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Ship handling involves the way a ship moves and the factors that affect its movements. Center of Mass (center of gravity): The imaginary point in a ship that is the center of the mass of the ship. It is the point about which the mass rotates. Pivot Point: The fore and aft location about which the ship pivots when her rudder is put over or when steering with engines. With the ship dead in the water, the ship pivots about a point 30 percent of the distance from the bow to the stern. When underway and proceeding ahead, the pivot point is abaft the bow about 15 to 20 percent of the length of the ship. The location of the pivot point must be considered in turning into and out of the wind. Axes: A ship moves in three-dimensions about its center of mass and along its 3-axes: Longitudinal Axis: An axis drawn through the center of the vessel from stern to bow, through the vessels center of mass, parallel to the waterline. Vertical Axis: An axis drawn vertically, through the vessels center of mass, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, parallel to the waterline. Horizontal (lateral, transverse) Axis: An axis drawn from horizontally, through the vessels center of mass, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, parallel to the waterline. Linear Motions Heave: The up and down motion along the vertical axis. Sway: The lateral (side-to-side) motion along the horizontal axis. Surge: The forward and backward motion along the longitudinal axis. The distance gained or lost while changing speed. Rotational Motions Pitch: Rotation about the horizontal axis. The bow and stern move up and down in opposite directions. Roll: Rotation about the longitudinal axis. The sides move up and down in opposite directions. Yaw: Rotation about the vertical axis. The bow and stern move side to side in opposite directions. Inherent Factors that Affect Ship Handling Propeller
Screw: The propeller used to drive all modern ships. A screw may have a various number of blades and pitch.
Propeller Thrust: The force caused by the displacement of water along the propeller shaft to thrust the ship ahead as the ship moves in the direction of the low pressure area. The after face of the propeller blade creates a high pressure area.
Side Force: The force that moves the stern of the ship in the direction of screw rotation. Side thrust produced by the screw's rotation through the water. It is noticeable at the stern of the ship. The twin-screw ships cancel side force created by the rotating the screws in opposite directions. Screw Wash: Turbulence produced by the screws turning against the water. While twisting or operating astern, it negatively effects a short radius turn by decreasing the efficiency of the rudder. Twist: On multiple screw ships, it is the effect of screws rotating in opposite directions.
Pitch: The distance a propeller would travel in one revolution if water were a solid medium. Slip: The difference between the speed of a ship and its propeller. Cavitation: Cavities or bubbles around a propeller which are a result of the pressure on the lower and upper blade surfaces being unequal. It is caused by blade tip speed being excessive or by the vessel riding high in the water.
Bow Thruster: A propeller on some ships that is in a fixed transverse tunnel at the bow. It is used as a maneuvering assistance device on during low speed operations. Rudder: A device used to control ship's course through the water. It is designed to produce the lateral forces used in the control of the ship's heading. The rudder force acts through the rudderstock, pushing the stern to starboard or port as the rudder is angled to the passing water. Angling the rudder to the flow of water creates a highpressure force on the leading surface and a low-pressure force on the trailing side. This forces the stern in a direction opposite that in which the rudder is set. Freeboard: The vertical distance from the waterline to the weather deck, usually the main deck. It is determined by the ships mean draft. Sail Area: The area above the main deck, which in strong winds will complicate maneuvering and require compensating navigational corrections.
Low water in the boiler: Will limit speed and maneuverability, and could cause an excessive steam temperature which might warp the turbine blades causing the turbines to be shut down, causing ship to loss propulsion. High water in the boiler: Wet steam droplets could form that would destroy the steam turbine, causing ship to loss propulsion. Loss of generator: All power stops, emergency generator takes over providing enough power to sustain vitals until repairs are completed. Ship could still be controlled but its fighting capabilities would be limited. Loss of pitch control: Will limit attainable speed. Loss of steering control: Reduced control of ships heading. Jammed throttle: Loss of speed control and maneuverability. Jammed rudder: Loss of steering control. Hot bearing on main engine: Requires stopping of that shaft, resulting in loss of even thrust through the water and decreasing maneuverability and speed.