De La Salle University - Dasmarias

BIOLOGY PROGRAM SURVEY OF Ascaris lumbricoides INFECTION IN DASMARIAS CITY, CAVITE

A Research Paper presented to the faculty of the Biological Sciences Department College of Science De La Salle University - Dasmarias

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Medical Parasitology Lecture for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology Major in Human Biology

ROQUE, Jason R. RODRIN, Lauro Nio M. DEL RIO, Ma. Sheila S. FRIAS, Abigail Pauline F. SOMEROS, Kristine Carl S. HUB32

Digitally signed by Jason Raquin Roque DN: cn=Jason Raquin Roque, o, ou, email=jason_mike15@yahoo. com, c=PH Date: 2012.05.16 19:51:47 +08'00'

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM INTRODUCTION

Parasitism is a kind of symbiosis wherein one organism interacts with another for its own benefit. It refers to any parasitic infection that could cause harm to the host, or worst, this interaction could cause death. A parasite is an organism that depend its growth, food, shelter and sometimes its lifecycle to another kind of organism without any good contribution to the survival of its host.

Intestinal parasitism occurs throughout the world and increases as the year pass through and as the economy gets poorer. According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), 3.5 billion people worldwide are infested with some type of intestinal parasite, and as many as 450 million of them are sick as a result and children were the most infected with these parasites. These infections mostly exist with poor sanitation and in tropical developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America. It only spread in other countries when foreigners travel to the remote areas, becomes a carrier of parasite on its own country.

Parasites found in the human gastrointestinal tract can be largely categorized into two groups, protozoa and helminths. The soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura) are the most prevalent, infecting an estimated one-sixth of the global population. Infection

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM rates are highest in children living in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by Asia and then Latin America and the Caribbean. (Harhay et al. 2010)

Ascaris lumbricoides is the prototypical large round worm of humans. This is the human worm of folk lore, having a propensity to wander at times and is known to occasionally exit the body through any orifice that has connection with the small intestine. In addition it can reach impressive sizes, with females reaching a length of 19 inches. Ascaris lumbricoides is estimated to live in the gut of up to of the people in the world. It can live in this incredible number of people because it is a relatively passive parasite. It lives freely in the small intestine for most of its lifecycle, feeding on nutrients within the small bowel, and not invading human tissues in its adult form, nor attaching to the gut wall. (www.ascarislumbricoides.org)

Ascariasis is caused by consuming food or drink contaminated with roundworm eggs. Ascariasis is the most common intestinal worm infection. It is found in association with poor personal hygiene, poor sanitation, and in places where human feces are used as fertilizer. Once consumed, the eggs hatch and release immature roundworms called larvae within the small intestine. Within a few days, the larvae then move through the bloodstream to the lungs, exit up through the large airways of the lungs, and are swallowed back into the stomach and reach the small intestine. During movement through the lungs the larvae may

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM produce an uncommon form of pneumonia called eosinophilic pneumonia. Once they are back in the small intestine, the larvae mature into adult roundworms. Adult worms live in the small intestine where they lay eggs that are present in feces. They can live 10 24 months. It is estimated that 1 billion people are infected worldwide. Ascariasis occurs in people of all ages, though children are affected more severely than adults. (Dugdale et al. 2010)

Metro Manila is a place in the Philippines where there is a large number of squatters area, poor families and street children. A research conducted by about the intestinal parasitic infection said that 62% of the street infected by different parasites. Multiple infections were observed in 34.2% of children, 36% has Ascaris lumbricoides, 44.8% has Trichuris trichiura and 7.0% has hookworm. Of the children examined, 47.7% were found to be harbouring parasitic protozoans such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis hominis. The most prevalent of these protozoans was B. hominis with an infection rate of 40.7%. (Baldo et al. 2004)

The current momentum towards global drug delivery for their control is at a historical high through the efforts of numerous initiatives increasingly acting in coordination with donors, governments and local communities. Together, they have delivered enormous quantities of drugs, especially anti-helmintics to children through nationwide annual or biannual mass drug administration largely

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM coordinated through schools. However, a much larger and rapidly growing childhood population in these regions remains untreated and suffering from more than one parasite. Mass drug administration has profound potential for control but is not without considerable challenges and concerns. A principal barrier is funding. Stimulating a research and development pipeline, supporting the necessary clinical trials to refine treatment, in addition to procuring and deploying drugs (and sustaining these supply chains), requires substantial funding and resources that do not presently exist. Limited options for chemotherapy raise concerns about drug resistance developing through overuse, however, satisfactory pharmacoepidemiology and monitoring for drug resistance requires more developed health infrastructures than are generally available. Further, the limited pharmacopeia does not include any effective second-line options if resistance emerges, and the research and development pipeline is severely depressed. Herein, we discuss the major gastrointestinal protozoa and helminths reviewing their impact on child health, changing epidemiology and how this relates to their control. (Harhay 2010)

Treatment includes medications that paralyze or kill intestinal parasitic worms, such as albendazole or mebendazole. These drugs should not be used for pregnant patients. Pyrantel pamoate is the preferred medication for pregnant patients. If there is a blockage of the intestine caused by a large number of worms, endoscopy to remove the worms or, rarely, surgery may be needed. Improved

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM sanitation and hygiene in developing countries will reduce the risk in those areas. In areas where this disorder is common, routine or preventive (prophylactic) treatment with deworming medications may be advised. (Dugdale 2010)

OBJECTIVES

1. To know the latest incidence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in Dasmarias City, Cavite. 2. To disseminate the current situation of the infection of the parasite in Dasmarias City, Cavite. 3. To give awareness to the community about the incidence of the infection of the parasites in Dasmarias City, Cavite.

METHODOLOGY

The research design of this study is a survey, descriptive type of research. The research will focus on the incidence of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides in Dasmarias City, Cavite. To give a full representation of the location given in this research, the researchers will get data from different hospitals and barangay clinics in Dasmarias City, Cavite. Also, there will be some interview in different location in Dasmarias City, Cavite to give more vivid and clear view of the current situation of infection of Ascaris lumbricoides.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Incidence of Ascaris lumbricoides per Barangay (Records Section from each Barangay Clinic) Incidence Barangay Burol Main Burol I Burol II Burol III Emmanuel Bergado I Emmanuel Bergado II Fatima I Fatima II Fatima III Langkaan I Langkaan II Luzviminda I Luzviminda II Paliparan I Paliparan II Paliparan III Sabang Salawag Salitran I Salitran II Salitran III Barangay Captain Nestor S. Jarin Sr. Mary Ann E. Castor Nora L. Allada Edwin R. Camerino Winefredo R. Dedase Sr. Renie A. Reymundo Elsie A. Felismino Melchor D. Pacheco Antonio L. Ferrer Teodorico S. Remulla Danilo B. Laudato Bernardo A. Abelar Jr. Dennis D. Abayon Remigio P. Beberino Agripino V. Martinez Eleuterio A. Guimbaolibot Isagani B. Sapida Sr. Enrico S. Paredes Neri J. Lara Feliciano C. Ilano Conrado J. Liwanag Report (2011) 14 12 10 6 14 3 0 2 15 23 27 31 28 11 24 4 18 3 18 24 29

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM Salitran IV Sampaloc I Sampaloc II Sampaloc III Sampaloc IV Sampaloc V San Agustin I San Agustin II San Agustin III San Andres I San Andres II San Antonio De Padua I San Antonio De Padua II San Dionisio San Esteban San Francisco I San Francisco II San Isidro Labrador I San Isidro Labrador II San Jose San Juan San Lorenzo Ruiz I San Lorenzo Ruiz II San Luis I San Luis II San Manuel I San Manuel II San Mateo Bienvenido O. Laurel Cirila A. Santarin Senando D. Mojica Herminio C. Catsao Romeo J. Joson Rebecca E. Ordiales Jeffrey F. Alvaran Danilo B. Hembrador Eduardo S. Gracia Edwin L. Astorga Siegfred V. Yorac Carter P. Manzano Ernesto D. Desoloc Dominador C. Narido Jr. Rolando V. Viray Virgilio D. Delfin Nemencio T. Ramos Luis L. Estrabela Mario B. Olaes Edmundo M. Dela Cruz Cesar P.Bondad Reynaldo S. Dinero Nonilon P. Adena Henry P. Omilio Erlindino J. Patalbo Levi B.Fructouso Jorge Carlo D. Magno Josefina S. Gallego 15 28 31 24 17 19 4 9 6 18 24 34 38 12 15 0 3 6 1 14 25 21 34 27 19 43 37 15

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM San Miguel I San Miguel II San Nicolas I San Nicolas II San Roque San Simon St. Peter I St. Peter II Sta. Cristina I Sta. Cristina II Sta. Cruz I Sta. Cruz II Sta. Fe Sta. Lucia Sta. Maria Sto. Cristo Sto. Nino I Sto. Nino II Sultan Esmael H2 Victoria Reyes Zone I Zone IA Zone II Zone III Zone IV Angelo C. Hugo James Abner B. Magno Jovito A. Paciones Teresita P. Yap Matranilo V. Pamatian Anicia N. Austria Norberto A. Villaruz Teodoro M. Anciano Gloria E. Bacomo Tita A. Nanoy Santiago B. Andrada Renerio G. Torrefiel Mamerto B. Noora Jr. Mariano C. Potente Nelson P. Velasquez Rodrigo J. Estrada Romeo D. Escaros Renilo M. Teves Dirimpasan U. Pangandag Ramiro Mabini L. Podaca Leonardo P. Herman Antonio G. Ilano Aquino I. Garcia Renato R. Dela Rea Eric S. Aledia Resty M. Encabo 16 23 31 26 14 11 17 23 21 15 14 27 21 17 14 18 16 26 38 36 16 14 26 21 19 30

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM With regards to the data gathered in the barangays, the records show that there are different, yet quite similar and close figures in the incidence of Ascaris lumbricoides per barangay. According to the data presented by the barangay clinics (others are taken from medical records of the barangay), Barangay San Manuel I have the highest incidence of Ascaris lumbricoides through-out the year of 2011. We have known that the Barangay San Manuel I is prone to Ascaris lumbricoides infection due to the improper hygiene of the families living there. Mostly of the families living in this barangay are below the poor level status. Also, we have noticed that there are so many domesticated and stray animals in the area that might cause the high incidence report of the infection. However, San Francisco I and Fatima I have no incidence report of Ascaris lumbricoides. According to the barangay officials / barangay clinic personnel they have been eradicating the parasites almost 5 years ago and it really help them to lessen the incidence of Ascariasis in the barangay. They have activities such as, Cleaning Program, Animal Care Program, and even educating each household through seminars with regards to the infection that might cause them by Ascaris lumbricoides. The mean average of the incidence reports of all the 75 barangays are 18 cases which is not really high. Some of the barangays have 20 cases above while some have less than 20. The cases of each barangay are different from each other because of proper maintenance of the community.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM From the interview transcriptions (Appendix C) of different personalities in the barangays, most of them dont have much knowledge with regards to the infection, prevention and treatment of Ascariasis. Some individuals do know what are the causes and effects of this parasite but does not doing much action in order to eradicate the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides. Also, most of the officials in the barangay are not aware of what to do in order to lessen the cases of Ascariasis.

RECOMMENDATION Community Make sure that the household is clean and free from the feces (dried) of stray and even domesticated animals. Be clean in preparing food for the family. Barangay Officials Organize programs and activities to educate the community with regards to the parasites, not only Ascaris lumbricoides, which might infect the community. Establish well maintained and clean community to lessen the cases of Ascariasis or even other related cases.

For the study: Future Researchers Gather data at least 5 to 10 years ago to see the trend of the disease so that the community will be able to know and eradicate/lessen the cases that might arise in the years to come.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM REFERENCES

Baldo, Eleonor T., Belizario, Vicente Y., De Leon, Winifreda U., Kong, HyunHee., & Chung, Dong-II. 2004. Infection status of intestinal parasites in children in living in residential institution in Metro Manila, Philippines. Korean Journal Parasitology. 2004. 10.3347/kjp.2004.42.2.67.

Harhay, Michael O., Horton, John, Olliaro, Pierro O. 2010. Special Focus: Pediatrics Infections Review. Epidemiology and control of human gastrointestinal parasites in children. Epidemic Review of Anti-infective Therapy. Volume No. 8. Pp 219 234. doi:10.1586/eri.09.119.

Ascaris lumbricoides. www.ascarislumbricoides.org

Dugdale, David C., Vyas, Jatin M., Zieve, David. 2010. Ascariasis. [Cited December 10, 2011] Available from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/

medlineplus/ency/article/000628.htm

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM APPENDIX A Head, Medical Records Sections __________________, Barangay Dasmarias City, Cavite Dear Sir / Madame: We, the student of De La Salle University Dasmarias taking up Bachelor of Science in Biology major in Human Biology is conducting a research focused on the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides in Dasmarias City, Cavite. This is partial fulfilment of the requirements in the subject of Medical Parasitology. In line with this, may we request your good office to let us have a copy of the current / latest statistics on the incidence of Ascariasis. This will be very helpful to us in a way that we could know that current situation of Dasmarias City, Cavite when it comes to the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides. Thank you and we are hoping for your positive response. Jason R. Roque Lauro Nino M. Rodrin Noted by: Dr. Cristina Salibay Medical Parasitology Professor Ma. Sheila S. Del Rio Abigail Pauline F. Frias Kristine Carl S. Someros

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM APPENDIX B Interview Question Date: Name of Interviewer: Name of Interviewee: Position Questions: 1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? : Time:

3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans?

4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis?

5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis?

6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides?

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM APPENDIX C Interview Transcriptions Date: February 2, 2012 Time: 5:32 PM

Name of Interviewer: Kristine Carl S. Someros Name of Interviewee: Mrs. Melinda G. Santiago Position Questions: 1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? Hindi. 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? Hindi, kasi wala akong ideya tungkol sa mga ganyang bagay. 3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans? Hindi. 4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis? Hindi. 5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis? Wala akong ideya talaga kasi wala naman mga nasasabi sa aming ganyan. 6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? Siguro, ipakunsulta sa duktor na may alam tungkol sa ganitong bagay. : Housewife

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM Date: February 2, 2012 Time: 5:46 PM

Name of Interviewer: Ma. Sheila S. Del Rio Name of Interviewee: Mrs. Avegail Mijares Position : Vendor

1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? Oo. 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? Oo 3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans? Ang pagkakaalam ko nakukuha yan sa mga dumi ng kung mga hayop. 4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis? Ang pagsakit ng tiyan at pagsusuka. 5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis? Ang pagiging malinis sa sarili at ang pagkain ng tamang pagkain. 6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? Uminom ng gamot para mawal ito.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM Date: February 2, 2012 Time: 6:35 PM

Name of Interviewer: Lauro Nino M. Rodrin Name of Interviewee: Mr. Romero Rodriguez Position : Carpenter

1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? Oo. 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? Oo 3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans? Yun ba ung paginom ng yung madumi [contaminated] na tubig. 4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis? Payat at nagsusuka. 5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis? Maglinis ng paligid para walang dumi na mapupunta sa mga pagkain. 6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? Magpatingin sa duktor.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM Date: February 3, 2012 Time: 8:23 PM

Name of Interviewer: Jason R. Roque Name of Interviewee: Mr. Jan Brian Roque Position : Biology Teacher

1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? Yes. 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? Yes. 3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans? Mga dumi ng hayop na pwedeng mapunta sa mga pagkain o kahit yung mainhale ng tao. 4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis? Pagsusuka, nagtatae, pagsakit ng tiyan, yung iba ay nagkakasakit ng mga gastro-intestinal na sakit. 5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis? Ang paglilinis ng paligid. Paglinis especially yung mga dumi ng hayop. 6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? Magpadeworm at magpakonsulta sa duktor.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM Date: February 4, 2012 Time: 3:45 PM

Name of Interviewer: Abigail Pauline F. Frias Name of Interviewee: Ms. Anita Sarmiento Position : Fish Vendor

1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? Hindi. 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? Hindi. 3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans? Hindi eh. 4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis? Pagsusuka diba? 5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis? Siguro dapat maging malinis sa katawan. 6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? Uminom ng gamut.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM Date: February 4, 2012 Time: 6:54 PM

Name of Interviewer: Jason R. Roque Name of Interviewee: Mr. Roger Domingo Position : Jeepney Driver

1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? Anu ba yun? 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? Hindi eh. Yun ba ung mga uod? 3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans? Hindi. 4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis? Payat at nagsusuka. 5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis? Maglinis ng paligid para walang dumi na mapupunta sa mga pagkain. 6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? Magpatingin sa duktor.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM Date: February 6, 2012 Time: 5:34 PM

Name of Interviewer: Kristine Carl S. Someros Name of Interviewee: Ms. Cindy Daguil Position : Sales lady

1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? Yes. Ito yun mga worms sa tiyan diba? 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? Hindi masyado, but some siguro. 3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans? Sa pagkain ng hindi nilinis ng mabuti or ung mga hindi lutongluto. 4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis? Hindi eh. 5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis? Huwag kumain ng mga raw napagkain o yung mga hindi pa lutong-luto. Tapos linisin yung mga pagkain bago lutuin. 6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? Yung mga gamut sa worms.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM Date: February 6, 2012 Time: 6:12 PM

Name of Interviewer: Jason R. Roque Name of Interviewee: Mr. Mackol Rginales Position : Student

1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? Yes. 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? Not quite. 3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans? Yes. Those street foods. 4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis? Stomach ache, I think. 5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis? Im not really eating street foods. I know thats one. 6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? Not yet experience it.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM Date: February 9, 2012 Time: 8:24 AM

Name of Interviewer: Lauro Nino M. Rodrin Name of Interviewee: Ms. Leticia Alvaran Position : Turon Vendor

1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? Hindi ko alam yun eh. 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? Sorry, no idea. 3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans? (No answer) 4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis? (No answer) 5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis? Linis lang siguro yan. 6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? Inom ng gamot.

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BIOLOGY PROGRAM Date: February 14, 2012 Time: 9:30 AM

Name of Interviewer: Jason R. Roque Name of Interviewee: Mr. Raymark Quilicol Position : Student

1. Are you aware of Ascaris lumbricoides? Medyo. 2. Are you aware of the infection of Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)? Infection? Ahm. Hindi eh. 3. Do you know what would be the causes of Ascariasis in humans? Ah. Sa pagkain yan noh? 4. Do you know what are the symptoms of Ascariasis? (No answer) 5. What would be the preventive measures that you are doing in order to eradicate Ascariasis? Maging malinis sa pagluluto. 6. What are the treatments and solution that you do if there is someone who has infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? Punta sa hospital.