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2012
User Guide
Table of Contents
EMS Online User's Guide ..............................................................................................................................................1
Overview ....................................................................................................................................................................2
Conventions................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Access to Help............................................................................................................................................................ 4
What's New in EMS 2012...............................................................................................................................................5
What's New in EMS 2012 - Overview ......................................................................................................................... 5
New in User Interface .................................................................................................................................................6
New in Analysis .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
New in Meshing & Pre-Processing ........................................................................................................................... 10
New in Result Viewing .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Analysis Background.................................................................................................................................................... 13
Analysis Background ................................................................................................................................................ 13
About Maxwell's Equations ....................................................................................................................................... 14
What is Low Frequency Electromagnetics? .............................................................................................................. 15
Electrostatic Analysis................................................................................................................................................ 16
What is Electrostatic Analysis? ............................................................................................................................. 16
Material Properties ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Assigning a Voltage to a Conductor ...................................................................................................................... 19
Forces and Torques .............................................................................................................................................. 20
Required Input for Electrostatic Analysis .............................................................................................................. 21
Performing Electrostatic Analysis.......................................................................................................................... 22
Output of Electrostatic Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 23
Electric Conduction Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 24
What is Electric Conduction Analysis? .................................................................................................................. 24
Material Properties ................................................................................................................................................ 26
iii
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
xiv
EMS Fundamentals
Learn basic concepts and terminology used throughout the EMS
software.
EMS Reference
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
Design Studies
Material Properties
Function Curves
Loads and
Restraints
Coils
Forces and Torques
Resistance
Capacitance
Inductance
Meshing
Viewing Results
Study Reports
EMS Options
Overview
searching
Resources. Lists other EMS documents
What's New. Lists the new functionality in this software release as well as
links to other topics with more information
Conventions
The help uses the following font and icon conventions:
bold - Indicates a user interface element such as a menu item,
tool tip, title of a dialog box, and so on.
italic green - Click to display more information. This shortens
long topics so you can quickly scan the information.
Access to Help
You can access the EMS Online User's Guide in many ways,
including:
Once in the help, you can use the TOC, Index, or Search tab to
locate a topic. Here are some hints for using the Search tab:
What's
What's
What's
What's
New
New
New
New
User Interface
Meshing & Pre-Processing
Analysis
Result Viewing
Results tables: results tables are now accessible directly through a single mouse click.
EMViewer License: This is a special license that allows users to open EMS studies, browse all settings, view
results and have full access to all post-processing operations without requiring a full EMS license. By default,
studies are opened in view-only mode, which allows users to modify existing plots,create new ones and generate
new reports. A read-only option, which does not allow any modifications is also available to users and can be
selected at the time of opening the study. The EMViewer does not allow users to create studies or run an analysis.
New in Analysis
Electric Conduction Analyses
Magnetostatic Analysis
Normal Flux Boundary Condition: the use of the normal flux boundary
condition on an outer face, which was required for uniqueness of the solution,
in no longer necessary. EMS now uses a new technique based on the treecotree branch cuts to ensure solution uniqueness. The normal flux boundary
condition can still be used to applicable symmetry situations.
AC-Magnetic Analysis
Transient Analysis
10
Auto-insert Air part is not possible allowing to insert a box, sphere or cylinder in
the model : the inserted part will automatically include the required cavities to
avoid interference.
Automatic insertion of the required cavities to avoid interference.
Auto-apply Air to apply air to all solid bodies in the study where no material
has been applied.
3D Mesh Pre-processing: Visualize and analyze the 3D mesh before
launching the solver. Because meshing is critical to solution accuracy and
speed, EMS now provides users unparalleled mesh viewing capabilities. This
powerful feature allows users to visually inspect the mesh in a clear and
uncluttered manner before launching the solver. It includes probing, section
viewing and iso-clipping of the 3D mesh.
Improved Meshing: In addition to existing mesh controls on faces and
components, which already give users complete control over the meshing
process, new meshing features in EMS 2012 make meshing even faster and
more robust. A new way of computing global element size has been added
and mesh controls can now be applied to make the mesh coarser of finer.
These features increase the meshers robustness considerably so that users
will have more first time success in creating meshes.
Material Library: enhanced EMS built-in material library including many new
non-linear materials and material loss parameters.
11
Analysis Background
Analysis Background
In EMS you can perform five types of analysis relevant to the electromagnetic and electromechanical engineering
design process. This chapter provides the basic theoretical information you should have before running any type of
analysis in EMS. It explains what each analysis does, the underlying assumptions, the required input, and the
expected output. It also gives a brief description of how to perform each type of analysis.
The following is a list of the analysis types you can perform in EMS:
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
13
In addition, we define:
The above field equations are supplemented with the constitutive relations that describe the behavior of general
electromagnetic material or media:
14
Analysis Background
15
Electrostatic Analysis
What is Electrostatic Analysis?
Electrostatic analysis belongs to the low-frequency electromagnetic domain or regime. In this domain,
displacement currents are neglected. In addition, the fields depend on position only. They do not depend on time.
The size of the object is much smaller than the wavelength.
With these conditions, the first two of Maxwells equations become:
By introducing an electric scalar potential, , and expressing the electric field as:
Applications
Most applications require the computations of electric field and related quantities such as capacitance. Applications
include:
Bushing
Insulators
Capacitors
Strip-lines
Circuit breakers.
Electrostatic Assumption
16
Analysis Background
Electrostatic analysis assumes that no current flows in any material. Objects are either perfect conductors or
perfect insulators. For conducting objects, the electric charges are condensed on their surfaces, which forces the
field inside the conductors to be zero. Insulators are considered as perfect insulators with no current flowing inside
them.
It is important to bear in mind the above electrostatic assumptions. Therefore, thick conductors can either be left as
mesh voids or fully meshed. In the case where a thick conductor is kept as a mesh void, the boundary conditions
are applied on the surface of the conductor to simulate their presence. However, if the thick conductors are actually
meshed, the boundary conditions are applied on the component itself.
Conductors can have a zero thickness. In such cases, conductors are specified by a perfect conducting surface.
The only material property required is the relative permittivity. The electric conductivity is not required because it is
considered either infinite in conducting objects or zero in insulators.
Linearity Assumption
The relationship between electric and displacement fields is linear requiring all materials in the model to have a
linear relative permittivity.
Lossless Assumption
All materials are lossless which implies real permittivity in all material regions. As a result, all potential, electric, and
displacement fields are real.
17
Material Properties
For Electrostatic analysis, each component or body must be assigned a relative permittivity. This quantity is
just a real number larger than or equal to 1.0 for isotropic materials. It can also be a tensor that varies with
direction for orthotropic materials.
How about electric conductivity? You do not need to specify the electric conductivity of any part for this module.
Electrostatic analysis assumes zero electric field inside conductors and zero current flow in non-conductors, i.e.
insulators.
Certain materials maintain electric flux due to its microscopic dipoles permanent orientation. Such materials are to
be permanently polarized or have a Permanent polarization. For such class of materials the constitutive
relation between E and D are slightly different:
18
Analysis Background
Fixed Voltage
Floating Conductor
The floating conductor restraint has an unspecified voltage value. It is treated differently depending whether the
capacitance matrix is computed or not. That is, if the capacitance matrix is requested, the simulator assigns 1.0 or
0 V on the floating conductors and computes the matrix using the stored electric energy. On the other hand, if the
capacitance matrix is not requested, the floating conductor is treated as an equi-potential entity with unknown
voltage value, and thus solved for. Consequently, to treat the voltage on a floating conductor as unknown, the
capacitance matrix shall not be requested.
19
20
The nodal force distribution is automatically computed for each node of a fixed-voltage conductor.
To plot a nodal force distribution after a successful run, right-click the Force Distribution folder in the
EMS Manager tree.
The rigid body force is computed upon the user request by defining a force set before running the study.
The results for all predefined rigid body force sets are included in the study report and the results table
after a successful run.
Only the Virtual Work method is permissible for this type of analysis.
The floating conductor restraint shall not be used on a conductor if the forces and torques are desired to
be computed.
The nodal force distribution does not necessitate any user input before running the study while the rigid
body force does.
Analysis Background
Meshed model. You must Mesh the model before running the analysis. Any change in geometry requires remeshing.
Material properties: You must specify a relative permittivity (er) for each component or body. The relative
permittivity is defined as:
where
er is the permittivity of the material or some times called the dielectric constant.
-12
eois the permittivity of free space; eo = 8.854x10 F/m.
er is a constant real number.
o
o
o
o
Note: When you create a study, click Properties in the Study dialog box to set the desired options. To modify the
properties of an existing study, right-click its icon in the EMS Manager tree and choose Properties.
21
3.
4.
5.
Create an electrostatic study. To access the Study dialog box, right-click the top icon in the EMS
Manager tree and select Study . Define the Properties of the study.
Define material for each solid. To define a material for a solid, right-click its icon and select Define/Edit
Material. If you have assigned an orthotropic material to a component, right-click the components icon
and select Coordinate System to specify the coordinate system that defines the main 3 axes of the
material.
Right-click the Load/Restraint folder and define at least one. If thermal solution option is on define the
desired thermal boundary conditions.
To compute a rigid body force, right-click the Forces/Torques folder and define a force set.
Mesh the model and run the study. Before running the study, you can use the Result Options to
request the default plots .
NOTE: If you run a study before meshing it, the program meshes the study automatically before running it.
You can also request to run the study by checking Run analysis after meshing in the meshing
PropertyManager.
6.
22
View potential.
View electric field.
View electric displacement.
View force distribution.
View thermal results if thermal solution is available
o View temperature
o View temperature gradient
o View heat flux
To generate a report, right-click the Report folder and select Define.
To view the results table, right-click the Report folder and select Results Table.
Analysis Background
Capacitance matrix
The potential, the electric field, the electric displacement, and the nodal force distributions are displayed on the
model at nodes. For each one of these quantities, the following components are available:
Electric Field :
Ex: Electric Field in the X direction
Ey: Electric Field in the Y direction
Ez: Electric Field in the Z direction
Er: Resultant Electric Field
Electric Displacement:
Dx: Electric Displacement in the X direction
Dy: Electric Displacement in the Y direction
Dz: Electric Displacement in the Z direction
Dr: Resultant Electric Displacement
Force Density:
Fx: Force Density in the X direction
Fy: Force Density in the Y direction
Fz: Force Density in the Z direction
Fr: Resultant Force Density
Electric potential or voltage
The lumped quantities such as capacitance matrix, forces and torques are output to the Report folder where a
report could be generated and a results table could be viewed.
23
We obtain
By introducing an electric scalar potential, , and expressing the electric field as:
In the above equations, J is the electric current density, is the electric conductivity, E is the electric field, and is
the electric scalar potential.
Applications
Most applications require the computations of the electric current density that defines the current flow and related
quantities such as resistance. Applications include:
24
Analysis Background
Electric cables
Resistors
Shunts
Fuses
Electric welding.
Linearity Assumption
The relationship between electric field and the current density is linear requiring all materials in the model to have a
linear electric conductivity.
25
Material Properties
For Electric Conduction analysis, each component or body must be assigned an electric conductivity. This
quantity is just a real number for isotropic materials. It can also be a tensor that varies with direction for
orthotropic materials.
How about the permittivity? You do not need to specify the permittivity of any part for this analysis type. The
Electric Conduction analysis assumes a current flow in all components and no insulators are permitted.
26
Analysis Background
Applicable Restraints
In the Electric Conduction analysis you may assign either a fixed voltage or a contact resistance restraints as
follows:
Fixed Voltage
Contact Resistance
The fixed voltage is the most commonly used for this type of analysis. Whereas the contact resistance is rarely
used.
Remember that the units of the contact resistance is Ohms per square.
27
Resistance Calculation
The Electric Conduction module computes the resistance. The resistance is defined as:
Calculating Resistance
28
Analysis Background
Meshed model. You must Mesh the model before running the analysis. Any change in geometry requires remeshing.
Material properties: You must specify a non-zero electric conductivity for each component or body.
To get a non-trivial solution, at least one of the fixed voltages must be non-zero.
29
3.
4.
5.
Create a static study. To access the Study dialog box, right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree
and select Study . Define the Properties of the study.
Define material for each solid. To define a material for a solid, right-click its icon and select Define/Edit
Material. If you have assigned an orthotropic material to a component, right-click the components icon
and select Coordinate System to specify the coordinate system that defines the main 3 axes of the
material.
Right-click the Load/Restraint folder and define at least one. If thermal solution option is on define the
desired thermal boundary conditions.
To compute resistance, right-click the Resistance Settings folder and define a resistance set.
Mesh the model and run the study. Before running the study, you can use the Result Options to
request the default plots .
NOTE: If you run a study before meshing it, the program meshes the study automatically before running it.
You can also request to run the study by checking Run analysis after meshing in the meshing
PropertyManager.
6.
30
View potential.
View electric field.
View electric current density.
View thermal results if thermal solution is available
o View temperature
o View temperature gradient
o View heat flux
To generate a report, right-click the Report folder and select Define.
To view the results table, right-click the Report folder and select Results Table.
Analysis Background
Resistance
The potential, the electric field, and the electric current density are displayed on the model at nodes. For each one
of these quantities, the following components are available:
Electric Field :
Ex: Electric Field in the X direction
Ey: Electric Field in the Y direction
Ez: Electric Field in the Z direction
Er: Resultant Electric Field
Electric Current Density:
Jx: Electric Current Density in the X direction
Jy: Electric Current Density in the Y direction
Jz: Electric Current Density in the Z direction
Jr: Resultant Electric Current Density
Electric potential or voltage
Notice: In case of Motion analysis option is turned on: For each one of the above quantities, results are available
at each motion time step
The lumped quantities such as resistance and dissipated power are output to the Report folder where a report
could be generated and a results table could be viewed.
31
Magnetostatic Analysis
What is Magnetostatic Analysis?
Magnetostatic or the so called DC Magnetic Field analysis belongs to the low-frequency electromagnetic domain
or regime; i.e. displacement currents are neglected. In addition, the fields depend on position only. They do not
depend on time. Furthermore, the size of the object is much smaller than the wavelength.
The Magnetostatic Analysis, linear and non-linear, calculates the magnetic fields produced by one the following:
A Permanent magnet.
A steady DC electric current.
where H is the magnetic field, Js is the source current density, and B is the magnetic flux density. The constitutive
relation connects B and H:
where m is the magnetic permeability, in general a function of H. Hc is the coercive force or coercivity. Thus the
Magnetostatic Analysis solves the above two Maxwells equations
Applications
This type of analysis does not consider time-dependent effects such as eddy currents. It has many applications,
including:
DC machines
Permanent magnets
Motors
Generators
Actuators
Magnetic recording
Magnetic levitation devices
Magnetic levitation devices
Lossless Assumption
All materials are lossless which implies real magnetic permeability in all material regions. As a result,
all magnetic field and magnetic flux density are real.
32
Analysis Background
33
Material Properties
For Magnetostatic analysis, the following issues should be taken into consideration:
Linear isotropic
Linear orthotropic
Nonlinear isotropic
Permanent magnets
Electric conductivity
Linear Isotropic
For linear isotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each component or body
which is just a real number larger or equal to 1.0.
Linear Orthotropic
For linear orthotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each of the three
principal axes of the material. In addition, a local coordinate system must be specified if different from the global
coordinate system.
Nonlinear Isotropic
Most of ferromagnetic materials exhibit a nonlinearity behavior where the permeability is function of the magnetic
field H. Practically, material manufactures provide a B-H or a magnetization curve that gives the magnetic flux B as
a function of H. From such curve, the permeability is extracted. The user could input the B-H curve in MKS units
(B in T and H in A/m) or Gaussian units (B in Gauss and H in Oersted).
Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets or the so called hard magnetic materials have a special treatment for this type of
analysis. That is, depending on whether the material is linear or nonlinear, the following quantities must be
specified:
Material is nonlinear: Just specify a B-H curve that start in the second quadrant where the first point
must be (-coercivity, 0) and the maximum magnetic flux density represents the remanence.
Material is linear: specify either the relative magnetic permeability and the coercivity or the
remanence and the coercivity.
Electric Conductivity
In addition to the above mentioned magnetic permeability , an electric conductivity must be assigned to all
coils.
34
Analysis Background
35
36
The nodal force distribution is automatically computed for each node of all ferromagnetic and conducting
components.
To plot a nodal force distribution after a successful run, right-click the Force Distribution folder in the
EMS Manager tree.
The rigid body force is computed upon the user request by defining a force set before running the study.
The results for all predefined rigid body force sets are included in the study report and the results table
after a successful run.
The Virtual Work method is the preferred method for ferromagnetic materials whereas the Lorentz Force
method is the preferred method for coils.
The nodal force distribution does not necessitate any user input before running the study while the rigid
body force does.
Analysis Background
o
o
Meshed model. You must Mesh the model before running the analysis. Any change in geometry requires remeshing.
Material properties: Depending on the material, the following must be specified:
o Linear isotropic: A relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each component or body which
is just a real number larger or equal to 1.0.
o Linear orthotropic: A relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each of the three principal
axes of the material. In addition, a local coordinate system must be specified if different from the global
coordinate system.
o Nonlinear isotropic: A B-H curve must be specified.
o A permanent magnet: Specify either the relative magnetic permeability and the coercivity or the
remanence and the coercivity. Specify also the direction of coercivity.
o A coil: In addition to the magnetic permeability , an electric conductivity must be assigned to all coils.
Loads/Restraints. At least one Normal Flux boundary restraints must be specified.
Coils: Specify the coil properties.
To get a non-trivial solution, at least one coil or a permanent magnet must be defined for a Magnetostatic study.
37
3.
4.
5.
6.
Create a magnetostatic study. To access the Study dialog box, right-click the top icon in the EMS
Manager tree and select Study . Define the Properties of the study..
Define material for each solid. To define a material for a solid, right-click its icon and select Define/Edit
Material. Additional steps may be needed:
If you have assigned an orthotropic material to a component, right-click the components icon
and select Coordinate System to specify the coordinate system that defines the main 3 axes of
the material.
If you have assigned a permanent magnet to a component, right-click the components icon
and select Direction of Coercivity to define the preferred direction of the permanent magnet
and the local coordinate system if applicable.
Right-click the Load/Restraint folder and define at least one Normal Flux. If thermal solution option is
on define the desired thermal boundary conditions.
To compute a rigid body force, right-click the Forces/Torques folder and define a force set.
Define all applicable coils.
Mesh the model and run the study. Before running the study, you can use the Result Options to
request the default plots .
NOTE: If you run a study before meshing it, the program meshes the study automatically before running it.
You can also request to run the study by checking Run analysis after meshing in the meshing
PropertyManager.
6.
38
Analysis Background
Inductance matrix
The magnetic field, the magnetic flux density, the nodal force, the electric field and the current density distributions
are displayed on the model at nodes. For each one of these quantities, the following components are available:
Magnetic Field :
Hx: Magnetic Field in the X direction
Hy: Magnetic Field in the Y direction
Hz: Magnetic Field in the Z direction
Hr: Resultant Magnetic Field
Magnetic Flux Density:
Bx: Magnetic Flux Density in the X direction
By: Magnetic Flux Density in the Y direction
Bz: Magnetic Flux Density in the Z direction
Br: Resultant Magnetic Flux Density
Applied Current Density:
Jax: Applied Current Density in the X direction
Jay: Applied Current Density in the Y direction
Jaz: Applied Current Density in the Z direction
Jar: Resultant Applied Current Density
Force Density:
Fx: Force Density in the X direction
Fy: Force Density in the Y direction
Fz: Force Density in the Z direction
Fr: Resultant Force Density
Electric Field :
Ex: Electric Field in the X direction
Ey: Electric Field in the Y direction
Ez: Electric Field in the Z direction
Er: Resultant Electric Field
Flux:
Compute a single flux value at a given selected entities.
Notice: In case of Motion analysis option is turned on: For each one of the above quantities, results are available
at each motion time step
The lumped quantities such as inductance matrix, magnetic energy, flux linkage, forces and torques are output to
the Report folder where a report could be generated and a results table could be viewed.
39
AC Magnetic Analysis
What is AC Magnetic Analysis?
The AC Magnetic or the so called time harmonic magnetic analysis belongs to the low-frequency
electromagnetic domain or regime; i.e. displacement currents are neglected. In addition, the fields have a time
j t
harmonic, i.e. e , time dependence.
The AC Magnetic Analysis calculates the effects of alternating currents (AC) in electromagnetic devices. These
effects include:
Eddy currents
Skin effects
Power loss due to eddy currents
Maxwells equations relevant to AC Magnetic analysis fields are:
where E is the electric field, and B is the magnetic flux density. The constitutive relation connects J and E:
where is the electric conductivity. Thus the AC Magnetic Analysis solves the above two Maxwells equations
Applications
Applications include:
Transformers
Electric motors
Induction machines
Eddy-current braking systems
Induction heating
Circuit breakers
Linearity Assumption
The relationship between magnetic flux density and magnetic field is linear requiring all materials in the model to
have a linear magnetic permeability. Thus, no B-H curves are allowed for AC Magnetic analysis.
Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets are not allowed for AC Magnetic analysis.
40
Analysis Background
41
Where m is the magnetic permeability in H/m, s is the electric conductivity in S/m, and f is the frequency in Hz.
For example, for an Aluminum plate where m = m0, s = 3.526x107 S/m at a frequency = 50 Hz, d = 11.98 mm
The Skin in Depth is a measure of how deep the field penetrates the conductor. Therefore, the higher is the
frequency the shallower is the penetration.
Reason 1:
It gives us an indicator of whether the problem at hand must be treated with the AC Magnetic analysis or it is
sufficient to use the Magnetostatic analysis.
The rule of thumb for this type of decision is:
If the ratio of the thickness of the conductor to the Skin Depth in that conductor is less than one, then the
problem is resistance limited and can be treated as a magnetostatic problem.
if the ratio is larger or equal to one, then the problem must be treated with AC Magnetic analysis.
o If d/ < 1, then Magnetostatic is sufficient.
o If d/ >=1, Must use AC Magnetic analysis
Nevertheless, we can still use the AC Magnetic even if d/ < 1; the opposite is not true.
Reason 2:
It gives an indication of how to mesh inside a conductor. For the first skin depth penetration from the surface of the
conductor, the mesh must have at least two elements per skin depth. Beyond the first skin depth penetration, the
mesh could be made coarser but that may require splitting the conducting region to more components for mesh
control purposes. This process of splitting the first skin depth volume to a separate part out of the overall conductor
may be worthwhile if the conducting region is several skin depth deep and which may lead to a huge mesh if it
were meshed uniformly with a mesh size of at least two elements/skin depth.
42
Analysis Background
Material Properties
For AC Magnetic analysis, the following issues should be taken into consideration:
Linear isotropic
Linear orthotropic
Nonlinear materials
Permanent magnets
Electric conductivity
Linear Isotropic
For linear isotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each component or body.
Linear Orthotropic
For linear orthotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each of the three
principal axes of the material. In addition, a local coordinate system must be specified if different from the global
coordinate system.
Nonlinear Materials
Nonlinear materials are not allowed for the AC Magnetic analysis.
Permanent Magnets
Permanent Magnets are not allowed for the AC Magnetic analysis.
Electric Conductivity
In addition to the above mentioned magnetic permeability , an electric conductivity must be assigned for each
conducting component or body. If a component has a non zero conductivity, it supports eddy currents. However,
wound coils in spite of their electric conductivity, they do not support eddy currents because the wire turns are too
thin and isolated with some form of insulators. On the other hand, solid coils do support eddy currents and
exhibit skin effects.
Remember that wound coils do not support eddy currents, whereas solid coils do.
43
44
Analysis Background
The nodal force distribution is automatically computed for each node of all ferromagnetic and conducting
components.
To plot a nodal force distribution after a successful run, right-click the Force Distribution folder in the
EMS Manager tree.
The rigid body force is computed upon the user request by defining a force set before running the study.
The results for all predefined rigid body force sets are included in the study report and the results table
after a successful run.
The Virtual Work method is the preferred method for ferromagnetic materials whereas the Lorentz Force
method is the preferred method for coils.
The nodal force distribution does not necessitate any user input before running the study while the rigid
body force does.
45
Meshed model. You must Mesh the model before running the analysis. Any change in geometry requires remeshing.
Material properties: A relative magnetic permeability and an electric conductivity must be specified for
each component or body.
Loads/Restraints. At least one Normal Flux boundary restraints must be specified.
Coils: Specify the coil properties. Remember that wound coils do not support eddy currents, whereas
solid coils do.
To get a non-trivial solution, at least one coil must be defined for an AC Magnetic study.
46
Analysis Background
3.
4.
5.
6.
Create an AC Magnetic study. To access the Study dialog box, right-click the top icon in the EMS
Manager tree and select Study . Define the Properties of the study..
Define material for each solid. To define a material for a solid, right-click its icon and select Define/Edit
Material. Additional steps may be needed:
If you have assigned an orthotropic material to a component, right-click the components icon
and select Coordinate System to specify the coordinate system that defines the main 3 axes of
the material.
Right-click the Load/Restraint folder and define at least one Normal Flux. If thermal solution option is
on define the desired thermal boundary conditions.
To compute a rigid body force, right-click the Forces/Torques folder and define a force set.
Define all applicable coils. Remember that wound coils do not support eddy currents, whereas solid
coils do.
Mesh the model and run the study. Before running the study, you can use the Result Options to
request the default plots .
NOTE: If you run a study before meshing it, the program meshes the study automatically before running it.
You can also request to run the study by checking Run analysis after meshing in the meshing
PropertyManager.
6.
47
Inductance matrix
The magnetic field, the magnetic flux density,the electric field, the nodal force, and the current density distributions
j t
are displayed on the model at nodes. All quantities have a e time dependence. Except for the nodal force, all
other quantities are complex. For each one of these quantities, the following components are available:
Magnetic Field :
Hx: Magnetic Field in the X direction
Hy: Magnetic Field in the Y direction
Hz: Magnetic Field in the Z direction
Hr: Resultant Magnetic Field
Magnetic Flux Density:
Bx: Magnetic Flux Density in the X direction
By: Magnetic Flux Density in the Y direction
Bz: Magnetic Flux Density in the Z direction
Br: Resultant Magnetic Flux Density
Applied Current Density:
Jax: Applied Current Density in the X direction
Jay: Applied Current Density in the Y direction
Jaz: Applied Current Density in the Z direction
Jar: Resultant Applied Current Density
Current Density:
Jex: Current Density in the X direction
Jey: Current Density in the Y direction
Jez: Current Density in the Z direction
Jer: Resultant Current Density
Force Density:
Fx: Force Density in the X direction
Fy: Force Density in the Y direction
Fz: Force Density in the Z direction
Fr: Resultant Force Density
Electric Field (E) :
Ex: Electric Field in the X direction
Ey: Electric Field in the Y direction
Ez: Electric Field in the Z direction
Er: Resultant Electric Field
Losses Density : is available only if analysis property Split Core Loss option is checked
Ohmic Loss
Eddy Loss
Hysteresis Loss
Excess Loss
Core Loss
Flux:
48
Analysis Background
Notice: In case of Motion analysis option is turned on: For each one of the above quantities, results are available
at each motion time step
The lumped quantities such as inductance matrix, magnetic energy, flux linkage, power loss in conducting regions,
forces and torques are output to the Report folder where a report could be generated and a results table could be
viewed.
49
where m is the magnetic permeability, in general a function of H. Hc is the coercive force or coercivity
The constitutive relation that connects J and E:
Applications
Typical applications of this analysis include:
50
Rotating machines
Linear actuators
Linear motors
Magnetic recording
Speakers
Nondestructive testing
Analysis Background
The Transient Magnetic analysis is truly the most general among all the available analyses. Below are some
features of the analysis:
The time dependence of the excitation is arbitrary. It must be described via a curve called the Current-Time
curve.
The materials may be linear or nonlinear.
Permanent magnets are supported.
The skin effects and eddy currents are included.
51
Material Properties
For Transient Magnetic analysis, the following issues should be taken into consideration:
Linear isotropic
Linear orthotropic
Nonlinear isotropic
Permanent magnets
Electric conductivity
Linear Isotropic
For linear isotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each component or body
which is just a real number larger or equal to 1.0.
Linear Orthotropic
For linear orthotropic materials, a relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each of the three
principal axes of the material. In addition, a local coordinate system must be specified if different from the global
coordinate system.
Nonlinear Isotropic
Most of ferromagnetic materials exhibit a nonlinearity behavior where the permeability is function of the magnetic
field H. Practically, material manufactures provide a B-H or a magnetization curve that gives the magnetic flux B as
a function of H. From such curve, the permeability is extracted. The user could input the B-H curve in MKS units
(B in T and H in A/m) or Gaussian units (B in Gauss and H in Oersted).
Permanent Magnets
Permanent magnets or the so called hard magnetic materials have a special treatment for this type of
analysis. That is, depending on whether the material is linear or nonlinear, the following quantities must be
specified:
Material is nonlinear: Just specify a B-H curve that start in the second quadrant where the first point
must be (-coercivity, 0) and the maximum magnetic flux density represents the remanence.
Material is linear: specify either the relative magnetic permeability and the coercivity or the
remanence and the coercivity.
Electric Conductivity
In addition to the above mentioned magnetic permeability , an electric conductivity must be assigned for each
conducting component or body. If a component has a non zero conductivity, it supports eddy currents. However,
wound coils in spite of their electric conductivity, they do not support eddy currents because the wire turns are too
thin and isolated with some form of insulators. On the other hand, solid coils do support eddy currents and
exhibit skin effects.
52
Analysis Background
53
54
Analysis Background
The nodal force distribution is automatically computed for each node of all ferromagnetic and conducting
components.
To plot a nodal force distribution after a successful run, right-click the Force Distribution folder in the
EMS Manager tree.
The rigid body force is computed upon the user request by defining a force set before running the study.
The results for all predefined rigid body force sets are included in the study report and the results table
after a successful run.
The Virtual Work method is the preferred method for ferromagnetic materials whereas the Lorentz Force
method is the preferred method for coils.
The nodal force distribution does not necessitate any user input before running the study while the rigid
body force does.
The forces and torques are time dependent. Before viewing the results, choose the desired time.
55
o
o
Meshed model. You must Mesh the model before running the analysis. Any change in geometry requires remeshing.
Material properties: Depending on the material, the following must be specified:
o Linear isotropic: A relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each component or body which
is just a real number larger or equal to 1.0.
o Linear orthotropic: A relative magnetic permeability must be specified for each of the three principal
axes of the material. In addition, a local coordinate system must be specified if different from the global
coordinate system.
o Nonlinear isotropic: A B-H curve must be specified.
o A permanent magnet: Specify either the relative magnetic permeability and the coercivity or the
remanence and the coercivity. Specify also the direction of coercivity.
o A coil: In addition to the magnetic permeability , an electric conductivity must be assigned to all coils.
Loads/Restraints. At least one Normal Flux boundary restraints must be specified.
Coils: Specify the coil properties. Remember that wound coils do not support eddy currents, whereas
solid coils do.
To get a non-trivial solution, at least one coil or a permanent magnet must be defined for a Transient Magnetic
study.
56
Analysis Background
3.
4.
5.
6.
Create a Transient Magnetic study. To access the Study dialog box, right-click the top icon in the EMS
Manager tree and select Study . Define the Properties of the study..
Define material for each solid. To define a material for a solid, right-click its icon and select Define/Edit
Material. Additional steps may be needed:
If you have assigned an orthotropic material to a component, right-click the components icon
and select Coordinate System to specify the coordinate system that defines the main 3 axes of
the material.
If you have assigned a permanent magnet to a component, right-click the components icon
and select Direction of Coercivity to define the preferred direction of the permanent magnet
and the local coordinate system if applicable.
Right-click the Load/Restraint folder and define at least one Normal Flux.
To compute a rigid body force, right-click the Forces/Torques folder and define a force set.
Define all applicable coils. Remember that wound coils do not support eddy currents, whereas solid
coils do.
Mesh the model and run the study. Before running the study, you can use the Result Options to
request the default plots .
NOTE: If you run a study before meshing it, the program meshes the study automatically before running it.
You can also request to run the study by checking Run analysis after meshing in the meshing
PropertyManager.
6.
57
Inductance matrix
The magnetic field, the magnetic flux density, the nodal force, and the current density distributions are displayed on
the model at nodes. For each one of these quantities, the following components are available at each time step::
Notice: In case of Motion analysis option is turned on: the time step is the motion time step
Magnetic Field :
Hx: Magnetic Field in the X direction
Hy: Magnetic Field in the Y direction
Hz: Magnetic Field in the Z direction
Hr: Resultant Magnetic Field
Magnetic Flux Density:
Bx: Magnetic Flux Density in the X direction
By: Magnetic Flux Density in the Y direction
Bz: Magnetic Flux Density in the Z direction
Br: Resultant Magnetic Flux Density
Applied Current Density:
Jax: Applied Current Density in the X direction
Jay: Applied Current Density in the Y direction
Jaz: Applied Current Density in the Z direction
Jar: Resultant Applied Current Density
Current Density:
Jex: Current Density in the X direction
Jey: Current Density in the Y direction
Jez: Current Density in the Z direction
Jer: Resultant Current Density
Force Density:
Fx: Force Density in the X direction
Fy: Force Density in the Y direction
Fz: Force Density in the Z direction
Fr: Resultant Force Density
Flux:
Compute a single flux value at a given selected entities.
The lumped quantities such as inductance, magnetic energy, flux linkage, power loss in conducting regions, forces
and torques are output to the Report folder where a report could be generated and a results table could be
58
Analysis Background
viewed. However, the inductance and flux linkage are viewable only if the total number of coils is equal one. In
future releases, the inductance matrix will be available for N coils.
59
Thermal Analysis
What is Thermal Analysis?
There are two mechanisms of heat transfer. These mechanisms are:
Conduction
Convection
Thermal analysis calculates the temperature distribution in a body due to one or both of these mechanisms. In
both cases, heat energy flows from the medium with higher temperature to the medium with lower temperature.
Heat transfer by conduction and convection requires the presence of an intervening medium while heat transfer by
a third mechanism, (radiation, which is not currently supported in EMS) does not.
In EMS all heat sources are due to electric current flowing in non-perfect conductors. In theses cases, Joule
heating is generated and acts as a heat source. Therefore, thermal analysis in EMS must always follow an
electromagnetic analysis so that the heat sources in the model are automatically pre-computed. By default,
thermal coupling is not enabled on any of the electromagnetic studies and the user must explicitly turn it on to
perform thermal analysis.
60
Analysis Background
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Thermal analysis is not a standalone EMS analysis type but must be preceded by an electromagnetic
analysis. Thermal analysis is coupled to all EMS analysis types except for the Transient Magnetic
analysis, i.e., it is coupled to Electrostatics, Electric Conduction, Magnetostatics, and AC Magnetics.
To couple thermal analysis to your electromagnetic analysis of a given study:
Right-click the desired study's folder and select Properties. The study properties page is
displayed.
Check the Steady State Thermal checkbox.
Continue the usual steps of performing your electromagnetic analysis.
Make sure that all materials have their proper thermal conductivity values defined (you may need to
change the default values).
Make sure to add to the proper thermal boundary conditions under the Load/Restraint.
A thermal solution will be automatically computed after the electromagnetic analysis is completed and the
corresponding thermal results folders will be generated.
61
where:
X, Y, and Z refer to the global coordinate system. If you choose a reference geometry, these directions refer to the
selected reference entity.
Notice: In case of Motion analysis option is turned on: For each one of the above quantities, results are available
at each motion time step
62
Analysis Background
63
Conduction
Conduction
Conduction is the heat transfer mechanism in which thermal energy transfers from one point to another through the
interaction between the atoms or molecules of the matter. Conduction occurs in solids, liquids, and gasses.
Conduction does not involve any bulk motion of matter. Gases transfer heat by direct collisions between energetic
molecules, and their thermal conductivity is low compared to solids since they are dilute media. The conduction of
energy in liquids is the same as in gases except that the situation is considerably more complex since the molecules
are more closely spaced and molecular force fields exert a strong influence on the energy exchange in the collision
process. Nonmetallic solids transfer heat by lattice vibrations so there is no motion of the media as heat propagates
through. Metals are better conductors than nonmetals at normal temperatures because they have free electrons that
carry thermal energy.
The heat transfer by conduction obeys Fourier's law which states that the rate of heat conduction Qconduction is
proportional to the heat transfer area (A) and the temperature gradient (dT/dx), or:
Qconduction = - K A ( dT/dx)
o
where K, the thermal conductivity, measures the ability of a material to conduct heat. The units of K are W/m C or
o
o
(Btu/s)/in F. The conversion between different unit systems is as follows: 1 W/(mK) = 1 W/(m C) = 0.85984 kcal/(hr
o
o
m C) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft hr F)
For the planar layer shown below, the rate of heat conduction is given by,
Qconduction = - K A ( THot - TCold )/L
The following figure shows ranges for the thermal conductivity values for liquids, nonmetallic solids, and pure metals
at normal temperature and pressure.
64
Analysis Background
The following table lists thermal conductivities (in W/m.oK) for selected materials at room temperature (25 oC):
Material
K
(W/m.oK)
Copper
401
Aluminum
250
Silver
429
Gold
310
Steel
46
Stainless
Steel
16
Lead
35
Platinum
70
Zinc
116
Silicon
112
Click here for a more complete list of thermal conductivity values of different materials.
65
Material
K (W/m.oK)
Acetone
0.16
Acrylic
0.2
Air
0.024
Alcohol
0.17
Aluminum
66
250
Aluminum Oxide
30
Ammonia
0.022
Antimony
18.5
Argon
0.016
Asbestos-cement board
0.744
Asbestos-cement sheets
0.166
Asbestos-cement
2.07
0.15
0.14
Asphalt
0.75
Balsa
0.048
Bitumen
0.17
Benzene
0.16
Beryllium
218
Analysis Background
Brass
109
Brick dense
1.31
Brick work
0.69
Cadmium
92
Carbon
1.7
Cement, portland
0.29
Cement, mortar
1.73
Chalk
0.09
Cobalt
0.9
Concrete, light
0.42
Concrete, stone
1.7
Constantan
22
Copper
401
1.06
Corkboard
0.043
Cork, regranulated
0.044
Cork, ground
0.043
Cotton
0.03
Carbon Steel
54
0.029
0.06
Earth, dry
1.5
Ether
0.14
Epoxy
0.35
67
Felt insulation
0.04
Fiberglass
0.04
0.2
1.4
Foam Glass
0.042
Gasoline
0.15
Glass
1.05
0.18
0.76
Class, window
Glass, wool Insulation
Glycerol
68
0.048
0.96
0.04
0.28
Gold
310
Granite
1.7 - 4.0
0.17
Hairfelt
0.05
0.15
0.16
Helium
0.142
Hydrogen
0.168
2.18
Insulation materials
0.035 - 0.16
Iridium
147
Analysis Background
Iron
80
Iron, wrought
59
Iron, cast
55
Kapok insulation
0.034
Kerosene
0.15
Lead Pb
35
Leather, dry
0.14
Limestone
1.26 - 1.33
0.07
Magnesium
156
Marble
2.6
Mercury
Methane
0.030
Methanol
0.21
Mica
0.71
0.04
Molybdenum
138
Monel
26
Nickel
91
Nitrogen
0.024
Nylon 6
0.25
Oil, machine
0.15
Olive oil
0.17
Oxygen
0.024
69
Paper
0.05
Paraffin Wax
0.25
0.031
Perlite, vacuum
0.00137
Plaster, gypsum
0.48
0.47
0.28
Plastics, foamed
0.03
Platinum
Plywood
70
70
0.13
Polyethylene HD
0.42 - 0.51
Polypropylene
0.1 - 0.22
Polystyrene expanded
0.03
Porcelain
1.5
PTFE
0.25
PVC
0.19
Pyrex glass
1.005
Quarts mineral
0.045
Sand, dry
0.35
Sand, saturated
2.7
Sandstone
1.7
Sawdust
0.08
Silica aerogel
0.02
Analysis Background
Silicon
112
Silicone oil
0.1
Silver
429
0.05 - 0.25
Sodium
84
0.12
Steel
46
Stainless Steel
16
Straw insulation
0.09
Styrofoam
0.033
Tin Sn
67
Zinc Zn
116
Urethane foam
0.021
Vermiculite
0.058
Vinyl ester
0.25
Water
0.58
0.016
0.12
0.055
0.147
Wood, oak
Wool, felt
0.17
0.07
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Convection
Convection
Convection is the heat transfer mode in which heat transfers between a solid face and an adjacent moving fluid (or
gas). Convection has two elements:
Energy transfer due to random molecular motion (diffusion), and
Energy transfer by bulk or macroscopic motion of the fluid (advection).
The mechanism of convection can be explained as follows: as the layer of the fluid adjacent to the hot surface
becomes warmer, its density decreases (at constant pressure, density is inversely proportional to the temperature)
and becomes buoyant. A cooler (heavier) fluid near the surface replaces the warmer fluid and a pattern of
circulation forms.
The rate of heat exchange between a fluid of temperature Tf and a face of a solid of area A at temperature Ts
obeys the Newton's law of cooling which can be written as:
Qconvection = h A (Ts - Tf)
2
where h is the convection heat transfer coefficient. The units of h are W/m K or Btu/s in F. The convection heat
transfer coefficient (h) depends on fluid motion, geometry, and thermodynamic and physical properties.
Generally, there are two modes convection heat transfer:
Natural (Free) Convection
The motion of the fluid adjacent to a solid face is caused by buoyancy forces induced by changes in the density of
the fluid due to differences in temperature between the solid and the fluid. When a hot plate is left to cool down in
the air the particles of air adjacent to the face of the plate get warmer, their density decreases, and hence they
move upward.
Forced Convection
An external means such as a fan or a pump is used to accelerate the flow of the fluid over the face of the solid. The
rapid motion of the fluid particles over the face of the solid maximizes the temperature gradient and increases the
rate of heat exchange. In the following image, air is forced over a hot plate.
72
Analysis Background
where the heat transfer coefficient h has the units of W/m K or Btu/s in F. The coefficient h is not a thermodynamic
property. It is a simplified correlation to the fluid state and the flow conditions and hence it is often called a flow
property.
Convection is tied to the concept of a boundary layer which is a thin layer of transition between a surface that is
assumed adjacent to stationary molecules and the flow of fluid in the surroundings. This is illustrated in the next
figure for a flow over a flat plate.
Where u(x,y) is the x-direction velocity. The region up to the outer edge of the fluid layer, defined as 99% of the
free stream velocity, is called the fluid boundary layer thickness d(x).
A similar sketch could be made of the temperature transition from the temperature of the surface to the
temperature of the surroundings. A schematic of the temperature variation is shown in the next figure. Notice that
the thermal boundary layer thickness is not necessarily the same as that of the fluid. Fluid properties that make up
the Prandtl Number govern the relative magnitude of the two types of boundary layers. A Prandtl Number (Pr) of 1
would imply the same behavior for both boundary layers.
The actual mechanism of heat transfer through the boundary layer is taken to be conduction, in the y-direction,
through the stationary fluid next to the wall being equal to the convection rate from the boundary layer to the fluid.
This can be written as:
h A (Ts - Tf) = - k A (dT/dy)s
Thus the convection coefficient for a given situation can be evaluated by measuring the heat transfer rate and the
temperature difference or by measuring the temperature gradient adjacent to the surface and the temperature
difference.
Measuring a temperature gradient across a boundary layer requires high precision and is generally accomplished
in a research laboratory. Many handbooks contain tabulated values of the convection heat transfer coefficients for
different configurations.
The following table shows some typical values for the convective heat transfer coefficient:
73
Motion Analysis
What Is Motion Analysis?
EMS couples to SolidWorks Motion which is available as in add-in from SolidWorks Premium. Using SolidWorks,
you can accurately simulate and analyze the motion of an assembly while incorporating the effects of Motion
Study elements (including forces, springs, dampers, and friction). A Motion Analysis study combines motion
study elements with mates in motion calculations. Consequently motion constraints, material properties, mass, and
component contact are included in the SolidWorks Motion kinematic solver calculations.
For a complete documentation about SolidWorks Motion, please refer to SolidWorks Help and SolidWorks
Tutorials. As explained therein, in the motion manager, there are three types of motion study that can be defined:
Animation (available in core SolidWorks). You can use Animation to animate the motion
of assemblies:
Add motors to drive the motion of one or more parts of an assembly.
Prescribe the positions of assembly components at various times using set key points.
Animation uses interpolation to define the motion of assembly components between key
points.
Basic Motion (available in core SolidWorks). You can use Basic Motion for approximating the
effects of motors, springs, contact, and gravity on assemblies. Basic Motion takes mass into
account in calculating motion. Basic Motion computation is relatively fast, so you can use this for
creating presentation-worthy animations using physics-based simulations.
Motion Analysis (available in SolidWorks Premium). You can use Motion Analysis for accurately
simulating and analyzing the effects of motion elements (including forces, springs, dampers, and
friction ) on an assembly. Motion Analysis uses computationally strong kinematic solvers, and
accounts for material properties as well as mass and inertia in the computations. You can also use
Motion Analysis to plot simulation results for further analysis.
You may use any of the three types in SolidWorks Motion. However, you must use Motion Analysis if you want to
couple the motion to EMS.
74
Analysis Background
What's a Band?
A Band is a region that encapsules completely the moving components, e.g. the rotor, the shaft, and the
permanent magnets in a permanent magnet brushless DC motor, and can not intersect any fixed
component. Since EMS supports both rotational and translational motions. A rotary motion is cyclic, thus the
Band is typically a cylinder that fills the air gap and encloses all rotating components. An example of a band for a
brushless DC motor is shown below:
Cross section of a brushless permanent magnet DC motor. The yellow part is the Band. It encloses the moving
parts from all sides. It also includes the air gap and touches the stator.
In case of a translational motion, the Band must occupy the entire range of the motion, i.e. from minimum to
maximum. Thus, it tends to occupy a much larger volume compared to rotational motion. An example of band for
a linear reluctance motor is shown below:
75
It is the user's responsibility to make sure that the moving object remains inside the band. If the moving part, e.g.
the plunger is the above example, goes beyond the band, the results will be wrong.
Starting a New Motion Study
You can create the first motion study for an assembly by clicking the Motion Study tab to the right of the Model tab
toward the lower portion of the graphics area.
To start a new motion study for an assembly, open the assembly and do one of the following:
Right-click the Motion Study tab and click Create New Motion Study.
(Assembly toolbar).
The new motion study appears with the MotionManager tree defined by components of the FeatureManager
design tree.
76
Analysis Background
Animation
Basic Motion
Motion Analysis
You can select the type of motion study from the Type of Study list at the top of the MotionManager, located
below the FeatureManager design tree. However, to couple your motion study to EMS Motion, you can only
choose Motion Analysis.
What to do at the EMS level?
Not much? you would define your EMS study the usual way with one exception. You must check the Motion
Analysis check mark.
77
Analysis Background
quantities such as the position, speed, and acceleration are not known a priori. At each time step, thus at each
position, EMS interacts with SolidWorks Motion to obtain the external load, combines it with the magnetic force and
torque, and then feeds back to SolidWorks Motion to solve the kinematics problem. Since, EMS computes the
forces and torques to combine them with the external mechanical loads to drive the motion, it is important to
specify in EMS the force set on the moving rigid body ensemble before solving, e.g.
Consequently, for Force-based motion EMS yields not only the usual electromagnetic quantities such as force,
torque, impedance, back emf, but also the kinematics results such as speed and acceleration.
79
80
The same electromagnetic results as non-motion study at each motion time step, hence
position. In addition, the back emf due to the effect of the motion on the coils is readily available.
Kinematics results, i.e. position, speed, and acceleration.
EMS Fundamentals
EMS Fundamentals
What is EMS?
EMS is a 3D-field simulator for electromagnetic and electromechanical applications. These applications include:
bushing, insulators, circuit breakers, power generators, transformers, electric motors, capacitors, magnetic levitation
devices, synchronous machines, DC machines, permanent magnet motors, actuators, solenoids, etc. EMS is an
Add-in to SolidWorks .
EMS is based on the powerful finite element method (FEM), which solves the physical equations directly without
any simplifications or assumptions. It is designed to help you gain physical insight into the performance of your
designs through the computation of important parameters such as: torques, forces, fields, currents, inductances,
capacitances, flux linkages, current losses, electrical stresses, etc.
EMS shortens time to market by saving time and effort in searching for the optimum design.
This chapter discusses some basic concepts and terminology used throughout the EMS software. It provides an
overview of the following topics:
Benefits of Analysis
Basic Concepts of Analysis
EMS Manager Tree
Design Studies
Analysis Steps
Material Properties
Restraints and Loads
Coils or Electromagnets
Meshing
Running Analysis
Viewing Results
Global and Local Coordinate Systems
Results Databases
Working With Assemblies
Using Units
Languages
81
Benefits of Analysis
After building your design in SolidWorks, you need to make sure that it performs efficiently. In the absence of
analysis tools, this task can only be answered by performing expensive and time-consuming product development
cycles and prototypes. A product development cycle typically includes the following steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
This process continues until a satisfactory solution is reached. Analysis can help you accomplish the following
tasks:
82
Reduce cost by simulating the testing of your model on the computer instead of expensive field tests.
Reduce time to market by reducing the number of product development cycles.
Improve products by quickly testing many concepts and scenarios before making a final decision, giving
you more time to think of new designs.
EMS Fundamentals
Elements share common points called nodes and common sides called edges. The process of dividing the model
into small pieces is called meshing.
The response at any point in an element is interpolated from the response at the element nodes and edges. Each
node/edge is fully described by a number of parameters depending on the analysis type and the element used. For
example, the voltage of a node fully describes its response in electrostatic analysis. For magnetic analyses, both
nodes and edges are used where the scalar quantities are placed on nodes and vectors quantities are placed on
edges. The unknown coefficients associated with the nodes and/or edges are called degrees of freedom (DOFs).
Analysis using FEM is called Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
EMS formulates the equations governing the behavior of each element taking into consideration its connectivity to
other elements. These equations relate the response to known material properties, restraints, and excitations.
Next, the program organizes the equations into a large set of simultaneous algebraic equations and solves for the
unknowns or the DOFs.
In electrostatic analysis, for example, the solver finds the voltage at each node and then the program calculates
electric and displacement fields. For electrostatic
EMS offers the following type of studies:
Electrostatic (or Electric Field) studies. Electrostatic studies calculate electric field, electric displacement,
voltage, capacitance matrix, force, torque, and electric energy.
Electrostatic analysis can help you identify points of high electric fields or the so called hot points that may
generate sparks or lead to dielectric breakdowns. You may use it to determine forces and torques for
electric motors and MEMS.
Electric Conduction (or Current Flow) studies. Electric Conduction studies calculate electric
field, voltage, current density, resistance, and dissipated power.
83
Electric Conduction analysis can help you determine current flow in wires and other conducting media. It
can be instrumental in identifying points of high current density that may lead to a metal melting or fuse
failure.
Magnetostatic studies. Magnetostatic studies calculate magnetic field, magnetic flux density, inductance
matrix, force, torque, and magnetic energy.
Magnetostatic analysis is probably the most commonly used by EMS users. Most electromechanical
devices and instruments use permanent magnets and/or electric coils as their source of energy at DC
frequency. This analysis can be instrumental in determining the performance of your electromechanical
device. It may also be useful in computing the inductance matrix of your electronic device.
AC Magnetic (or Time Harmonic) studies. AC Magnetic studies calculate magnetic field, magnetic flux
density, inductance matrix, force, torque, eddy currents, and power dissipated.
AC Magnetic analysis can help you determine eddy currents and skin effects which play an important role
for both electronic and electromechanical devices and circuits. For example, for a circuit board you may
determine the eddy current on a neighboring line which would indicate to you the level of cross talk. For a
motor, you may determine the skin effects for your ferromagnetic components. You may also determine the
induced voltage in a receiving coil due the currents in transmitting coils.
Transient Magnetic Studies. Just like the AC Magnetic, Transient Magnetic studies calculate magnetic
field, magnetic flux density, inductance matrix, force, torque, eddy currents, and power dissipated but for
an arbitrary time dependence such as a pulse.
Again, Transient Magnetic analysis is similar to AC Magnetic analysis, except it has an arbitrary time
dependence. Therefore, all features and capabilities of AC Magnetic are also available for Transient
Magnetic at each time step. This type of analysis can be instrumental to determine the response of the
system after the source is turned off.
84
EMS Fundamentals
Each study is represented by a folder and subfolders in the tree. The subfolders depend on the study
type. EMS assigns a unique icon to each study type for easy identification of the study type.
Study type
Study
icon
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
85
Design Studies
A device is usually subjected to different operational conditions and design criteria to achieve the desired
specifications. It is, therefore, important to consider all possible scenarios of loads and boundary conditions and try
different material properties in the analysis of a device.
A design study is defined by the following factors:
model dimensions
study type and related options to define analysis intent
material properties
loads, loads, and boundary conditions
To create a study, right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree and click Study. Click Add to define a study by
name, analysis type, and properties. The properties of the study set options related to a particular analysis type.
EMS meshes only with first order tetrahedral or the so called Tetra 4 mesh elements. Internally, first and second
order scalar and vectors shape functions are derived.
86
Checking an existing design. When checking an existing product, the geometry is already determined.
The goal is to check the performance of the product under different working conditions and investigate the
possibility of improving the performance.
Making a new design. When using design analysis to make a new design, you can try different
geometric configurations and materials to test the response of the model in various working conditions.
EMS Fundamentals
Analysis Steps
The steps needed to perform an analysis depend on the study type. You complete a study by performing the
following steps:
NOTE: You can define material properties, loads, restraints, and create the mesh in any order. However, you must
define all the necessary steps before running the study.
87
Material Properties
Before running a study, you must define all the necessary material properties required by the corresponding
analysis type. For example, the permeability is required for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic
studies, while the permittivity is needed for Electrostatic studies. You can define material properties at any time
before running the analysis. All material properties are defined through the Material dialog box.
When you create a study, the program creates a Solids folder. The Solids folder will contain an icon for each body
in the component. Each body in the component must be assigned a material before running the analysis.
This section discusses the following topics:
88
EMS Fundamentals
89
Specifying Directions
Specifying directions is often necessary during model definition and result viewing. In model definition, directions
are used to define orthotropic material properties and permanent magnets. In result viewing, directions are
required for viewing directional results, like electric fields, magnetic flux densities, applied current densities, and
eddy current densities in certain directions.
In essence, one can think of different ways to specify directions such as references planes, planar faces,
coordinate systems, and straight edges. Nevertheless, in this present release only the coordinate system is
available to specify the directions for orthotropic material and permanent magnets. The result viewing is displayed
in the global coordinate system.
Coordinate Systems
A coordinate system defines 3 directions, X, Y, and Z. The default coordinate system used by EMS, called the
global coordinate system, is based on Plane1. The origin of the global coordinate system is located at the origin of
the part or assembly. Plane1 is the top reference plane that appears in the FeatureManager design tree and can
have a different name. The reference triad shows the global X-, Y-, and Z-directions. All other coordinate systems
are referred to as local coordinate systems.
90
EMS Fundamentals
Coils or Electromagnets
A coil literally means a multiple-turn winding of a conductor such as copper wire wound around a bobbin. When
the conducting windings carry current, a magnetic field is produced. Much stronger magnetic fields can be
produced if a core of ferromagnetic material such as iron or steel is placed inside the coil. The field produced by the
coil causes the iron to magnetize and generate a field of its own. This field can be hundreds or thousands of times
stronger than that of the coil itself. A coil is also called electromagnet.
The main advantage of a electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can be rapidly
manipulated over a wide range by controlling the electric current. The poles of an electromagnet can even be
reversed by reversing the flow of electricity.
The main disadvantage of an electromagnet compared to a permanent is the possible accumulation of residual
magnetization in the ferromagnetic core. Whenever, a coil with a ferromagnetic core is turned on and off again, the
core may retain some residual magnetization due to hysteresis. This magnetic field can persist indefinitely. As
more electricity is passed through the electromagnet, more domains align, causing the magnetic field strength to
increase.
In applications where a variable magnetic field is not required, permanent magnets are generally superior. Since a
electromagnet requires a constant flow of electricity, it consumes electrical power. Additionally, permanent magnets
can be manufactured to produce stronger fields than any electromagnet of similar size.
Both electromagnets and permanent magnets are of prime importance in EMS. They are the driving force for any
magnetic device. In the finite element sense, they represent the excitations. However, they are treated differently
in EMS.
When you create a Magnetic study, the program creates a Coils folder in the EMS Manager tree. EMS adds an
item in the Coils folder for each coil you define on one or more entities. However, permanent magnets are
specified with the materials.
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Air Modeling
Unlike structural analysis, electromagnetic analysis requires the modeling of the air regions between the different
components and the air surrounding the device. Why? Because electromagnetic fields generated by the device
span and extend over such air regions. How far do they extend? It depends on the frequency, the materials of the
device, and the strength of the source.
Air truncation
The air region surrounding the device is in essence infinite. Shall the finite element model include an infinite
region? No. The infinite region must be truncated in order to limit the number of unknowns to a manageable size
that can fit in the computer memory. What is the shape such region? It does not matter as long as it is far enough
from the device. But what is far enough?
Air meshing
You have to distinguish between the outer air that is surrounding the device and the inside air between the various
parts of the device such air gaps. The inside air shall be meshed moderately fine to capture the fields
variations. However, the outer air need not to be fine because the fields decay away from the device.
An exception
Air has to be modeled and meshed for all the analyses, except for the Electric Conduction. Why? Because for
this type of analysis the electrically conducting media making up the device is modeled. Since air has an
almost zero conductivity, it needs not to be meshed. Nonetheless, if the air region has a nonzero electric
conductivity for any reason, then such region must also be modeled even in the case of the Electric Conduction
analysis.
92
EMS Fundamentals
Meshing
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) provides a reliable numerical technique for analyzing engineering designs. The
process starts with the creation of a geometric model. Then, the program subdivides the model into small pieces of
simple shapes called elements connected at common points called nodes. The process of subdividing the model
into small pieces is called meshing. Finite element analysis programs look at the model as a network of
interconnected elements.
The accuracy of the solution depends on the quality of the mesh. In general, the finer the mesh the better the
accuracy. The generated mesh depends on the following factors:
Created geometry
Mesh options.
Mesh control.
Global element size and mesh tolerance. EMS suggests a global element size and tolerance. The global
element size refers to the average length of an element edge. The number of elements increases rapidly
by using a smaller global element size.
93
Running Studies
After assigning materials, defining loads and restraints, and meshing the model, you can run the study to calculate
the results. If you run a study before meshing it, EMS meshes the model and runs the study.
To run a study, right-click its icon in the EMS Manager tree and select Run or click Run
Solvers
Direct methods solve the equations using exact numerical techniques. Iterative methods solve the equations using
approximate techniques where in each iteration, a solution is assumed and the associated errors are evaluated.
The iterations continue until the errors become acceptable.
Depending on the analysis type, the following points must be taken into consideration.
For Electrostatic, Electric Conduction, and Magnetostatic studies EMS offers both direct and iterative matrix
solvers. The direct is the recommended and default solver. However, if the program complains about the
lack of memory, please switch to the iterative solver.
For AC and Transient Magnetic studies, there is no matrix solver option. But internally it is the iterative solver
that is implemented.
94
EMS Fundamentals
Viewing Results
After running the analysis, EMS generates standard plots for each type of analysis automatically. The standard
plots for an analysis type are the most commonly used results. For example, after running a Magnetostatic study,
EMS creates result folders containing default plots for magnetic flux density, magnetic field, and applied current
density if applicable. You can view a plot by double-clicking its icon in the EMS Manager tree.
You can also define other plots by right-clicking a result folder and selecting Define.
EMS result viewing tools include fringe plots, section plots, iso plots, probing, and vector plots. For sections plots,
you can choose various planes. A clipping utility is provided for convenient viewing of section and iso plots.
For more information, refer to the Viewing Results section.
Generating Reports
You can generate a structured Internet-ready report that includes all available plots automatically. The report
wizard guides you to customize the report and include result plots. To start the Report wizard, right-click the
Report folder and select Define.
95
Coordinate Systems
The Global Coordinate System
Directional input in EMS refers by default to the global coordinate system (X, Y, and Z), which is based on Plane1
with its origin located at the Origin of the part or assembly. Plane1 is the first plane that appears in the
FeatureManager tree and can have a different name. The reference triad shows the global X-, Y-, and Z-directions.
The figure below illustrates the relationship between the global coordinate system and Plane1, Plane2, and Plane3.
96
EMS Fundamentals
Result Databases
EMS saves the results of each study a database file with extension EMS The database name for a study is
constructed automatically by joining the study name to the part or assembly name separated by -. For example if
the document name is Magnet-assembly and the study name is Study1, then the file name for the study will be
Magnetassembly-Study1.EMS.
To transfer the results of a study from computer A to computer B, copy the EMS file of the study and the
SolidWorks document file. You should copy the EMS file to the proper folder as specified in the Results Options of
computer B. To change this folder, right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree, select Options, and click the
Results tab.
97
98
Click Tools, Interference Detection to check interference. Make sure that the Treat coincidence as
interference option is unchecked. All parts should be free from interference with each other for proper
modeling.
Click Tools, Check to check for invalid faces and invalid edges. Checking for short edges can help in
diagnosing meshing problems.
You can exclude a component from analysis by suppressing it and then remeshing the model. If a mesh
exists and you do not remesh, the components will be considered in the analysis.
Hiding a component does not exclude it from analysis. In other words, the program meshes hidden
components. You can hide components and create exploded views for improved selection and viewing
during study definition.
EMS Fundamentals
About Units
EMS uses the MKS system of units. Nevertheless, it offers you the choice between MKS and CGS when it comes
to material properties of a permanent magnet and B-H curve. Most material data for permanent magnets and
ferromagnetic materials are specified in CGS units. As for output results, you have the option to view them in
various units.
The Meshing PropertyManager displays the suggested average element size and the tolerance in the default
unit of length in SolidWorks.
The MKS units of principal electromagnetic quantities are given in the table below.
99
Languages
EMS is available in the following languages:
100
English
EMS Interface
EMS Interface Components
This section discusses the following interface components of EMS:
Toolbars
101
Each study is represented by a folder and subfolders in the tree. The subfolders depend on the study
type. EMS assigns a unique icon to each study type for easy identification of the study type.
Study type
Study
icon
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
102
EMS Interface
A plus sign symbol to the left of an items icon indicates that it contains associated sub-items, such as
load or restraint items, mesh controls. Click
to expand the item and display its contents.
EMS assigns the following icons to each study type for easy identification of the study type:
Study type
Study
icon
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
A red check mark on an item indicates that the item has been partially or fully defined. For example, when a
material is assigned to a part, the part's icon changes from
to
When you right-click an item, a right-mouse menu opens. Use this menu to quickly access related
operations.
to
103
In the EMS Manager tree, drag a study icon and drop it onto the part or assembly icon at the top of the
tree.
The Define Study Name dialog box opens.
2.
3.
Type a name for the new study in the Study Name box.
Select a SolidWorks configuration.
4.
Click OK
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click a study icon the select Copy.
At the top of the tree, right-click the part or assembly icon and select Paste.
The Define Study Name dialog box opens.
3.
4.
Type a name for the new study in the Study Name box.
Select a SolidWorks configuration.
5.
Click OK
NOTES:
104
When using drag and drop (or copy and paste) to create a study, the new study will have the same
analysis and mesh types as the original study.
If the configuration you selected is not the active SolidWorks configuration, the new study is grayed out. A
feature that is not well-defined with the specified configuration appears with x (in red) on top of its icon in
the tree. To access a grayed-out study, activate the SolidWorks configuration associated with it.
EMS Interface
You can drag and drop (or copy and paste) studies, materials, loads/restraints, mesh control, and results.
You can drag and drop folders (including all items inside), a single item, or a group of items.
To avoid invalid input, EMS will let you drop items and folders to valid destinations only. While dragging
an item, a group of items or folder, only the valid destinations in the EMS Manager tree will highlight. For
example you can drag and drop material folders and items from any study to any other study, but you
cannot drag and drop Load/restraint folders or items from an electrostatic study to a magnetostatic study
or vice versa.
NOTES:
You can only drag and drop result folders and items from one study to another study of the same type.
For example, when you drag a Magnetic Flux Density Plot icon from a magnetostatic study and move it
along the EMS Manager tree, only the Magnetic Flux Density folders of a magnetostatic studies will
highlight. This table summarizes these rules.
Item to Drag
Drop to
Solid Folder
Solid Folder
Solids folder
Load/Restraint Folder
Study
Loads/Restraint folder
Results Folder
Study
Corresponding folder
Mesh folder
Study folder
Mesh icon
Notes
Valid for all studies (copies
materials)
Valid for all studies (copies
materials)
Valid for relevant studies only
(compatible analysis)
Valid for relevant studies only
(electric study to electric
study, or magnetic study to
magnetic study)
Valid for the same type of
study only
Same result type only (field
item to field folder, potential
item to potential folder, etc.)
Valid for all studies (copies
mesh)
105
Toolbars
EMS Toolbars
EMS toolbars provide you with shortcuts to frequently used operations. This section gives brief description of all
EMS toolbar. You can easily customize the toolbar by hiding it or moving it around as desired.
To move the toolbar, click anywhere on its boundary and drag it to the desired location.
To hide/show a toolbar, click View, Toolbars and choose the toolbar that you want to hide/show.
If you drag a toolbar away from the edges, it becomes a floating palette.
If you drag a toolbar close to a horizontal edge, it will extend horizontally. Similarly, if you drag it to a
vertical edge, it will extend vertically.
To display a tool tip, place the mouse pointer on it. To execute a tool, point to it and click the left mouse
button.
Tool Tip
Mesh
Run
Show/Hide Mesh
Apply Mesh Control
Flux is Normal
Flux is Tangential
Electric Charge
Floating Conductor
Contact Resistance
Fixed Voltage
Temperature
Convection
106
Purpose
Study
EMS Interface
Heat Flux
Volume Heat
Solid Coil
Wound Coil
Function curve
Virtual work force
Lorentz force
Resistance
Report
Results Table
107
Design Studies
Design Studies
The concept of design studies lies at the heart of the operation of EMS. In this section, you learn about the
following topics:
109
model dimensions
material properties
mesh
Analysis Types
Defining an Analysis Study
110
Design Studies
Study Types
EMS offers the following types of studies:
Electrostatic
(or Electric Field) studies. Electrostatic studies calculate electric field, electric
displacement, voltage, capacitance matrix, force, torque, and electric energy.
Electrostatic analysis can help you identify points of high electric fields or the so called hot points that may
generate sparks or lead to dielectric breakdowns. You may use it to determine forces and torques for
electric motors and MEMS.
Electric Conduction
(or Current Flow) studies. Electric Conduction studies calculate electric
field, voltage, current density, resistance, and dissipated power.
Electric Conduction analysis can help you determine current flow in wires and other conducting media. It
can be instrumental in identifying points of high current density that may lead to a metal melting or fuse
failure.
Magnetostatic
studies. Magnetostatic studies calculate magnetic field, magnetic flux density,
inductance matrix, force, torque, and magnetic energy.
Magnetostatic analysis is probably the most commonly used by EMS users. Most electromechanical
devices and instruments use permanent magnets and/or electric coils as their source of energy at DC
frequency. This analysis can be instrumental in determining the performance of your electromechanical
device. It may also be useful in computing the inductance matrix of your electronic device.
AC Magnetic
(or Time Harmonic) studies. AC Magnetic studies calculate magnetic field, magnetic flux
density, inductance matrix, force, torque, eddy currents, and power dissipated.
AC Magnetic analysis can help you determine eddy currents and skin effects which play an important role
for both electronic and electromechanical devices and circuits. For example, for a circuit board you may
determine the eddy current on a neighboring line which would indicate to you the level of cross talk. For a
motor, you may determine the skin effects for your ferromagnetic components. You may also determine the
induced voltage in a receiving coil due the currents in transmitting coils.
Transient Magnetic
Studies. Just like the AC Magnetic, Transient Magnetic studies calculate
magnetic field, magnetic flux density, inductance matrix, force, torque, eddy currents, and power
dissipated but for an arbitrary time dependence such as a pulse.
Again, Transient Magnetic analysis is similar to AC Magnetic analysis, except it has an arbitrary time
dependence. Therefore, all features and capabilities of AC Magnetic are also available for Transient
Magnetic at each time step. This type of analysis can be instrumental to determine the response of the
system after the source is turned off.
111
Element Types
EMS uses Vector Finite Element which necessitate first-order tetrahedral 3D solid elements. Therefore, the
mesher generates only these elements.
112
Design Studies
Study
The Study PropertyManager allows you to create studies.
To create a study:
1.
Right-click the assembly or part icon at the top of the EMS Manager tree and select Study, or click EMS,
Study.
The Study PropertyManager appears.
2.
3.
4.
Electrostatic
Electric Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
Click OK
NOTE: You can click Apply to create the study without closing the PropertyManager .
You can create a study using drag and drop or copy and paste.
113
114
Design Studies
Electrostatic Options
Use the Electrostatic dialog box to set the desired options for the active Electrostatic study.
o
o
Direct. Check this option to use the Direct sparse solver. This is default and
recommended solver type.
Iterative Check this option to use the Iterative solver. Use if the memory available is
not sufficient for Direct solver.
Solver precision. Select the desired level of precision. Three level are available ( Normal Precision,
High Precision or Very High Precision).
Compute Capacitance. Check this box if you want to compute capacitance.
Motion Analysis. Check this box if you want to include a Motion analysis solution to the current
electrostatic analysis.
115
Solver currently, the only option available for Electric Conduction studies is the matrix solver (Direct )
type .
For future release two solver options will be available:
o
o
Direct. Check this option to use the Direct sparse solver. This is default and
recommended solver type.
Iterative Check this option to use the Iterative solver. Use if the memory available is
not sufficient for Direct solver.
Steady State Thermal. Check this box if you want to include a Thermal analysis solution to the
current Electric Conduction study.
Motion Analysis. Check this box if you want to include a Motion analysis solution to the current
Electric Conduction analysis.
116
Design Studies
Magnetostatic Options
Use the Magnetostatic dialog box to set the desired options for the active Magnetostatic study.
117
AC Magnetic Options
Use the AC Magnetic dialog box to set the desired options for the active AC Magnetic study.
118
Design Studies
Compute circuit parameters. Check this box if you want the inductance matrix and flux linkage to be
computed. It takes extra time to compute these quantities. Therefore, if the user does not need them,
they should not be computed.
119
120
For Electrostatic, Electric Conduction, and Magnetostatic studies EMS offers both direct and iterative matrix
solvers. The direct is the recommended and default solver. However, if the program complains about the
lack of memory, please switch to the iterative solver.
For AC and Transient Magnetic studies, there is no matrix solver option. But internally it is the iterative solver
that is implemented.
Design Studies
Multiple Studies
You can create multiple studies as desired. Each study is presented in the EMS Manager tree. When you run a
study, the program uses the active mesh if it is current, otherwise it meshes the model before running the study.
121
122
Design Studies
In the EMS Manager, right-click the study's icon and select Properties.
The corresponding study dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
Electrostatic Options
Electric Conduction Options
Magnetostatic Options
AC Magnetic Options
Transient Magnetic Options
You can also change the location of the results folder by clicking
123
Deleting a Study
To delete a study using the EMS Manager tree:
1.
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the study icon and select Delete.
A message window appears.
2.
124
Click OK .
Design Studies
Running a Study
Verifying the Input
It is important to verify your input before running a study:
Verify that you have assigned the proper material for each component.
Verify that you have specified the proper study properties.
Verify that you have specified the proper loads and restraints.
Verify the mesh and make sure it corresponds to the desired mesh options.
Running a Study
When you run a study, EMS calculates the results based on the specified input for materials, restraints, loads, and
mesh.
You can choose to run a study automatically after meshing it by checking the Run analysis after meshing option
in the Mesh PropertyManager.
125
Material Information
Material Properties
Before running a study, you must define all the necessary material properties required by the corresponding
analysis type. For example, the permeability is required for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic
studies, while the permittivity is needed for Electrostatic studies. You can define material properties at any time
before running the analysis. All material properties are defined through the Material dialog box.
When you create a study, the program creates a Solids folder. The Solids folder will contain an icon for each body
in the component. Each body in the component must be assigned a material before running the analysis.
This section discusses the following topics:
127
Permittivity. Permittivity, or dielectric constant, can be looked at as the quality of a material that allows it
to store electrical charge. A given amount of material with high permittivity can store more charge than a
material with lower permittivity. A high permittivity tends to reduce any electric field present. Therefore the
capacitance of a capacitor can be increased by increasing the permittivity of the dielectric material inside
it. In electromagnetism one can define an electric displacement field D, which represents how an applied
electric field E will influence the organization of electrical charges in the medium, including charge
migration and electric dipole reorientation. Its relation to permittivity is given by D = E, where is the
permittivity which is a scalar if the medium is isotropic or a 3 by 3 matrix otherwise. In MKS units,
permittivity is measured in farads per meter (F/m).
Free Space Permittivity (o). Is the permittivity of vacuum or the scale factor that relates the values of
D and E in a vacuum.
o= 8.854187817610-12 F/m.
Relative Permittivity. It is the ratio of the permittivity of the medium to the free space permittivity r =
/o. It is dimensionless.
Since the permittivity it is a very small number, the relative permittivity is the most commonly used. The
relative permittivity is used in the Electrostatic analysis.
r =
Since the permeability it is a very small number, the relative permeability is the most commonly used. The
relative permeability is used in the Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses.
Electric Conductivity. Electric conductivity, or simply conductivity, is a measure of how well a material
accommodates the transport of electric charge. Its MKS derived unit is the siemens per meter (named
after Werner von Siemens). Electrical conduction is an electrical phenomenon where a material (solid or
otherwise) contains movable particles with electric charge, which can carry electricity. When a difference
of electrical potential is placed across a conductor, its movable charges flow, and an electric current
appears. Conductivity is defined as the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength. It is the
reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It is usually represented by the letter .
Scientists often divide
materials into three classes based upon their respective conductivities:
o A conductor such as a metal has high conductivity.
o An insulator like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity.
o The conductivity of a semiconductor is generally intermediate, but varies widely under different
conditions, such as exposure of the material to electric fields or certain frequencies of light.
Electrical conductivity is used in Electric Conduction, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses.
128
Coercivity. Coercivity or the coercive force is a property of a permanent magnet. Commonly denoted by
the letter Hc, it is the intensity of the magnetic field needed to reduce the magnetization of a
ferromagnetic material to zero after it has reached saturation. On a Hysteresis loop, it is the point where
the loop intersects the H axis .The coercivity is measured in Amperes per meter (A/m) in MKS units and in
Oersted in Gaussian units.
Material Information
Permanent Polarization. Certain materials maintain an electric flux due to its microscopic dipoles
permanent orientation even in the absence of an external electric field. A body such as this with a
permanent polarization P is called an electret, by analogy with "magnet." In MKS units, it is measured in
2
Coulombs/m .
Thermal Conductivity. The Thermal Conductivity indicates the effectiveness of a material in transferring
heat energy by conduction. It is defined as the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of the material
per unit temperature difference. The units of thermal conductivity is W/m*K ( Watt / meter * Kelvin )
129
Material Models
Linear Materials
The induced response is directly proportional to the applied loads. For example, if you double the applied voltage,
the potential and electric field would double. Similarly, if you double the coil current, the magnetic flux density and
magnetic field would double.
In EMS, the conductivity and permittivity are always linear. Consequently, the Electrostatic and Electric
Conduction analyses are always linear.
Nonlinear Materials
The induced response depends on the past history of the material. For example, most ferromagnetic materials
have a hysteresis loop or B-H curve where the response depends whether the device is operated above the knee
of the curve.
In EMS, only the permeability may be nonlinear. Furthermore, such nonlinearity is permitted only for the
Magnetostatic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The AC Magnetic analysis does not support nonlinear
permeability.
Isotropic Materials
A material is isotropic if its electrical and magnetic properties are the same in all directions. Isotropic materials can
have a homogeneous or non-homogeneous microscopic structures.
Orthotropic Materials
A material is orthotropic if its electrical or magnetic properties are unique and independent in three mutually
perpendicular directions.
The table below gives a summary for the different analyses:
ANALYSIS TYPE
LINEAR
ISOTROPIC
LINEAR
ORTHOTROPIC
NONLINEAR
ISOTROPIC
NONLINEAR
ORTHOTROPIC
Electrostatic
YES
YES
NO
NO
Electric
Conduction
YES
YES
NO
NO
Magnetostatic
YES
YES
YES
NO
AC Magnetic
YES
YES
NO
NO
Transient
Magnetic
YES
YES
YES
NO
Material Information
You need to model this component as two components; the cylinder and the planar part. You can then define a
coordinate system for the planar part where the main orthotropic axes are along (x,yz). As for the cylindrical part,
define a second coordinate system where the main orthotropic axes are along ( z).
131
Coercivity. Coercivity or the coercive force. Commonly denoted by the letter Hc, it is the intensity of the
magnetic field needed to reduce the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material to zero after it has reached
saturation. On a Hysteresis loop, it is the point where the loop intersects the H axis .The coercivity is
measured in Amperes per meter (A/m) in MKS units and in Oersted in Gaussian units.
Residual Induction. Residual induction or remanence. Commonly denoted by the letter Br, it is the
amount of magnetic flux density remaining in a ferromagnetic material after an external magnetic field is
removed after saturation in a closed circuit. On a Hysteresis loop, it is the point where the loop intersects
the B axis. The Br represents the maximum magnetic flux density output of this material without an
external magnetic field. The Residual induction is measured in Tesla for MKS units and in Gauss for
Gaussian units.
There are four main types of permanent magnets that are commonly used nowadays in various magnetic
applications:
NdFeB (Neodymium-Iron-Boron) -- Or the so-called 'rare-earth' permanent magnets. They are very
powerful magnets as they have the highest (B, Br, BHmax) and high Hc. They are however very brittle,
hard to machine, and sensitive to corrosion and high temperatures. They are generally the most
expensive magnets .
Typical Magnetic Properties of NdFeB .
Grade
N5513
N5214
N4816
N4221
N3625
N3430
132
Residual Induction
(Gauss)
Br
15,000
14,700
14,100
13,200
12,400
11,900
Coercivity
(Oersteds)
Hc
12,000
10,300
12,700
12,000
11,100
10,700
Max. Energy
Prod
(MGOe)
BHmax
55
52
48
42
36
34
Material Information
Ferrite (Ceramic) -- Or the so-called 'hard ceramic' permanent magnets. They are generally made from
Strontium or Barium Ferrite. Lower in power (B, Br, BHmax) compared to other magnets, and are very
brittle. However, they have very high Hc and good Tc, and are quite corrosion-resistant. A very costeffective choice. Less expensive than NdFeB magnets, but still very powerful and resistant to
demagnetization.
Typical Magnetic Properties of Ferrite.
Grade
1
5
8
10
Residual Induction
(Gauss)
Br
2,200
3,950
3,900
4,200
Coercivity
(Oersteds)
Hc
1,900
2,400
3,200
2,950
Max. Energy
Prod
(MGOe)
BHmax
1.1
3.6
3.5
4.2
AlNiCo (Aluminum-Nickel-Cobalt) for medium strength and excellent machinability. They perform much
better than plain steel, but are much weaker in strength (lower B, Br and BHmax). They must be carefully
stored because they are prone to demagnetization.
Typical Magnetic Properties of AlNiCo .
Grade
5 Cast
5-7 Cast
6 Cast
8 Cast
2
Sintered
5
Sintered
8
Sintered
Residual
Induction (Gauss)
Br
12,500
13,500
10,500
8,300
Coercivity
(Oersteds)
Hc
640
740
780
1,650
Max. Energy
Prod (MGOe)
BHmax
5.5
7.5
3.9
5.5
6,600
550
1.4
10,800
600
3.8
7,000
1,900
5.0
SmCo (Samarium Cobalt)-- Or the so-called the 'first rare earth' magnets. They have high power and
resistance to high temperatures and corrosion. They are almost as powerful as NdFeB magnets, and far
more powerful than all the others (high B and Br). Usually only used where resistance to high
temperatures and corrosion are needed. Also very brittle and hard to machine. They are the most
expensive magnets.
Typical Magnetic Properties of SmCo .
Grade
S3214
S2818
S2818
S2712
Residual
Induction (Gauss)
Br
11,600
10,700
11,000
10,600
Coercivity
(Oersteds)
Hc
9,500
10,300
10,300
9,250
Max. Energy
Prod (MGOe)
BHmax
31
28
28
27
133
S1809
8,600
7,200
134
18
Material Information
In practice, only the B-H curve in the second quadrant or the so called the"Demagnetization Curve" is used. In
particular, if the air-gap dimensions of the magnetic circuit are kept fixed and neighboring fields are help constant,
the permanent magnet would have a static operating point. Else, such operating point will be any where on the
demagnetization curve. In such case, the device must be designed carefully to account for the movement of the
operating point.
In any magnetic device, the designer must carefully consider three quantities:
The residual induction or the remanence which is commonly denoted by the letter Br. It is the point
where the B-H curve intersects the B axis. In other words, it is always the value of flux density for the
condition when a magnet develops no magnetizing force (H=0). It is measured in Tesla in MKS units and
in Gauss in Gaussian units.
The Coercivity or the coercive force which is commonly denoted by the letter Hc. It is the point where
the B-H curve intersects the H axis. In other words, it is the magnetizing force required to reduce the
magnet's flux density B to zero. It is measured in Amperes per meter (A/m) in MKS units and in Oersted
in Gaussian units.
BHmax or the maximum energy product. It is the point where the product of magnetic flux density B and
the magnetic field H is at a maximum. Obviously, the higher is this product, the less volume of the
magnet is required.
It is very important to distinguish between hard and soft magnetic materials. The hard magnetic materials which
are also called permanent magnets are characterized by a B-H Curve that starts in the second quadrant and may
extend to the first quadrant. Whereas the B-H Curve of soft magnetic materials is limited to the first
quadrant. Consequently, if the user enters a B-H data where the first row has a negative value for H, EMS treats
that material as a permanent magnet. In such case, it automatically assigns a Coercivity (Hc) value equals to
minus the negative value of H specified in the first row of the B-H data. It also assigns a Remanence (Br) value
equals to that maximum B value in the specified B-H data.
Assigning a B-H Curve to a Material...
135
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the icon of the desired body in the Solids folder of a study and
select Apply Material to All Bodies from the right-mouse menu.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Click OK
Note: After assigning a material to a component, a checkmark appears on the corresponding icon.
136
Material Information
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click on the root (the document name).
2.
3.
From the Material Database pull-down menu, select <New Material Library>.
4.
Type name of the new library. An empty material library with the specified name is added to the Material
PM.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Click OK
In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the assembly icon at the top of the tree and select Options.
2.
3.
4.
Navigate to the folder where library files exist and click OK. The library must have .emsmtr
extension.
Click Move Up or Move Down to change the folder search order.
Click Delete to delete a folder. To undo deleting a folder, click Cancel.
Click OK.
The material library whose path is specified above is now added to the material browser.
137
138
1.
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click on the root (the document name).
2.
3.
From the Material Database pull-down menu, select the desired library.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Click OK
Material Information
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the components icon in the Solids folder and select Apply Material
to All Bodies. The Material PM page opens.
2.
From the Material Database pull-down menu, select the material library name.
3.
4.
5.
Type the material name and choose the material units. The default is MKS.
6.
7.
Click on
Click Browse and open the .emscur curves library defined in Function Curves section .
7.
Note: A B-H curve that starts in the second quadrant is treated by EMS as a permanent magnet or hard magnetic
material. In other words, if the user enters a B-H data where the first row has a negative value for H, EMS treats
that material as a permanent magnet. In such case, it automatically assigns a Coercivity (Hc) value equals to
minus the negative value of H specified in the first row of the B-H data. It also assigns a Remanence (Br) value
equals to that maximum B value in the specified B-H data.
The B-H Curve of a Material...
139
2.
3.
From the Material Database pull-down menu, select the desired library.
4.
5.
6.
Type the material name and choose the material units. The default is MKS.
7.
Take the default values for material properties. Do not specify any values for the permeability and the
permittivity.
8.
Scroll down to the Magnetization box and select Permanent Magnetization for the pull-down menu.
9.
Type the value of the Coercivity and of the Remanence. Pay attention to the units.
10. Click OK
To fix the easy direction of the permanent magnet relative to a coordinate system:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
140
Right-click on the body and select Direction of Coercivity. The click is on the body and not the component.
In the Coordinate System box, check the coordinate system in which the direction of coercivity is
defined. The default is the global coordinate system.
If you checked a local coordinate system, click inside the Local Coordinate System box. and choose an
existing local coordinate system. If such local system is not defined yet, exit the Direction of Coercivity
dialogue altogether and define a local coordinate system by using Insert->Reference Geometry->
Coordinate System and then repeat steps 1-3.
In the Direction Type box, check Cartesian, Cylindrical, or Spherical type. The default is Cartesian.
In the Direction box, click on the desired direction relative to that coordinate system. For example, the
possible directions for a Cartesian system is +x, -x, +y, -y, +z, or -z.
Click OK
Material Information
3.
From the Material Database pull-down menu, select the desired library.
4.
5.
6.
Type the material name and choose the material units. The default is MKS.
7.
Depending on the material, select Orthotropic under Relative Permeability, Relative Permittivity, or
Electric Conductivity boxes. Actually for Magnetic studies, only orthotropic permeability matters. Vice
versa, for Electric studies, only the orthotropic permittivity does. The conductivity could be orthotropic for
Electric Conduction studies but not for Magnetic studies. Whereas for Electric studies the
conductivity does not play any role because the components are assumed either perfectly conducting or
perfectly insulating.
8.
Specify the value of the corresponding quantity along the three orthogonal axes of the material.
9.
Click OK
Right-click on the body and select Coordinate System. The click is on the body and not the component.
In the Coordinate System box, check the coordinate system in which the three mutually orthogonal axes are
defined. The default is the global coordinate system.
If you checked a local coordinate system, click inside the Local Coordinate System box. and choose an
existing local coordinate system. If such local system is not defined yet, exit the Coordinate System
dialogue altogether and define a local coordinate system by using Insert->Reference Geometry->
Coordinate System and then repeat steps 1-3.
4.
Click OK
141
142
Drag the Solids folder of an existing study (source study) and drop it on a compatible target study. All
material assignments in the source Solids folders will be copied to the target study.
Drag an icon in the Solids folder of a source study to the Solids folder of a compatible target study.
Use copy and paste to copy materials from one study to another.
Function Curves
About Function Curves
Function curves define pairs of values for use by different types of studies. The Function Curves dialog lets you
create and edit curve libraries.
NOTE: We recommend that you use this dialog to include all your frequently used curves to a library so that you
can use them conveniently in other studies and documents.
Curve Library. Click Open to load an existing library file or create a new one by pushing the New button.
The following types of function curves are available:
I-t Curve - Current-Time curve defines the current variation with time to be used in coils for
transient magnetic studies.
B-H Curve - defines the variation of the magnetic flux density versus the magnetic field for
ferromagnetic materials and permanent magnets.
P-B Curve - defines the variation of the magnetic flux density versus the magnetic field for
ferromagnetic materials and permanent magnets.
Vt Curve - defines the variation of the magnetic flux density versus the magnetic field for
ferromagnetic materials and permanent magnets.
143
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the top icon and select Define Function Curves.
4.
5.
Click Open to select an existing library file or click New to enter a name for a new library. The extension
of EMS Curve libraries is emscur.
In the Curve Library box, do one of the following:
Right-click I-t Curve and select Create Curve to define a current-time curve.
Right-click B-H Curve and select Create Curve to define a B-H curve.
Right-click P-B Curve and select Create Curve to define a P-B curve.
Right-click Vt Curve and select Create Curve to define a Vt curve.
In the Curve Name box, select the name of an existing curve to edit or a enter a name for a new curve.
In the Curve Data box, do the following:
6.
7.
8.
144
Function Curves
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the top icon and select Define Function Curves.
The Function Curves dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Click Open to select an existing library or push the New button to enter a name for the new library. The
extension of EMS Curve library files is emscur.
In the Curve Library box, select the desired curve.
The curve data appears in the table and a graph appears in the Preview area.
Click OK.
145
Fixed Voltage
Floating Conductor
Contact Resistance
Charge Density
Total Charge
Normal Flux
Temperature
Convection
Heat Flux
Volume Heat
Summary of Loads and Restraints
147
Fixed Voltage
The fixed voltage restraint or boundary condition imposes a voltage on a face, component, or body. All the nodes
of the restrained face, component, or body are assigned the specified voltage. This type of restraint is only
applicable to Electrostatic and Electric Conduction analyses.
To apply a fixed voltage:
1.
2.
then select the face to which you want to apply the fixed
3.
4.
5.
Click OK
Remember that this type of condition is applicable only to Electrostatic and Electric Conduction analyses.
148
Floating Conductor
The floating conductor restraint has an unspecified voltage value. It is treated differently depending whether the
capacitance matrix is computed or not. That is, if the capacitance matrix is requested, the simulator assigns 1.0 or
0 V on the floating conductors and computes the matrix using the stored electric energy. On the other hand, if the
capacitance matrix is not requested, the floating conductor is treated as an equi-potential entity with unknown
voltage value, and thus solved for. Consequently, to treat the voltage on a floating conductor as unknown, the
capacitance matrix shall not be requested.
To apply a floating conductor:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click OK
149
Contact Resistance
The Contact Resistance, in Ohms per square, load imposes a contact resistance on a face. It is used only for
Electric Conduction analysis.
To apply a Contact Resistance:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Remember that this type of condition is applicable only to Electric Conduction analyses.
150
Charge Density
3
The charge density, in Coulombs per meter cubic (C/m ), load imposes a uniform charge distribution on
a component or body. This type of load is only applicable to Electrostatic analysis.
To apply a charge density:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click OK
151
Total Charge
The total charge , in Coulombs (C), load imposes a uniform charge distribution on a component or body. This
type of load is only applicable to Electrostatic analysis.
To apply a total charge :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click OK
152
Normal Flux
The Normal Flux boundary condition (NFBC) imposes a normal flux, i.e. tangential flux is zero, on a face.
Symmetry plane: If the model is symmetric and the flux density is normal to the plane of symmetry, use
this type of boundary condition. You can use symmetry to model a portion of the model instead of the full
model. When appropriate, taking advantage of symmetry can help you reduce the size of the problem
and obtain more accurate results.
This type of boundary condition is applicable to magnetic analyses only , i.e. Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and
Transient Magnetic.
To apply a normal flux:
1.
2.
3.
Click OK
Remember that this type of condition is applicable only to Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic and Transient
Magnetic analyses.
153
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the corresponding load or restraint that you want to modify and select
Edit Definition.
The proper PropertyManager appears.
154
2.
3.
Click OK
In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Thermal >> Temperature.
-orclick Temperature
2.
3.
4.
5.
Set Temperature
Set Units
Click OK
then select the face to which you want to apply the temperature.
then select the components or bodies to which you
Remember that this type of thermal condition is applicable only to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC
Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's
Properties.
155
Convection
Use the Convection PropertyManager to apply convection boundary condition to selected components and bodies
of the model. This type of restraint is only applicable to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic and
Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's Properties.
To apply a convection:
1.
In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Thermal >> Convection.
-orclick Convection
2.
3.
4.
Set Units
Click OK
Remember that this type of thermal condition is applicable only to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC
Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's
Properties.
156
Heat Flux
The Heat Flux PropertyManager lets you apply heat flux to the selected faces. This type of restraint is only
applicable to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal
solution option must be enabled in the study's Properties.
To apply a heat flux:
1.
In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Thermal >> Heat Flux.
-orclick Heat Flux
2.
3.
4.
Set Units
to the desired unit system.
Check Reverse direction box if desired
Click OK
Remember that this type of thermal condition is applicable only to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC
Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's
Properties.
157
Volume Heat
The Volume Heat PropertyManager lets you define Volume Heat boundary condition to the bodies and
components for use with thermal analysis. This type of restraint is only applicable to Electric Conduction,
Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in
the study's Properties.
To apply a volume heat:
1.
In a study, right-click the Load/Restraint folder and select Thermal >> Volume Heat.
-orclick Volume Heat
1.
2.
3.
4.
Set Units
Click OK
Remember that this type of thermal condition is applicable only to Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC
Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses. The thermal solution option must be enabled in the study's
Properties.
158
The following table summarizes the loads and restraints and their application conditions.
LOAD/RESTRAINT
Fixed Voltage
ANALYSIS TYPE
Electrostatic
Electric
Conduction
GEOMETRICAL ENTITY
REQUIRED INPUT
UNITS
Faces
Components
Bodies
Voltage
Volts
Floating
Conductor
Electrostatic
Faces
Components
Bodies
Conductor Number
None
Charge
Density
Electrostatic
Components
Bodies
Charge Density
C/m
Faces
Contact Resistance
Ohms/Square
Faces
None
N/A
Contact
Resistance
Normal Flux
Electric
Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient
Magnetic
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Electrostatic
Electric
Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Electrostatic
Electric
Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Electrostatic
Electric
Conduction
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Electrostatic
Electric
Conduction
THERMAL
LOAD/RESTRAINT
Temperature
Convection
Heat Flux
Volume Heat
Faces
Components
Bodies
Temperature
Faces
Convection
Coefficient
Bulk Temperature
Faces
Heat Flux
Components
Bodies
Temperature
159
Kelvin
Fahrenh
Celsius
SI
English (
Metric (G
SI
English (
Metric (G
Kelvin
Fahrenh
Celsius
160
Coils
About Coils
A coil literally means a multiple-turn winding of a conductor such as copper wire wound around a bobbin. When
the conducting windings carry current, a magnetic field is produced. In the context of EMS, it can also mean a solid
or a volume conductor carrying a current that produces a magnetic field. We make the distinction between the
former and the latter by calling them wound or stranded and solid coils, respectively.
When you create a Magnetic study, the program creates a Coils folder in the EMS Manager tree. EMS adds an
item in the Coils folder for each coil you define on one or more entities.
The coil properties depend on the type of the Magnetic study. A coil is applied by the corresponding
PropertyManager accessible by right-clicking the Coils folder of a Magnetic study in the EMS Manager tree, or by
clicking EMS, Coils.
NOTE: To help you define studies faster, you can drag and drop Coils folders and items from one study to another
compatible study in the EMS Manager tree. You can also copy studies and other folders and items.
The following topics are discussed in this section:
161
Magnetostatic Study
There is no induced current for Magnetostatic studies, thus the total current in the coil is just the applied
current. On the cross section of a wound coil, the applied current density is uniform. It is varying on a solid
coil. Consequently, the resulting field can be slightly different. However, the value of inductance is completely
different because it depends on the number of turns.
162
Coils
Coil Properties
Coils are defined only for Magnetic analyses, i.e. Magnetostatic, AC and Transient Magnetic. There is no limit on
the number of coils in a model. For each coil the net current as well as entry and exit ports must specified, as
explained below.
Net Current
In EMS, a coil must be current driven and a net current must be specified. Therefore, if you know the voltage, you
must obtain the corresponding net current because you won't be able to specify a voltage. If the coil is wound, both
the number of turns and the current per turn must be specified. In such case, the net current is simply: I = Number
of turns*Current/PerTurn. As for a solid coil, the net flowing current shall be specified. The current form depends
on the analysis type, as follows:
Divide the coil to at least to two separate components to have an inside face where an entry port condition
can be applied.
Hide one of the coil components in such away that the entry port face is visible and easily accessible.
For the Exit Port, check the "Same as Entry Port".
Bear in mind that the current flow convention: The current always flows into the Entry Port .
163
Entry and Exit Ports are planar faces. The current always flows into the Entry Port .
164
Coils
Current-Time Curve
For Transient Magnetic analysis, the current in the coil varies as function of time. Therefore, a current-time
function curve must be defined instead of a just a current quantity. The current-time curve may be defined even
before the creation of the coil and later imported into the coil when it is created. It can equally be defined with the
coil creation.
165
Adding a Coil
Coils are defined for Magnetic analyses. The process of adding a coil in EMS is about the same for all Magnetic
studies. However, there is a slight variation between wound and solid coils and the current form for different
analyses. Follow the links below to add a coil for the various analysis types:
166
Coils
or Solid
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
If it is not a closed loop, click inside the Faces for Exit Port box
Exit Port.
In case of Wound Coil:
8.
o
o
Turn box
. The units in Amp-Turns.
If voltage driven coil option is selected, type the voltage driven properties ( voltage and serial
resistance) values.
In case of Solid Coil :
o If current driven coil option is selected, type the value of the net current in the Net Current box
9.
10. Click OK
167
or Solid
2.
o
o
3.
o
o
Enter the fraction of this coil with respect to the actual coil. e.g. if you are modeling half of the
actual coil , enter 0.5.
In case of a wound coil, enter either the AWG (American wire gage) value or the wire diameter.
4.
5.
6.
7.
If it is not a closed loop, click inside the Faces for Exit Port box
Exit Port.
In case of Wound Coil:
8.
o
o
In case of Solid Coil and current driven coil option is selected, type the value of the net current in the
Net RMS Current box
168
9.
Coils
10. In case of Solid or Wound coil and current driven coil option is selected, type the value of the phase
in the Current phase box
11. In case of Solid or Wound coil and if voltage driven coil option is selected, type the voltage driven
properties:
o
o
o
o
12. Click OK
169
or Solid
3.
4.
Click inside the Components or Bodies for Coils box then select the components or bodies to which
you want to add to the coil.
5.
6.
7.
If it is not a closed loop, click inside the Faces for Exit Port box
Exit Port.
8.
9.
In case of Wound coil , type the number of turns in the Turns box
. It is an integer.
In case of Solid or Wound coil and If voltage driven coil option is selected, type the voltage driven
properties:
o Enter the serial resistance value in Ohms.
o Enter the serial inductance value in -Henry..
o Enter the serial capacitance value in pF (1e-12F)
10. In case of Solid or Wound coil and if voltage driven coil option is selected,
170
Coils
11. In case of Solid or Wound coil and If current driven coil option is selected:
o Select function from the list of current functions
o DC Current Source
o Exponential Current Source
o Pulse Current Source
o SFFM Current Source
o Sinusoidal Current Source
o Imported Current-Time Curve
o Fill extra field values belonging to the selected function.
12. In case of Imported Current-Time Curve selected as current source:
o
o
o
click to add a curve from a curve database button from the Current-Time Curve box
. This
command will place you in the Function Curves dialogue box.
In the Function Curves dialogue box, click Browse to select an existing library or enter a name for the
new library. The extension of EMS Curve libraries is emscur.
In the Curve Library box, do one of the following:
Select an existing I-t Curve from the available curves in the current library.
Right-click I-t Curve and select Create Curve to define a new current-time curve. The created
curve will be saved in the current library.
Click OK in the Function Curves dialogue box will take you back to Coils PropertyManager. The
current-time curve that you just added or defined will appear in the Curve Preview box.
13.
Click OK
171
Modifying a Coil
To modify a coil
1.
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the corresponding coil that you want to modify and select Edit
Definition.
The proper PropertyManager appears.
172
2.
3.
Click OK
Coils
Summary of Coils
The following table summarizes the coils and their properties.
173
174
Coils
You can have a coil with a zero net current. Useful, if you have a receiving coil where you want to compute the
induced voltage.
175
177
J is the current density either input and therefore known or computed in an eddy current region.
Similarly, the torque is given by
It is worth clarifying a possible confusion here. That is, for AC magnetic analysis both J and B are complex
quantities and are time dependent in the form of ejt. The force calculated by the program is the time average force
which is given by:
This Lorentz method is very useful for finding forces acting on conductors. However, it is of limited use for nonconducting regions.
where
The torque is obtained by rotating the component a around x-, y-, or z-axis.
178
This method of force calculation is well suited since the finite element method starts for an energy minimization any
way. Furthermore, since the stored magnetic energy is global quantity, it is rather less sensitive to local errors.
Again for AC Magnetic analysis, we calculate the time average of the force.
This method is generally yields good results but it is very sensitive to local errors which make it unstable, especially
in very small air gaps. For this reason, EMS does not use it for force calculation.
179
J is the current density either input and therefore known or computed in an eddy current region.
Similarly, the torque is given by
It is worth clarifying a possible confusion here. That is, for AC magnetic analysis both J and B are complex
j t
quantities and are time dependent in the form of e . The force calculated by the program is the time average force
which is given by:
This Lorentz method is very useful for finding forces acting on conductors. However, it is of limited use for nonconducting regions.
In EMS, it is available for Magnetostatic, AC and Transient Magnetic studies.
where
180
The torque is obtained by rotating the component a around x-, y-, or z-axis.
This method of force calculation is well suited since the finite element method starts for an energy minimization any
way. Furthermore, since the stored magnetic energy is global quantity, it is rather less sensitive to local errors.
Again for AC Magnetic analysis, we calculate the time average of the force.
In EMS, it is available for all type of studies except the Electric Conduction.
This method is generally yields good results but it is very sensitive to local errors which make it unstable, especially
in very small air gaps. For this reason, EMS does not use it for force calculation.
181
Computing a Force/Torque
EMS automatically computes the nodal force distribution without any user input. However, for the rigid body force
calculation the user must decide before hand which parts that constitute the rigid body on which the force/torque
shall be calculated. The following steps highlight the procedure for choosing a force that must be followed before
running the study.
To define a force set:
1.
In a study, right-click the Forces/Torques folder and select Virtual Work or Lorentz Force.
-orclick Virtual Work
2.
3.
4.
Click OK
182
Modifying a Force/Torque
To modify a force/torque set:
1.
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the corresponding force/torque set that you want to modify and select
Edit Definition.
The proper PropertyManager appears.
2.
3.
Click OK
183
Summary of Forces/Torques
EMS automatically computes the nodal force distribution without any user input. However, for the rigid body force
calculation the user must decide before hand which parts that constitute the rigid body on which the force/torque
shall be calculated. The following table gives a summary of force and torque calculations for rigid bodies:
ANALYSIS TYPE
VIRTUAL
WORK
LORENTZ
FORCE
Electrostatic
YES
NO
Electric
Conduction
NO
NO
Magnetostatic
YES
YES
AC Magnetic
YES
YES
REMARKS
Transient
Magnetic
184
YES
YES
Resistance
About Resistance
Electrical resistance is a measure of the extent to which an object opposes the flow of an electric current. It is
equal to voltage/current. The MKS unit of electrical resistance is the ohm. Its reciprocal quantity is electrical
conductance measured in siemens.
In EMS the current flow problem is addressed in the Electric Conduction analysis. The user has to decide before
running the study in which components the resistance is desired to be computed. EMS makes it convenient by
creating a Resistance folder in the Manager tree for Electric Conduction studies. EMS adds an item in the
Resistance folder for each resistance set you define on one or more entities.
A resistance is applied by the corresponding PropertyManager accessible by right-clicking the Resistance folder of
a study in the EMS Manager tree, or by clicking EMS, Resistance .
NOTE: To help you define studies faster, you can drag and drop Resistance folders and items from one study to
another compatible study in the EMS Manager tree. You can also copy studies and other folders and items.
The following topics are discussed in this section:
Computing a Resistance
185
Computing a Resistance
The Electric Conduction module computes the resistance. The resistance is defined as Voltage/Current. The
voltage is defined between two points. Therefore, the user has to specify the entry and exit ports for the resistor set.
The entry port is where the current flows into the resistor set and exit port is where the current exits. EMS
automatically computes the voltage difference between the entry and exit ports as well as the current flowing
through the resistor set. From the current and voltage, the resistance is deduced.
To define a resistance set:
1.
In a Electric Conduction study, right-click the Resistance fold and select Define.
-orclick Resistance
2.
3.
4.
Click OK
186
Resistance
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the corresponding resistance set that you want to modify and select
Edit Definition.
The proper PropertyManager appears.
2.
3.
Click OK
187
Capacitance
Computing Capacitance Matrix
Capacitance is a measure of the amount of electric charge stored for a given electric potential between conductors.
Capacitance exists between any two conductors insulated from one another. It is usually defined as the total
electric charge placed on the object divided by the potential of the object: The MKS unit of capacitance is the farad
(F). A capacitance of one farad results in a potential of one volt for one coulomb of charge. The capacitance of the
majority of capacitors used in electronic circuits is several orders of magnitude smaller than the farad. The most
common units of capacitance in use today are the microfarad (F), the nanofarad (nF) and the picofarad (pF).
For N conductors system, the capacitance is a NxN matrix where C ii is called self capacitance and Cij is called
mutual capacitance. A self capacitance is generally defined as the amount of electric charge necessary to
increase its electrical potential by one volt. A mutual inductance is generally defined as the capacitance between
two conductors when the effect of all other conductors is removed.
Since the capacitance is a matrix, the conductors in the model must be numbered consecutively. In EMS, we
make use of the concept of Floating Conductor to number the conductors. Internally, EMS assigns a 1 volt on
each floating conductor. The 1 volt assigned is actually arbitrary because the capacitance does not depend on the
applied voltage. However, the conductor number is important.
To compute the capacitance matrix in EMS:
The capacitance matrix is output to the Study Report and Results Table
189
Circuit Parameters
Computing Circuit Parameters
This process of generating an electrical current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic
field is called electromagnetic induction or just induction. It is called induction because the current is said to be
induced in the conductor by the magnetic field. When induction occurs in an electrical circuit and affects the flow
of electricity it is called inductance, L. Self-inductance, or simply inductance is the property of a circuit whereby a
change in current causes a change in voltage in the same circuit. When one circuit induces current flow in a
second nearby circuit, it is known as mutual-inductance. Inductance is expressed in henrys.
The effect of inductance can be understood using a single loop of wire as an example. If a voltage is suddenly
applied between the ends of the loop of wire, the current must change from zero to non-zero. However, a non-zero
current induces a magnetic field by Ampere's law. This change in the magnetic field induces an emf that is in the
opposite direction of the change in current. The strength of this emf is proportional to the change in current and the
inductance. When these opposing forces are in balance, the result is a current that increases linearly with time
where the rate of this change is determined by the applied voltage and the inductance.
For N coils system, the inductance is a NxN matrix where Lii is the self inductance and Lij is the mutual
inductance. Therefore, the coils have to be numbered consecutively. Upon the user request, EMS computes the
Circuit Parameters matrices for the Magnetic analyses. The computation of the circuit parameters necessitates
additional computational time. Therefore, unless the user needs it, the circuit parameters should not be computed
to save CPU time.
The product of the flux passing through a coil with the number of turns of that coil is called flux linkage ( =
N). The flux linkage gives an indication of how the magnetic flux generated by one turn of the coil is linked to
adjacent turns of the coil. This quantity is also equal to the product of the inductance with the current ( = LI). It is
therefore also computed if the user chooses to compute circuit parameters.
Another important quantity which is also computed with the inductance is induced voltage in each coil. However, it
is computed only for AC Magnetic analysis because it is equal to the time derivative of the flux linkage with
respect to time (V = d /dt).
To compute the inductance matrix, flux linkage, and the induced voltage in EMS:
The inductance matrix, flux linkage, and the induced voltage and others quantities are output to the Study Report
and Results Table.
191
Meshing
Background on Meshing
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) provides a reliable numerical technique for analyzing engineering designs. The
process starts with the creation of a geometric model. Then, the program subdivides the model into small pieces of
simple shapes (elements) connected at common points (nodes). Finite element analysis programs look at the
model as a network of discrete interconnected elements.
The Finite Element Method (FEM) predicts the behavior of the model by combining the information obtained from
all elements making up the model.
Meshing is a very crucial step in design analysis. The automatic mesher in EMS generates a mesh based on a
global element size, tolerance, and local mesh control specifications. Mesh control lets you specify different sizes
of elements for components and faces.
EMS estimates a global element size for the model taking into consideration its volume, surface area, and other
geometric details. The size of the generated mesh (number of nodes and elements) depends on the geometry and
dimensions of the model, element size, mesh tolerance, and mesh control. In the early stages of design analysis
where approximate results may suffice, you can specify a larger element size for a faster solution. For a more
accurate solution, a smaller element size may be required.
This section discusses the following topics:
Meshing Parameters
Meshing Options
Controlling the Mesh
Mesh Quality Checks
Meshing Failure Diagnostics
Meshing Tips
193
Meshing Parameters
The mesh is generated by right clicking the Mesh icon in the EMS Manager tree and selecting Create. The
generated mesh depends on the following factors:
NOTE: It is recommended that you verify all these factors before meshing. Any change in these factors requires
remeshing. The Options button in the Mesh PropertyManager provides a convenient access to check meshing
preferences. Right-click the Mesh icon and select Details to view how an existing mesh was generated.
194
Meshing
2.
3.
195
Automatic Looping
Automatic looping instructs the mesher to automatically retry to mesh the model using a smaller global element
size. You control the maximum number of trials allowed and the ratio by which the global element size and
tolerance are reduced each time.
To enable and set automatic looping options:
1.
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Mesh icon and select Create.
The Mesh PropertyManager appears.
2.
Click Options.
The Options dialog box appears with the Mesh tab selected.
3.
4.
196
Meshing
Meshing Options
Meshing Options are essential factors in determining the quality of the mesh and hence the results. Results based
on different preference settings should converge to each other if an adequately small element size is used.
Element Growth Rate is the maximum ratio between two neighboring elements. The default value is 1.4 which is
adequate for most problems.
Accurate Curvature Representation option, when checked, the mesher follows accurately curved surfaces. The
default value is 12 which the maximum angle between the normal to the surface and the normal to the mesh faces.
Automatic looping instructs the mesher to automatically retry to mesh the model using a smaller global element
size. You control the maximum number of trials allowed and the ratio by which the global element size and
tolerance are reduced each time.
Setting the meshing Options
197
Mesh
The Mesh PropertyManager allows you to mesh the model.
Mesh Parameters. Sets the global element size, tolerance, and options.
o Slider bar. The slide bar lets you change the global element size and tolerance. The extreme left
position (Coarse) sets the global element size to twice the default size. The extreme right position
(Fine) sets the global element size to half the default size.
Global Size
. Sets the global average element size. EMS suggests a default value based on
the model volume and surface area. The global element size is given in the default SolidWorks unit
of length.
Tolerance
. Sets the tolerance value. The default tolerance is 5% of the global element size.
NOTE: Adjusting the tolerance can help resolve some meshing problems. For example, if meshing
fails due to free edges, increasing the tolerance can solve the problem. The tolerance cannot exceed
30% of the element size.
o Reset to default size. Resets the Global Size field to the default value suggested by the program.
Run analysis after meshing. If checked, EMS runs the study right after finishing the meshing of the
model successfully.
Options. Click this button to check or modify the active meshing options.
To mesh a model:
1.
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Mesh icon and select Create.
The Mesh PropertyManager appears.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
198
Check and modify the desired meshing options and click OK.
To instruct the program to run the study right after meshing the model, check Run analysis after
meshing.
Click OK.
Meshing
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Mesh icon and select Apply Mesh Control.
The Mesh Control PropertyManager appears.
2.
Click inside the Components and Bodies for Mesh Control box
bodies to which you want to apply a mesh control.
3.
4.
5.
Click OK
The transition between the dense and coarse mesh is overall controlled by the Element Growth Rate set at
the mesh options level. The default value is 1.4
199
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Mesh icon and select Apply Mesh Control.
The Mesh Control PropertyManager appears.
2.
Click inside the Components and Bodies for Mesh Control box
bodies to which you want to apply a mesh control.
3.
4.
5.
Click OK
The transition between the dense and coarse mesh is overall controlled by the Element Growth Rate set at
the mesh options level. The default value is 1.4
200
Meshing
201
Failure Diagnostics
When meshing fails, EMS gives a message and stops unless the automatic mesh looping is active. A failure
diagnostics tool is provided to help you locate and resolve solid meshing problems.
The meshing of a solid component consists of two basic phases. In the first phase, the mesher places nodes on
the boundary. This phase is called surface meshing. If the first phase is successful, the mesher starts the second
phase where it creates nodes in the inside, fills the volume with tetrahedral elements. Failure can occur during one
of the two phases.
The Failure Diagnostics PropertyManager lists and highlights the components that failed. For each component, it
lists and highlights the faces and edges that caused the failure.
Failed Components
Failed Faces
After meshing has failed, right-click the Mesh icon and select Failure Diagnostics.
To identify the problem with a component, select it in the list box.
All faces of the selected component that caused the meshing to fail highlight in the graphics area.
3.
202
Meshing
Meshing Tips
If meshing fails, use the Failure Diagnostics tool to locate the cause of mesh failure. Try the proposed
options to solve the problem. You can also try different element size, define mesh control, or activate
Enable automatic looping for solids.
It is good practice to check mesh options before meshing. For example, an Element Growth Rate
smaller than 1.25 or a Accurate Curvature Representation parameter less than 10 can result in
generating an unnecessarily large number of elements for models with many small features. The
Automatic looping can help solve meshing problems automatically, but you can adjust its settings for a
particular model.
To improve results in important areas, use mesh control to set a smaller element size. When meshing an
assembly with a wide range of component sizes, default meshing results in a relatively coarse mesh for
small components. Component mesh control offers an easy way to give more importance to the
selected small components. Use this option to identify important small components.
203
Viewing Results
Viewing Analysis Results
You view the results after running a study. In viewing the results, you can generate plots, lists, graphs, and reports
depending on the study and result types. In this section, you learn about the following topics:
Plotting Results
Graphing Results
You may also view the lumped quantities such as capacitance, inductance, force, and power in a tabulated format
as follows:
1.
2.
on tool bar..
205
Browse the results table of all studies of a given study type in the same window.
Generate a 2D graph of selected parameter results along all checked studies in the studies list
Export the checked studies results to a text file or an excel sheet.
You ca access the Compare Studies Results dialog by right clicking on the root item of EMS Manager tree, a menu
pops-up, select Compare Studies Results, a sub menu pops-up, select the available type of studies you wish to
compare. A study type is available for comparison whenever you have two or more studies of that type with results.
The Compare Studies dialog Popup.
For example, to view the results of Study 1 you select the Study 1 item in the Studies list .
To compare results of a given parameter by generating a 2D graph you do the following:
Check All / Uncheck All : Use this button to select or unselect all existents studies .
Add Parameter button : To compare results of a given parameter by generating a 2D graph you need to select a
cell from one of the above grid results and click this button to add this parameter to the " Parameter (s) to plot "
list.
Plot button : Click this button to popup a 2D graph plot of the added parameter (s) for the checked (selected)
studies.
206
Viewing Results
Export button: Click this button to export results of checked studies to a text file or excel sheet.
Print button: Click this button to print the results of checked studies.
207
Plotting Results
Plotting Results
EMS generates result folders in the EMS Manager tree automatically after running a study successfully. The
names of the result folders depend on the study type. There are two type of plots available to all results folder.
3D Plots
Again, the finite element method meshes the model into many tetrahedral elements effectively replacing a complex
problem by many simple problems that need to be solved simultaneously. Tetrahedral elements share
common nodes and edges. Generally speaking, the user would be interested in uncovering the value of the
unknown fields at the nodes since they represent the discretized space. A convenient way is to give a color map
of the values at all the nodes in 3D space. This type of 3D plot is very popular in all finite element
disciplines. EMS offers this type of plot for all field quantities that can have a distributed value at each node.
EMS automatically generates a 3D plot in each folder and can be displayed by double-clicking the icon in the
Manager tree. Plots are displayed in a different window from the model geometry. You can toggle between the
model and the results window by clicking on the corresponding tab at the lower left corner of the graphics area. To
activate the model geometry window click on the Model tab. To activate the results window click on the Plot
Results tab.
Since the model and the results are conveniently managed in two separate windows, each has its own View
Toolbar. The model has the regular SolidWorks toolbar.
When you click on he Model tab, the results toolbar is deactivated in order to avoid confusion between the two
toolbars.
You can define plots by right-clicking a result folder in the EMS Manager tree and selecting 3D.
EMS generates the following result plots:
208
Viewing Results
Temperature Gradient
Heat Flux
2D Plots
3D plots are instructive. However, they may not show the exact value at a particular location in the model. For
some applications, knowing the exact value of the field at such location is crucial to the design. Thus the need for
a 2D type of plot that gives the exact numerical value instead of a just a color map. EMS has two ways of
producing this type of plot:
209
Display
Select Units
. Select the units of the electric potential plot.
Plot Motion Time Step Sets the motion step number at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only if motion analysis option is checked
o Time
. Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o
o
o
o
The electric potential plot is available only for Electrostatic and Electric Conduction analyses.
210
Viewing Results
Display
Select Component Type . Select an electric field component to plot. Directions are based on the global
coordinate system.
o Ex: Electric Field in the X direction
o Ey: Electric Field in the Y direction
o Ez: Electric Field in the Z direction
o Er: Resultant Electric Field
Select Units
. Select the units of the electric field plot.
Plot Type .
o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all electric field components.
o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant electric field vector. You can control the size and density of the
vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Plot Motion Time Step Sets the motion step number at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only if motion analysis option is checked.
Time
. Displays the motion time corresponding to the selected plot motion time step.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading.
o Lines. Uses colored line contours.
o Points. Uses colored point contours.
In case of Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic studies the following extra properties will be displayed:
Part
o
o
o
Real
Imaginary
Magnitude
Phase: Enter the Omega T angle value in degree.
The electric field plot is available only for Electrostatic, Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic and AC
Magnetic analyses.
211
Display
Select Component Type . Select an electric displacement component to plot. Directions are based on
the global coordinate system.
o Dx: Electric Displacement in the X direction
o Dy: Electric Displacement in the Y direction
o Dz: Electric Displacement in the Z direction
o Dr: Resultant Electric Displacement
Select Units
. Select the units of the electric displacement plot.
Plot Motion Time Step Sets the motion step number at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only if motion analysis option is checked
o Time
. Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Plot Type .
o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all electric displacement components.
o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant electric displacement vector. You can control the size and density
of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o
o
o
o
212
Viewing Results
Display
Select Component Type . Select an current density component to plot. Directions are based on the
global coordinate system.
o Jx: Current Density in the X direction
o Jy: Current Density in the Y direction
o Jz: Current Density in the Z direction
o Jr: Resultant Current Density
Select Units
. Select the units of the current density plot.
Plot Type .
o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all current density components.
o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant current density vector. You can control the size and density of the
vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Plot Motion Time Step Sets the motion step number at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only if motion analysis option is checked.
Time
. Displays the motion time corresponding to the selected plot motion time step.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading.
o Lines. Uses colored line contours.
o Points. Uses colored point contours.
The electric field plot is available only for Electric Conduction analyses.
213
Display
Select Component Type . Select an magnetic flux density component to plot. Directions are based on
the global coordinate system.
o Bx: Magnetic Flux Density in the X direction
o By: Magnetic Flux Density in the Y direction
o Bz: Magnetic Flux Density in the Z direction
o Br: Resultant Magnetic Flux Density
Select Units
. Select the units of the magnetic density flux plot.
Plot Type .
o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all magnetic flux density components.
o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant magnetic flux density vector. You can control the size and density
of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading.
o Lines. Uses colored line contours.
o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
Time
The magnetic flux density plot is available for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses.
214
Viewing Results
Display
Select Component Type. Select an magnetic field component to plot. Directions are based on the global
coordinate system.
o Hx: Magnetic Field in the X direction
o Hy: Magnetic Field in the Y direction
o Hz: Magnetic Field in the Z direction
o Hr: Resultant Magnetic Field
Select Units
. Select the units of the magnetic field plot.
Plot Type.
o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all magnetic field components.
o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant magnetic field vector. You can control the size and density of the
vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading.
o Lines. Uses colored line contours.
o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
Time
The magnetic field plot is available for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses.
215
Display
Select Component Type. Select an applied current density component to plot. Directions are based on
the global coordinate system.
o Jax: Applied Current Density in the X direction
o Jay: Applied Current Density in the Y direction
o Jaz: Applied Current Density in the Z direction
o Jar: Resultant Applied Current Density
Select Units
. Select the units of the applied current density plot.
Plot Type.
o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all applied current density components.
o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant applied current density vector. You can control the size and density
of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading.
o Lines. Uses colored line contours.
o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
Time
The applied current density plot is available for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic
analyses. The model must have at least one coil.
216
Viewing Results
Display
Select Component Type. Select an current density component to plot. Directions are based on the
global coordinate system.
o Jex: Current Density in the X direction
o Jey: Current Density in the Y direction
o Jez: Current Density in the Z direction
o Jer: Resultant Current Density
Select Units
. Select the units of the current density plot.
Plot Type.
o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all current density components.
o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant current density vector. You can control the size and density of the
vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading.
o Lines. Uses colored line contours.
o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
Time
The current density plot is available for AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic analyses.
217
Display
Select Component Type. Select an force density component to plot. Directions are based on the global
coordinate system.
o Fx: Force in the X direction
o Fy: Force in the Y direction
o Fz: Force in the Z direction
o Fr: Resultant Force
Select Units
. Select the units of the force plot.
Plot Type.
o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all force components.
o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force vector. You can control the size and density of the vectors in
a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Force Type . Select either virtual work or Lorentz force type. For Electrostatic analysis, only the virtual
work method is available.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading.
o Lines. Uses colored line contours.
o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
Time
The force plot is available for Electrostatic, Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic
analyses. In other words, it is not available only for Electric Conduction analysis.
218
Viewing Results
Display
Select Units
. Select the units of the loss plot.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading.
o Lines. Uses colored line contours.
o Points. Uses colored point contours.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
Time
The Loss plot is available for AC Magnetic analyses only and the Split Core Loss option must be checked.
219
Compute Flux
The Compute Flux PropertyManager allows you to compute the flux results on selected faces for Magnetostatic,
AC Magnetic and Transient Magnetic studies. You can access the Compute flux PropertyManager after a
successful run of your study.
Display
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Time
. Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Click the Compute button to compute the flux on the selected face (s).
the results will be displayed in the edit box under the Compute button
The compute flux is available for Magnetostatic, AC Magnetic, and Transient Magnetic analyses.
220
Viewing Results
Compute Voltage
The Compute Voltage PropertyManager allows you to compute the voltage results on selected faces for AC
Magnetic studies. You can access the Compute voltage PropertyManager after a successful run of your study.
Display
1.
2.
3.
Enter the coordinates of two points that define a line for which you want to compute voltage. You can click
on import button to load solidworks defined reference points.
Phase: Enter the Omega T angle value in degree .Available only for AC Magnetic studies.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be computed.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
4.
Time
5.
6.
Select Units
. Select the units of the voltage.
Click the Compute button to compute the voltage on the selected two points that define a line.
the results will be displayed in the edit box under the Compute button
221
Temperature
The Temperature Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot the temperature results for Electrostatic, Electric
Conduction, Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic studies. You can access the Temperature Plot PropertyManager
after a successful run of your study with thermal solution options on. Since the temperature is a scalar, they are no
components to choose from nor is there a vector plot type. That is, the only fringe plot type is available.
Display
Select Units
. Select the units of the Temperature plot.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
o Time
. Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading.
o Lines. Uses colored line contours.
o Points. Uses colored point contours.
The Temperature plot is available only for Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and
Transient Magnetic analyses.
222
Viewing Results
Temperature Gradient
The Temperature Gradient Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot the temperature gradient results for
Electrostatic, Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic studies. You can access the Temperature
Gradient Plot PropertyManager after a successful run of your study with thermal solution options on.
Display
Select Component Type . Select an Temperature Gradient components to plot. Directions are based on
the global coordinate system.
o TGx: Temperature Gradient in the X direction
o TGy: Temperature Gradient in the Y direction
o TGz: Temperature Gradient in the Z direction
o TGr: Resultant Temperature Gradient
Select Units
Plot Type .
o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all Temperature Gradient components.
o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant Temperature Gradient vector. You can control the size and density
of the vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
o Time
. Displays the time corresponding to the selected plot step.
Fringe Options. Sets the display of the active fringe plot.
o Continuous. Uses color-filled contours with smooth shading.
o Discrete. Uses color-filled contours with discrete shading.
o Lines. Uses colored line contours.
o Points. Uses colored point contours.
The Temperature Gradient plot is available only for Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and
Transient Magnetic analyses.
223
Heat Flux
The Heat Flux Plot PropertyManager allows you to plot the heat flux results for Electrostatic, Electric
Conduction, Magnetostatic and AC Magnetic studies. You can access the Heat Flux Plot PropertyManager after
a successful run of your study with thermal solution options on.
Display
Select Component Type . Select an Heat Flux components to plot. Directions are based on the global
coordinate system.
o FLx: Heat Flux in the X direction
o FLy: Heat Flux in the Y direction
o FLz: Heat Flux in the Z direction
o FLr: Resultant Heat Flux
Select Units
. Select the units of the Heat Flux plot.
Plot Step Sets the step number (or motion time step) at which the selected result is to be plotted.
Available only for transient magnetic studies or if motion analysis option is checked.
Time
Plot Type .
o Fringe. Generates a fringe plot. You can control the display of the fringe plot using the Fringe
Options. Available for all Heat Flux components.
o Vector. Generates a vector plot where a vector is plotted at each node to show the magnitude
and direction of the resultant Heat Flux vector. You can control the size and density of the
vectors in a vector plot using the Vector Plot Options PropertyManager.
o
o
o
o
The Heat Flux plot is available only for Electric Conduction, Magnetostatic , AC Magnetic and Transient
Magnetic analyses.
224
Viewing Results
Summary of Plots
EMS outputs different quantities depending on the analysis type. Some users may not identify which analysis that
should be used only after they know the type of results and plots. The table below gives a summary for available
plots available for each type of analysis.
ANALYSIS TYPE
AVAILABLE PLOTS
Electrostatic
Electric Potential
Electric Field
Electric Displacement
Force Density
Electric Conduction
Electric Potential
Electric Field
Current Density
Applied Current
Density
Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic Field
Intensity
Force Density
Electric Field
Flux
Magnetostatic
AC Magnetic
Transient Magnetic
REMARKS
225
Graphing Results
Graphing Results
EMS has two ways of producing 2D graphs of the results.
226
Viewing Results
3.
4.
Click Plot.
227
7.
Click OK
228
Viewing Results
229
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the plot icon and select Edit Definition.
The PropertyManager of the plot appears.
2.
230
Viewing Results
Section
The Section PropertyManager allows you to create section views for the displayed result defining a cut. You may
view the inside or outside of the cut. You may define up to six sections on the same plot.
To define a section view for the active plot:
1.
2.
3.
Reference Plane. Select the plane to be used as a reference for the clipping section 1. You may select
one of the following button options:
o Front plane section button
o Top plane section button
o Right plane section button
Distance. Sets the distance between the reference plane (origin of the model ) and the clipping section
Options
Boundaries . Sets the display of the model boundary (None, Mesh or 3D Mesh)
Wireframe: Show/Hide model frame check box.
Model Origin: Show/Hide model origin check box.
Clipping on/off
. Sets the clipping of the active plot on/off.
Reset. Resets the selections to the default values.
231
Section 3
This section appears after you select Section 2. Use Section 2 and Section 3 to create additional section views in
the model.
NOTE: Section 3 is unavailable until Section 2 is selected.
232
Viewing Results
Iso Clipping
The Iso Clipping PropertyManager allows you to view surfaces of a specified value of the plotted result. You can
create up to six surfaces simultaneously.
To define an Iso clipping view for the active plot:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
Click OK
Options
Boundaries . Sets the display of the model boundary (None, Mesh or 3D Mesh)
Wireframe: Show/Hide model frame check box.
Clipping on/off
. Sets the clipping of the active plot on/off.
Reset. Resets the selections to the default values.
Iso3
This Iso appears after you select Iso 2. Use Iso 2 and Iso 3 to create additional section views in the model.
NOTE: Section 3 is unavailable until Section 2 is selected.
233
Animate 3D Plots
The Animate PropertyManager allows you to animate the current active 3D plot. Animation will be available in the
following cases:
1- All analysis where the motion option is turned on. The animation will be a display of the active plot in each
motion time step.
2- In transient analysis. The animation will be a display of the active plot in each transient time step, if the motion
option is turned on the transient time step will be the motion time step.
3- AC Magnetic analysis. The animation will be base on a display of the active plot for each omegaT phase . if the
motion option is turned on, the animation will be a display of the active plot in each motion time step.
234
Viewing Results
3D Plot Listing
In many cases, you may want to know the numerical values of the plotted field . The listing functionality lets you
view and export the plotted field values to an excel sheet or text file.
To view the plot listing:
1.
2.
3.
To export listing click on SaveAs button to save the listed values as an Microsoft Excel Sheet (*.xls) or
as a Text File (*.txt).
4.
Click OK
235
Chart Options
Use the Chart Options PropertyManager to set the parameters that control the look of the legend in the active plot.
To access the Chart Options PropertyManager, right-click the active plot icon and select Chart Options.
Display Options
Show min annotation. Turns the display of the annotation of the minimum value of the plot on/off.
Show max annotation. Turns the display of the annotation of the maximum value of the plot on/off.
Display plot details. If checked, displays the model name, study name, plot type, and the deformation
scale of a plot.
Show legend. Turns the display of the plot legend on/off.
Show Min/Max range on shown parts only. When checked, the program displays the minimum and the
maximum values of the plot only on the shown parts.
values of the
values
Position/Format
Width
Number format
. Controls the display of the numeric values in the chart. Available formats are:
Scientific (e), floating (f), and general (g).
. Controls the thickness of the chart. Available options are: Thick, Normal, and Thin.
Color Options
236
Default
Rainbow
Gray Scale
white printers.
Viewing Results
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the desired plot icon and select Chart Options.
The Chart Options PropertyManager appears.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Click OK
After running the study, display the desired result on the full model.
Hide the components that you want be hidden from the FeatureManager design tree.
Switch back to the EMS Manager tree and display the result again by double-clicking on the plot icon.
Right-click the plot icon and select Chart Options.
The Chart Options PropertyManager appears.
5.
6.
237
In the EMS Manager, right-click the Plot you want to print and select Print.
Click OK to send the plot in the SolidWorks window directly to the printer.
1.
The plot in the SolidWorks window is scaled to the paper size and then sent to the printer. It is recommended
that you increase the size of the SolidWorks window to adjust the size of the chart labels/plot.
238
Viewing Results
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the active plot icon and select Save As.
The Save As dialog box opens.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Click Save.
239
Renaming Plot
To rename a result plot:
1.
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the plot icon that you want to rename and select Rename.
Enter the new name
2.
Click Enter.
240
Viewing Results
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the plot icon that you want to delete and select Delete.
A confirmation message pops up.
2.
Click Yes.
241
In the EMS Manager tree, activate the plot that you want to copy by double-clicking on its icon in the
source study.
Right-click the plot icon and select Copy.
In the destination study, right-click the result folder of the same type and select Paste.
The icon of the new plot appears with the same name as the source plot with the Copy[1] prefix.
242
Viewing Results
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the plot icon and select Edit Definition.
The plot PropertyManager appears.
2.
3.
243
244
1.
2.
3.
4.
Viewing Results
2.
3.
4.
5.
The specified options are used, by default, for all subsequent plots.
245
2.
3.
4.
246
Viewing Results
Probing Results
Probing Results
In many cases, you may want to know the numerical value of the plotted field at a particular location. The following
two types of probing enable you to accomplish this task.
Point Probing
Spline Probing
247
Point Probing
The Point Probing functionality lets you display the numerical value of the plotted field at the closest node to the
point of clicking. For convenience, the probing dialog box lets you save the listed results to a file.
To point probe a result plot:
1.
2.
4.
5.
Click Plot to generate a 2-D graph of the result values at the locations you probed.
Click Save to save the listed values as an Microsoft Excel Sheet (*.xls) or as a Text File (*.txt).
Click Close.
to probe section plots. EMS uses linear interpolation to calculate the value.
Create a section plot of the desired result on the undeformed shape of the model.
Right-click the plot icon and select Probe.
Values of the plotted result at the selected locations are listed in the list box.
4.
248
Click Close.
Viewing Results
Spline Probing
The Spline Probing functionality lets you display the numerical value of the plotted field along the spline curve. The
Spline Probing is done on a section plot . For convenience, the Spline Probing page let's you save the listed results
to a file.
To spline probe a result plot:
1.
2.
3.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Spline on active section only: select this options to probe the plot on the active section area only.
Free spline: Select this options to move the spline along the full model.
Resolution points: Enter desired number of points to be generated on the spline.
Guiding points: Enter desired number of guiding points on spline.
Import: push this button to import all defined solidworks reference points to be used as guiding
points for the spline.
2D plot title: Enter the desired 2D spline plot title.
Click Update to update the spline with newly defined options .
Click Save dialog box opens.
a. Specify the destination of the plot file.
b. Specify a name for the plot file.
c. Select one of the following formats: Bitmap Files (*.bmp) , JPEG Files (*.jpg) or Image
Files (*.gif)
Click Export to save the 2D spline plot listed values as an Microsoft Excel Sheet (*.xls) or as a
Text File (*.txt).
4.
5.
Click OK
249
Probe
The Probing function allows you to click on a location in a plot and view the values of relevant variables at the
node closest to that location. When you probe a result plot, the Probe dialog box lists, in addition to the
information mentioned earlier, the value of the plotted result at the node closest to the location you clicked.
250
Plot information. Displays plot information. This information includes study name, plot type, time step
number and the corresponding time for transient magnetic studies.
Clear. Clears the selected items from the list box.
Save. Opens the Save As dialog box to let you save the information in the list box to a text file (*.txt) or to
an Excel file (*.xls).
Plot. Generates a 2-D graph of the values listed in the dialog box. Linear variation is assumed between
listed values. The graph assumes equal distances between probed locations. Available only for result
plots.
Study Reports
Study Reports
The Report tool helps you document your studies quickly and systematically by generating Internet-ready reports.
The reports are structured to describe all aspects of the study.
Plots created in the EMS Manager tree can be included automatically in the report. A printer-friendly version of the
report can be generated automatically. Reports provide an excellent way to share study results with others online
or in printed format. You can modify the various sections of the report by inserting text or graphics.
To share a report, send all associated image files along with the html files. The receiver should place all files in the
same folder for viewing.
To start the Report wizard, right-click the Report folder of the study and select Define. Settings that you enter in
the Report wizard are used for the report only. For example if you change the Result file location in the Set File
section, the actual result location does not change.
251
Report
The Report Wizard guides you through the process of creating a report for your study.
252
Settings for. Lists the sections that you can include in the report:
To remove a section from the report, clear the associated check box.
To preview the contents of a section, click its name and preview the contents in the Preview
area.
Preview. Displays the contents of the highlighted section in the Settings for list box. You can edit the
contents in the preview area as desired.
Report File Name. Lets you specify a name for the report. The file is placed in the active report directory.
Report File Format. Lets you specify the type of report file to be generated . Available file types are :
o Html file
o Word document file
Report Background Color: Lets you specify the background color of the report file.
Print Version. Check this check box to show a printer-friendly version of the report.
Show Report inside SolidWorks. Check this box to open the report inside SolidWorks by adding a
report viewer tab next to our plot results tab .
Study Reports
Generating a Report
To set the report location:
1.
Right-click the top icon in the EMS Manager tree and select Options.
The Options dialog box appears.
2.
Click Results.
3.
To change the report location specified in the Report directory, click Browse
location then click OK.
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the Report folder of the desired study and select Define.
The Report dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click the desired section for a preview of its contents. You can type in the desired information in the
preview area.
In the Report file name field, type in the desired name.
The default name is StudyName-mmm, where mmm is a counter to set the rank of the plot in the Report
folder. The first report will be labeled StudyName-1, the second StudyName-2 and so on.
4.
5.
6.
6.
7.
Check Print Version so that the report graphics are easily printed.
Click OK. depending on the report format a report viewing tab will be added to solidworks. User will be
able to browse the report within the same solidworks window enviromnent.
Cover Page
Introduction
Description
Model View
Conclusion
253
254
Study Reports
Setting Introduction
In the Introduction section, you set an introduction to the report. There is no default for the Introduction section.
255
Setting Description
The Description section provides a description of your study.
256
Study Reports
3.
To change the sequence in witch the views will be shown in the report:
1.
2.
257
Setting Conclusion
The Conclusion section lets you write a conclusion for the study.
258
Click the Conclusion section in the Setting for box for a preview of the current conclusion. If you have
not entered a conclusion before, the conclusion will be blank.
Write your conclusion or modify it using simple text editing rules (like Notepad).
Click OK.
EMS Options
System Options - General
You control the display of error and warning icons in the EMS Analysis Manager tree, the visibility of toolbars,
options for mesh and plot appearance, etc.
To set the General options:
1.
In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or assembly icon at the top of the tree and select
Options.
The System Options - General dialog box appears.
2.
Show errors. Displays the error icon next to the feature that has the error in the EMS
AnalysisManager tree. Right-click on the item and select What's wrong? to display the error
message.
Show warnings. Displays the warning icon next to the item that issued the warning in the EMS
AnalysisManager tree. Right-click on the item and select What's wrong? to display the warning
message.
Mesh colors
Sets colors for plotting the mesh.
o
o
Element face color. Sets the color for plotting the bottom faces of shell elements. To change a
color, select boundary or shell bottom face color, click Edit, then choose a color, and click OK.
Result plots
Dynamic plot update. When checked, plots are dynamically updated as the parameters that control
the plots appearance are modified. Turn the flag off to improve performance of viewing results for
large assemblies.
259
Material library. Sets the folders to be searched by default for material library files (*.emsmtr).
Function curve library. Sets the folders to be searched by default for function curve library files
(*.emscur).
In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the assembly icon at the top of the tree and select Options.
2.
3.
4.
260
Navigate to the folder where library files exist and click OK.
Click Move Up or Move Down to change the folder search order.
Click Delete to delete a folder. To undo deleting a folder, click Cancel.
Click OK.
EMS Options
B-H Curve Data. Sets the default preferred units for the magnetic flux density and magnetic field pair when
specifying the B-H curve. You may override these units in the dialogue boxes in the Function Curves
dialogue box..
Permanent Magnet Data. Sets the default preferred units for the coercivity and remanence when
specifying a permanent magnet. You may override these units in the dialogue boxes.
Magnetic Field and Flux Density Results. Sets the default preferred units for the magnetic flux density
and magnetic field results. You may override these units in the view the results dialogue boxes..
In the EMS Manager tree, right-click the part icon and select Options.
The Options dialog box appears.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Setting the preferred any of the above units does not restrict you from entering data in other units, the dialog
boxes for each one of them let you override the default preferred units.
261
o
o
Wireframe quality
Shaded quality
Preview all symbols by default. When checked all symbols such mesh control and loads are
automatically shown. However, the symbols can later be hidden/shown for each document .
The symbol settings have effect on all the following quantities:
Load/Restraint
Resistance Set
Coils
Force/Torque
Mesh Control
262
EMS Options
Symbol size
Use the spin arrows or drag the slider to set the desired symbol size.
Symbol colors
Sets the default color of symbols for analysis features such as fixed voltage, normal flux, etc.
To set the default settings of symbols:
1.
In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or the assembly icon and click Options.
The Options dialog box opens.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To change the default size and color of a symbol from the PropertyManager:
1.
In the PropertyManager of an analysis feature, click Edit color under Symbol Settings.
The Color window opens.
2.
3.
Select the desired color, then click OK to close the color window.
To change the default Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the
symbol.
4.
Click OK
263
Symbol size
Use the spin arrows or drag the slider to set the desired symbol size for a Resistance Set.
Symbol colors
Sets the default color of symbols for a Resistance Set.
To set the default settings of symbols for a Resistance Set.
1.
In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or the assembly icon and click Options.
The Options dialog box opens.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To change the default size and color of a symbol from the PropertyManager:
1.
In the PropertyManager of a Resistance Set. click Edit color under Symbol Settings.
The Color window opens.
264
2.
3.
Select the desired color, then click OK to close the color window.
To change the default Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the
symbol.
4.
Click OK
EMS Options
Symbol size
Use the spin arrows or drag the slider to set the desired symbol size for a Coil.
Symbol colors
Sets the default color of symbols for a Coil.
To set the default settings of symbols for a Coil.
1.
In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or the assembly icon and click Options.
The Options dialog box opens.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To change the default size and color of a symbol from the PropertyManager:
1.
2.
3.
Select the desired color, then click OK to close the color window.
To change the default Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the
symbol.
4.
Click OK
265
Symbol size
Use the spin arrows or drag the slider to set the desired symbol size for a Force/Torque set .
Symbol colors
Sets the default color of symbols for a Force/Torque set .
To set the default settings of symbols for a Force/Torque set.
1.
In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or the assembly icon and click Options.
The Options dialog box opens.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To change the default size and color of a symbol from the PropertyManager:
1.
In the PropertyManager of a Force/Torque set. click Edit color under Symbol Settings.
The Color window opens.
266
2.
3.
Select the desired color, then click OK to close the color window.
To change the default Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the
symbol.
4.
Click OK
EMS Options
Symbol size
Use the spin arrows or drag the slider to set the desired symbol size for a Mesh Control set .
Symbol colors
Sets the default color of symbols for a Mesh Control set .
To set the default settings of symbols for a Mesh Control set.
1.
In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the part or the assembly icon and click Options.
The Options dialog box opens.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To change the default size and color of a symbol from the PropertyManager:
1.
In the PropertyManager of a Mesh Control set. click Edit color under Symbol Settings.
The Color window opens.
2.
3.
Select the desired color, then click OK to close the color window.
To change the default Symbol size, click the spin arrows to increment or decrement the size of the
symbol.
4.
Click OK
267
NOTES
The software continues to use the active meshing options set in the Mesh page of the Default Options
(New Study) tab until you change them. Any changes to these meshing options apply to new studies only.
You can modify the meshing options from one study to another.
Meshing options are essential factors in determining the quality of the results. Results based on different
option settings should converge to each other if a small-enough element size is used.
To access the mesh Options dialog box, right-click the Mesh icon in the EMS Analysis Manager tree,
select Create Mesh, and expand Options.
268
EMS Options
Results folder
SolidWorks document folder. Sets the results folder in the same directory of the model folder.
Under sub folder. Sets a sub-directory of the model folder as the destination folder of
the analysis results.
User defined. Specify the location of the results folder of new studies. To change the default
location, click
Report folder
Specify the location of the report of new studies. To change this default, click
and select a different
directory.
Results folder. If selected, the study report is saved in the same location with the results folder.
User defined. Specify the location of the report folder of new studies. To change the default location, click
and select a different directory.
In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the icon of the study for which you want to change the
results location and select Properties.
The property manager page opens.
2.
In the EMS Analysis Manager tree, right-click the report icon and select Define.
The Report dialog box appears.
2.
3.
Click
next to the Report path box and select the desired destination folder for the report.
Click OK.
269
Show minimum value annotation. If checked, the annotation for the minimum value of the plot is
displayed.
Show maximum value annotation. If checked, the annotation for the maximum value of the plot is
displayed.
Show range based on shown components only. If checked, the result range in the legend applies to
the shown part only and not to the whole model.
Settings options
o
o
o
Font
Set the font for Plot Title, Plot Subtitle, and the Color Chart.
270
EMS Options
Display color charts. Turns the display of the plot legend on/off.
Display plot details. If checked, displays the model name, study name, plot type, and the deformation
scale of a plot.
Position
Width
Controls the thickness of the chart. Available options are: Wide, Normal, and Thin.
Number format
Color options
Default
Rainbow
Gray Scale
. Sets the gray scale gradient map. Use this option for black and
white printers.
No. of chart colors. Sets the number of the colors used in the chart (2 to 24).
Flip. Reverses the color mapping.
Any changes to the above settings take effect for new plots only. They do not affect existing plots.
271
272
Mailing Address
273
Mailing Address
ElectroMagneticWorks
8300, St-Patrick Street, Suite 300
Montreal, Quebec, H8N 2H1
Phone: (514) 634 9797
Toll-Free: 1 800 397 1557
Fax: (514) 613 0013
E-mail:
Technical support: :ems_support@emworks.com
Sales: sales@emworks.com
274
275
Index
0
01 for 12.34 and ..................................................... 279
02 for ...................................................................... 279
0oC .......................................................................... 72
1
8
8.854x10 .................................................................. 27
A
A 2D ......................................................... 17, 214, 216
A 3D ......................................................................... 89
A Band ..................................................................... 81
A brushless .............................................................. 81
A brushless DC ........................................................ 81
32oF ......................................................................... 72
A Conductor ............................................................. 25
5
500oC ...................................................................... 72
A face ....................................................................... 78
A fan......................................................................... 78
A floating .......................................................... 25, 157
277
A Forcer ................................................................... 81
A surrounding ........................................................... 79
A link ..........................................................................3
A list ......................................................................... 19
A Motion Analysis..................................................... 80
A Motor .................................................................... 81
A Paraview ................................................................ 17
AC Magnetic.. 48, 91, 93, 96, 110, 111, 119, 126, 135,
136, 138, 167, 171, 181, 192, 233, 242
A Prandtl Number..................................................... 79
AC Magnetic Analysis .............................................. 53
A receiving ............................................... 91, 119, 181
Performing ............................................................ 53
A Resistance Set.................................................... 272
278
Index
After meshing ................... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 133, 206
An Add ..................................................................... 89
279
An Aluminum ............................................................ 48
An electromagnetic .................................................. 67
An existing 27, 144, 146, 150, 151, 152, 153, 178, 202
An intervening .......................................................... 66
And define a ..................... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 148, 149
An RLC ..................................................................... 12
Analysis Background................................................ 19
analysis steps........................................................... 95
AND ...........................................................................5
280
Index
And Z ....................................................................... 68
Aopen ....................................................................... 17
And run the .............................. 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 102
Applied Current Density ............ 12, 45, 54, 64, 224, 233
B 147
B, Br ....................................................................... 140
As iron or .................................................................. 99
As links .......................................................................2
As NdFeB............................................................... 140
As specifying a ........................................................... 12
Be applied to ............................................................ 15
Asbestos-cement ..................................................... 72
Be assigned an ........................................................ 32
Assembly toolbar...................................................... 81
Auto-apply Air........................................................... 15
Be exported................................................................ 17
282
Index
Brushless DC ........................................................... 81
Be Magnetassembly............................................... 105
Btu...................................................................... 70, 72
Btu/s ......................................................................... 70
Be used to .................................................................. 12
By adding ....................................................................5
By controlling the...................................................... 99
Boolean .......................................................................5
Br ................. 45, 54, 64, 136, 140, 143, 147, 222, 269
By performing ........................................................... 90
By saving ................................................................. 89
By suppressing....................................................... 106
Cast........................................................................ 140
CAD ......................................................................... 91
284
Index
Checkbox ................................................................. 67
Coil ................. 169, 171, 174, 175, 176, 178, 180, 273
Click OK 112, 121, 132, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 153,
156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165,
166, 175, 176, 178, 180, 190, 191, 194, 195, 204,
206, 207, 208, 236, 239, 241, 243, 244, 246, 251,
252, 253, 254, 257, 261, 262, 266, 268, 269, 271,
272, 273, 274, 275, 277
285
Conduction ............................................................... 70
Consequently ........................................................... 30
Corian ...................................................................... 72
Cotree ....................................................................... 12
286
Index
DC Magnetic Field.................................................... 38
DOFs ........................................................................ 91
Dt ........................................................................... 199
Default Options ..... 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275,
276, 277, 278, 279, 280
DT/dx ....................................................................... 70
DT/dy ....................................................................... 79
Define...... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 103, 138, 194, 259, 260,
261, 277
Described by a ......................................................... 91
Diameter specification................................................. 12
Directions ................................................................. 98
Specifying ............................................................. 98
EMS. 7, 12, 15, 67, 80, 81, 89, 91, 93, 94, 97, 99, 101,
102, 103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 113, 114, 119, 128,
133, 143, 144, 147, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160,
161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 175, 176, 178, 185,
188, 190, 192, 193, 194, 199, 201, 206, 210, 211,
216, 225, 226, 233, 247, 250, 254, 260
Electric Conduction . 30, 36, 67, 91, 93, 102, 110, 111,
119, 124, 128, 138, 167, 192, 233
Electric Conduction Analyses ...................................... 12
Electric Conduction Analysis .................................... 36
Performing ............................................................ 36
Electric Conduction Assumption............................... 30
Electric Conduction Options ................................... 124
Electric Conductivity ............................. 40, 49, 58, 136
Electric Current Density ........................................... 37
Electric Displacement............................... 29, 220, 233
Electric Displacement Plot ..................................... 220
Electric Field........................... 29, 37, 45, 54, 219, 233
Electric Field Plot ................................................... 219
Electric Potential .................................................... 233
Electric Potential Plot ............................................. 218
Electromagnetic20, 66, 67, 81, 87, 100, 107, 185, 188,
199
ElectroMagneticWorks ................................... 281, 282
Electromechanical ............................................ 91, 119
Electrostatic ............................................... 28, 81, 123
Electrostatic Analysis ............................................... 28
Performing ............................................................ 28
Electrostatic Assumption .......................................... 22
Electrostatic Options .............................................. 123
288
Index
Excess ....................................................................... 12
FM ............................................................................ 12
FEM is ...................................................................... 91
Index
Hr moC..................................................................... 72
Hysteresis .................................................................. 12
Hairfelt...................................................................... 72
Ij 197, 199
Having 7, 12, 15, 19, 22, 24, 28, 30, 36, 40, 41, 44, 46,
48, 50, 53, 54, 60, 63, 67, 70, 98, 100, 104, 107,
112, 113, 133, 138, 140, 143, 145, 147, 171, 181,
199, 214, 216, 224, 233, 241, 242, 266, 270
In JPEG.................................................................. 261
In Maxwell's .............................................................. 20
In Meshing ............................................................... 15
In Motor .................................................................... 81
In creating ................................................................ 15
In searching ............................................................. 89
In EMS12, 19, 24, 66, 96, 99, 104, 135, 138, 140, 171,
174, 188, 197, 199
Index
In User Interface.........................................................9
Included . 1, 2, 5, 12, 15, 17, 21, 22, 26, 30, 38, 42, 46,
51, 56, 61, 80, 81, 89, 90, 100, 103, 113, 123, 124,
125, 126, 127, 136, 144, 151, 185, 188, 192, 237,
254, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 265, 280
It gives an ................................................................. 48
It provides an............................................................ 89
Is said..................................................................... 199
It tends to ................................................................. 81
Is StudyName......................................................... 261
Is taken .................................................................... 79
Ja ........................................................................... 224
Is Tangential........................................................... 114
Is tied ....................................................................... 79
Je ........................................................................... 225
Joule ........................................................................ 66
JPEG...................................................................... 262
Jr 37, 221
294
Index
L
Languages ............................................................. 108
M0 ............................................................................ 48
Lead Pb .................................................................... 72
Magnetic ................................................................... 12
LI 199
Match ..........................................................................5
Material Properties ............. 24, 32, 40, 49, 58, 96, 135
MK...................................................................... 70, 72
MoC ......................................................................... 72
Monel ....................................................................... 72
More 3D .................................................................... 17
Motion Analysis ..... 12, 80, 81, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127
Performing ............................................................ 81
Mesher's................................................................... 15
N
N*Current/PerTurn ................................................. 170
Index
NEAR .........................................................................5
NOT............................................................................5
New 2D ..................................................................... 17
New Study ..... 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277,
278, 279, 280
Newton ...................................................................... 12
NOTE 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 95, 121, 151, 152, 155, 169,
185, 193, 202, 206, 239, 241
NF .......................................................................... 197
O
OC............................................................................ 70
297
Of Maxwell's ............................................................. 22
Of 2D ........................................................................ 17
Of 3D...................................................................... 216
Of performing ........................................................... 67
Of band .................................................................... 81
Of computing ............................................................ 15
Of cooling ................................................................. 78
Of Study Results......................................................... 17
Of ej ....................................................................... 185
Ois the...................................................................... 27
OK . 131, 145, 147, 152, 206, 238, 261, 267, 268, 271,
272, 273, 274, 275
Index
Or PropertyManager to ..................................................5
On OK .................................................................... 261
Or saved to ................................................................ 17
Or Search.....................................................................5
Or Tangential ........................................................... 97
Or windings to .......................................................... 81
Options .. 105, 145, 205, 206, 253, 254, 261, 267, 268,
269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276
Others . 21, 25, 30, 49, 54, 91, 98, 103, 113, 136, 140,
144, 147, 151, 155, 157, 169, 170, 190, 199, 201,
226, 236, 259, 269, 276
Overview .....................................................................7
Paraffin Wax............................................................. 72
Plot Motion Time Step Sets the .............. 218, 219, 221
Plot Step Sets the . 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228,
229, 230, 231, 232
AC Magnetic Analysis........................................... 53
Plot Subtitle .................................................... 253, 278
Electric Conduction Analysis ................................ 36
Plot Title ......................................................... 251, 253
Electrostatic Analysis............................................ 28
Magnetostatic Analysis ......................................... 44
Plot Type219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 231,
232
Poisson's .................................................................. 22
Polyethylene HD ...................................................... 72
Permeabilities......................................................... 136
Pr ............................................................................. 79
PF .......................................................................... 197
300
Index
Properties . 67, 121, 131, 163, 164, 165, 166, 190, 277
PTFE ........................................................................ 72
PVC.......................................................................... 72
Pyrex ........................................................................ 72
Resistance Calculation............................................. 34
Responsibility to ....................................................... 81
Restraint .... 67, 93, 110, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160,
161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167
S1809..................................................................... 140
S2712..................................................................... 140
S2818..................................................................... 140
S3214..................................................................... 140
Results .. 103, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 216, 234, 236,
255
Select Units ... 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225,
226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232
302
Index
SolidWorks ..... 12, 80, 81, 90, 112, 206, 229, 236, 257,
260, 277
Styrofoam ................................................................. 72
That defines the ................. 28, 30, 36, 44, 53, 63, 149
Tc ........................................................................... 140
Tetra 4 ...................................................................... 94
Tf 78, 79
Tf is .......................................................................... 79
TG ............................................................................ 68
The AC...................................................................... 12
304
Index
305
The display .... 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226,
231, 232, 244
The Electric Conduction ..... 30, 81, 100, 124, 188, 194
Index
The EMS Manager .. 26, 27, 28, 36, 42, 44, 51, 53, 61,
63, 93, 94, 97, 99, 102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 112,
113, 121, 129, 130, 131, 132, 144, 145, 146, 147,
148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 162, 169, 180, 185, 191,
193, 195, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 213, 216,
235, 236, 238, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250,
251, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 269
The following .. 3, 17, 19, 26, 27, 29, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43,
45, 49, 51, 53, 54, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 70, 72, 78, 79,
81, 89, 90, 91, 94, 101, 102, 108, 111, 117, 118,
119, 121, 123, 128, 131, 150, 151, 155, 163, 164,
165, 166, 167, 169, 171, 178, 181, 185, 190, 192,
193, 202, 204, 209, 213, 214, 216, 241, 242, 247,
254, 255, 256, 257, 268, 270, 276
The Material Database ... 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
The Load ... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 67, 113, 155, 156, 157,
158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166
308
Index
The number of100, 101, 125, 170, 171, 175, 176, 178,
199
The Options .. 253, 254, 261, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274,
275
310
Index
The value ............... 148, 158, 159, 160, 175, 176, 258
Through 2D ............................................................... 17
Tin Sn ....................................................................... 72
Then select the...... 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163,
164, 165, 166, 175, 176, 178, 190, 194, 207, 208,
228
Performing ............................................................ 67
To achieve the.......................................................... 94
To add ...................................................................... 67
311
To demagnetization................................................ 140
To display a .................................................................3
To Help .......................................................................5
312
Index
To locate a ...................................................................5
To make a ................................................................ 94
To set the 27, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 253, 261, 262,
269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
To show the .. 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226,
231, 232
To SolidWorks ....................................................... 7, 89
To specify the ............... 28, 36, 98, 104, 145, 149, 194
To start a .................................................................. 81
To suppress the........................................................... 12
Ts ....................................................................... 78, 79
To view the ............... 28, 36, 44, 53, 63, 214, 243, 265
Torques .......... 28, 44, 53, 63, 185, 190, 191, 192, 274
Transient Magnetic 17, 91, 93, 110, 111, 119, 138, 167,
171, 181, 192, 233
Index
Unix .......................................................................... 17
Voltage ..................................................................... 25
W/m.................................................................... 70, 72
Uses ... 3, 5, 21, 28, 36, 44, 48, 53, 63, 91, 93, 94, 107,
110, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126,
127, 129, 144, 150, 151, 152, 163, 164, 166, 188,
199, 203, 206, 211, 214, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232, 235, 239,
241, 244, 256, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279
What's New..................................................................7
X,y ............................................................................ 79
With EMS's................................................................ 12
316
Index
You want ................ 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 163, 206
You want to ..... 80, 114, 123, 126, 156, 157, 158, 159,
160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 175, 176, 178,
180, 181, 191, 195, 207, 208, 228, 229, 248, 249,
250, 261, 277
F .......................................................................... 197
317