GoM Offshore Structures Design Criteria

SNAME Texas Section Meeting

Abdel Ghoneim and Craig Colby, DNV Houston 13 Dec 2005

Agenda:
Fixed New/Existing Platform Criteria Floating System Environmental Criteria MODU Station Keeping Design Criteria Mast / Derrick Foundation Criteria Pipeline Design/Protection Criteria

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Hurricanes Andrew 1992 & Katrina 2005

MMS Assessment Workshop 9/23&24/03

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Source: MMS
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Offshore GoM: Hurricane Aftermath

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Summary of Recent Hurricane Damage:

Ivan Platforms Destroyed Platforms Severely Damaged Rigs Destroyed (JUs) Rigs Severely Damaged Rigs Adrift (Semis and JUs) 7 20 1 4 5

Katrina 46 20 4 9 6

Rita 65 32 4 10 13

Source: MMS
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BP Ivan Platform Damage

Ivan Wave Observations: Pompano: Observed damage to cable trays at EL (+) 63 ft. 3rd order stream function , 55% of wave above MSL Estimated wave height = 105 ft assuming 6ft tide & surge. Ultimate strength analyses correlate to Pompano surviving event.

Ivan Track at Virgo: Observed damage to cable trays at EL (+) 70 ft. 3rd order stream function , 55% of wave above MSL Estimated wave height = 116 ft assuming 6ft tide & surge.

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API Offshore Structures Design Practice

API RP 2A 21st edition 2000. Fixed Jackets
- First created in 1969. Major Updates 9th Ed. 1978, 20th Ed. 1993 - Water depth limitation of critieria is 1000 ft linearly extrapolated from 400 ft. - Specifies 100 year design criteria

API RP 2SK 2nd edition 1996 for Moored Station Keeping

- First edition in 1994 - Derived from - API 2P in 1987 for mobile offshore units - API 2FP1 in 1993 for floating production systems - Specifies 100 year design criteria for permanent systems - Specifies 5 year or 10 year criteria for mobile systems

API RP 2T 2nd edition 1997

- First edition in 1987 - Specifies 100 year criteria

API RP 2FPS 1st Ed. 2001

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API RP-2A Vintage

1950
48
64 69

1960

1970
72
78

1980
82
84

1990
89 8 91 92 93 97

Hurricanes

Hilda Failures

Camille Failures

Juan Failures (manned)

Andrew Failures

Industry Standards

API RP 2A 1st Edition

API RP 2A 9th Edition

API RP 2A 19th Edition

API RP 2A Supplement 1 Section 17

API RP 2A 20th Edition MMS Inspection Program Existing Updated Reassessment Reassessment Begins Platform Wave Load Activities Activities Assessment Recipe (AIM) (AIM)

Design Practice

25 - year to 100 -year Criteria ?

Quality Joint Equations

Modern Design Code

Pre -RP 2A
MMS Workshop Sept. 23-24, 2003 Pat OConnors Presentation
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Early RP 2A

Modern -RP 2A

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API 2A 100 yr Criteria

API 21st Ed. Fig. 2.3.4-3

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API RP-2A 20th Edition

120

Most Probable Maximum Wave Height (ft)

100

For
80

MLLW= 400 ft

Hm

60

40

20

10

100 T r Hm

( )

1 .10

1 .10

OTC-7484 Petrauskas, et. al., 1994

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Return Period (Years)

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ISO/FDIS 19901-1 Final Draft 9/28/05

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ISO API Comparison

GoM Design Criteria (ISO Includes Ivan)
Wind (mph): ISO API 2A Wave: ISO API 2A 10 minute 103 101 Hmax (ft) 85 70.5 1 Hour 94 92 Period (s) 14.9 Tp 13 Tm

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Load Nonlinearity
Jacket Wave Loading
7000 6000
Lateral Force (Kip)

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

40

50

60
Wave Height (ft)

70

80

MMS Dissemination Meeting 11/15/05 Frank Puskar Presentation

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ISO Wind Design

Duration Design Cond. Local b < 50m b >= 50m Dyns. Mod. Dyns.
45 Speed (m/s) 55 Uzt ( t ) 50

65

3s Gust 5s 15s 20s + Wave 1 min+Wave 1h

60

Neg. Dyns.
40 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 t Duration (s)

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Comparison of Wind Speeds in Lili

MMS Study 469 by RTCI, October 2002

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API 2SK and API 2T

No design criteria values specified. Operators case by case specification.
- Deepstar generic criteria

Significant wave heights derived from GUMSHOE and well calibrated.

- Site specific vs. regional criteria - Sensitivity of site location to historical storm tracks - Must properly account for pooling of sites due to limited historical base

Hmax, Airgap Specification Wind models

- More diverse models used in industry. - Floaters more sensitive to wind force than fixed platform

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DeepStar Metocean Criteria

Deepstar DSVI CTR 6401-5, July 2004

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MODU Station Keeping Criteria

Floating MODUs
Operator Requirements API 2SK Recommended Practices IMO MODU Code Classification Society Rules

Jackup MODUs
Operator Requirements Marine Warranty Company Requirements SNAME IMO MODU Code Classification Society Rules

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Hurricane Katrina

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API RP 2SK
Current criteria
- 100-yr event for permanent, manned, or with restrictions - 10-yr event for MOUs in vicinity of other structures - 5-yr event, otherwise

Upgrade from API 2P in 1987 which specified 99.9% nonexceedance (3 months) to the 5 and 10 years. Requires one line damage criterion and a transient analysis when operating in close proximity of other structures Studies have been commissioned by MMS and Industry (MMS JIP) to review the experience during recent hurricanes and propose modifications to reduce mooring failures and reduce damage to subsea pilpelins

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API RP 2T and RP 2FPS

2T:
100-yr criterion br referencing RP 2A. The Largest Responses of TLPs are not necessarily produced by the highest wave conditions Four frequency bands of environmental loads identified: 1. Steady forces: Wind, Current and Wave drift 2. Low Frequency: 1-3 minutes sway, yaw, and surge 3. Wave Frequency: 5-20 s Member and Mooring forces 4. High Frequency: 1-5 s

2FPS:
100-yr Ref. 2A for Category 1 (>5 year Dev.), Lower return period for Cat 2 ( 60days-2 years), and Cat. 3 (<= 120 days). References 2SK and RCS for Cat.3.

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IMO MODU Code and RCS

IMO MODU Code
- Does not address floating units to any significance

Classification Society Rules

- DNV - POSMOOR optional class notation 100 year criteria DNV-OS-E301 October 2004 - Extensive update and calibration - New POSMOOR, Drill Rigs, and NMD - Main class requirements for inspection of chain / wire every 5 years - ABS - Refers to Owners (API RPs) - Main class requirements do not require inspection of chain
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GOM Regulatory Requirements

USCG
- Compliance with IMO MODU code - Does not cover station keeping

MMS
- Operators/MODUs require MMS permit for drilling operations - MMS has traditionally focused on API compliance if any invovlement - Has no jurisdiction on stacked rigs

Nov 17th meeting called by DoI:

Risk analysis assumptions Special performance requirements in deepwater Inspection requirements/schedule of mooring systems Securing platform rigs All L-1?

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Derrick / Mast Design Criteria

Before Katrina

After Katrina

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API 4F Criteria
First published as 4E in 1970 with 3rd Edition in 1988. 4F 1st Ed. In 1985 and 2nd Ed. In 1995. Derricks are getting larger and larger using dual designs and drilling in deeper waters and deeper wells. Wind Criteria:
- 123 mph wind for derricks >140 in height (107 mph w/ setback)

Wind force calculation methods

- Draft for updated wind loading was never adopted since it was proposed around 2000/2001.

Dynamic derricks account for platform motions. No dynamic effects related to the installation response No guidelines regarding modeling assumptions especially w.r.t. derrick footings.

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Hurricane IVAN MMS Studies

Hurricane IVAN: Sept 5, 2004

PLATFORM (shallow water fixed) (Energo) CONVENTIONAL RISER

Pipelines (DNV) Mudslide effects (Lettis & OTRC)

PLATFORM (deepwater Floater (seafastening, mooring) (OTRC) MODU stationkeeping (ORTC))

IVAN GOM production shut-in: 80% - week of Sept 12, 2004 30% - mid October, 2005 10% - early Jan 2005 SCR

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Pipeline Damage 180 reports Ivan & Mudslides

49
Damages Distribution by pipeline Type
Submerged Pipeline Departing Riser

43 72 9 7

Receiving Riser Both Risers Tie-in

pull apart

40 64
Damage cause distribution

riser bent line dented line kinked Unknow

7 4 25 9 5 24

24 of these damage reports noted mudslides as cause.

line pulled up line rupture twisted/bent other

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Industry Feedback
Include recent hurricanes in the metocean database and update criteria accordingly Problem of MODUs set adrift by hurricanes is to be addressed Assess the risks associted with design optimization Derrick and Mast Specification.
- Often done by drillers - Only specifies 4F compliance in derrick design - Engineers with dynamics and motion background often not invovled

Tie Down Study

- MMS Ivan white paper by OTRC focusing on tie downs as weak link. - Need for more rigorous guidelines/specs.

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API OS SC2 Response

Re-evaluate Standards
RP 2A Fixed Structures RP 2T Tension Leg Platforms SPEC 4F Drilling and Well Servicing Structures RP 2SK Station Keeping

Metocean Criteria
Calculate GoM criteria using various area averaging models Update API GoM metocean criteria to reflect latest storm data Update ISO Metocean Regional Annex to include Katrina and Rita Produce background guidance document for design engineers

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Road Map:
Understanding levels of safety in standards Including all hurricane exposures Reducing future damage Significant differences between hindcast results High risk of MODUs going adrift and high potential consequences Realistic calculation methods Instrumentation and inspection of critical areas Verification and certification Experience feedback and follow-up system Cost sharing and incentives system
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