CE434,Spring2010

AnalysisofCompressionMembers

1/7

Thesenotespresenttheproceduresforanalyzingmemberssubjecttopurecompression (axialcompressionthroughthecentroidalaxis,accordingtotheSpecifications,ChapterE pg16.13243).Memberssubjecttocombinedcompressionandbendingwillbecovered later(ChapterHintheSpecifications).Thesenoteswillfocusspecificallyontwopopular typesofcompressiononlymembers:wideflangeandtubular(akaHollowStructural ShapesorHSS)columnsofbracedframes. RelevantsectionsoftheSpecificationsinclude: Section/Chapter Title B3.12,16.112 DesignWallThicknessforHSS B4.12,16.114>18 ClassificationofSectionsforLocalBuckling ChapterC,16.119>31 StabilityAnalysis ChapterE,16.132>43 DesignofMembersforCompression CompressionMemberFailureModes Therearetwoprincipalfailuremodesforcompressionmembers:yieldingandbuckling. Bucklingrepresentsfailureduetoinstability,andstabilityisoneofthemorecomplicated topicsinstructuralengineering.Longslendercolumnswillbuckleelastically,alsocalled Eulerbuckling.Veryshortcolumnsorpedestalswillfailbyduetoyieldingoftheentire crosssection.Columnsofintermediateslendernesswillfailduetoinelasticbucklingin whichsomeofthecrosssectionhasyielded.

ElasticBuckling (LongColumn)

InelasticBuckling (Interm.Column)

Yielding (ShortColumn)

Figure1.Compressionfailuremodes.

Crosssectionelementsofmemberscanalsobuckle.Anelementisconsideredslenderifit cannotsupportthefullyieldstresswithoutbuckling.Crosssectionelementssubjectto localbucklingaregenerallyplateshapeelements.Iftheelementissupportedalongboth

CE434,Spring2010

AnalysisofCompressionMembers

2/7

edges,itisconsideredstiffened.Forexample,intheWshapeinFigure2,theflangesare consideredunstiffenedandthewebisconsideredstiffened.AllflangesofWshapesforA36 andGrade50steelarenonslender.AfewwebsforWshapesofGrade50steelare consideredslender.ThewallsofmanyHSSshapesareconsideredslender.

Bothedgesofweb aresupported

Figure2.Examplesofstiffenedandunstiffenedcrosssectionelementssubjecttolocal buckling. ElasticBuckling Anaxialload(P)onacolumnthatisslightlydisplacedlaterallyadistancex willcauseabendingmomentinthecolumn(M) M=Px Thedifferentialequationrelatingdisplacementtransversedisplacement(x) tobendingmomentis: d 2x M = and M = Px 2 EI dy

Outeredgeofhalfflange isunsupported

x y

d 2x + Px = 0 dy 2

Solutionofthisequationyields: P P x = A sin EI y + B cos EI y Applyingboundaryconditions:

CE434,Spring2010

AnalysisofCompressionMembers

3/7

(i ) x( y = 0) = 0, B = 0

P (ii ) x( y = L) = 0, 0 = A sin EI L

Thenontrivialsolutionoftheequationaboveis

P L = n EI or P= n 2 2 EI L2

whichisthefamiliarEulerbucklingequationwhenn=1. InsteeldesignitisconvenienttoexpresstheEulerbucklingload,alsocalledtheelastic bucklingload(Pe),intermsofastress

Pe = A

2E

I A

L2 2E r2 I Fe = , where r 2 2 A L 2 E Fe = 2 L r

Ferepresentstheaveragecompressivestressatwhichamemberwithpinnedendswill buckleelastically.Theelasticbucklingstressformemberswithotherendconditionscanbe calculatedbysubstitutingKLforLintheequationabove,whereKLiscalledthe effectivelengthandKistheeffectivelengthfactor. 2E Fe = 2 K L r ApproximatevaluesofKfordifferentsupportconditionsareshowninTableCC2.2onpg. 16.1240oftheCommentary.Foreachsupportcondition,thetheoreticalKvalueinthe tablerepresentsthemultipleofcolumnlengthnecessarytoachieveabuckledshapesimilar tothepinnedpinnedconditionsassumedforthederivationofPeandFe.Thesupport conditionsatthecolumnbaseareeitherpinnedorfixed.Fourpossiblesupportconditions arepossibleatthecolumntop: pinned(rotationfreeandtranslationfixed)

CE434,Spring2010

AnalysisofCompressionMembers

4/7

pinnedwithsidesway(rotationfreeandtranslationfree) fixed(rotationfixedandtranslationfixed) fixedwithsidesway(rotationfixedandtranslationfree)

Thecolumntopisconsideredfixedagainsttranslationifsideswayresistanceisprovidedby membersotherthanthecolumnsandbeams,suchasdiagonalbracingorashearwall.Such aframeiscalledabracedframe.Thecolumntopisconsideredfreetotranslateifthe sideswayresistanceattheelevationofthecolumntopisprovidedbythebendingstiffness ofthecolumnsandbeamsconnectedtothatlevel.Suchaframeiscalledanunbraced frame.

Figure3.Deflectedshapesduetosideswayofbracedandunbracedframes ThesupportconditionsindicatedinTableCC2.2representidealconditions,i.e.either perfectlypinned(zeromomentrestraint,unlimitedcolumnendrotation)orperfectlyfixed (infinitemomentrestraint,zerocolumnendrotation),asshownbelowinFigure4.

M=0 =0 M

BracedFrame

UnbracedFrame

Columntop Pinned

Columntop Fixed

Figure4.Pinnedandfixedcolumnendconnections Theeffectivelengthfactors(K)forcolumnsrigidlyconnectedtogirderscanbecalculated usingthealignmentchartsofFigureCC2.3(forbracedframes)andFigureC2.4(for

CE434,Spring2010

AnalysisofCompressionMembers

5/7

unbracedframes),pg.161240>241,basedontherelativerotationalstiffness(G)ofthe columnstothegirdersconnectedtothejointinquestion.

G =

Ec I c Lc Eg I g Lg

Themaximumeffectivelengthfactor(K)forabracedframeis1.0.Effectivelengthfactors forcolumnsofbracedframescanconservativelybeestimatedas1.0.LowervaluesofKfor bracedframescanbecalculatedforcolumnendswithrotationalrestraint.The Commentary(pp.16.1241>242)listsadjustmentfactorsforpracticalconditionssuchas connectionstofootings,inelasticbehaviorofcolumns,andgirderswithsignificantaxial load. InelasticBuckling Inelasticbucklingoccurswhenpartofthecrosssectionyields,resultinginadecreaseof stiffnessforthecolumn.Residualcompressivestressesarecreatedinsteelmembersduring themanufacturingprocess.Thesecompressivestressesaddtotheloadinduced compressivestressesandcauseelementsofthecrosssectiontoyieldundersmallerloads. Residualstressesariseasthemembercoolsafterbeingformed.Thecontractionof membersthatcoollast,forexampletheintersectionoftheflangesandwebinanIbeam,is resistedbyregionsthatcooledfirst,forexampletheendsoftheflangesandthemiddleof thewebonanIbeam.Theendresultisresidualtensilestressesexistintheregionsthat cooledlast,andresidualcompressivestressesexistintheregionsthatcooledfirst(see Figure5below).

Figure5.Residualcompressivestresses()andtensilestresses(+) Residualcompressivestressesashighas20ksihavebeenmeasuredintheendsofthe flangesofrolledshapes.ForA36steel,thisrepresentsaratioof56%

20 ksi = 0.56 Fy = 36 ksi

CE434,Spring2010

AnalysisofCompressionMembers

6/7

Forthisinstance,anadditionalcompressivestress(duetoloading)equalto0.44Fywould causetheflangetipstoyield.Iftheelasticbucklingstress(Fe)forthiscolumnwaslessthan 0.44Fyitwouldbuckleelastically,andiftheelasticbucklingstresswasgreaterthanorequal to0.44Fythecolumnwouldbuckleinelastically. ChapterEoftheSpecifications(pp.16.132>43)providetwoequationstocalculatethe flexuralbucklingstress(Fcr),dependingonthevalueoftheelasticbucklingstress(Fe) relativetotheyieldstress(Fy). WhenFe>=0.44Fy

Fy Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy (inelasticbuckling)

WhenFe<0.44Fy Fcr = 0.877 Fe

(elasticbuckling)

Fcr Fy
Fy 0.658 Fe Fy

0.877 Fe

0 Fy

4.71

E Fy

200 7ksi

KL/r Fe

0.44Fy

Figure6.Flexuralbucklingstress(Fcr)asfunctionofslendernessratio(KL/r)andelastic bucklingstress(Fe)

CE434,Spring2010

AnalysisofCompressionMembers

7/7

LocalBuckling(SlenderElements) Plateshapedelementsofcompressionmemberssuchasflangesandwebscanbuckle locallybeforethememberitselfbuckles.Theequationsforflexuralbucklingstress(Fcr) aremodifiedinSectionE7oftheSpecifications(pp.16.139>43)byreplacingFywith QFy,whereQisthereductionfactorforacompressionmemberwithslenderelements. Anelementisclassifiedasslenderbasedonthewidthtothicknessratiooftheelement.An elementwithawidthtothicknessratiogreaterthanrinTableB4.1(pg.16.116)is consideredslender. Adistinctionismadebetweenstiffenedandunstiffenedelements.Stiffenedelementsare supportedalongtwoedgesparalleltothedirectionofthecompressionforce,while unstiffenedelementsaresupportedalongonlyoneedge.Thereductionfactorfor unstiffenedelements(Qs)isprovidedinSectionE7.1(pg.16.140>42),andthereduction factorforstiffenedelements(Qa)isprovidedinSectionE7.2(pg.16.142>43).The reductionfactor(Q)forthecompressionmemberistheproductofQsandQa Q=QsQa Ifacompressionmemberhasnoslenderunstiffenedelements,Qs=1;andifacompression memberhasnoslenderstiffenedelements,Qa=1.