Review Week 1 Anatomy Lecture 1: Intro to Macro and Micro anatomy Embryo has 3 germ layers: Different tissues

originate from different layers Ectoderm (Epithelium, skin, hair, brain nerves etc) Mesoderm (Muscle, Renal, Blood etc) >Ceolom Endoderm (Lung, Gut, Thyroid, Pancreas etc) Stains: H&E: Stain acids blueNucleus (DNA etc) Stain bases pinkcytoplasm, CT Massons: Kind of like H&E with additional ability to stain collage blue Silver Stain: stains reticular fibers and fungus black Electron microscopy: Lipids black, proteins grayish,

Lecture 2: Introduction to Tissues 4 Types of Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Neural Epithelial Tissue: Cellular, polar, Avascular, often secretory 2 subtypesSurface Epithelia: all have BM with one of three linings endo/meso/epithelium Glandular Epithelium Classification: Number of cell layers: Either simple of stratified Shape of apical layer of cells: squamous, cuboidal, columnar Stratified squamous is further characterized as keratinized (dead, anuclear layers), or non-kerati Transitional epithelium is a specific form of stratified cuboidal

Connective Tissue: Less cellular, with more pronounced extracellular matrix CT=Cells + (Ground substance +fibers) Matrix=Ground substance + fibers Connective tissues can be classified by density of matrix (really density of ground substance) GS: Liquid-Blood, lymph / Solid-cartilage, bone /Gel-Connective tissue proper (tendon, lig etc) Cells: Fibroblast, blood cells, granuloctyes etc Fibers: 3 major types Collagen (tensile strength), Elastic (elasticity), Reticular (mesh networks) You have Connective Tissue Proper: LCT: Paucity of fibers, light than DCT DCT: Collagenous, Elastic Irregular DCT: organized, resists stress and stretching in one direction Regular DCT: interwoven, resists stress from all directions Reticular: Also classified as LCT, abundant reticular fibers, mesh like, glands, irregular network Adipose: Each cell appears as a thin ring of cytoplasm surrounding the vacuole with eccentric and flattened nuclei

http://www.courseweb.uottawa.ca/medicine-histology/english/SS_BasicTissues/Introduction.htm

Lecture 3: Neural tissue and cells

The nervous system along with the endocrine system work together to coordinate all of the body systems. It does this by detecting, storing, transmitting and responding to information or stimui. The nervous system can be anatomically subdivided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system consists of the spinal nerves and ganglia.

Nervous tissue
Neurons or nerve cells are the basic components of the nervous system and our bodies contain billions of them. Supporting and protecting the neurons are neuroglia cells which form a type of connective tissue around the nerve cells.

Neurons
Neurons come in various shapes and sizes but they all contain a cell body and usually two processes; a dendrite and an axon. Dendrites are short, thin branched projections (the word dendrite is derived from the Greek word "dendron", which means tree) that receive signals and transmit them towards the cell body. They form synapses with other neurons and respond to neurotransmitters. Axons are long straight projections which transmit signals (action potentials) away from the cell body. Their ends branch to form presynaptic terminals which contain neurotransmitters to send signals away from the cell. Components of a Description Neuron Cell body Axon Dendrite Contains a large nucleus and granular protoplasm. Axons are long straight processes which transmit signals (action potentials) away from the cell body. Their ends branch to form presynaptic terminals which contain neurotransmitters. Dendrites are short, thin branched processes which receive signals and transmit them towards the cell body.

Neurons can be classified according to their structure or by the direction in which the action potentials travel.
Structure

Neuron Types Neuron Structure Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar Has an axon but no dendrites. Has an axon and a dendrite. Mostly sensory fibres. Part of specialised sensory organs.

Has one axon and numerous dendrites. Motor and interneurons.

Direction of Action Potential

Neuron Types Sensory (Afferent) Neurons Motor (Efferent) Neurons

Direction of the Action Potential Conduct signals to the CNS. Conduct signals from the CNS to the muscles.

Interneurons (Association Neurons) Conduct signals from one neuron to another.

Neuroglia
Neuroglia are essential for the normal functioning of the nervous system. They have a number of supporting roles throughout the nervous system and there are 5 different types of neuroglia cells which carry out these functions. Neuroglia Astrocytes Location Function CNS Star shaped cells that help keep the neurons in place as well as regulating the composition of the surrounding extracellular fluid. Secrete and move the cerebral spinal fluid. They engulf unwanted tissue in the CNS, e.g. microorganisms and damaged tissue. Each cell forms myelin sheaths around multiple axons in the CNS. Each cell forms a myelin sheath around a single axon in the PNS.

Ependymal cells CNS Microglia CNS

Oligodendrocytes CNS Schwann Cells Myelin Sheaths PNS

The lipid rich membrane of the oligodendrites or schwann cells tightly wrap around a section of an axon several times like a swiss roll. It is this tightly packed membrane that forms the myelin sheath around an axon, which is now known as a myelinated fibre. Cells line up in rows along the axon and between each adjacent oligodendrite or schwann cell is a tiny gap called a node of Ranvier. The myelin sheath acts like as an insulator between the nodes of Ranvier, only allowing the action potential to leap from node to node rather than to travel along the entire length of the axon. This means that axons with a myelin sheath conduct action potentials quicker along their length than unmyelinated axons. The myelin sheath also prevents the action potential from being passed to adjacent neurons as well as protecting the fibre.

Clinical Considerations
It is unclear exactly what causes multiple sclerosis, but it is thought to be an autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks its own cells (oligodendrocytes, Multiple schwann cells) resulting in the demyelination of axons throughout the nervous system Sclerosis as well as the formation of scar tissue. Demyelination interferes with the ability of the nerve to send signals, and the scarring can cause damage to the nerves themselves.

Multiple sclerosis causes muscle weakness, double vision, problems with balance and coordination, and problems with memory and problem solving.

. If the resting membrane potential is 100mV and the sodium equilibrium potential is +40mV then what is the value of the electrochemical gradient (ie, total driving force) acting on sodium ions? Choose one correct answer. A. +60 mV B. 60 mV C. 140 mV D. None are correct.

Show answer Correct Answer: C