a ha d, ha dy. F m s bsta t ves a e f med adje t ves f ple ty, by add g the te m at f l, de t g ab da e; as, j y, j yf l; f t, f tf l; y th, y thf l; a e, a ef l; se, sef l; del ght, del ghtf l; ple ty, ple t f l; help, helpf l. S met mes alm st the same se se, b t w th s me k d f d m t the e f, the te m at s me s added, de t g s meth g, s me deg ee; as del ght, del ghts me; game, games me; k, ks me; b de , b de s me; t ble, t bles me; l ght, l ghts me; ha d, ha ds me; al e, l es me; t l, t ls me. O the t a y, the te m at less added t s bsta t ves, makes adje t ves s g fy g wa t; as, w thless, w tless, hea tless, j yless, a eless, helpless. Th s mf t, mf tless; sap, sapless.

U ght eve t be p ef xed t a pa t ple p ese t t ma k a f bea a e f a t , as s gh g, b t a p vat f hab t, as p ty g.

The p ep s t ve pa t les d s a d m s, de ved f m the des a d mes f the F e h, s g fy alm st the same as ; yet d s athe mp ts t a ety

     

  

                    

I b w s al t mp pe ; pa t le,

g adje t ves, f we eta the pa t le p b t f we b w the we mm ly p ef x

e e ve them al eady ef xed, as de e t, adje t ve, a d add the , as p l te, galla

mp ded, t s elega t, p vat ve t.

 

U s p ef xed t m st s bsta t ves wh h have a E gl sh te m at as fe t le ess, pe fe t ess, wh h, f they have b wed te m at s, take m, as fe t l ty, mpe fe t ; v l, v l ty; a t ve, a t v ty.

    

 

     

 

              

          

 

  

s p ef xed t all pa t ples made p vat ve adje t ves, as feel g, ass st g, a ded, del ghted, e dea ed.





  

   

                       

s p ef xed t all w ds ta ght, ha ds me.

g ally E gl sh, as

t e,

t th,



The g al E gl sh p vat ve s Lat , ts des e da ts, w ds al eff a s, mp s, d s eet, have falle t f s , f m wh them.

; b t as we fte b w t m the eady s g fy g p vat , as the sepa able pa t les a d h t s t easy t d se ta gle



  

       

P vat t a ety s ve y fte p ef xed t ma y adje t ves, bef pleasa t, pleasa t; w se, w se; p mpat e t. Th s w thy, healthy,

de ted by the pa t ple e w ds de ved f m the Lat ; as f table, p f table, pat e t, f tf l, sef l, a d ma y m e.

   

              

           

  

    

            

        

       

         

          



 

l; f the , t

f the ; f wa d, t f

wa d; h de , t

h de .

       

    

    

  

       

   

W ds de ved f m Lat w tte w th de d s eta the same s g f at ; as d st g sh, d st g ; det a t, det ah ; defame, defam ; deta , det e .

Yet st ll the e s a the f m f d m t am g the E gl sh, by lesse g the s d tself, espe ally f v wels, as the e s a f m f a gme t g them by e la g g eve le gthe g t; a d that s met mes t s m h by ha ge f the lette s, as f the p at ; as, s p, s p, s p, s p, s ppet, whe e, bes des the exte at f the v wel, the e s added the F e h te m at et; t p, t p; sp t, sp t; babe, baby; b by, ; gre t r n nced l ng, es ec lly f w th str nger s nd, gre -t; l ttle, r n nced l ng lee-tle; t ng, t ng, t ng, m rts s ccess n f sm ller nd then gre ter s nds; nd s n j ngle, j ngle, t ngle, t ngle, nd m ny ther m de w rds. M ch h wever f th s s rb tr ry nd f nc f l, de end ng wh lly n r l tter nce, nd theref re sc rcely w rthy the n t ce f W ll s. by dd ng the r cter r q l t es: sk lf l, d, w d wh d,

L ke these re s me w rds der ved fr m verbs; d e, de th; t ll, t lth; gr w, gr wth; m w, l ter m wth, fter m wth; c mm nly s ken nd wr tten

 

There re ther bstr cts, rtly der ved fr m dject verbs, wh ch re f rmed by the dd t n f the term n ch nge be ng s met mes m de; s l ng, length; str ng, bre dth; w de, w dth, dee , de th; tr e, tr th; w rm, sl w, sl wth; merry, m rth; he l, he lth; well, we l, y ng, y th; nd s m n, m nth.

ves, nd rtly fr m t n th, sm ll strength; br d, w rmth; de r, de rth; we lth; dry, dr ght;

 

Of c ncrete dject ves re m de bstr ct s bst nt ves, term n t n ness; nd few n h d r he d, n t ng ch s wh te, wh teness; h rd, h rdness; gre t, gre tness; sk lf lness, nsk lf lness; g dhe d, m nh d, m denhe kn ghth d, r esth d, l kel h d, f lseh d.

                                                     

 

                           

We have f ms f d m t ves h ll, a h ll k; a k, a te m at : a g se, a g sl lambk ; a h k, a h ke ; Halk , whe e the pat ym

s bsta t ves, th k el; a p ke, a p g; th s s a Ge ma a ma , a ma k ; a k, Hawk s; W lk ,

gh k el; te m p pe, Th mk

t f eq e t; as a th s s a F e h at : a lamb, a a p pk ; a d th s , a d the s.

The te m at sh added t adje t ves, mp ts d m t ; a d added t s bsta t ves, mp ts s m l t de te de y t a ha a te ; as g ee , g ee sh; wh te, wh t sh; s ft, s ft sh; a th ef, th ev sh; a w lf, w lf sh; a h ld, h ld sh.

The same te m at ly, added t adje t ves, f ms adve bs f l ke s g f at ; as, bea t f l, bea t f lly; sweet, sweetly; that s, bea t f l ma e ; w th s me deg ee f sweet ess.

        

  

    

 



      

         

 

               

The te m at ly added t f ms adje t ves that mp f med by t a t f l ea thly; heave , heave ly;

                                       

s bsta t ves, a d s t s me k d f s m l k l ke. A g a t, w ld, w ldly; G d, met mes t adje t de ag eeme g a tly, g a tl g dly; g d, g a

tha p vat s ates s w ds male t g a e, t m s ha e, m t empl y, t

, s e t a swe s t the Lat p ep s t de. M s me e , a d f the m st pa t may be e de ed by the Lat pe pe am. T l ke, t d sl ke; h , d sh ; t h , d sh , t d sg a e; t de g , t d sde g ; ha e, hap, shap; t take, t m stake; deed, m sdeed; t se, t m s se; m sempl y, t apply, t m sapply.

t ves, t, be g ke; ea th, dly.

 

          

        

  

     

 



 

                    

        

l ter m th, fter m th; ste l, ste lth; be r, b rth, r e, r th; nd r b bly e rth, fr m t e r r l w; fly, fl ght; we gh, we ght; fr y, fr ght; dr w, dr ght. These sh ld r ther be wr tten fl ghth, fr ghth, nly th t c st m w ll n t s ffer h t be tw ce re e ted. The s me f rm ret n f th, s ght, wre the, wr th, br th, fr th, bre th, s th, w rth, l ght, w ght, nd the l ke, wh se r m t ves re e ther ent rely bs lete, r seld m cc r. Perh s they re der ved fr m fey r f y, s ry, wry, wre k, brew, m w, fry, br y, s y, w rk.

S me end ng n sh , m ly n ff ce, em l yment, r c nd t n; s, k ngsh , w rdsh , g rd nsh , rtnersh , stew rdsh , he dsh , l rdsh .

S me few end ng n d m, r ck, w ck, d es ec lly den te d m n n, t le st st te r c nd t n; s, k ngd m, d ked m, e rld m, r nced m, ed m, Chr stend m, freed m, w sd m, wh red m, b sh r ck, b l w ck. Ment nd ge re l nly French term n t ns nd re f the s me m rt w th s s m ng them, sc rcely ever cc rr ng, exce t n w rds der ved fr m the French, s c mm ndment, s ge. There re n Engl sh ften l ng tr ns f w rds ll ed by the r me n ng nd der v t n; s, t be t, b t, b t n, b ttle, beetle, b ttled re, t b tter, b tter, k nd f gl t n s c m s t n f r f d, m de by be t ng d fferent b d es nt ne m ss. All these re f s m l r s gn f c t n, nd erh s der ved fr m the L t n b t . Th s t ke, t ch, t ckle, t ck, t ckle; ll m ly l c l c nj nct n fr m the L t n t ng , tet g , t ct m. Fr m tw re f rmed tw n, tw ce, twenty, twelve, tw ns, tw ne, tw st, tw rl, tw g, tw tch, tw nge, between, betw xt, tw l ght, tw b l. The f ll w ng rem rks, extr cted fr m W ll s, re ngen s b t f m re s btlety th n s l d ty, nd s ch s erh s m ght n every l ng ge be enl rged w th t end. Sn s lly m ly the n se, nd wh t rel tes t t. Fr m the L t n n s s re der ved the French nez nd the Engl sh n se; nd nesse, r m nt ry, s r ject ng l ke n se. t s f fr m the c ns n nts ns t ken fr m n s s, nd tr ns sed th t they m y the better c rres nd, sn den te n s s; nd thence re der ved m ny w rds th t rel te t the n se, s sn t, sneeze, sn re, sn rt,sne r, sn cker, sn t, sn vel, sn te, sn ff, sn ffle, sn ffle, sn rl, sn dge. There s n ther sn wh ch m y erh s be der ved fr m the L t n s n , s sn ke, sne k, sn l, sn re; s l kew se sn nd sn tch, sn b, sn b. l m ly bl st; s bl w, bl st, t bl st, t bl ght, nd, met h r c lly, t bl st ne's re t t n; ble t, ble k, ble k l ce, t l k ble k, r we ther-be ten, bl ck, bl y, ble ch, bl ster, bl rt, bl ster, bl b, bl dder, blew, bl bber l 't, bl bber-cheek't, bl ted, bl te-herr ngs, bl st, bl ze, t bl w, th t s, bl ss m, bl m; nd erh s bl d nd bl sh.

In the n t ve w rds f r t ng e s t be f nd gre t greement between the letters nd the th ng s gn f ed; nd theref re the s nds

 

 

    

 

     

           

 

  

Th s w rsh , th t s, w rthsh ; whence w rsh f l,

nd t w rsh .

   

  

           

   

       

          

 

    

    

          

   

 

     

 

     

     

    

f the letters sm ller, sh r er, l der, cl ser, s fter, str nger, cle rer, m re bsc re, nd m re str d l s, d very ften nt m te the l ke effects n the th ngs s gn f ed. Th s w rds th t beg n w th str nt m te the f rce nd effect f the th ng s gn f ed, s f r b bly der ved fr m , or tr n o ; trong, tr ngth, tr w, tr k , tr k, trok , tr , tr v , tr f , tr ggl , tro t, tr t, tr tch, tr t, tr ct, tr ght, th t , n rrow, d tr n, tr , d tr , tr ng, tr , tr m, tr m r, tr nd, tr , tr y, tr ggl , tr ng , tr d , tr d l .

Thr m ly mor v ol nt d gr of mot on, throw, thr t, throng, throb, thro gh, thr t, thr t n, thr ll, throw . Wr m ly om ort of obl ty or d tort on, wry, to wr th , wr t, wr tl , wr ng, wrong, wr nch, wr nch, wr ngl , wr nkl , wr th, wr k, wr ck, wr tch, wr t, wr . Sw m ly l nt g t t on, or oft r k nd of l t r l mot on; w y, w g, to w y, w gg r, w rv , w t, w , w ll, w m, w ng, w ft, w t, w tch, w ng .

Cl d not k nd of dh on or t n c ty, n cl v , cl y, cl ng, cl mb, cl mb r, cl mmy, cl , to cl , to cl , to cl nch, clo k, clog, clo , to clo , clod, clot, clot of blood, clo t d cr m, cl tt r, cl t r.

Sl d not k nd of l nt f ll, or l ob rv bl mot on; n l m , l d , l , l r, ly, l ght, l t, low, l ck, l ght,

Nor th r m ch d ff r nc of m n mooth, m g, m l , m rk, m t ; wh ch gn f th m to tr k , b t oft r word; m ll, m ll, m ck, moth r, m rt, m rt blow ro rly gn f ch k nd of trok w th n or g n lly l nt mot on, m l d n m, roc d to ck v ol nc , d not d by r dd nly nd d, hown by t.

m ly k nd of d t on or x n on, c lly ck on , rt c l rly f th r b n r, f t w r from rgo or ro: for x m l , r d, r ng, r g, ro t, r nkl , l t, l nt r, ll, t, tt r, tt r.

n l k m nn r m ly tr ngth, b t n l d gr , o m ch only ff c nt to r rv wh t h b n lr dy comm n c t d, r th r th n c r ny n w d gr ; f t w r d r v d from th L t n to; for x m l , t nd, t y, th t , to r m n, or to ro ; t ff, t y, th t , to o o ; to , to t ff, t fl , to t y, th t , to to ; t y, th t , n ob t cl ; t ck, t t, t tt r, t mm r, t gg r, t ckl , t ck, t k , h r , l , nd ny th ng d o t d t l y; tock, t m, t ng, to t ng, t nk, t tch, t d, t nch on, t b, t bbl , to t b , t m , wh nc t mbl , t lk, to t lk, t , to t m w th th f t, wh nc to t m , th t , to m k n m r on nd t m ; tow, to tow, to b tow, t w rd, or tow rd; t d, t dy, t df t, t bl , t bl , t ll, to t ll, tool, t ll, t ll, t ll, t ll g , t g , t ll, dj ct v , nd t ll, dv rb: t l , to t, t rdy, t d, to t, t ll on, t ff, t rk-d d, to t rv w th h ng r or cold; ton , t l, t rn, t nch, to t nch blood, to t r , t , t l , t r, t nd rd, t t d m r , t t ly. In ll th , nd rh om oth r , t d not om th ng f rm nd f x d.

St

 

 

  

l ng, l .

In l k m nn r, n k, k, l, ll, br wl, wr l, y l, l, cr k, hr k, hr ll, h r , hr v l, wr nkl , cr ck, cr h, cl h, gn h, l h, cr h, h h, h , f , wh t, oft, j r, h rl, c rl, wh rl, b z, b tl , ndl , dw ndl , tw n , tw t, nd n m ny mor , w m y ob rv th gr m nt of ch ort of o nd w th th th ng gn f d; nd th o fr ntly h n , th t c rc ny l ng g wh ch I know c n b com r d w th o r . So th t on mono yll bl word, of wh ch k nd r lmo t ll o r , m h t c lly x r wh t n oth r l ng g c n c rc b x l n d b t by com o nd , or d com o nd , or om t m t d o c rc mloc t on.

W h v m ny word borrow d from th L t n; b t th gr t t rt of th m w r comm n c t d by th nt rv nt on of th Fr nch; , gr c , f c , l g nt, l g nc , r mbl .

Noth ng mor r nt th n th t W ll go too f r n t of or g n l . M ny of th wh ch m l ct d mm d t d c nd nt from th L t n, r r ntly Fr nch, , conc v , rov , x o ,

From th n , d ono; x t t ,

l c t , x t or;

l co; d mon tr t , d mon tro; d r , r mo; x m t, x mo.

From th r d , d

nt r form d c o; rov ,

nd, x nd, x ndo; cond c , cond co; robo; conc v , conc o. o ,

Som v rb wh ch m borrow d from th t n , nd om from th n .

L t n, r

form d from th

nt

In n mbl , th c t n of th vow l d not c l r ty. In d not d t on, r n c t cr ckl ng, k dd n nt rr fr nt t r t on; nd n l k m nn r n r nkl , nl m ly th bt lty of th d t d g tt l . Th ck nd th n th t th form r nd w th n obt con on nt, nd th l tt r c t .

If th r b n l, n j ngl , t ngl , t nkl , m ngl , r nkl , tw nkl , th r m l d fr ncy, or t r t on of m ll ct . And th m fr ncy of ct , b t l bt l by r on of th cl r r vow l , nd c t d n j ngl , t ngl , ngl , m ngl , wr ngl , br ngl , d ngl ; l o n m mbl , gr mbl , j mbl . B t t th m t m th clo m l om th ng ob c r or obt nd d; nd cong r of con on nt mbl, d not conf d k nd of roll ng or t mbl ng, n r mbl , c mbl , cr mbl , w mbl , mbl ; b t n th th r om th ng c t .

rkl , t on, l n m y d ff r n w th n

Th n fl ng, l ng, d ng, w ng, cl ng, ng, wr ng, t ngl ng of th t rm n t on ng, nd th h r n of th th cont n t on of v ry l nd r mot on or tr mor, t v n h ng, b t not dd nly nt rr t d. B t n t nk, w cl nk, ch nk, th nk, th t nd n m t con on nt, th r nd c t d dd n nd ng.

t ng, th vow l , m ly l ngth nd d nk, nk, l o

And o l k l h, tr h, n cr om th ng nd c t d th cont n

w h, n cr h, r h, g h, fl h, cl h, h, nd c t om th ng ct ng mor n mbly nd h, r h, g h, fl h, bl h, br h, h h, ct ng mor obt ly nd d lly. Y t n both w ft nd dd n mot on not n t nt n o , b d o nd, h.

l h, l h, h r ly. B t h, m ly th r t gr d l, by

x m t.

Som word r ly Fr nch, not d r v d from th L t n, w h v tr n f rr d nto o r l ng g ; , g rd n, g rt r, b ckl r, to dv nc , to cry, to l d, from th Fr nch j rd n, j rt r, bo cl r, v nc r, cr r, l d r; tho gh, nd d, v n of th rt of L t n or g n l.

O r ncest rs were st d s t f rm b rr wed w rds, h wever l ng, nt m n syll bles; nd n t nly c t ff the f rm t ve term n t ns, b t cr ed the f rst syll ble, es ec lly n w rds beg nn ng w th v wel; nd rejected n t nly v wels n the m ddle, b t l kew se c ns n nts f we ker s nd, ret n ng the str nger, wh ch seem the b nes f w rds, r ch ng ng them f r thers f the s me rg n, n rder th t the s nd m ght bec me the s fter; b t es ec lly tr ns s ng the r rder, th t they m ght the m re re d ly be r n nced w th t the ntermed te v wels. F r ex m le n ex end , s end; exem l m, s m le; exc , sc e; extr ne s, str nge; extr ct m, stretch'd; excr c , t screw; exsc r , t sc r; exc r , t sc rge; exc rt c , t scr tch; nd thers beg nn ng w th ex: s ls , emend , t mend; e sc s, b sh , n D n sh b s ; e st l , e stle; h s t le, s ttle; H s n , S n; h st r , st ry.

The f ll w ng re s mewh t h rder, Alex nder, S nder; El s beth , etty; s, bee; er, b r; ss ng nt b, s n b sh ; nd by c tt ng ff fr m the beg nn ng, wh ch s rest red n the m ddle; b t f r the ld b r r b re, we n w s y b r; s f r l ng, l ng, f r b n, b ne; f r st ne, st ne; r gn , br wn, , be ng ch nged nt b nd tr ns sed, s n er, nd g ch nged nt w, s n gn s, wn; lege, l w; , o , c g o e beg g, c g g o , s e s, e ; s, o ; e , e ; vo , e ; o o, e; eo, m eo, , ; sc s, s ; s os g o o e m e, c s ke om e beg g; e , ece; e k, ke; o o s, eese; m s m, s m; e e s o, e ce; s e s o , s e ce ; sc o, esco e , F . sco ; e sc o, sc e; es o g s e o , e ce sc , sc bb e, sc ; e c o, scoo ; e e s, s ; e o s, o s, s o ' ; s om c s, m ; o e o, e ; obs o, s o ; e e, e; c ve e, e; e ce,

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M ny f these etym l g es re d btf l,

nd s me ev dently m st ken.

            

A to m ny word wh ch w h v n common w th th G rm n , t do btf l wh th r th old T ton borrow d th m from th L t n , or th L t n from th T ton , or both h d th m from om common or g n l; w n , v n m; w nd, v nt ; w nt, v n ; w y, v , w ll, v ll m; w llow, volvo; wool, v ll ; w ll, volo; worm, v rm ; worth, v rt ; w , v ; d y, d ; dr w, tr ho; t m , domo, ; yoke, j g m, ; ver, er, s er, ; m, s m, ; br k, fr ngo; fly, volo; blow, flo. I m k no do bt b t th T ton ck mor nc nt th n th L t n: nd t no l c rt n, th t th L t n, wh ch borrow d gr t n mb r of word not only from th Gr k, c lly th ol ck, b t from oth r n ghbo r ng l ng g , th O c n nd oth r , wh ch h v long b com ob ol t , r c v d not f w from th T ton ck. It c rt n, th t th Engl h, G rm n, nd oth r T ton ck l ng g , r t n d om d r v d from th Gr k, wh ch th L t n h not; , x, ch , m t, ford, f rd, d ght r, tocht r, m ckl , m ngl , moon, r, o r, gr v , gr ff, to gr v , to cr , whol , from , , , , , , , , , . S nce they rece ved these mmed tely fr m the Greeks, w th t the ntervent n f the L t n l ng ge, why m y n t ther w rds be der ved mmed tely fr m the s me f nt n, th gh they be l kew se f nd m ng the L t ns?

                                         

 

                             

 

- e, be e, y, , g; o e L v co so o me y so e ke o , e mo e so o e v co so s o me y o e e e , s, e o ck g mm , c e so o , e mo e so o e e e s o e G eek o ; c s, ce e, ce , so e, e ce so y, so o , so o ; ge m, e g e, g , sc e s, e g, ess yo o e e ve om , he ce c o; fu d bu um, fu e ; gagates, jett, projectum, to jett forth, a jetty; cucu us, a co .

There are sy copes some hat harder; from tempore, t me; from om e, ame, dom a, dame; as the Fre ch homme, femme, om, from hom e, fm a, om e. Thus pag a, page; , pot; , c ; c s, c ; e o m, e ; eco , y; e , ey; s ec o, s ec o , s y; co, y; m co, m y; e co, e y; com co, com y; se es e sco s, see. A vo e s so c o e m e, e mbe o e sy b es m y be esse e ; s m , ; s s, s g ; eb m, eb ; b o, o b ; comes, com s, co ; c e c s, c e k; e s, , e; c e o, o c ; se o, o s e; s b s, s b e; s b m, s b e; c m, ce, ce; b , , , , b , b e, b b e; s o, es .

T e co c o s m y seem e , e e m y o em mee , s , kyrk, ch rch; resbyter, r est; s cr st n s, sext n; fr ng , freg , bre k, bre ch; f g s, , beec , c ge o b, g o c , c e e e s e k ; gesco, ee e, gesco, es , sc o s , s bove b s o , s , so sc , sk , sk , e gesco, e es ; b v esco, es ; ebo m s, e m; bov , bee ; v , ve ; sc e , s e; e , e ce; s c m, s c y, se y; s o, c se; e s o, c se; g , ee ; s , s e, e, s , ; s e , s e , e , eyg , mo e co c e y ey, e ce O s ey, R ey, E y; e m e, o sc ; me y, by ejec g om e beg g e e o, cco g o e s m e , e em e m , c e S o s, o o se , cs me , o sc me , s co c e o sc : s om om s, o ; om e, o ; bom o, b ; ee m e me ; ey e o sc me; o c e s y s me, by se g o e o e e m m g; es s, s o e; se e, s oo ; , wet; s d , swe t; g d m, g y; j c s, j y; s cc s, j ce; c ten , ch n; c l g , c lg ; ch se, ch sse, French, h se; ext ng , st nd, sq ench, q ench, st nt; f r s, f rth; s ec es, s ce; rec t , re d; dj v , d; , vum, ay, age, ever; f occus, oc ; excerpo, scrape, scrabb e, scra ; extravagus, stray, stragg e; co ectum, c ot, c utch; co go, co : reco go, reco ; severo, s ear; str du us, shr ; procurator, proxy; pu so, to push; ca amus, a qu ; mpetere, to mpeach; augeo, aux , ax; a d va esco, va u , a e; sy abare, to spe ; puteus, p t; gra um, cor ; compr mo, cramp, crump, crump e, cr e.

Some may seem harsher, yet may ot be rejected, for t at east appears, that some of them are der ved from proper ames, a d there are others hose etymo ogy s ac o edged by every body; as, A exa der,

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so co so , o e s o e o so e b e, o s, o ; g s, ; sec e; eg , e; s b s, s b e; ome , o com o, co ; s b e s, s e , soo ; s e e ; m b e, m ve ; s m g s, m ; g o c m, ; go, ; , e c .

so , o eve s, s e; eg ; ec s, e e, o so ; e , e g ; go,

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, ; c s

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o e m, ;

E c , Sca der, Sa der, Sa dy, Sa y; E zabetha, E zabeth, E sabeth, Betty, Bess; Margareta, Margaret, Marget, Meg, Peg; Mar a, Mary, Ma , Pa , Ma , Ma , Ma es; Mathus, Mattha, Matthe ; Martha, Mat, Pat; Gu e mus, W he mus, G ro amo, Gu aume, W am, W , B , W , W c e , W c s, Wee s. Thus car ophy us, f os; gerof o, Ita a , g r f ee, g ofer, Fre ch, g f o er, h ch the vu gar ca ju yf o er, as f der ved from the mo th Ju y; petrose um, pars ey; portu aca, purs a ; cydo um, qu ce; cydo atum, qu dde y; pers cum, peach; eruca, eru e, h ch they corrupt to ear g, as f t too ts ame from the ear; a u us gem us, a g mma , or g mba -r g; a d thus the ord g mba or jumba s tra sferred to other th gs thus ter ove ; que ques choses, c sha s. S ce the or g of these, a d ma y others, ho ever forced, s ev de t, t ought to appear o o der to a y o e f the a c e ts have thus d sf gured ma y, espec a y as they so much affected mo osy ab es; a d, to ma e the sou d the softer, too th s berty of ma m g, ta g a ay, cha g g, tra spos g, a d softe g them.

The same ord, accord g to ts d ffere t s g f cat o s, ofte has a d ffere t or g ; as, to bear a burde , from fero; but to bear, he ce b rth, bor , ba r , comes from par o; a d a bear, at east f t be of Lat or g a , from fera. Thus perch, a f sh, from perca; but perch, a measure, from pert ca, a d e se to perch. To spe s from sy aba; but spe , a cha tme t, by h ch t s be eved that the bou dar es are so f xed a ds that o e ca pass them aga st the master's , from expe o; a d spe , a messe ger, from ep sto a; he ce gospe , good-spe , or god-spe . Thus freese, or freeze, from fr gesco; but freeze, a arch tecto c ord, from zophorus; but freeze, for c oth, from Fr s a, or perhaps from fr gesco, as be g more f t tha a y other for eep g out the co d.

There are ma y ords amo g us, eve mo osy ab es, compou ded of t o or more ords, at east serv g stead of compou ds, a d compr s g the s g f cat o of more ords that o e; as, from scr p a d ro comes scro ; from proud a d da ce, pra ce; from st of the verb stay or sta d a d out, s made stout; from stout a d hardy, sturdy; from sp of sp t or spe , a d out, comes spout; from the same sp th the term at o , s sp ; a d add g out, sp out: a d from the same sp, th t, s sp t, h ch o y d ffers from spout that t s sma er, a d th ess o se a d force; but sputter s, because of the obscure u, someth g bet ee sp t a d spout: a d by reaso of add g r, t t mates a freque t terat o a d o se, but obscure y co fused; hereas spatter, o accou t of the sharper a d c earer vo e a, t mates a more d st ct po se, h ch t ch ef y d ffers from sputter. From the same sp a d the term at o ar , comes spar , s g fy g a s g e em ss o of f re th a o se; ame y sp, the em ss o , ar, the more acute o se, a d , the mute co so a t, t mates ts be g sudde y term ated; but add g , s made the freque tat ve spar e. The same sp, by add g r, that s spr, mp es a more ve y mpetus of d ffus g or expa d g tse f; to h ch add g the term at o g, t becomes spr g: ts v gour spr mports; ts sharp ess the term at o g; a d ast y acute a d tremu ous, e d g the mute co so a t g, de otes the sudde e d g of a y mot o , that t s mea t ts pr mary s g f cat o , of a s g e, ot

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But h e e der ve these from the Lat , I ma y of them d d ot mmed ate y come to us Dutch, a d Teuto c a guages, a d other d ate y from the Fre ch or Ita a s, or Spa

do ot mea to say, that from the Saxo , Da sh, a ects; a d some ta e more ards.

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a comp cated ex t o . He ce e ca spr g hatever has a e ast c force; as a so a fou ta of ater, a d the ce the or g of a y th g: a d to spr g, to germ ate, a d spr g, o e of the four seaso s. From the same spr a d out, s formed sprout, a d t the term at o g, spr g; of h ch the fo o g, for the most part, s the d ffere ce: sprout, of a grosser sou d, mports a fatter or grosser bud; spr g, of a s e derer sou d, de otes a sma er shoot. I e ma er, from str of the verb str ve, a d out, comes strout, a d strut. From the same str, a d the term at o ugg e, s made strugg e; a d th s g mports, but thout a y great o se, by reaso of the obscure sou d of the vo e u. I e ma er, from thro a d ro s made tro , a d a most the same se se s tru d e, from thro or thrust, a d ru d e. Thus graff or grough s compou ded of grave a d rough; a d trudge from tread or trot, a d drudge.

I these observat o s t s easy to d scover great sagac ty a d great extravaga ce, a ab ty to do much defeated by the des re of do g more tha e ough. It may be remar ed,

3. That he der ves from the Lat , ofte th great harsh ess a d v o e ce, ords appare t y Teuto c ; a d therefore, accord g to h s o dec arat o , probab y o der tha the to gue to h ch he refers them.

4. That some of h s der vat o s are appare t y erro eous. * SYNTAX. The estab shed pract ce of grammar a s requ res that I shou d here treat of the Sy tax; but our a guage has so tt e f ect o , or var ety of term at o s, that ts co struct o e ther requ res or adm ts ma y ru es. Wa s, therefore, has tota y eg ected t; a d Jo so , hose des re of fo o g the r ters upo the ear ed a guages made h m th a sy tax d spe sab y ecessary, has pub shed such petty observat o s as ere better om tted. * * * *

A prepos t o s requ re a ob que case: as, He gave th s to me; He too th s from me; He says th s of me; He came th me.

"

Verbs tra s t ve requ re a

ob que case; as, He

oves me; You fear h m.

Of t o substa t ves the ou possess ve father's g ory; The su 's heat.

Our adject ves a d pro ou s are

var ab e. s the ge t ve; as, H s

The verb, as other a guages, agrees th the om at ve perso ; as, Thou f est from good; He ru s to death.

umber a d

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2. That he ma es from the Lat , a therefore afford a s of der vat o

o d st ct o bet ee ords mmed ate y der ved by us d those h ch be g cop ed from other a guages, ca o examp e of the ge us of the E g sh a guage, or ts .

1. That Wa s's der vat o s are ofte so made, that by the same a y a guage may be deduced from a y other.

ce se

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PROSODY. It s commo for those that de ver the grammar of moder a guages, to om t the Prosody. So that of the Ita a s s eg ected by Buomatte ; that of the Fre ch by Desmara s; aad that of the E g sh by Wa s, Cooper, a d eve by Jo so , though a poet. But as the a s of metre are c uded the dea of grammar, I have thought proper to sert them. PROSODY compr ses orthoepy, or the ru es of pro u c at o ; a d orthometry, or the a s of vers f cat o . Pro u c at o s just, he every etter has ts proper sou d, a d every sy ab e has ts proper acce t, or, h ch E g sh vers f cat o s the same, ts proper qua t ty. The sou ds of the etters have bee a ready exp a ed; a d ru es for the acce t or qua t ty are ot eas y to be g ve , be g subject to umerab e except o s. Such, ho ever, as I have read or formed, I sha here propose. 1. Of d ssy ab es, formed by aff x g a term at o , the former sy ab e s commo y acce ted, as ch d sh, gdom, ctest, cted, t some, ver, scffer, farer, fremost, za ous, f ess, gd y, me y, rt st.

2. D ssy ab es formed by pref x g a sy ab e to the rad ca ord, have commo y the acce t o the atter; as to begt, to besem, to best . 3. Of d ssy ab es, h ch are at o ce ou s a d verbs, the verb has commo y the acce t o the atter, a d the ou o the former sy ab e; as, to desc t, a dsca t; to cem t, a cme t; to co trct, a c tract.

6. D ssy ab e verbs term at g a co so a t a d e f a , as comprse, escpe; or hav g a d phtho g the ast sy ab e, as appase, reva ; or e d g t o co so a ts, as att d; have the acce t o the atter sy ab e.

8. Tr ssy ab es formed by add g a term at o , or pref x g a sy ab e, reta the acce t of the rad ca ord; as, ve ess, t der ess, co tm er, go er, phs ca , besptter, cmme t g, comm d g, ass ra ce.

9. Tr ssy ab es e d g ous, as grc ous, rduous; o , as m t o ; acce t the f rst.

a , as cp ta ;

7. D ssy ab e ou s hav g a d phtho g the atter sy ab e, have commo y the r acce t o the atter sy ab e, as app use; except ords a , crta , mo ta .

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5. D ssy ab e ou s former sy ab e.

er, as c

er, b tter, have the acce t o the

4. A d ssy ab es e d g y, as cr y; our, as bour, fvour; o , as o , o , except a ; e, as btt e, bb e; sh, as b sh; c , as cmbr c , cssoc ; ter, as to btter; age, as co rage, e , as fste ; et, as quet; acce t the former sy ab e.

Th s ru e has ma y except o s. Though verbs se dom have the r acce t o the former, yet ou s ofte have t o the atter sy ab e; as de ght, perf me.

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11. Tr ssy ab es e d g y, as t ty, spc fy, berty, vctory, s bs dy, commo y acce t the f rst sy ab e. 12. Tr ssy ab es re or e acce t the f rst sy ab e, as g b e, thatre, except d scp e, a d some ords h ch have a pos t o , as exmp e, epst e.

15. Tr ssy ab es that have the r acce t o the ast sy ab e are commo y Fre ch, as acqu sce, reparte, magaz e, or ords formed by pref x g o e or t o sy ab es to a acute sy ab e, as mmat re, overchrge. 16. Po ysy ab es, or ords of more tha three sy ab es, fo o the acce t of the ords from h ch they are der ved, as rrogat g, c t e cy, c t e t y, comm dab e, comm cab e ess. We shou d therefore say d sp tab e, d sp tab e; rather tha dsputab e, dsputab e; a d advertseme t, rather tha advrt seme t. 17. Words o have the acce t upo the a tepe u t, as sa vt o , perturbt o , co cct o ; ords atour or ator o the pe u t, as ded ctor. 18. Words e d g e commo y have the acce t o the f rst sy ab e, as m cab e, u ess the seco d sy ab e have a vo e before t o co so a ts, as comb st b e.

20. Words e d g ty have the r acce t o the a tepe u t, as pus a m ty, actv ty. These ru es are ot adva ced as comp ete or fa b e, but proposed as usefu . A most every ru e of every a guage has ts except o s; a d E g sh, as other to gues, much must be ear ed by examp e a d author ty. Perhaps more a d better ru es may be g ve that have escaped my observat o .

Our amb c measure compr ses verses Of four sy ab es, Most good, most fa r,

The feet of our verses are e ther as h y, fty.

amb c , as a ft, crete; or trocha c ,

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VERSIFICATION s the arra geme t of a certa to certa a s.

umber of sy ab es accord g

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19. Words e d g vo ptuous.

ous have the acce ts o the a tepe u t, as uxr ous,

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14. Tr ssy ab es e d g ator or atour, as cretour; or hav g m dd e sy ab e a d phtho g, as e devour; or a vo e before t o co so a ts, as domst c ; acce t the m dd e sy ab e.

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ude commo y acce t the f rst sy ab e, as p tude. the

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10. Tr ssy ab es e d g ce, cu te a ce, c t e ce, rmame they be der ved from ords hav acqu ta ce; or the m dd e sy prom gate.

e t, a d ate, acce t the f rst sy ab e, as t, mm e t, ega t, prpagate, except g the acce t o the ast, as co va ce, ab e hath a vo e before t o co so a ts, as

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Of s x, Th s h e e are abroad, Sha e ot touch our yre? Sha e ot s g a ode? Or sha that ho y f re, I us that stro g y g o 'd, I th s co d a r exp re? Though the utmost pea , A h e e do rema , Amo gst the mou ta s b ea , Expos'd to s eet a d ra , No sport our hours sha brea , To exerc se our ve . What though br ght Phbus' beams Refresh the souther grou d, A d though the pr ce y Thames W th beauteous ymphs abou d, A d by o d Camber's streams Be ma y o ders fou d: Yet ma y r vers c ear Here g de s ver s athes, A d hat of a most dear, Buxto 's de c ous baths, Stro g a e a d ob e chear, T' ass age breem ters scathes. I p aces far or ear, Or famous, or obscure, Where ho som s the a r, Or here the most mpure, A t mes, a d every here, The muse s st ure.

Of te , h ch

s the commo

measure of hero c a d trag c

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A d may at ast my eary age F d out the peacefu herm tage, The ha ry go , a d mossy ce , Where I may s t, a d ght y spe Of ev'ry star the s y doth she , A d ev'ry herb that s ps the de .

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Of e ght, h ch

s the usua measure for short poems,

M to . poetry,

W th rav sh'd ears The mo arch hears.

Dryde .

Drayto .

Or th gs as rare, To ca you's ost; For a the cost Words ca besto , So poor y sho Upo your pra se, That a the ays Se se hath, come short.

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Drayto .

Fu the m dst of th s created space, Bet xt heav' , earth, a d s es, there sta ds a p ace Co f g o a three; th tr p e bou d; Whe ce a th gs, though remote, are v e 'd arou d, A d th ther br g the r u du at g sou d. The pa ace of oud Fame, her seat of po 'r, P ac'd o the summ t of a ofty to 'r; A thousa d d g e tr es o g a d de Rece ve of fresh reports a f o g t de. A thousa d cra es the a s are made; Nor gate or bars exc ude the busy trade. T s bu t of brass, the better to d ffuse The spread g sou ds, a d mu t p y the e s; Where echoes repeated echoes p ay: A mart for ever fu ; a d ope ght a d day. Nor s e ce s th , or vo ce express, But a deaf o se of sou ds that ever cease; Co fus'd a d ch d g, e the ho o roar Of t des, reced g from th' su ted shore; Or e the bro e thu der heard from far, Whe Jove to d sta ce dr ves the ro g ar. The courts are f 'd th a tumu tuous d , Of crouds, or ssu g forth, or e t'r g : A thorough-fare of e s; here some dev se Th gs ever heard, some m g e truth th es: The troub ed a r th empty sou ds they beat, I te t to hear, a d eager to repeat. Dryde . I a these measures the acce ts are to be p aced o eve sy ab es; a d every e co s dered by tse f s more harmo ous, as th s ru e s more str ct y observed. The var at o s ecessary to p easure be o g to the art of poetry, ot the ru es of grammar.

Of f ve, I the days of o d, Stor es p a y to d, Lovers fe t a oy. Of seve ,

O d Ba ad.

These are the measures h ch are o use, a d above the rest those of seve , e ght, a d te sy ab es. Our a c e t poets rote verses somet mes of t e ve sy ab es, as Drayto 's Po yo b o .

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Of a

the Cambr a

sh res the r heads that bear so h gh,

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I these measures the acce t s to be p aced o

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Fa rest p ece of e form'd earth, Urge ot thus your haughty b rth.

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Here e may Th a d pray, Before death Stops our breath: Other joys Are but toys.

Wa to 's A g er.

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Our trocha c

measures are Of three sy ab es,

Wa er. the odd sy ab es.

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A d farth'st survey the r so s th a amb t ous eye, Merv a for her h s, as for the r match ess crouds, The earest that are sa d to ss the a d'r g c ouds, Espec a aud e ce craves, offe ded th the thro g, That she of a the rest eg ected as so o g; A edg g for herse f, he , through the Saxo s' pr de, The god e race of Brute to Sever 's sett g s de Were crue y forc'd, her mou ta s d d re eve Those hom devour g ar e se every here d d gr eve. A d he a Wa es bes de (by fortu e or by m ght) U to her a c e t foe res g 'd her a c e t r ght, A co sta t ma de st she o y d d rema , The ast her ge u e a s h ch stout y d d reta . A d as each o e s pra s'd for her pecu ar th gs; So o y she s r ch, mou ta s, meres a d spr gs, A d ho ds herse f as great her superf uous aste, As others by the r to s, a d fru tfu t age grac'd. A d of fourtee , as Chapma 's Homer. A d as the m d of such a ma , that hath a o g ay go e, A d e ther o eth ot h s ay, or e se ou d et a o e, H s purpos'd jour ey, s d stract. The measures of t e ve a d fourtee sy ab es ere ofte m g ed by our o d poets, somet mes a ter ate es, a d somet mes a ter ate coup ets.

The verse of fourtee sy ab es s o bro e to a soft yr c measure of verses, co s st g a ter ate y of e ght sy ab es a d s x. She to rece ve thy rad a t ame, Se ects a h ter space. Fe to . Whe a sha pra se, a d ev'ry ay Devote a reath to thee, That day, for come t , that day Sha I ame t to see. Le s to Pope. Be eath th s tomb a fa t es To earth hose body e t, Hereafter sha more g or ous r se, But ot more oce t. Whe the Archa ge 's trump sha b o , A d sou s to bod es jo , What cro ds sha sh the r ves be o Had bee as short as th e! Wes ey.

We have a other measure very qu c a d ve y, a d therefore much used so gs, h ch may be ca ed the a apest c , h ch the acce t rests upo every th rd sy ab e.

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The pause

the A exa dr e must be at the s xth sy ab e.

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Wa er as smooth, but Dryde taught to jo The vary g verse, the fu resou d g e, The o g majest c march, a d e ergy d v e.

Pope.

"

The verse of t e ve sy ab es, ca ed a A exa dr e, s d vers fy hero c es.

o o y used to

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May I gver my pss o s th bso ute s y, A d gro ser a d btter as fe ears a y.

I th s measure a sy ab e s ofte retre ched from the f rst foot, as D ge es s r y a d prud. Dr. Pope.

Whe prse t, e ve, a d he bse t agre, I th ot of r s, or r s of me. Dryde . These measures are var ed by ma y comb at o s, a d somet mes by doub e e d gs, e ther th or thout rhyme, as the hero c measure. 'T s the d v ty that st rs th us, 'T s heave tse f that po ts out a hereafter, A d t mates eter ty to ma . Add so .

I that of seve , For res sta ce I cou d fear o e, But th t e ty sh ps had do e, What thou, brave a d happy Ver o , Hast atch ev'd th s x a o e. I that of s x,

G over.

To these measures a d the r a s, may be reduced every spec es of E g sh verse.

Thus have I co ected ru es a d examp es, by h ch the E g sh a guage may be ear ed, f the reader be a ready acqua ted th grammat ca terms, or taught by a master to those that are more g ora t. To have r tte a grammar for such as are ot yet t ated the schoo s, ou d have bee ted ous, a d perhaps at ast effectua .

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Our vers f cat o adm ts of e the before a vo e , as accept; a d a sy ares s, by sy ab e, as quest o , spec a short vo e before a qu

fe ce ces, except a sy a pha, or e s o of th' eter a ; a d more rare y of o to, as t' h ch t o short vo e s coa esce to o e a ; or a ord s co tracted by the expu s o of d, as av'r ce, temp'ra ce.

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Whe terr A d mou Nor po er But s

b e tempests assa us. ta ous b o s affr ght, or ea th ca ava us, fu dustry steers r ght.

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'T as he the seas W th ho o b asts A damse ay dep or A o a roc rec

ere roar g, of d, g, 'd. Gay.

They e ther added or co fou ded, They e ther a ted or abou ded.

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that of e ght sy ab es, Pr or.

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rep ace the prev ous o e--the o d ed t o s

Produced by Jo atha I gram, Ke th Ed D str buted Proofread g Team.

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1.D. The copyr ght a s of the p ace here you are ocated a so gover hat you ca do th th s or . Copyr ght a s most cou tr es are a co sta t state of cha ge. If you are outs de the U ted States, chec the a s of your cou try add t o to the terms of th s agreeme t before do oad g, copy g, d sp ay g, perform g, d str but g or creat g der vat ve or s based o th s or or a y other Project Gute berg-tm or . The Fou dat o ma es o represe tat o s co cer g the copyr ght status of a y or a y cou try outs de the U ted States.

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or , you must comp y e ther th the requ reme ts of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obta perm ss o for the use of the or a d the Project Gute berg-tm trademar as set forth paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If a d v dua Project Gute berg-tm e ectro c or s posted th the perm ss o of the copyr ght ho der, your use a d d str but o must comp y th both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 a d a y add t o a terms mposed by the copyr ght ho der. Add t o a terms be ed to the Project Gute berg-tm L ce se for a or s posted th the perm ss o of the copyr ght ho der fou d at the beg g of th s or .

1.E.4. Do ot u or detach or remove the fu Project Gute berg-tm L ce se terms from th s or , or a y f es co ta g a part of th s or or a y other or assoc ated th Project Gute berg-tm.

1.E.5. Do ot copy, d sp ay, perform, d str bute or red str bute th s e ectro c or , or a y part of th s e ectro c or , thout prom e t y d sp ay g the se te ce set forth paragraph 1.E.1 th act ve s or mmed ate access to the fu terms of the Project Gute berg-tm L ce se. 1.E.6. You may co vert to a d d str bute th s or a y b ary, compressed, mar ed up, o propr etary or propr etary form, c ud g a y ord process g or hypertext form. Ho ever, f you prov de access to or d str bute cop es of a Project Gute berg-tm or a format other tha "P a Va a ASCII" or other format used the off c a vers o posted o the off c a Project Gute berg-tm eb s te ( .gute berg. et), you must, at o add t o a cost, fee or expe se to the user, prov de a copy, a mea s of export g a copy, or a mea s of obta g a copy upo request, of the or ts or g a "P a Va a ASCII" or other form. A y a ter ate format must c ude the fu Project Gute berg-tm L ce se as spec f ed paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do ot charge a fee for access to, v e g, d sp ay g, perform g, copy g or d str but g a y Project Gute berg-tm or s u ess you comp y th paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reaso ab e fee for cop es of or prov d g access to or d str but g Project Gute berg-tm e ectro c or s prov ded that - You pay a roya ty fee of 20% of the gross prof ts you der ve from the use of Project Gute berg-tm or s ca cu ated us g the method you a ready use to ca cu ate your app cab e taxes. The fee s o ed to the o er of the Project Gute berg-tm trademar , but he has agreed to do ate roya t es u der th s paragraph to the Project Gute berg L terary Arch ve Fou dat o . Roya ty payme ts must be pa d th 60 days fo o g each date o h ch you prepare (or are ega y requ red to prepare) your per od c tax retur s. Roya ty payme ts shou d be c ear y mar ed as such a d se t to the Project Gute berg L terary Arch ve Fou dat o at the address spec f ed Sect o 4, "I format o about do at o s to the Project Gute berg L terary Arch ve Fou dat o ." - You prov de a fu refu d of a y mo ey pa d by a user ho ot f es you r t g (or by e-ma ) th 30 days of rece pt that s/he does ot agree to the terms of the fu Project Gute berg-tm L ce se. You must requ re such a user to retur or destroy a cop es of the or s possessed a phys ca med um

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- You prov de, accorda ce th paragraph 1.F.3, a fu refu d of a y mo ey pa d for a or or a rep aceme t copy, f a defect the e ectro c or s d scovered a d reported to you th 90 days of rece pt of the or . - You comp y th a other terms of th s agreeme t for free d str but o of Project Gute berg-tm or s. 1.E.9. If you sh to charge a fee or d str bute a Project Gute berg-tm e ectro c or or group of or s o d ffere t terms tha are set forth th s agreeme t, you must obta perm ss o r t g from both the Project Gute berg L terary Arch ve Fou dat o a d M chae Hart, the o er of the Project Gute berg-tm trademar . Co tact the Fou dat o as set forth Sect o 3 be o . 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gute berg vo u teers a d emp oyees expe d co s derab e effort to de t fy, do copyr ght research o , tra scr be a d proofread pub c doma or s creat g the Project Gute berg-tm co ect o . Desp te these efforts, Project Gute berg-tm e ectro c or s, a d the med um o h ch they may be stored, may co ta "Defects," such as, but ot m ted to, comp ete, accurate or corrupt data, tra scr pt o errors, a copyr ght or other te ectua property fr geme t, a defect ve or damaged d s or other med um, a computer v rus, or computer codes that damage or ca ot be read by your equ pme t. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "R ght of Rep aceme t or Refu d" descr bed paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gute berg L terary Arch ve Fou dat o , the o er of the Project Gute berg-tm trademar , a d a y other party d str but g a Project Gute berg-tm e ectro c or u der th s agreeme t, d sc a m a ab ty to you for damages, costs a d expe ses, c ud g ega fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you d scover a defect th s e ectro c or th 90 days of rece v g t, you ca rece ve a refu d of the mo ey ( f a y) you pa d for t by se d g a r tte exp a at o to the perso you rece ved the or from. If you rece ved the or o a phys ca med um, you must retur the med um th your r tte exp a at o . The perso or e t ty that prov ded you th the defect ve or may e ect to prov de a rep aceme t copy eu of a refu d. If you rece ved the or e ectro ca y, the perso or e t ty prov d g t to you may choose to g ve you a seco d opportu ty to rece ve the or e ectro ca y eu of a refu d. If the seco d copy s a so defect ve, you may dema d a refu d r t g thout further opportu t es to f x the prob em.

1.F.4. Except for the m ted r ght of rep aceme t or refu d set forth paragraph 1.F.3, th s or s prov ded to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER

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WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do ot a o d sc a mers of certa mp ed arra t es or the exc us o or m tat o of certa types of damages. If a y d sc a mer or m tat o set forth th s agreeme t v o ates the a of the state app cab e to th s agreeme t, the agreeme t sha be terpreted to ma e the max mum d sc a mer or m tat o perm tted by the app cab e state a . The va d ty or u e forceab ty of a y prov s o of th s agreeme t sha ot vo d the rema g prov s o s.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to dem fy a d ho d the Fou dat o , the trademar o er, a y age t or emp oyee of the Fou dat o , a yo e prov d g cop es of Project Gute berg-tm e ectro c or s accorda ce th th s agreeme t, a d a y vo u teers assoc ated th the product o , promot o a d d str but o of Project Gute berg-tm e ectro c or s, harm ess from a ab ty, costs a d expe ses, c ud g ega fees, that ar se d rect y or d rect y from a y of the fo o g h ch you do or cause to occur: (a) d str but o of th s or a y Project Gute berg-tm or , (b) a terat o , mod f cat o , or add t o s or de et o s to a y Project Gute berg-tm or , a d (c) a y Defect you cause.

Vo u teers a d f a c a support to prov de vo u teers th the ass sta ce they eed, s cr t ca to reach g Project Gute berg-tm's goa s a d e sur g that the Project Gute berg-tm co ect o rema free y ava ab e for ge erat o s to come. I 2001, the Project Gute berg L terary Arch ve Fou dat o as created to prov de a secure a d perma e t future for Project Gute berg-tm a d future ge erat o s. To ear more about the Project Gute berg L terary Arch ve Fou dat o a d ho your efforts a d do at o s ca he p, see Sect o s 3 a d 4 a d the Fou dat o eb page at http:// .pg af.org.

The Project Gute berg L terary Arch ve Fou dat o s a o prof t 501(c)(3) educat o a corporat o orga zed u der the a s of the state of M ss ss pp a d gra ted tax exempt status by the I ter a Reve ue Serv ce. The Fou dat o 's EIN or federa tax de t f cat o umber s 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) etter s posted at http://pg af.org/fu dra s g. Co tr but o s to the Project Gute berg L terary Arch ve Fou dat o are tax deduct b e to the fu exte t perm tted by U.S. federa a s a d your state's a s. The Fou dat o 's pr c pa off ce s ocated at 4557 Me a Dr. S. Fa rba s, AK, 99712., but ts vo u teers a d emp oyees are scattered throughout umerous ocat o s. Its bus ess off ce s ocated at 809 North 1500 West, Sa t La e C ty, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, ema bus ess@pg af.org. Ema co tact s a d up to date co tact format o ca be fou d at the Fou dat o 's eb s te a d off c a

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Gute berg-tm s sy o ymous th the free d str but o of c or s formats readab e by the dest var ety of computers g obso ete, o d, m dd e-aged a d e computers. It ex sts of the efforts of hu dreds of vo u teers a d do at o s from a a s of fe.

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page at http://pg af.org For add t o a co tact format o : Dr. Gregory B. Ne by Ch ef Execut ve a d D rector gb e by@pg af.org Sect o 4. I format o about Do at o s to the Project Gute berg L terary Arch ve Fou dat o

The Fou dat o s comm tted to comp y g th the a s regu at g char t es a d char tab e do at o s a 50 states of the U ted States. Comp a ce requ reme ts are ot u form a d t ta es a co s derab e effort, much paper or a d ma y fees to meet a d eep up th these requ reme ts. We do ot so c t do at o s ocat o s here e have ot rece ved r tte co f rmat o of comp a ce. To SEND DONATIONS or determ e the status of comp a ce for a y part cu ar state v s t http://pg af.org

I ter at o a do at o s are gratefu y accepted, but e ca ot ma e a y stateme ts co cer g tax treatme t of do at o s rece ved from outs de the U ted States. U.S. a s a o e s amp our sma staff.

Project Gute berg-tm eBoo s are ofte created from severa pr ted ed t o s, a of h ch are co f rmed as Pub c Doma the U.S. u ess a copyr ght ot ce s c uded. Thus, e do ot ecessar y eep eBoo s comp a ce th a y part cu ar paper ed t o .

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