English 2

PREFACE This self-instructional module for college English Communication Arts addresses the communicative needs of students in learning
and using English as second language. This module is divided into five sections. Part I covers the grammatical aspect in the use of English as a second language. These cover review on parts of speech, phrases and clauses, basic sentence parts and patterns and usage. Phrase, clause, sentence are the focus of Part II. Part III deals with vocabulary development and mechanics in writing. The activities provided in this module include activities that develop the vocabulary of the students. Reading is the focus of the third part. It contains lessons and exercises that hone the reading skills of the learner. The last part embraces paragraph writing and the different techniques employ in paragraph development.
THE PARTS OF SPEECH At the end of this module, the student should be able to: 1. Differentiate the functions of the different part of speech, 2. Identify the characteristics of each part of speech, 3. Recognize appropriate usage of each part of speech, 4. Use the part of speech in written and oral forms.
I. NOUN A noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, quality, activity, or condition ( Guiyab, 2008). There are words that signal the presence of a noun in a sentence. Articles, prepositions, adjectives are called Noun Signaling Devices. Examples: Person Place Activity Animal Mari Karl, student Malabon City, park reforestation, exportation buck, cat Idea Thing Qualtity Condition beauty, intelligence computer, shoes height war
KINDS OF NOUN Nouns are either Abstract or Concrete. Abstract nouns are those which can not be perceived by the five senses ( poverty, beauty, peace, etc,) while Concrete nouns are nouns that you can see, touch, hear, taste, and smell. Concrete Nouns are either Common or Proper, Mass or Count, Collective or Compound. Examples: Common Mass Collective student church sugar blood family Community Proper Count Compound Karl Joseph Redemptorist Church chair pen butterfly commnader-in-chief
NUMBER OF NOUN Nouns are either singular or plural in form and in meaning. Cat, potato, baby, leaf child are considered singular. Its respective plural forms are cats, potatoes, babies, leaves, and children. Generally, these examples reflect those forms we previously studied about pluralizing nouns. Further, there are special nouns which are never pluralized following these rules. Take note of the following nouns: 1. Nouns which are never pluralized in form but may be plural or singular in meaning: blood, hair, deer, furniture, equipment, jewelry, sugar, salt, vinegar, wine, mouse, paper 2. Nouns which are never singularized in form but may be singular or plural in meaning: headquarters, crossroads, fixtures, shorts, pants, eyeglasses,
spectacles, goggles, shoes, trousers, noodles In order to show their number, a quantifier accompanying these words show whether the noun is singular or plural. Example: A loaf of bread was given to the stranger. Loaves of bread were spoiled. The sheets of of paper are submitted to the teacher. A box of expensive jewelry was lost during the fire. Loaf, box make bread and jewelry singular while sheets, loaves make bread and paper plural. 3.Nouns which may be have its plural form but the meaning varies once pluralized: paper means the material use in writing papers means documents, newspapers advice means a piece of wisdom advices means orders wood means the material woods means forest people means group of persons peoples means different races instruction sharing, imparting knowledge instructions means directions 4. Names of persons, signages, number written in words are pluralized regularly: Jenny Jennys Exit Exits Three Threes Garcia Entrance Dela Cruz Garcias Entrances Dela Cruzes
5. Letters, figures, number written in figures, years in figures, acronymed words are pluralized by adding s 1980 1980s s 5 A 5s As OIC 3 OICs 3s
6. Compound nouns are pluralized by inflecting the word that functions as noun in the word: classroom classrooms sister-in-law sisters-in-law in-law in-laws master sergeant master sergeants Exemptions: spoonful forget-me-not spoonfuls forget-me-nots smash-up smash-ups
7. Words which are borrowed from foreign language like Latin, French, etc. are pluralized irregularly: a-ae alumna formula um-a datum forum es-is basis thesis bases theses mister madam messeurs Mesdames data fora alumnae formulae u-i alumnus fungus alumni fungi
ion- ia criterion criteria
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _________________________SCORE: ______ NOUN: NUMBER Exercise 1. Form either the singular or the plural form of the given words below. 1. alumnus 2. mistress 3. geese 4. memorandum 5. house 6. a 7. one 8. 2 9. officer-in-charge 10. index 11. jewelry 12. medium 13. phenomenon ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
14. equipment
15. hypotheses 16. bases 17. acoustics 18. data 19. luggage 20. master sergeant
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _____________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ____________________________SCORE: ______ Execise 2. Encircle the correct word in the parenthesis. 1. Her (cloths, clothes) were very unbecoming. 2. The children handed in their (paper, papers). 3. I would like to read the (paper, papers). 4. We saw the (wood, woods) straight before us 5. I think you did not hear her (instruction, instructions) well. 6. Will you bring the (baggage, baggages) up to my room. 7. The scouts reported to their (headquarter, headquarters). 8. She gave interesting closing (remark, remarks) at the program. 9. Byrons (work, works) are studied in college. 10. Would you buy some (bread, breads). 11. She bought some beautiful (pottery, potteries) for the living room. 12. My mother put some (lace, laces) on my blouse. 13. We enjoyed the beautiful (scenery, sceneries) along the way. 14. She is fond of (jewelry, jewelries). 15. I have much (work, works) to do.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 3. IDENTIFY WHICH OF THE NUMBERED UNDERLINED WORD OR WORDS IS ERRONEOUSLY USED. IF THE SENTENCE IS CORRECT, WRITE 5
1. The newly purchased equipments cost almost two million pesos.

1 2 3 4
2. We found the one and only police headquarter destroyed by the b 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1 2 3 4 Margie, the hero of the play Outcast and Rejoice, visited the school. 1 2 3 4 The one thousand freshmen students of PHCM attend the convention. 1 2 3 4 My pal gave a short remark during the program. 1 2 3 4 The only criteria of the pageant is beauty. 1 2 3 4 Sandras spectacle were bought by her friends. 1 2 3 4 The students borrowed the books. These books are Joses and Minas. 1 2 3 4 Although it rained hard, the faculties of PHCM pushed through the party. 1 2 3 4 I have requested Mary Chaine to attend the different forums. 1 2 3 4
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 4. READ THE FOLLOWING SELECTION. TELL WHETHER THE UNDERLINED NOUN IS: A. Concrete or Abstract? B. Compound or Collective? C. Common or Proper? D. Singular or Plural? To be a Friend Start with Yourself The following was inscribed on the tomb of an Anglican Bishop among the crypts of Westminster Abbey located in London: When I was young and free and my(1) imagination had no(2) limits, I dreamed of changing the world. As I grew older and wiser, I discovered the world would not change, So I shortened my sights somewhat and decided to change only my (3)country. But it, too, seemed immovable. As I grew into my twilight (4) years, in one last desperate attempts, I settled for changing only my (5)family, those closest to me, but alas, They would have none of it. And now as I lie on my (6) deathbed, I suddenly realize: If I had only changed myself first, Then by example I would have change my family. From their (7) inspiration and encouragement, I would have been able to better my country and, who knows, I may have even changed the world. (Anonymous) Heres the secret to (8)change anything in life be it life, (9)friendships, (10)relationships, concepts, life principles, or work. It all begins with ME, myself, and I!
GENDER OF NOUN Gender is a universal characteristic of the language. All the languages in the world have this characteristic. A noun is either Masculine, Feminine, Common, or Neuter. Neuter nouns which are symbolically used like church, nature, country are considered feminine while the symbolical function of pen is masculine. Examples: M emperor god waiter author F empress goddess waitress authoress M buck stallion warlock chef F doe mare wizard cook
However, there are nouns which may be considered neuter, but because of their symbolic functions, they are referred as feminine. These are the following: 1. means of transportation either by land, by water, or air 2. country 3. nature 4. church
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ______________________________SCORE: ______ NOUN: GENDER Exercise 5. (A)Write M if its masculine, F if its feminine, C for common or N for neuter nouns; (B) then give its counterpart (for feminine or masculine noun only).
11. Ram 12. Author 13. Doe 14. Swine 15. Lord 16. Author 17. Lad 18. Emperor 19. Alumnae 20. Heir
A. __________________ B. _________________ A. __________________ B.__________________ A. __________________ B. _________________ A. __________________ B.__________________ A. __________________ B.__________________ A.__________________ B. __________________ A. _________________B. __________________ A. _________________ B. ___________________ A.__________________ B.___________________ A ___________________B. __________________
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CASES OF NOUN A Case of a noun pertains to how a noun is used in the sentence. Nouns are used in seven ways. It is used as a Subject (S), Subjective Complement (SC), Appositive, Direct Object (DO), Objective Complement (OC), Indirect Object (IO), and Object of Preposition (OP). A noun is in the Subjective case if it is used as a Subject, Subjective Complement (SC), or Appositive referring to the subject; it is in Objective case if it is used as a DO, OC, IO, OP, or appositive referring to the OP. If it shows ownership or possession, it is in the Possessive Case. Examples: 1. The boy interpreted the poem Invictus by Ernest Henley. In this sentence, boy is used as the subject. The word poem is the DO (receiver of the action of a TV) while Invictus is its OC(renames the DO). Since Ernest Henley is introduced by the preposition by, it is used as an OP.
2. They offered the lady a seat.

Seat in this example is the DO while lady is the IO( answers to whom or for whom an action is done and is positioned always between the verb and the DO). 3. My friends, Jose and Jaycee, submitted the reports late. Jose and Jaycee renames the simple subject friends. It is used as an appositive in this sense. 4. After the rain, the children played volleyball. Rain in this sentence is used as an OP while volleyball is the DO. 5. Josephine is a school nurse. The word nurse in this sentence renames the simple subject Josephine. Nurse is used as an SC ( a noun in the predicate part which complements the simple subject) 6. This pen, a Parker, is a gift from Dad, an engineer. Parker is used as an Appositive, gift as an SC, while the word Dad is an OP. Engineer renames Dad and in this sense engineer is an Appositive (renames the OP)
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By underscoring the uses of a noun in the sentence, it is very easy now to identify the case. For example, Since gift in No. 7 is used as an SC, its case is Subjective Case. Seat in No. 2 is a DO, its case is Objective Case. Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 6. Identify the case of the underlined noun or pronoun.
1. The adviser supervises the clubs activity. 2. Donald asked me to teach him new steps. 3. Arvi and Jojo collect stamps. 4. The varsity player of the class Roland, Mike, and John. 5. We asked Mary and him about their plans. 6. The resource speaker is my brother. 7. The refugees render her a song of thanks. 8. The usher found the guest a seat. 9. She gave her children a gift. 10. She named her youngest son Mari Karl. 11. The man, a lawyer, came dashingly. 12. The soldier made the people brave. 13. I am the eldest in the family. 14. The director introduced the speaker to the faculty. 15. The students launch a program for the street children.
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 7. Exhaust all nouns in the following sentences, then identify its usage then its case. Example: The man, a stranger, came from the West. a. man b. subject c. subjective case a. stranger b. appositive c. subjective case a. West b. object of proposition c. objective case
1. The doctor became the guest speaker in the program. 2. The proposed budget creates controversy. 3. The mystery about Nida Blancas death will be unfolded. 4. Doctors find cancer the most malignant disease. 5. The nurse gave the patient the medicine.
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
NAME: ____________________________________ YEAR/COURSE: ____________________________ Exercise 8. parenthesis. 1. Because the (president)___________________ postponed the meeting.
DATE: _______ SCORE: ______
Write the correct possessive form of the nouns or pronouns in the
mother was ill, the company
1. I asked (Mary) __________________ permission to attend the (Smith and Jones) ______________ open house. 2. They dont seem to understand (it) __________ importance. 3. (Harry and Bill) ________________________ are exactly the same color. 4. (Baker and Weeks) _________________________ store has sale on all dresses. 5. Baseballs are made of (horse) _____________ hides. 6. (James) _________________ coat was torn. 7. (Its) ______________________ important to dot your Is. 8. Were you able to get (it) ________________ title? 9. She gave the book to Bing thinking it was (her) ______________ . 10. The dresses in the show window are beautiful. They (Mika)______________. belong to
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ANTECEDENT AND REFERENT Nouns are normally replaced with pronouns and it is a must that it observes correct number, gender, person and case. The Table of Personal Pronouns clearly illustrates this. The pronoun that is used to substitute a noun is called the referent while the noun it has substituted is called the antecedent. Example: In the following sentences, the italicized nouns are substituted with an appropriate pronoun: 1. My best friends are Sheila, Jose, and Mary. (They are my best friends.) 2. The varsity players are my best friends. (The varsity players are they.) 3. We meet my best friends in the mall. (We meet them in the mall.) 4. The representatives are Mika and Roland. (The representatives are Mika and he.) 5. Here sat the governor from Cebu. (Here sat he from Cebu.) 6. Mavic named the baby Roma. (Mavic named her Roma.) 7. The doctors, Miko and Rhea, are also Nurses. ( The doctors, Miko and she, are also Nurses. 8. Roland and I met the visitors at the airport. (We met the visitors at the airport.)
It is correct to replace best friends in sentence number1 with the

pronoun They since it is used as a subject and its case is subjective case. For sentence number 2, since it is used as a subjective complement, its case is subjective. The correct pronoun is they. In sentence number 3, the word is used as a DO and its case is Objective Case and the correct pronoun is them. Roland in sentence number 4 is replaced with the pronoun he since it is used as an SC and its case is subjective. In sentence number 5, since the subject governor is in the subjective case, he is used to replace governor. Baby is used as an IO and its case is Objective, it is appropriate to replace it with her.
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In the last sentence, Rhea is used as an appositive. Since it refers to

the simple subject, it is in the objective case. The pronoun substitute is she. Roland and I are in the first person, plural, since its a subject, the case is subjective. The referent is we. ( Please refer to the Table of Personal Pronouns for further details.) Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 9. ENCIRCLE THE ANTECEDENT OF THE UNDERLINED PRONOUN.
1. My friends submitted their project after the class. It was marked late. 2. The ladies presented their paper comprehensively. 3. Her friends advice strengthened Lories spirit. 4. The jetplane left behind her black smoke. 5. Lyka requested her friend Jessica to accompany Leo. 6. My uncles friend showed his talent in dancing during the show. 7. The delegates were informed of their dues to the organization.
8. The teacher asked the students to submit their paper works on time.
9. The idea of having a welcome party was suggested by the girls. It will be
held tomorrow.
10. Mr. and Mrs. Smith requested the ladies to submit their forms of
application.
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 10. Encircle the appropriate pronoun to complete the sentence. 1. Bill and (he, him) have been assigned kitchen duty. 2. (Whom, Who) do you supposed reported us? 3. (Its, Its) a fact: Water seeks it own level. 4. Michael Karl is a talented boy (who, whom) I believe will succeed. 5. Joey is older than ( I, me) or (he, him). 6. (Whose, Whos) ready for desert? Have you eaten (yours, yours)? 7. Please dismiss (whomever, whoever) has finished his work. 8. Chris had invited (we, us) girls. Do you mind (our, ours) going? 9. Kindly help Ethel and (I, am) to do these jobs. 10. (Who, Whom) do you suppose are looking for (us, we)? Exercise 11. Underline the correct pronoun in each sentence and write the correct form in the blank. 1. The contestant who they say will win the pageant, is Mikka.
_____________________ 2. These plans must be kept a secret among we three. _________________________ 3. He praised his friend who his classmates called The Walking Calculator. __________________
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4. Ill
stay
at
my
Aunts
house
which
is
in
Quezon
City.
______________________________ 5. She goes ( which ever, wherever) she pleases. _____________________________
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ________________ SCORE: ______
Exercise 12. Encircle the correct pronoun given in parenthesis. 1. Everyone did (their, his) best. 2. My grandmother lost (her, their) spectacles. 3. Every child loves (their, her) parents. 4. Students are what (their, her, his) teachers make them. 5. One should pay careful at5tention to (his, her, their) diction. 6. The chairman of the English Club requested the members to hand in (their, his, her) report. 7. No one could concentrate on (his, their) work. 8. The bys works faster than (she, her). 9. Every student must take care of (his, her) book. 10. It was wrong of Tony to leave (his, her) family. 11. Her sister is a better speaker the (she, her). 12. Everyone presents (his, her) I.D. on the gate. 13. None of the men had given (his, their) name. 14. She always liked (we, us) girls.
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15. She helped him more than (me, I).
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 13. Fill in the blank with the correct pronoun that agrees with the antecedent. 1. Everyone must realize that ________________________ talents are never limitless. 2. If everybody knows what _____________________ should do we can go ahead with the play. 3. Has each of the girls brought ___________________ bathing suits? 4. Nobody may get ____________ tickets until after the practice. 5. My cousins, not my uncle, will pay for __________________ supper. 6. The jury will ___________________ verdict at midnight. 7. One of the waitresses dropped _________________ tray. 8. The actor and his wife saw _____________________ faces in the broken mirror. 9. Each of the farmers displayed __________________ products at the fair. 10. At the door, the visitors were asked to show ____________ invitation.
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ YEAR/COURSE: ________________ DATE: _______ SCORE: ______
Exercise 14. Fill in the blank with pronouns agreeing in person, number and gender. 1. Neither of the plumbers had sent in _______________ bill. 2. If anyone is late tell ________________ to report to my office. 3. The boy and the girl have left ________________ work unfinished. 4. Neither Henry nor Robert has availed ______________________ loans. 5. Either the treasurer knew that ___________________ could manage or the Trustees knew ________________ could. 6. All the girls left _________________ raincoats in the classroom. 7. If anyone from the girls team calls up tell ________________ I shall be home by 7:00 pm. 8. Anybody can do ____________ job well if _________ takes time. 9. Carmen and her baby brother lost __________________ baggage at the airport. 10. Either of your sisters may do __________ work in my office.
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11. Each child should show _______________ work. 12. No one has offered __________ as a candidate. 13. Cats like __________ paws after meal. 14. Both of the women give _______________ testimony in the court. 15. Several came to give __________________ pledges.
II.
PRONOUN A Pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. KINDS OF PRONOUN A Personal Pronoun may be used in place of nouns that name persons, animals, ideas, things, concepts, or qualities. A Demonstrative Pronoun is used to point out to things. That and Those are referring to far objects from the speaker. That and These are referring to objects being pointed near the speaker. That and This are singular demonstratives while These and Those are plural demonstratives. A pronoun that is used to introduce a dependent clause is called a Relative Pronoun. Some examples are that, where who, when, which, etc. An Interrogative Pronoun like why, when, who, which, what, begins a question. Reflexive and Intensive pronouns are compound pronouns which reflect the action back to the noun or pronoun just named. If it is immediately mentioned after its antecedent, it is Intensive Pronoun; if it is far from its antecedent, it is a Reflexive Pronoun. An Indefinite Pronoun, which is either singular or plural, refers to one or more unspecified beings, objects, places, etc. ( Guiyab, 2008). One another and each other are the only examples of a Reciprocal Pronoun.
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III.
VERB
A Verb states an action or a state-of being. While the Action Verbs are the main verbs, State-of-Being Verbs are comprised of the Verbs of BE and the Verb of the Senses. Verbs, which are either regular or irregular, are further classified according to form and according to function. KINDS OF VERB ( According to Form)
1. The Present Form of the verb is used to show the present time. 2. The Past Form of the verb is used to denote the past time. 3. The Present Participle Form is used either as a verb or as a verbal in the
sentence. If it is used as a verb, it is used to show a progressive action. If it is used as a verbal, it functions as modifier, either an adjective or an adverb, or as a noun. 4. The Past Participle Form is either used as a verb or as a verbal. If it is used as a verb, it denotes perfect tense and passive voice. Once used as a verbal, it functions as a modifier, an adjective. Example:
1. The children pray in the garden. 2. The students prayed a while ago.
3. They are praying the Holy Rosary now. 4. The praying children are victims of the armed conflict in Mindanao. 5. The Holy Rosary is recited every day. 6. The children have recited the rosary when the priest arrives. 7. The recited prayer talks about the life of Mama Mary. 8. She spent her time praying.
In Sentence No. 1, pray shows that the time of action is in the present
time.
The past time is shown with the verb prayed in Sentence No. 2. Praying, which does not tell the time in sentence No. 3 is
accompanied by the helping verb are. The helping verb are shows that the time of the action is present and this present participle shows a progressive or continuous action.
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The word children in sentence No. 4 is described by the word praying.

In this sense, praying is not used as a verb. Instead it is used as an adjective, which makes it a verbal. (A verbal is a verb but it functions as either a noun, an adjective, or as an adverb in the sentence.) In sentence No. 5, the past participle, recited, does not tell the time in this context. The helping verb is that accompanies it shows the time. Since recited is a part of the verb phrase, it is used as a verb in this sense. The past participle recited in sentence No. 6 accompanied by the helping verb have suggests a present perfect form. As a part of the verb phrase, it functions as a verb. In sentence No. 7, The past participle recited modifies the noun prayer. In this sense, it is a verbal (used as an adjective). Praying in sentence No. 8 modifies the verb spent. Since it modifies a verb, it is a verbal (used as an adverb).
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ YEAR/COURSE: ________________ Exercise15. DATE: _______ SCORE: ______
A. TELL WHETHER THE UNDERLINED WORD FUNCTIONS AS A VERB OR

A VERBAL, B. THEN IDENTIFY WHAT FORM OF VERB IS USED. 1. Most of the girls have requested to be excused from their classes. A. ____________________ B.___________________ 2. Several have come to signify their support to the president. A. _____________________ B. ___________________ 3. Mr. Joe Quirino had served the media for almost three decades. A. _____________________ B. ___________________ 4. After the rain, the complaining students have remained in the room. A. _____________________ B. ___________________ 5. Mary did come to visit her ailing mother. A. ____________________ B. ____________________ 6. The Supreme Court quashed the Death Penalty Law. A. ____________________ B. ____________________ 7. I have never seen my forgiving friend for a long-time. A. ____________________ B. ___________________ 8. Bill Gates donated a huge sum of money in order to help some foundations in undertaking its program. A.____________________ B. ____________________ 9. She clang to her belief that women are superior over men. A. ___________________ B. _____________________ 10. He had felt the need for conducting an observation after having differing results. A. ___________________ B ___________________
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ YEAR/COURSE: ________________ Exercise 16. SUPPLY EITHER THE PAST OR PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE GIVEN VERB TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCE. 1. The poem was___________________(write) by the student. 2. A scorpion _________________(sting) a child playing. 3. After the show, the actors are________________(applaud). 4. The (hang) _______________ criminal is a 90-year-old man. 5. The alumni have_______________(come) from the West. 6. Most of the delegates ______________(seek) help from the usherettes. 7. She______________(dig) a hole in the garden. 8. The ___________(wring)clothes were_____________(hang). 9. The mother____________(weep) for the lost of her friend. 10. His heart was________________ (smite) with fear. DATE: _______ SCORE: ______
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ YEAR/COURSE: ________________ Exercise 17. CONJUGATE THE FOLLOWING VERBS: DATE: _______ SCORE: ______
PRESENT Put
PAST
PRESENT PARTICIPLE Putting
PAST PARTICIPLE
Wound Becoming Sought Come Burst Read Coming Bursting Reading Weaving Do Doing
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Striving
KINDS OF VERB (According to Function) 1. Transitive Verb is always followed by a direct object that further clarifies the action of the verb. A DO is a noun/pronoun that answers the question what/who after the simple predicate. 2. An Intransitive Verb does not need a receiver to clarify what the action is all about. The verb itself completes the meaning of the sentence. An adverb may follow after an intransitive verb. 3. The Verb of BE followed by another verb is called a Helping Verb. 4. If the Verb of BE is followed by a noun or adjective (SC), it is called a Linking Verb. Once a Verb of the Sense, like look, feel, taste, is followed by an adjective, this verb is called a Linking Verb. HV and LV are both State-of-Being Verbs while TV and IV are Action Verbs. Example:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The students read a novel. (TV - the DO is novel) The girls play noisily in the garden. (IV- no DO, just adverbs) The mother is attending to her sick child.(TV - child is the DO.) They are working conscientiously.(IV - no DO, just adverb) Mario, an honest police officer, is working very hard. ( the verb of BE is is HV, it is followed by another verb working) 6. My brothers are engineers. ( LV- engineers, the SC, is anoun) 7. Myra is smart.(LV smart, an adjective is the SC) 8. After the speech, Mika felt warm. (LV- Verb of the Sense followed by adjective) 9. Sheila feels her ears. (TV- Action Verb-ears is the DO) 10. The food tastes delicious. (LV Verb of the sense followed by adjective)
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NUMBER Just like the noun, a verb is either singular or plural in form. Since both of them have number, the verb should agree with its subject. It is important to note that the singular and plural form of the noun is exactly opposite of the verb. As a general rule, the verb agrees with its subject in number, that is, singular subject takes a singular verb, plural subject takes a plural verb. IMPORTANT POINTS TO CONSIDER IN THE AGREEMENT OF SUBJECT AND VERB Do not be distracted by the intervening expressions that come between the subject and the verb. Remember that the subject always agrees with the subject of the sentence. NO : The captain, accompanied by the soldiers, visit the hot spot area. YES: The captain, accompanied by the soldiers, visits the hot spot area. NO : My friends, with their lawyer, continues to cry for social justice. YES: My friends, with their lawyer, continue to cry for social justice. In inverted sentences, be especially careful in determining the word that functions as the subject. NO : Suddenly into the room come mother. YES: Suddenly into the room comes mother. NO : From a great distance loom the majestic mountain. YES: From a great distance looms the majestic mountain. When correlative conjunctions - eitheror, neithernor, not only but also, and the coordinating conjunction or - joined compound subjects, the verb agrees to the nearer subject to it.
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NO : The man or the woman cry for help. YES: The man or the woman cries for help. NO : Neither the priest nor his relatives refuses to accept the stranger. YES: Neither the priest nor his relatives refuse to accept the stranger. NO : Not only the ladies but also the director want that concept. YES: Not only the ladies but also the director wants that concept. When both positive and negative subjects are in the sentence, the verb agrees always to the positive subject. NO : The secretary, not the teachers, check your attendance. YES: The secretary, not the teachers, checks your attendance. NO : My sisters, not my mother, rejects your proposal. YES: My sisters, not my mother, reject your proposal.
Compound subjects joined by and is singular if it pertains to the same

subject and it is plural if it pertains to two different subjects. NO : My bread and butter are singing. YES: My bread and butter is singing. NO : My friend and classmate win the Elocution. YES: My friend and classmate wins the Elocution. NO : My lawyer and my friend supports me in all endeavors. YES: My lawyer and my friend support me in all endeavors. NO : Tom and Jerry makes a good partner. YES: Tom and Jerry make a good partner. NO : Mel and Joey rank first in the Sunday Night Show. YES: Mel and Joey ranks first in the Sunday Night Show. Nouns plural in form but singular in meaning take a singular verb. NO : Politics are the science of government. YES: Politics is the science of government. Titles of books, literary pieces, etc, require always a singular verb. NO : Babies" are the title of the poem. YES : Babies is the title of the poem.
Amount of money, distance, fraction, number of years, measurement

when use as a subject takes a singular verb. But if these are preceded by an of-phrase, consider the number of the OP of.
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NO : Ten years are too long for the bride to wait. YES : Ten years is too long for the bride to wait. NO : One fourth of the choir is out. YES: One fourth of the choir are out.
Indefinite pronouns like everybody, nobody, everything, no one,

neither, either, somebody, etc., when use as a subject takes a singular verb. But the following indefinite when use as a subject takes a plural verb: few, several, many, both, etc. NO : Everybody attend to the discussion. YES: Everybody attends to the discussion. Adjectives when use as a subject takes always a plural verb. NO : The old needs our utmost attention. YES: The old need our utmost attention.
Collective nouns like family, committee, army, class, orchestra,

battalion, crowd, herd, team, convoy, staff, etc. require a singular verb if they are taken as whole or collectively. But if the individual members of the group are thought of as acting separately, it requires a plural verb. NO : The family eat and pray together. YES: The family eats and prays together. NO : The family argues about the issue. YES: The family argue about the issue.
The verb is singular if the subject is preceded by the expression the

number and many a. It requires a plural verb if the subject is preceded by the expression a number. NO : Many a man were lost in the jungle. YES: Many a man was lost in the jungle. NO : There reside the number of student-journalists. YES: There resides the number of student-journalists NO : A number of contestants complains to the board of judges. YES: A number of contestants complain to the board of judges.
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 18. Encircle the correct verb form.. 1. The Dean of the College of Nursing, together with the Professors (request, requests) the students to be serious in their studies. 2. Armed with courage and determination, the mother (continue, continues) to support her family alone. 3. Each boy and girl (present, presents) an inspiring number during the affair 4. Gullivers Travels (is, are) on sale. 5. Neither of the employees (agree, agrees) to the decision of the CEO. 6. Fifteen miles (was, were) traveled by them. 7. One-half of his answers (is, are) incorrect. 8. The jury (release, releases) the decision about the case. 10. Each of the students (submits, submit) the project on time.
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11. Not only the students but also the teacher (invite, invites) the presence of the parents. 12. All things in this room ( is, are ) in their proper places. 13. The secretary and the treasurer ( report, reports ) the correction of the previous minutes. 14. Each of the employees ( present, presents ) the result of the observation conducted. 15. Here ( reside, resides ) the number of panelists in the national debate.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 18. Write A, if the sentence is correct, if not, write B. 1. The gentleman and scholar donates a huge sum of money to the foundation. 2. The President and Chief Executive Officer gives the Christmas bonus early. 3. Either the father or the children are willing to support the plan. 4. Babies are my favorite poem. 5. Invictus discusses about being a master of ones soul. 6. My friend exude an authoritarian attitude. 7. Five Hundred bucks was given to the stranger. 8. The number of furniture loaded from the ship is smuggled from China. 9. The coach, accompanied by the players, complain. 10. The old need our utmost attention.
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TENSE The Tense of the verb shows the time of action OF THE VERB. There are two general classification of tenses, these are the Simple or Primary Tenses and the Secondary or Perfect Tenses. The Present Tense, Past tense, and Future Tense are considered the Simple Tenses while the Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future Perfect Tenses are classified under the Perfect Tenses. Each of these tenses has its forms. THE FORMS OF THE SIMPLE TENSES 1. The Ordinary Tenses describe a specific action either in the present, past, future time. It may or may not be accompanied by time expressions.
2. The Progressive Tenses show an actions which are continuous or in

progress at the time of speaking. The present participle form of the verb is used to show the progressive or continuous action. What shows the time is the helping verb that accompanies it. 3. The Habitual Tenses are used to show habitual actions. ThePresent Habitual is always accompanied by adverb of frequency while the Past Habitual Tense makes used of two expressions denoting past habit: used to and accustomed to. 4.Emphatic Tenses are used to emphasize the action through the use of the forms of DO + the base form of the verb. PRESENT TENSE 4 FORMS 1.Present Ordinary/Simple Present PAST TENSE 4 FORMS 1.Past Ordinary/ Simple Past a. The student wrote a note FUTURE TENSE 2 FORMS 1. Future Ordinary/ Simple Future
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a. The student writes a note. b. The girls play the piano. 2. Present Progressive
yesterday. b. The girls played the piano. 2. Past Progressive
a. The student hall play the piano. 2. Future Progressive
a. The student is writing the a. The student was writing the a. The student will be note. note. writing the note. b. The girls are playing the b. The girls were playing the b. The girls shall be piano. piano. playing the piano. 3. Present Habitual 3. Past Habitual a. The student always writes a. The student was used to the note. write the note. b. The girls play the piano b. The girls were accustomed everyday. to play the piano. 4. Present Emphatic 4. Past Emphatic a. The student does write the a. The student did write the note. note. b. The girls do play the piano. b. The girls did play the piano. The Perfect Tenses show the time of perfection or completion of the action before another action takes place. They help as to express more precisely the time at which things take place (Gabriel, Martires, 2005) The Perfect Tense form is BE (have) + past participle.
1. The Present Perfect tense ( has, have + past participle) is used to express:
a. An action which began in the past and continues to the present. Mr. Menorca has taught for almost three decades already. The Filipino businessmen have promoted equal opportunities to new applicants. b. An action that has just been completed. They have just finished the project. She has done the project just in time for the submission. c. An action completed at some indefinite past time. Already, recently, yet are expressions of an indefinite point of time. I have already eaten my snack when the bell rings. Just recently, she has filed her leave of absence.
2. The Past Perfect tense (had + past participle) is used to express a

completed action in the past which occurred before another past action. Myra had left when the rain poured hard. After reading the novel, she had started her review. 3. The Future Perfect Tense (shall/will have + past participle) is used to indicate an action to be completed in the future before another future action. She shall have recovered form her loss when the time comes. Roland will have built the dream house by the time he receives his bonus.
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The Perfect tense has three forms, namely Present Perfect Progressive, Past Perfect Progressive, and Future Perfect Progressive. The verb form, in respective order, are as follows:
has, have, had will/shall have
+ been
+ present participle
have been working had been working will have been working
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ____________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ____________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 19. Observe the correct tense of the verb by following what is indicated in the parenthesis. 1. (write- simple present) Shakespeare _____________ about common experiences. 2. (wish-present emphatic) I ________________ I could finish the report. 3. (have-past) My sister _____________ a dolls house. 4. (bloom-present) Flowering plants usually _______________ in May. 5. (does-present) Mila __________ many chores at home. 6. (study-future) Most students _________ their lessons this week. 7. (have-past emphatic) She __________ it. 8. (review-present progressive) She ____________the papers diligently.
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9. (teach-past) Jesus _____________ us the value of humility. 10. (leave-past emphatic) They _____________ for New York.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ____________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ____________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 20. Write on each blank the tense or aspect form of the verb in parenthesis. Use the regular form unless indicated. Prog. Means Progressive form and Emp. Means Emphatic form. 1. Her parents ____________ her a surprise birthday party. (give-past) 2. I _________ this year. (graduate-present) 3. Where ___________ he ___________? (go-past) 4. They __________ the winners before they were pronounced. (knowpast) 5. He _________ high grades all along. (maintain-present perfect) 6. The bell ___________ before seven oclock every morning. (ringpresent) 7. The boys ____________ the caricatures. (draw-past perfect) 8. Yoly _________ all the way to the church this morning. (run-past)
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9. Celina ______________ well on her character portrayal. (performpast) 10. No one ______ my wallet since it disappeared yesterday. (seepresent perfect) 11. Eric_____________ my secret in the past. (know-past) 12. Gerald ___________ a pain on my head. (be-past)
13. Most of the flowers ____________________ . (wilt-present perfect)

14. Someone ____________ me flower. (sent-past perfect) 15. My niece_________ me piano lesson. (teach-past)
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ________________ SCORE: ______
Exercise 21. Write the past participle forms of the following verbs. VERB 1. Use 2. Blow 3. Know 4. Freeze 5. Grow 6. Begin PAST PARTICIPLE
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7. Tear 8. Dream 9. Walk 10. do
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 22. Underline the complete verb in each item, and on the blank provided, identify whether it is in present perfect, past perfect or future perfect tense. 1. ___________________________ My kid has taken his breakfast when the school service arrived. 2. ___________________________ The policeman have been hunting that man in the picture since Monday. 3. ___________________________ Her sister has been teaching in the private schools for sixteen fruitful years. 4. ___________________________ By this time, the students shall have already taken their Achievement Test. 5. ___________________________ The teacher had forgiven him for his mistakes even before he asked for an apology. 6. ___________________________ She has written six novels already. 7. ___________________________ My eyes had grown tired after I read the novel Doomsday Conspiracy
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8. ___________________________ By noon tomorrow, we shall have arrived at Manila. 9. ___________________________ The government has provided the people good leadership. 10. ___________________________ She has been living miserably for five years when a good opportunity knocked.
Exercise 23. Supply the blanks with the present perfect form of the verbs in parentheses. 1. The students (speak) _________________ to me their complaints.
2. Mr. Romero Nicolas (work) _____________________ as a teacher for the past fifteen years.
3. Jenny (read) _________________ this magazine several times already.
4. I (wait) ________________ for her an hour.
5. Carmen (do) ____________________ her work well
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Exercise 24. Fill in the blanks with the past perfect tense of the verbs indicated in parentheses. 1. After we _____________ (eat) our lunch, our visitors arrived.
2. The student I _________________ (speak) ran after me.
3. Miss Franco ________________________ (be) a teacher for many years before she got married.
4. Mike was punished because ________________ (break) the school regulations.
5. Donna ________________ (leave) the class when his grandmother arrived.
Exercise 25. Fill in each blank with the future perfect tense of the given verb in parentheses. 1. The soldiers hoped that they _____________________ (leave) by tonight. 2. Ronald _____________(begin) this project before we see him. 3. Pauline and Philip ___________________ (call) us before eight oclock. 4. After a few decades have passed, we pray that all nations ______________ (learn) to live in peace. 5. Many participants __________ (come) before the guest arrive. 6. By summer, I __________________ (live) here for ten years.
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7. When Ana turns sixteen, she ________________(break) her teenage promises to her parents. 8. We ________________ (vote) in November. 9. Sarah ___________________ (take) a taxi. 10. The bus ______________________ (stop) five times before we reach Laguna.
Exercise 25. Underline the verb or the verb phrase in the sentence. Identify whether it is in present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect or future perfect. 1. _________________ Katrina has already joined the contest. 2. _________________ Mila will have accomplished her work before noon. 3. _________________ My pupils are building castles out of sand. 4. _________________The husband and the wife work hard to make both ends meet. 5. _________________ Do you have any ambition? 6. _________________ It had rained before I left. 7. _________________ My friend treated me a pizza downtown. 8. _________________ Have you seen the players pass the ball? 9. _________________ Mikko will enter kindergarten next year. 10. _________________ Lina has written inspiring poems. 11. _________________ They had been practicing the piece for the contest on stage for a number of days.
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12. _________________ My sister will render a song number in the program. 13. _________________ What has become of Peter? 14. _________________ The big man collared the stranger. 15. _________________My books in computer cost much. 16. _________________ Who had eaten my apple? 17. _________________I did listen to the guest speaker in the conference. 18. _________________Raymond arose from his seat when he was called. 19. _________________ I shall bid you goodbye. 20. _________________ Has anyone frozen the strawberries?
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ____________________________ SCORE: ______
Exercise 26. TENSE EXPERTISE: Put the Verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Eleven Items (nos. 4,5,7,9,12,13,14,15,18,19, and 20) must be in SIMPLE TENSES A. It was lovely at five oclock, but since then the sky (get) steadily darker and the wind (rise). 1. ___________________ 2. ___________________ B. In the evenings, I often play chess with my next door neighbor. I (play) chess with him ever since I (come) to live here ten years ago. 3. ___________________ 5. ___________________ some reason she (not come). 7. ___________________ 9. ___________________ it was. 8. ___________________ 10. ___________________ E. If I (continue) with my diet, I (lose) 10 kilos by the end of October. F. When he (search) all his pockets and found no key, he (remember) where 4. ___________________ 6. ___________________ C. A woman (walk) in with a baby, who she said (swallow) a safety pin. D. His mother usually (bring) him sandwiches at lunch time, but today for
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11, ___________________ 13. ___________________ H. I (not know) you (be) left-handed. 15. ___________________ I. from my window since they began. 17. ___________________ 19. ___________________
12. ___________________ 14. ___________________ 16. ___________________
G. By the time we (arrive) at the party, everything (be) eaten.
a pair of robins (build) a nest in the porch since last week; I (watch) them 18. ___________________ 20. ___________________
J. No Thanks, (say) Bill. I just (have) breakfast.
VOICE A verb can be active or passive. A verb is active when the subject performs the action; a verb is passive when the subject receives the action (Scott, Foresman, 1989). Example: 1. The students presented the play. (Active, Student, the subject, performs the action) 2. They are working the project. (Active, the subject They performs the action) 3. The apple is eaten by the boy. (Passive, the subject apple does not perform the action.) 4. Jose was scolded by the officer. (Passive, the subject Jose does not perform the action.) Changing Active Sentence to Passive 1. Identify the DO and make it your passive subject. 2. Check the number of your passive subject. 3. Check the tense of the active verb: Active Verb present past future progressive Present perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect Perfect Progressive Passive Verb Am, is, are + past participle Was, were + past participle Will/shall + be + past participle Am, is, are + being + past participle Was, were + being + past participle Will/shall + be + being + past participle Has, have +been + past participle Had + been + past participle Will/shall + have + been +past participle Has, have + been + being + past participle Had + been + being + past participle Will/shall have + been + being + past participle
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4. Introduce the active subject with the preposition by.

5. Place the modifiers correctly. Examples: 1. The children read the poem Invictus. Passive: The poem Invictus is read by the children. 2. Mario scolded the scavengers. Passive: The scavengers are scolded by Mario. 3. I have written the notes. Passive: The notes have been written by me. 4. Theo is working the project seriously. Passive: The project is being worked seriously by Theo. 5. Myla has been writing the novel since last week. Passive: The novel has been being written since last week by Myla. Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 27. Underline the verb and indicate its voice on the blank. 1. __________________ The father addresses the son with respect. 2. __________________ The difficult lesson will be explained again. 3. __________________ The result of the interview was announced yesterday. 4. __________________ The students of Ms. Dominguez will watch the movie Ocean Eleven. 5. __________________ Mark took and passed the entrance examination at Ateneo de Manila. 6. __________________ They meet me in the office.
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7. __________________ A girl was robbed yesterday. 8. __________________ The English language is spoken all over the world. 9. __________________ We will be visiting soon. 10. __________________ The painting was bought by Roland for his wife.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 28. Change the following active sentences to passive. 1. The students will visit the planetarium soon. 2. Many attended the forum on the Balikatan Exercises in the Philippines. 3. The wind blew the roof of the houses. 4. The witness had reported the incident in details. 5. The messenger left a bunch of flowers for you. 6. The laborers criticized the management. 7. The Student Council will donate the proceeds of the drive to the victims of the armed conflict in Mindanao.
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8. A piercing scream shattered the stillness of the night. 9. The manager of the bank had given the papers pertinent to the case filed against the former president. 10. She mails the invitation letter for the forthcoming program.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 29. Rewrite every active sentence to passive and vice versa 1. They raise cattle and sheep for domestic use and export.
2. Some fascinating details are recorded by a famous writer in his newest bestseller.
3. A hotel room is investigated by them.
4. Wall paintings have been found by archeologists in the primitive caves of men.
5. Modern people take electrical appliances for granted.
6. A better quality of life is promised by the newly elected president.
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7. Various data on the dengue virus was carefully reviewed by Medical Commission.
8. The teacher has called the attention of those who are not listening.
9. Rare flowering plants are grown as a hobby by our English Teacher.
10. My uncle won a computer set in the game.

MOOD Mood indicates the manner by which an action is expressed. If a sentence states or questions a fact or an opinion, it is in the Indicative Mood; if it expresses command or request, the mood is Imperative; a sentence expressing a prayer, a wish, a demand, or a contrary-to-fact situation is in the Subjunctive Mood. Examples:
1. We celebrate Christmas every 25th of December. (Indicative, its a 2. 3. 4. 5.

statement of fact.) Are you beautiful? (Indicative, it questions an opinion.) I wish I were the president. (Subjunctive, its a wish.) God bless you. (Subjunctive, its a prayer.) If I were there, I would have been elected the President. (Subjunctive, contrary-to-fact situation.)
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ________________ SCORE: ______
Exercise 30. Indicate whether the verbs are in the indicative, subjective, or imperative mood. 1. _____________________ Where can I find the administration office? 2. _____________________ The Philippines is a democratic country.
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3. _____________________ Marcos declares Martial Law. 4. _____________________ Would she accept if I were to offer her the flowers? 5. _____________________ Please listen attentively. 6. _____________________ Please see the Prefect Officer immediately. 7. _____________________ God bless you. 8. _____________________ I wish you would change your mind. 9. _____________________ Take the test now or never! 10. _____________________ The Dean of the College demands that every teacher start and end her class on time. Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _____________________________ SCORE: ______
Exercise 31. Construct five sentences in each of the indicated moods. IMPERATIVE MOOD 1. __________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________________________ INDICATIVE MOOD 1. _____________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________
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4. _____________________________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________________________ SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 1. _____________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________________________ IV. The MODIFIER In discourse, there are two modifiers. Adjectives modify a noun or a pronoun, while adverbs modify a verb or another adverb. Examples: 1. The man wears a blue hat. 2. Sheila ate the only apple. 3. Mika ate only the red apple. 4. The lady, wearing a pink hat, is my friend. 5. Mika attends her ballet class after she finishes her office work. 6. His sister, a 100-meter dash contender, joins the Run for a Cause. 7. Working late at night, Roland finished his masterpiece. 8. Plants grow sturdier by the river. 9. They broke in tears after hearing the good news. 10. They came to inspect the rooms.
In sentence No. 1, note that the word blue describes the noun hat. In
this case, blue is an adjective.
The word only in the succeeding sentence modifies the noun apple,
hence, it is an adjective. While the word only describes the verb ate in sentence No. 3, it is used as an adverb. The phrase wearing a pink hat in sentence No. 4 modifies the lady so it functions as an adjective. The clause After she finishes her office work in sentence No. 5 modifies the verb attends, therefore, it functions as an adverb. In sentence No. 6, the appositive a 100-meter dash contender describes the noun sister. In this context is functions as an adjective. Working late at night in sentence No. 7 modifies the noun Roland. The phrase functions as an adjective.
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The modifier in sentence No. 8 is an adverb because the modifier by

the river describes the verb grow.
After hearing the good news in sentence No. 9 is an adverb. The infinitive phrase to inspect the rooms is an adverb because it
modifies the verb came. Take note that an adjective and adverb may be a word, a phrase, or a clause modifier. While a clause has always the subject and the predicate, a phrase may just be a part of the subject or predicate.
V.
VERBAL A Verbal is a verb but it does not function as one; instead it functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Examples: 1. Walking briskly makes her fit. (Walking in this sentence is used as a subject, therefore it is not a verb, instead its a noun.) 2. Sheila is fond of remediating underachievers. (Remediating is an OP, its a noun not a verb.) 3. The students came crying. (The word crying modifies the verb came. Crying is an adverb.) 4. Myra, the commanding officer, is also a medical doctor. (The noun officer is modified by the word commanding, hence, it is an adjective.) 5. She loves to read novels by Leo Tolstoy. (To read is used as a DO. It is a noun.)
KINDS OF VERBAL
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VERBAL Gerund Participle Infinitive
FORM V + -ing (singing)
FUNCTION(S) Noun Adjective, Adverb Noun, adjective, Adverb
V + -ing (writing)) V + -ed/-en (written) To + verb ( to draw)
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _____________________________ SCORE: ______
Exercise 33. Underline the verbal in the following sentences. 1. Walking is a good exercise for the heart. 2. She is fond of writing essays and poems. 3. The students found the story very interesting but was tired of rereading it. 4. The making of the film Rizal affirms to the whole world the Filipinos heroism. 5. The quality of Filipino movies nowadays is fast declining. 6. Roselle makes carving a profitable hobby. 7. Maggies favorite pastime is reading. 8. Collecting stamps makes me see the world.
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9. Ellens extension program, remediating underachievers, is commendable. 10. Sr. Rosie does sewing for street children.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _____________________________ SCORE: ______
Exercise 33. Underline the verbal in the following sentences; then (a) identify its kind, (b) its function. If the function is a noun, (c) identify its use in the sentence.
1. Mikkos favorite past time is reading.

2. The making of the film Bagong Buwan inspired the Filipinos more to condemn terrorism. 3. Mr. Reyes, the commanding officer, is on-leave. 4. Cheating is a hobby for some students.
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5. The student came shouting. 6. Its never wise to bringing up a spoiled child. 7. The family is gathering to honor their great grandparents. 8. To drive a car is not really as easy as I thought. 9. Ignoring traffic signals is dangerous. 10. The written suggestions were submitted to the office of the president. 11. Johann Guttenberg invented the printing machine in Geermany.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______
Exercise 33. Underline the past participle in the following sentences and identify its function. 1. _________________ My aching legs stops me from doing my work. 2. _________________ The cemented pave helps a lot for the farmer to transport their crops to the nearby market. 3. _________________ The students found the story horrifying. 4. _________________ She was tagged as the rotten tomato in the company. 5. _________________ The broken glass costs a thousand.
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Exercise 34. Complete each sentence below by adding a participle. 1. It is difficult to understand _________________ people.
2. She bought some ________________ papers.
3. The ________________ students were reprimanded.
4. The ___________________ wings fell on the ground.
5. The ____________________ man went home early. Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 35. Complete each sentence below by adding an infinitive. 1. The orphans wish,_______________________ is not difficult. 2. His objectives, _____________________ a charitable institution is a noble one. 3. The community needs ____________________ the result. 4. Her duty is ________________________. 5. _______________________ needs extraordinary effort and extra time. 6. Mikes ambition is _____________________________ . 7. They dont want ____________________________ vegetables. 8. _________________________ is to lend. 9. He told the group _____________________________. 10. __________________________ a ride during rush hour is indeed difficult.
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 36. Identify whether the infinitive used in Exercise 5 is a noun, adjective or an adverb. 1. ____________________________ 2. ____________________________ 3. ____________________________ 4. ____________________________ 5. ____________________________ 6. ____________________________ 7. ____________________________ 8. ____________________________ 9. ____________________________
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10. ____________________________
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 37. Fill in the blanks with the correct verbal formed from the word in the parentheses. Then identify its function. 1. _____________________ (walk) is a good way of (maintain)
_____________________ good physique. 2. _____________________ The (break) _____________________ window pane was repaired by an old man. 3. _____________________ His objective, (teach) _____________________ in college is commendable. 4. _____________________ He finished college by (work) _____________________ as a student assistant in the library. 5. _____________________ He was sent to the Discipline Office for (write) _____________________in the wall.
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6. _____________________ In (wash) _____________________ clothes always separate the white from colored ones. 7. _____________________ He dances (keep) _____________________ trim. 8. _____________________ The flowers (cut) _____________________ are those without blemishes. 9. _____________________ The (ring) _____________________ of the bells signals the time to dismiss students.
VI.
Phrase A Phrase is composed of related words which can be a part of the subject or the predicate. A phrase is either a gerund phrase, a participial phrase, an infinitive phrase, a prepositional phrase, or an appositive phrase. These phrases may either function as a noun, an adjective or as an adverb.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _____________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _____________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 38. Underline the prepositional phrase and indicate whether it is used as adverb or as adjective. 1. _____________________ Plants by the river grow sturdier and healthier. 2. _____________________ Rivers flow into the see. 3. president. _____________________ The student near the doorway is the class
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4. _____________________ After the rain the student were sent out. 5. _____________________ She is woman with a golden heart. 6. _____________________ A good friend stands by you in all kinds of trouble. 7. deeds. 8. _____________________ The student played in the grounds. 9. _____________________ The table beside the wall was stolen. 10. _____________________ The students reported in the library. _____________________ Sergeant Reyes was awarded for his heroic
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 39. Underline the phrase and identify whether it is a participial phrase, infinitive phrase, gerund phrase, prepositional phrase, or appositive. 1. The student sitting beside me is my sister. ____________________________ 2. After doing her business, she immediately left. ____________________________ 3. The child cried to call his attention. ____________________________ 4. He is the man to guide you in your dreams. ____________________________ 5. Everybody enjoys watching wholesome comedies. ____________________________ 6. Her favorite pastime is baking with her friends. ____________________________ 7. Dave likes playing with his toys. ____________________________ 8. Lighting a candle is better than ____________________________ 9. Books in English are more ____________________________ cursing expensive the darkness. sometimes.
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10. We make our home work after we take our rest. ____________________________ 11. We handle fragile objects with care. ____________________________ 12. Some religious people are always praying at night. ____________________________ 13. Wilma instructed her gardener to apply fertilizer to the soil. ____________________________ 14. The girl, running around the bush, was bitten by a snake. ____________________________ 15. The students near the ____________________________ faculty room are noisy.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 40. Change the following into participial phrase. 1. experience that enrich us 2. dreams that horrify us 3. stories that inspire 4. silence that intrigues 5. a game that we anticipate
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6. a who has been put to the test 7. an official that we elect 8. a heart that cares 9. a voice that complains 10. the darkness that frighten us
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 41. Complete the sentence by filling in each blank with either as infinitive phrase or gerund phrase formed from the list given below. 1. ___________________ is and act of heroism. 2. ___________________ is an obligation of every citizen. 3. ___________________is a manifestation of caring for the environment. 4. It gives a pleasant feeling ___________________. 5. Its not very easy ___________________. 6. ___________________ is a must for a healthy boy. 7. ___________________is not good for our health. 8. He use to be very strong, but now hes forgotten like ___________________. 9. After that incident, she has changed ; ours is now ___________________. 10. Its never wise to bring up ___________________.
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A. Leader that falls B. A child that is spoiled C. A relationship that is stained D. Pay the taxes E. Know that others love us F. Take proper diet G. Save the life of others H. Sell new products to customer I. Smoke J. Plant a tree K. News that scream
VII.
SENTENCE A sentence is classified either according to purpose/function or according to form/ structure.
KINDS OF SENTENCE: According to FUNCTION/PURPOSE A DECLARATIVE sentence states fact. An INTERROGATIVE sentence ask question. An IMPERATIVE sentence expresses command or request An EXCLAMATORY sentence expresses strange or sudden emotion. Exercise 42. Punctuate the following sentence correctly and identify its kind. 1. ___________________ Kindly open the door 2. ___________________ I want to know why the sea is salty 3. ___________________ How far is America from the Philippines 4. ___________________ Mother Theresa is indeed the living saint
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5. ___________________ How you are you 6. ___________________ Go out and register 7. ___________________ Will you tell me your problem 8. ___________________ Present your examination permit to the instructor 9. ___________________ Mrs. Wilson is an English teacher 10. ___________________ How beautiful it is
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______
KINDS OF SENTENCE: According to STRUCTURE/FORM A SIMPLE sentence contains one independent clause. A COMPOUND sentence is composed of two or more independent clauses. A COMPLEX sentence is composed of one independent clause and one dependent clause A COMPOUND COMPLEX sentence is composed of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. Exercise 43. Identify the kind of sentence by marking S for simple sentence, CD for compound sentence, CX for complex and CC for compound complex. 1. ______ Lesson and vision are important in life.
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2. ______ They say that the mind and the heart are the source of poetry. 3. ______ We had a dog and his name was Blackie. 4. ______ They work in laboratories where they use scientific instruments. 5. ______ Roel, together with his friends, went swimming after the midterm examination. 6. ______ You should knock at the door before you come in. 7. ______ Although he is deeply hurt, he smiled and he continued his mission of helping the poor. 8. ______ Leonard, who just entered the room, is my brother. 9. ______ after the rain, the students find it difficult to get a ride and they went home very late. 10. ______ My mother, who is also a doctor, is a great stage actress.
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Exercise 43. Encircle the subordinate conjunctions and underline the dependent clauses. There may be more than one dependent clause in the sentence. 1. Rollie was a better athlete than we ever realized. 2. We cant find where Malou hid the keys. 3. Roma realized that she had left her assignment when she arrived in school. 4. If you see John, ask him if he is ready to take the challenge. 5. The thief ran away before the police arrived.
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6. When the rain poured hard, I thought my friend would not come. 7. We never knew what is his plan and why he left so hurriedly. 8. I will go with you, if father permits me. 9. The students proceeded with their plans although the Instructor did not come. 10. My friend, who just arrived from the U.S. will be with us.
Exercise 44. Box the dependent clause and underline the independent clause; then identify its kind. 1. The actress, whose manager is being suspected of fraud, feels very embarrassed about the incident. _________________________ 2. The teacher will confront the students who are suspected of cheating. _________________________ 3. The paintings, that used to be high-priced pieces of art, are now on sale at the bazaar. _________________________
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4. I shall let you know when it is time to go. _________________________ 5. Surrounding the dense mountain is the majestic sea.
_________________________ 6. Lisa and Luz bake delicious pastries and sell them at the bakeshop. _________________________ 7. Honesty is a great factor that contributes to a lasting friendship. _________________________ 8. Randy studied hard for his board exam. _________________________ 9. I did my best in my Math examination, but I still got a low score. _________________________ 10. The kids seem excited whenever Rex is around and they played noisily. _________________________ 11. The letter that I received was short. _________________________
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 45. Combine the following statements into compound-complex sentences. The weather was good. We decided to go camping. Lits could not get the car started.
Heavy rains began to fall. The streets are flooded. The typhoon came.
Many guest arrived late. It was not a successful party.
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The hostess was disappointed.
The fisherman went fishing. They caught a lot of fish. They sold the fish in the market.
The children were happy. They played in the garden. They laughed and shouted.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 46. Read the following article then complete what is asked in the table below.
The Fog Lifted (1)One of the most famous battles in history, which was known as the Battle of Waterloo, took place on June 18, 1815.(2) As we look back from our viewpoint in history, its one of those on which destinies of nations rested. (3)The French army was fighting under the command of Napoleon. (5)The armies of the Allies which were made up of the British, Dutch, and Germans, were fighting under the command of Lord Wellington. Fighting for their nations was the order of the day. (6)Communications were not the sophisticated instant science they are today , and so the people of England were dependent upon a system of semaphore signals to find out how the battle was going. (7) It was primitive and not too reliable, being subject to human error.(8) One of these signal stations was located on the tower of the Winchester Cathedral in London. (9)Quite late in the day, while still light, this signal was flashed from the tower to the people who were waiting for the news: W-E-L-L-I-N-G-T-O-N D-E-F-E-A-T-E-D. (10)Just at that moment, one of those sudden and thick London fogs made it possible to read the rest of the message.(11)
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The news of the defeat quickly spread through London. (12)Then from London, it spread to the surrounding countryside.(13) The whole country was sad and gloomy when they heard the news that their country had lost this crucial war. (14)In the morning, the fog lifted and the complete message could be read. The message had four wordsnot just two. The complete message was this: W-E-L-L-I-N-G-T-O-N D-E-F-E-A-T-E-DT-H-EE-N-E-M-Y! (15)It took a few minutes for the good news to sink in and to spread as far as the bad news. Sorrow was turned into joy!(16) Defeat was turned into victory! -From 365 Moments to Cherish by Robert Strand
Using the numbered sentences in the preceding page, complete the following table:(45 points) SENTENCE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 INDEPENDENT CLAUSE One of the most famous battles in history took place on June 18, 1815. DEPENDENT CLAUSE which is known as the Battle of Waterloo KIND OF SENTENCE Complex
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16
VIII.
Vocabulary and Mechanics
VOCABULARY: Rootword and Affixes In order to fully understand an unfamiliar word, it is best to make a structural analysis of a given word. A word is composed of a rootword and an affix. An affix which is either a prefix or a suffix- is a letter, a syllable, or a word added to a rootword.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______ ROOT WORD IS is the body or basic structure of a word. Exercise 47. Give the meaning of the following root words, then give the other words derived from the root word. ROOT Flec, flex MEANING EXAMPLE
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Scrib Corn Luc Vis, vid Cap, capt Volu Ced, ceed Par Dic, dict
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______
Exercise 48. Extract the Latin word of the underlined word and give its meaning.
1. Although some soldiers were afraid to join the combat, they no choice but to
proceed.
2. The authoritarian dictated the rules by which people lived.
3. God sent a lucent star to guide us in our dark path.
4. No one can read the scribbled message on the wall. 72
5. The monster senses the presence of the invisible creature.
6. The fate of the convicted rapist is very apparent.
7. A persons total personality is reflected in his manner of speech.
8. The contraband held the officers of the ship in captivity.
9. Rex predicted the fall of the great dictator.

Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______ Using Prefixes PREFIX- is a part of a word placed before the root word. Exercise 49. The idea expressed in each sentence is erroneous because of the underlined word. Correct it by adding the correct prefix. Write the new word after each item.
1. My father is responsible. He cannot be depended upon to uplift the familys

economic status. ___________________
2. Students who please their teachers are scolded. ___________________ 3. To sell prohibited drug is legal. ___________________ 4. Long
haired soldiers are appropriate with their uniform. ___________________
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5. Bing is modest.
She bragged about her high sale in her business.
___________________
6. The finance officer has to check the purchased books because they were
accurate. ___________________
7. It is sense to say that lion is harmless. ___________________ 8. The sound of our alarm clock is regular; we took it to the repair shop.
___________________
9. A child who does things by himself is dependent. ___________________ 10. The students were satisfied with the grade of 60. ___________________
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ________________________________SCORE: ______
Exercise 50. Give the meaning of the following list of common prefixes. 1. ambi2. epi3. hyper4. meta5. neo6. pseudo7. retro8. syn-
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9. ultra10. un11. im12. ad13. ec14. bene15. intra-
Exercise 51. Add a prefix to the following words 1. understood _____________________ 2. call _____________________ 3. circle _____________________ 4. spell _____________________ 5. fed _____________________
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6. kept _____________________ 7. judge _____________________ 8. obey _____________________ 9. conception _____________________ 10. cook _____________________
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______ Using Suffixes Suffix- is a meaningful unit placed at the end of a root word to form a new word. Exercise 52. Add a suffix to the underlined word to correct the sentence. Write the new word on the blank.
1. ____________ The guidance counsel would like to meet you. 2. ____________ Sly is a transfer from UCLA. 3. ____________ As a column, Mr. Robinson is well known among
newspapermen.
4. ____________ The birthday celebrate is busy greeting her visitors.
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5. ____________ Working mothers usually hire govern to take care of their

children.
6. ____________ The valedictorian is a grant of a college scholarship. 7. ____________ I hope to be a famous dermatology. 8. ____________ How would you feel to work as a beauty consult? 9. ____________ The childless women prayed to Venus, the god of beauty and
love.
10. ____________ The class will invite a history to talk about memorable events
in the past.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 53. Give the meaning of the following suffixes. 1. -ant 2. -ance 3. -let 4. -logy 5. -ness 6. -phone 7. -polis
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8. -ship
9. -some
10. -ward 11. -y 12. -ity 13. -ism 14. -ish 15. fold
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 54. Identify the word being defined of described. The suffix is the clue to your answer.
1. -ant (one who helps) 2. -er (something that extinguishes or puts out) 3. -able (capable of being obtained) 4. -less (without speech) 5. -ness (state of being happy) 6. -ment ( state of being arrange) 7. -ian (one who takes custody) 78
8. -yer (one who practices law) 9. -ist (one who study botany) 10. -ee (a person who is awarded) 11. -er (one who preaches) 12. -or (a person who acts) 13. -ess (a woman who writes poem) 14. -ore (one who commands a senior captain of a ship) 15. -or (one who governs)
MECHANICS: Spelling
Because of the advent of technology, especially the gadgets for communication (like the cellular phones), a lot of users are not mindful anymore of the spelling. But as a correspondent, you have to make sure that every word must be spelled correctly. Horrible spelling can ruin your companys reputation, even yours. Some of the troubles in spelling may come from incorrect pronunciation, and at times may come from a bad handwriting. Here are helpful tips o avoid misspelling the words: 1. learn to pronounce the word syllable by syllable 2. copy the word carefully, forming each letter as plainly as you can 3. pronounce the word carefully again 4. on a separate sheet of paper, write the word from memory 5. form mnemonics
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6. words are sometimes misspelled if they are inflected with prefixes and suffixes: e.g. pronounce+ -tion = pronunciation 7. remember too that there are words with spelling variant:, e.g., meter-metre, judgement-judgment - but as regards its use, consistency is required.
Exercise 55. Supply the missing letter with either ei or ie. 1. hyg_____ne 2. dec____t 3. sl____gh 4. conc____ve 5. s____zure 8. f____gn 9. ch____f 10. p___ce 11. counterf____t 12. med_____val
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6. conc_____t 7. rec___pt
13. s_____ge 14. p___rce 15. l___utenant
B. Supply the missing letter either with sede, - ceed, or - cede 1. pro__________ 2. con ___________ 3. se____________ 4. pre____________ 6. re_______________ 7. super_____________ 8. ac_______________ 9. ex______________ 10. inter_____________
5. suc____________
Exercise 56. Some of the words in the list are misspelled. Put a check mark if the words are spelled correctly. If the words are misspelled, write the correct spelling on the blanks. 1. writing_____________________11.persistence_________________ 2. preceeding_________________12. auxiliary _________________ 3. reminise___________________13. anxious ___________________
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4. occasion___________________14. recommend________________ 5. weird_____________________15. possession ________________ 6. pseudoname_______________16. irresistable _________________ 7. maneuver_______________ 9. soliloquay________________ 17. onomatopeia _______________ 19. disseminate ________________ ________________ 8. judicious_________________18. embarrass _________________ 10. familiar___________________20. brunch
IX.
DICTION
Words in English may be synonymous but in terms of usage they are used in different respect. This is called diction. To communicate effectively, we must possess a powerful vocabulary since words are the bullets that we use in our day-to-day encounter with different types of people. As a correspondent, we need to aim for just a working vocabulary of 30,000 50, 000 words (Arrevillaga, 1989). So this just suggests that we dont need to memorize the million entries of a dictionary. The language today is uniquely awashed with jargons, acronyms, and buzz words. The writer must pay attention in defining acronyms and using vocabulary in a clear consistent way. For example, FYI is an acronym of For Your Information. Do you type, strike, depress, hit, touch, or press the key? Does your reader understand all these words indicate the same action? *Frequently Confused Words
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1. ability, capacity Ability means the state of being able, or the power to do something. Capacity is the power of receiving or containing. A computer has the ability to create graphics. The computer has the capacity of 64 K.
2. about, approximately About indicates a rough estimate; approximately implies near accuracy. We are about halfway to the Holy Mountain. There are approximately 1.05 quarts in a liter.
3. accept, except Accept means to receive willingly; except means excluding I accept your appreciation. Youll be excused from doing this activity except that one. 4. advise, inform Advise means to offer counsel and suggestion; inform means to communicate information. I advise you to be attentive in the discussion. They inform me about your resignation.
5. anxious, eager Use anxious when anxiety or worry is involved. Eager means highly desirous of something. Im anxious about the result of the exam. Sheila is eager to pursue a career in Journalism.
6. beside, besides Beside means by the side of; besides means in addition to. She sits beside Mari Karl. Besides teaching, I direct stage plays.
7. disinterested, uninterested Disinterested means impartial; uninterested means indifferent, bored.
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8. e.g., i.e. e.g. means for example; i.e. means in other words, or that is. 9. equipment, equipments Use equipment as singular or plural. There is no such word as equipments. 10. farther, further Farther refers to physical distance. Further refers to matters in which physical measurement is impossible. He runs a kilometer farther from the finish line. Further research is encouraged.
11. ultimate, penultimate Ultimate means last; penultimate means next to last. Do not use penultimate as a superlative of ultimate.
Exercise 57. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word taken from the following pairs of frequently confused words: that-which-who whos-whose whether-weather two-to-too their-theyre-there 1. stationery-stationary quiet-quite some time-sometime your-youre your-youre
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______________________ an adjective which means at rest or not moving ______________________ a noun which means writing materials 2. quiet_____________ means not noisy ______________________means entirely This room is not ________________ ___________________ 3. ______________________ refers to people or things ______________________ refers only to things ______________________ refers only to people 4. ______________________ as a point in time ______________________ as an amount of time The work will be completed _____________________ soon. This method has not been in effect for _________________. 5. ___________________ means who is ___________________ means of or belonging to a person as possessor ____________________ going to travel by train? ____________________ little black puppy is this? 6. ____________________ a possessive pronoun ____________________ can be used as an expletive at the beginning of a sentence ____________________ is a contraction of they are 7. ____________________ a preposition ____________________ an adverb ____________________ a number 8. ___________________ means atmospheric conditions or come safely through ___________________ means which of the two Well _________________the _______________ ________________ you like it or not. 9.
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_____________________means belonging to you or yourself _____________________ is the contraction of you are _____________________ musical performance is superb! _____________________ not to pass another vehicle in this lane.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 58. parentheses. 1. The _________________ suitor committed suicide. (spurned, mocked) 2. The _________________ secretary will take charge in keeping the list of the members of the organization. (assistant, associate) 3. His_________________ speech caused him his life. (spurning, disparaging) 4. His business _________________ is in the United States. (partner, neighbor) Complete the sentence by supplying the appropriate word in the
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5. The minority of the members _________________ the opinion of the majority. (deprived, disregard) 6. His law _________________ will help him defend his case in court. (accomplice, associate) 7. Teachers and policemen receive_________________ income. (shy, modest) 8. Teachers encourage _________________ students to take part in classroom discussion. (modest, timid) 9. Your _________________ will be here shortly before you go to the party. (accomplice, companion) 10. The robber pointed to his _________________ in the foiled bank robbery. (accomplice, companion) 11. The lawyers _________________ was strong and won the case. (argument, agreement) 12. The _________________ of the will was read to the family. (contents, contain) 13. The_________________ was so great that the doctor could not do anything to help the victim. (injured, injury) 14. Smoking is not _________________ in the hospital. (aloud, allowed) 15. The old mans _________________ come true. (prophesy, prophecy) 16. I have a deep wound on my left _________________. (to, toe) 17. A knife grows _________________ with constant use. (sharpen, sharper) 18. Let us sing _________________. (all together, altogether) 19. We must love our _________________ as we love ourselves. (neighbor, partner) 20. Dont _________________ the negritos because of the color of their skin. (despise, mock)
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X.
COORDINATION AND SUBORDINATION
Coordination is a process and/or structural device in combining words or group of words using coordinating conjunctions. Compound sentence is formed through coordination. Subordination refers to the reduction of independent clauses to dependent ones or to modifiers of a core pattern. It forms complex sentence since it uses subordinating conjunction in fusing simple sentences together. These processes, coordination and subordination, eliminates choppy sentences in writing effective discourse.
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ________________________________ SCORE: ______ SUBORDINATION Exercise 59. Combine each group of sentences into a single sentence. Allan was a writer. He wrote during post WWII. His essays were full of quotations from Latin and Greek authors.
I reported the next morning.
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My topic was Poverty-The Source of Evil. My teacher said the topic was timely. There is much crime in the city.
She searched for the book high and low for an hour. She even recalled the places she went to the whole day. Finally, she found the book in her bag.
I was only nine years old. I took my first bus ride outside my hometown. I felt funny things turning over in my stomach.
Everybody had gone to school or to the office, and the door was locked. I looked for the key under the doormat, but I did not find it there. I decided to try the flower pot, and it was there. Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 60. Revise the sentence if the wrong element has been subordinated. 1. Rex is already twelve years old, although he has never seen a real live carabao. 2. After his parents found work in the city the never brought him to the province.
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3. The sun had set after the meeting started. 4. When we decided to go home, it was already dark. 5. I waited for the telephone to ring for a long time. When it rang, I was in the bathroom. 6. Kevin could not com, but we went to the football game. 7. Unless completion of campus buildings will be delayed, funds become available. 8. He got out military school since he started teaching. 9. When the examination that you have been waiting for will begin, the bell rings. 10. Because he needs to score high in the final examinations, Mark got a failing grade for the midterm. Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ______________________________SCORE: ______
Exercise 61. Choose an appropriate subordinators below and write it on the blank . No answer should be used twice. After Since Because While Whereas Whenever In order that As long as Although As soon as As if When If Unless Provided
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1. __________ you phoned, we left for the movies. 2. He will get the summer job__________ he knows the supervisor. 3. I will talk to her__________ she walks through the door. 4. __________ the room was dark, they were not afraid. 5. The group will accept the neophyte __________ she is friendly. 6. Make use of the library__________ it is available. 7. __________ the program is over call me up. 8. He stood __________ he owned the entire place. 9. __________ you add the sauce into the pan, lower the flame. 10. She has written us many times __________ she left the country.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ COORDINATION Exercise 62. In the following sentences, underline the main clause. Put a box around the coordinate conjunction. 1. You can go out Dinero St. or you can take P. Lopez St. to reach the plaza. 2. Allan enlisted in the army but now he hates it. 3. The ceiling is white and the walls are blue. 4. The telephone has been ringing constantly all day, but I dont want to answer it.
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5. The television was an expensive one, so the burglar stole it. 6. The clouds were threatening rain any minute, yet Paul still insisted on going to the park. 7. Those two ladies are very old and they are very kind. 8. Age cannot destroy her beauty, nor pain can kill her spirit. 9. The moon goes around the Earth and the Earth goes around the sun. 10. Jay has a lovely voice but he sings too loud. 11. Bob washed the car and Lin waxed it. 12. Joys children are home for the holidays, so she is bursting with joy.
13. The trees are swaying in the wind and the sky has turned dark with clouds.
14. Jose and Belle create a beautiful collage and they were commended for this. 15. My niece planned a degree in nursing but she did not pursue her plan.
Exercise 63. Select a clause from Column B that would combine sensibly with a clause from Column A. Use the coordinator inside the parentheses. Letters only. COLUMN A 1. ______ You must do schoolwork regularly (or) 2. ______ The ground got wet (for) COLUMN B A. He refused B. No one complained
your
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3. ______Either stop that noise (or) 4. ______ Jen was asked to rewrite her work (but) 5. ______ Our report was accepted (and) 6. ______ Jon did not explain(nor) 7. ______ Is Jose really sick (or) 8. ______ Now we are probing outer space (and) 9. ______ Extra-curricular activity is important (for) 10. ______Our school glee club sang last (and)
C. Leave the room D. It rained strongly E. You will fail F. Well rounded students need more than study G. They were the best singers in the contest H. Did he intend to I. The sky is no longer the limit
J. Is he just pretending K. Before the sun sets L. Since the weather change
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: ________________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: ________________________________SCORE: ______
Exercise 64. Below is an article on nuclear hazards. Encircle the best word or phrase for each blank from the list after the selection. HAZARDS FROM NUCLEAR POWER There are three separate sources of hazard in the process of supplying energy by nuclear power. 1. ________ , the radioactive material must travel from its place of manufacture to the power station. 2. ________ the power stations themselves are solidify built, the container used for transport of the materials are not. There are normally only two methods of transport available, 3. ________ road or rail.
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Unfortunately, both of these involve close contact with the general public, 4. ________ the routes are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas. 5. ________, there is problem of waste. All nuclear power stations produce waste that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to make these waste non-radioactive, and 6. ________ they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientist have invented. 7. ________, they may have buried under the ground, or dropped into abandoned mines, 8. ________ sunk into the sea. 9. ________, these methods do not solve the problem, 10. ________ an earthquake could easily crack the containers open. 11. ________ , there is the problem of accidental exposure due to leak 12. ________ an explosion at the power station. As with the other two hazards, this is not very likely, 13. ________ it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program. 14. ________ it can happen. Separately, these three types of risk are not a great cause of concern. Taken together, 15. ________ the probability of disaster is extremely high.
A 1. First 2. Although 3. Which 4. Since 5. In that case 6. Because 7. For example 8. And 9. Yet 10. Though 11. In conclusion 12. And 13. Instead 14. Nevertheless 15. Even though Second
B Third
Because Namely Nor Second After After all Or Or Since For instance Or Namely Therefore Although
Unless Before For Third So Besides But For Even if Third But So Though Though
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XI.
Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers Sometimes modifiers in a sentence cannot function effectively because they have been placed in a wrong position; it may be considered as a squinting modifier, misplaced modifier, and/or dangling modifier. A squinting modifier is an adverb that is placed between two verbs: She had hurriedly rushed to the hospital. A misplaced modifier is one that is far from the word it modifies and it gives rise to misinterpretations. I saw the big buildings walking around the mall. A modifier is dangling if there is no word to modify in the sentence. Perspiring terribly, the lesson was finished.
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Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ MISPLACED MODIFIERS Exercise 65. Rewrite the following sentences by placing the misplaced modifiers correctly. 1. Fortunately, the fire was put out before any damage was done by the fireman. 2. I listened while he talked attentively. 3. Dan put the typewriter on the table, which his sister had bought.
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4. There was a noisy disturbance when the speaker said that at the back of the hall. 5. My classmate brought me the book from the library that I had wanted. 6. The boy had the notebook in his bicycle basket which the wind blew away. 7. The car is in the garage which he smashed. 8. There is a lecture this morning about the acute over population problem in the college auditorium. 9. The song is sung by Dennis that I like very much. 10. Lying on the table, he found his lost key. 11. The girl found a mushroom playing in the park. 12. The jackets in this store for sale are very cheap. 13. Getting up so early was difficult for Mike to go to school. 14. Dan took his car to the garage that needed a tune-up. 15. Anne offered all the orphans in colorful packages books, toys and candies. Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ DANGLING MODIFIERS Exercise 66. Rewrite the following sentences eliminating the dangling modifiers. Write your answer after the original sentence. 1. Passing by the mall, the items on sale attracted me. 2. While playing chess, the moves of the other opponent must be studied. 3. When learning the use of English, a good ear is needed.
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4. Perspiring terribly, the lesson was finished. 5. Strolling toward the school. A stranger greeted the student from LA. 6. Disappointed by the results of the deal, the arrangement was disregarded by the contractor. 7. Having been deserted by her husband, the family was supported by her. 8. While learning to drive, the learners permit is necessary. 9. When answering the questions, concentrate on the subject matter. 10. Upon graduating in college, the job was applied for by Liza. 11. Using binoculars, the lion was easily seen chasing its prey. 12. Covered with food stains, Glen thought of washing the table cloth. 13. After putting on a sweat shirt, the room didnt seem so cold. 14. Eating celery, carrots and radishes, the extra weight disappeared. 15. Bored by television, playing cards became our entertainment.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______ Exercise 67. Underline the sentence elements that are out of place. Place the modifiers where they belong to make the sentence clear. Write the corrected sentence below each original item. 1. As future leaders, we must at least know a little about the society.
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2. We listened to the news about the rally on Rizal Park in the classroom.
3. Mr. White decided when the class ended to go home to Chicago to visit his brother.
4. We feel happy whenever we think about the present state of the government sitting around the conference table.
5. Several students kept the project in the lockers which they had prepared properly.
6. She seeks the help of a stranger under the covered court on the mall surrounded by their friends. 7. There is an old building that has been destroyed by the typhoon in our neighborhood.
8. Mr. Smith, the adventurer. describe his trips through the jungle in our gathering.
9. Jon bought a book of computer lessons and a new PC which he read and studied diligently.
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10. My father located our stolen car in far province with its vital parts missing.
11. Pam nearly earned a thousand pesos last week.
12. Ed yelled at the howling dog in his underwear.
13. Mary returned the cheeseburger to the supermarket that was spoiled.
14. Dad saw a kangaroo under the influence of whisky at the window.
15. Richard bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission.
XII.
PARALLELISM Parallel sentence structure exists when two or more sentence elements of equal importance are similarly expressed. The benefits of parallelism are many: an economy of words, a clarification of meaning, a sense of symmetry, and a sense of the equality of idea in the sentence Parallelism with prepositional phrases: The tube runs into the chest cavity, across the lungs and into the stomach. NP: Please sign the proposal, date it, and it must be sent to me.
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P : Please sign the proposal, date it, and send it to me.
NP: I love swimming better than to sail. P : I love swimming better than sailing. NP: My friends are doctors, engineers, and they teach, too. P : My friends are doctors, engineers, and teachers.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________ DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________ SCORE: ______ Exercise 68. Rewrite the following sentences by making it parallel. 1. Some elements of effective writing are unity, clarity, and being coherent.
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2. Students attitudes towards school are classified as good, bad, and those who have indifferent attitudes.
3. The criteria for comparing good music are: an original harmony, a progressive rhythm, and polishing the tone.
4. Form, agility, and being able to endure are the signs of a good athlete.
5. Working without trouble, living without fear, and to play without fatigue are the activities of a good life.
6. Discipline, taste, and to imagine well shape the creative person.
7. Working, playing, and sleep must be balanced in a healthy lifestyle.
8. Hard work, imaginative vision, and having a good judgment are the necessary elements for success.
9. Watching television, reading good books and to collect stamps are his forms of recreation.
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10. My friends exude a character of diligence, perseverance and they are very enthusiastic.
Exercise 69. Observe parallelism in the following sentences. Rewrite the sentence on the provided space.
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1. Marvin has worked as a computer analyst, volleyball coach, and has served
as a cook in a restaurant.
2. Mike likes fishing better that to sail.
3. You can take the key, or to leave it under the mat.
4. The puppies are tiny, clumsy and they are very cute.
5. Our aim was to introduce the new method, trying it out on the students, and to find out its effectivity.
Perpetual Help College of Manila 1240 V. Concepcion Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines NAME: _______________________________________DATE: _______ YEAR/COURSE: _______________________________SCORE: ______ GRAMMAR and LITERATURE TRIVIA A Modified Assessment Test Exercise 70. Identify and/or provide what is asked in each item. Place the answer/s on the space provided.
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1. __________________________ There are several types of nouns. What is the type of the noun FAMILY? 2. __________________________ Base on S-V agreement rules, what kind of verb must be used with such words as scissors and plants? 3. __________________________ What kind of conjunction and pronoun are used to signal the beginning of a subordinate clause? 4. __________________________ Add a suffix to the noun DRAMA to form a verb. 5. __________________________Add a prefix to the word RELEVANT to reverse its meaning. 6. __________________________ I the phrase nest of an eagle-what is the object of the preposition? 7. __________________________ How will you classify a sentence-Scratch my back. 8. __________________________ The Awesome Power of OurselvesOn what page of the newspaper can you find an article with this title? 9. __________________________ What punctuation mark do we use to enclose someones exact words. 10. __________________________ We use this punctuation mark to express strong emotion. 11. __________________________ What is the superlative form of the adjective BAD? 12. __________________________ In the message: Come to Two Towers now! We will be near by. Name the adverbs. 13. __________________________What grammar term indicates the time of the verbs action? 14. __________________________ IS, AM and ARE are examples of what kind of verb? 15. __________________________What type of pronoun relates to the noun that immediately follows it? 16. __________________________ name the part of the sentence that names a person, an object, an idea or a situation. 17. __________________________ What sentence element provides more information about the subject or some part of the predicate? 18. __________________________ It renames or describes the sentences subject or object. 19. __________________________ What is the past participle of STRIKE? 20. __________________________ What do you call the target or recipient of the action described by the verb? 21. __________________________What is a simple term for NUTSHELLING? 22. __________________________ what data give the exact location of the sources of certain kinds of information used in the text of the research paper? 23. __________________________ What research essential describes the work or works from which research citations are taken? 24. __________________________Identify the kind of noun that may be used as adverbs, indicating weight, distance, value or amount? 25. I__________________________ Identify the pattern of this sentence: Ask me no more questions than you wish to hear answered. 26. __________________________ I am a _______ person. What do you call the word that fills the empty slot above? 27. __________________________ Should it be OCCURANCE, OCCURRENCE or OCCURRENCE? 28. ___________________________ MANAGEABLE or MANAGEBLE?
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29. ___________________________If you celebrating an occasion, are you the CELEBRANT or the CELEBRATOR? 30. __________________________ It means a paper, a STATIONARY or STATIONERY?
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English 2

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English 2

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PREFACE This self-instructional module for college English Communication Arts addresses the communicative needs of students in learning

ion- ia criterion criteria

1. The newly purchased equipments cost almost two million pesos.

2. They offered the lady a seat.

DATE: _______ SCORE: ______

Write the correct possessive form of the nouns or pronouns in the

mother was ill, the company

It is correct to replace best friends in sentence number1 with the

In the last sentence, Rhea is used as an appositive. Since it refers to

______________________________ 5. She goes ( which ever, wherever) she pleases. _____________________________

15. She helped him more than (me, I).

The word children in sentence No. 4 is described by the word praying.

A. TELL WHETHER THE UNDERLINED WORD FUNCTIONS AS A VERB OR

PRESENT PARTICIPLE Putting

Compound subjects joined by and is singular if it pertains to the same

Amount of money, distance, fraction, number of years, measurement

Indefinite pronouns like everybody, nobody, everything, no one,

Collective nouns like family, committee, army, class, orchestra,

The verb is singular if the subject is preceded by the expression the

2. The Progressive Tenses show an actions which are continuous or in

yesterday. b. The girls played the piano. 2. Past Progressive

a. The student hall play the piano. 2. Future Progressive

2. The Past Perfect tense (had + past participle) is used to express a

has, have, had will/shall have

13. Most of the flowers ____________________ . (wilt-present perfect)

7. Tear 8. Dream 9. Walk 10. do

3. Jenny (read) _________________ this magazine several times already.

4. I (wait) ________________ for her an hour.

5. Carmen (do) ____________________ her work well

2. The student I _________________ (speak) ran after me.

4. Mike was punished because ________________ (break) the school regulations.

5. Donna ________________ (leave) the class when his grandmother arrived.

12. ___________________ 14. ___________________ 16. ___________________

G. By the time we (arrive) at the party, everything (be) eaten.

J. No Thanks, (say) Bill. I just (have) breakfast.

4. Introduce the active subject with the preposition by.

3. A hotel room is investigated by them.

5. Modern people take electrical appliances for granted.

6. A better quality of life is promised by the newly elected president.

9. Rare flowering plants are grown as a hobby by our English Teacher.

10. My uncle won a computer set in the game.

1. We celebrate Christmas every 25th of December. (Indicative, its a 2. 3. 4. 5.

The modifier in sentence No. 8 is an adverb because the modifier by

VERBAL Gerund Participle Infinitive

FORM V + -ing (singing)

FUNCTION(S) Noun Adjective, Adverb Noun, adjective, Adverb

V + -ing (writing)) V + -ed/-en (written) To + verb ( to draw)

1. Mikkos favorite past time is reading.

2. She bought some ________________ papers.

3. The ________________ students were reprimanded.

4. The ___________________ wings fell on the ground.

SENTENCE A sentence is classified either according to purpose/function or according to form/ structure.

Many guest arrived late. It was not a successful party.

The hostess was disappointed.

Vocabulary and Mechanics

2. The authoritarian dictated the rules by which people lived.

3. God sent a lucent star to guide us in our dark path.

4. No one can read the scribbled message on the wall. 72

5. The monster senses the presence of the invisible creature.

6. The fate of the convicted rapist is very apparent.

7. A persons total personality is reflected in his manner of speech.

8. The contraband held the officers of the ship in captivity.

9. Rex predicted the fall of the great dictator.

DATE: _ SCORE:

__ 5. She goes ( which ever, wherever) she pleases. _

12. _________ 14. _ 16. ___________

13. s___ge 14. p_rce 15. l___utenant