EM302/ EV202 Ms.

Chu May Yen

Review: The following list of topics covers the material we need to have mastered (or be prepared to review) for this course:

Use of significant figures and appropriate units in the solution of problems. Force & moment vectors. Reactions at supports in simple structures. Free body diagrams. The use of equilibrium equations. The idea of statically determinate and statically indeterminate problems. Centroid of composite plane areas; moments of areas. Area moments of inertia of composite plane areas.

* All of the above are usually covered in a course in statics.

Briefly: in 2-Dimensional, the following equilibrium equations: Fx = 0 Fy = 0 M = 0 These are 3 Linear equations we can solve for a maximum of 3 unknowns. * if there are more unknowns, then the number of equations of statics, we called it: A statically Indeterminate System

Some examples to refresh your memories: Example 1:

To solve these types of problems, using the analysis we learn in engineering static, Consider the joint C, Using Fx = 0 and Fy = 0. And find the forces FAC and FBC

A FCA

C B FCB B C

FCA FCB C

At joint C: Fy = 0

FCA = 20/ Sin 45 = 28.2845 (Tension) FCB = 20/ Cos 45 = 20.0 (Compression)
FCB = 28.2845 x Cos 45

FCA Sin 45 20 = 0

Fx = 0

Find the reactions

B 3m 5 3 20kN (compression) 4 5m C

20 x 4/5 = 16.0 kN 20 x 3/5 = 12.0 kN

Solutions:

Fx = 0, Bx = 12.0 kN MB = 0, 8Cy = 3 (16) Cy = 6.0 kN Fy = 0, By = 10.0 kN

Consider example No. 1

We found that member BC was in compression under a force of 20kN & AC, was in tension, under the force of 28.3kN. All this is good, and tells us the forces in the members BUT, it does not tell us whether the given load may be safely supported.

Will member BC break under this load? This depends on the cross-sectional area of the member & the material the member made up of. i.e Cross-Sectional area. - Material

Lets look at the following: The force P, is actually distributed over the entire area A, of the cross section. It is the resultant of many elementary forces.

The intensity of these distributed forces is equal to the force per unit area, F/A, in the section. This force/unit area is called the stress in that section, and is denoted by the Greek letter . Formula

P = A

+ sign, indicates tension - sign, indicates compression

Units:

Force- P N Area- A- m2 Stress- N/m2 = Pa 1kPa= 103 N/m2 = 103 Pa 1MPa= 106 N/m2 = 106 Pa 1GPa= 109 N/m2 = 109 Pa

Considering member BC, we shall assume that it is made of steel, and has a diameter of 25.4mm.

P=20.0kN = 20 x 103N A=d2/4 = (25.4mm)2/4 = (0.0254m)2/4 = 5.067 x 10-4 m2 = P/A = 20 x 103N / 5.067 x 10-4 m2 = 39.47 x 106Pa = 39.47 MPa

*In order to determine whether member BC can

be used to support the given load, we must compare the value obtained for under this loading with the maximum value of stress which may be safely applied to steel. i.e. allow(steel)

If allow = 165MPa O.K. since 165>39.47 MPa

2 Force member Acting along the axis called: AXIAL LOADING The forces act perpendicular to the plane of the section. The stress produce is called: Normal stresses

Example: For the system loaded as shown, find the Normal stresses at the rods AB & BC, d1 =75mm and d2 = 50mm.
C 750mm B 120k N 1000mm 120k N

160k N

For Rod AB:

F=160

F = A 160kN = 2 (0.05) 4
= 81,487.3kN/m2 = 81.49 MPa (Tension)
P=160

For Rod BC, At point B: Fy = 0 120 + 120 160 Cy = 0 Cy = 80kN

80

B
120

80

80kN = 2 (0.075)

160

120

4
A
160

= 18108.3 kN/m2 = 18.11 MPa (Compression)

Find stresses in members AB & BC.

A P=30 kN D1=30m m

40k N

Solution: Draw Free Body Diagram for the system.

B D2= 50mm

Find the length, L for the plate below A = 0.125 L , P = 100 kN, = 3MPa
Plate area = 125mm xL

100 kN

= 3MPa = 3000kN/m2

P = A

A = P/ = 100/3000 = 0.0333 m2 0.125 m x L = 0.0333 L= 0.0333/0.125 = 0.267 m , or L = 267mm