Social and Emotional Development Infancy and early childhood Erikson's psychosocial stages: Birth-1 year: basic trust

vs. mistrust 1-3 years: Autonomy vs shame & doubt Behavior learning: Modeling or observational learning First appearance of basic emotions... Happiness: Smile - from birth Social smile - 6-10 weeks Laugh - 3-4 months Anger: General distress - from birth Anger - 4-6months Sadness: Distress to "still face"- 2-7mnths Fear: First fears - 6-12 months Stranger anxiety - 8-12 months Emotional contagion: early infancy Recognise other's facial expressions: From 5 months. From birth expect others to reflect their emotions-smile, vocalising Social referencing: 8-10 months Relying on another persons emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation eg. A caregivers emotional expression influences how an infant will react in an unfamiliar setting (e.g. meeting a stranger, playing with an unfamiliar toy) At birth, infants have a sense of self as a distinct agent, separate from the surrounding world. Self awareness: limited at birth but develops over first 2 years & I-self and me-self develops. SEE: I-self and Me-Self defenitions.

Middle Childhood 6-11 years: Industry vs. inferiority Industry: developing a sense of competence at useful skills. Inferiority: Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well. Self-concept: More refined me-self at this stage. I-self: Includes realisation that the self is separate from the surrounding world, remains the same over time, has private inner life, controls own thoughts and actions. Me-self: Consists of all the qualities that make the self unique (physical, psychological, social characteristics...). Social and cultural development affect content of self-concept - real self vs. Ideal self. Self-esteem - hierarchically structured, drops first few years in school, then rises. Self-conscious emotions: pride, guilt. Emotional understanding: explain using internal states, understand mixed emotions. Emotional self-regulation: - motivated by selfesteem and peer approval - emotional self-efficacy. Change in anger: less often but sulking longer Fears decline (darkness,sickness,punishment, strangers (boys), physical injuries(boys)). Regulation and expression (suppress emotion, conform to social pressure/expectation, aware of emotional needs). Feel conflicting emotions at same time. Peer groups formed from proximity, similarity , adopt similar dress and behavior.

Adolescence Adolescence: Identity vs. role confusion Identity vs. Role confusion: An adolescent needs to explore different identities and then choose one and commit to it. By doing this, they will form their IDENTITY. If they do not explore different identities or postpone the exploration and commitment process, then it leads to ROLE CONFUSION. Forming deep, personal relationships with people. Start thinking abstractly, form own views. Desire/willingness to be a member of society. Desire to become independent/autonomous. Often wanting to spend less time with parents and more time with friends. See rules as no longer fixed but can be changed when needed. Trying to fit in - dressing like friends (same hair style, same clothes)...similar tastes in music, etc. Risk-taking behavior, desire for peer acceptance.