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-Dry granular flows -Wet granular flows -Link with suspensions rheology... -beyond the bulk rheology : two phase flow equations
Preambule -Rigid and non Brownian particles (no kT, no G => no stress scale) -Focus on the macroscopic level -controlled pressure versus controlled volume fraction
Gas Liquid
Solid
2) shear cell
Loose material
(Wroth 1958)
dilatancy
contractancy
Reynolds dilatancy
Microscopic view
FT=T cos"-N sin" FN=N cos"+T sin" FT = FN tan ! => T=tan(!+") N inter-particle friction geometrical entanglement
2) shear cell
Loose material
More complex when reversing the flow: How to taken into account the microstructure (texture) ?
h P
Inertial number
* ratio between 2 times : : time scale of the mean shear : microscopic time for rearrangement
!quasi-static! 0
0.01
liquid
0.1
!gas!
h P
2D Numerical simulations
For spheres
Data from Inclined plane exp. (Pouliquen 99) Inclined plane simulations (Baran et al 2006) Annular shear cell exp. (Sayed, Savage JFM, 84)
3D generalisation: a visco-plastic model (Jop et al Nature 06) assumptions : 1) P isotropic 2) and are colinear
Effective viscosity
Inclined plane :
Dispersion relation
Q W
z/d
L = 1.5 m
V(y,z)
y/d
7 6
-10 0 10
Vsurf gd
5 4 3 2 1 0 -0,2 0 0,2
h/d
20 30 40 50
y/W
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
y/W
Granular slumping
(Lacaze and Kerswell 08)
Lajeunesse et al Phys. Fluids 2004,2005 Lube et al JFM 2004, Larrieu et al JFM 2006, Staron & Hinch JFM 2005, Lacaze et al Phys. Fluids 2008
Lajeunesse et al 05
h P
Constant pressure % I
f2
Relative Success of the visco-plastic description. A starting point to adress other configurations (simulating the pressure dependent visco-plastic rheology is non trivial)
But there are problems when approaching the gas... the solid
2) Quasistatic flows (shear band, finite size effect.) A need for non local approach
Velocity profile
V/Vw
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y/d
Howell et al PRL 99 Mueth et al Nature 00 Bocquet et al PRE 02
Flow threshold
hysteresis Finite size effects
25
20
15
10
10
15
20
25
30
Pouliquen PRL 04
strongly on lling height, location, and mass of the probesthe rheology of the material is highly nonlinear. Moreover, theEvidence for non-local effects observed relation between applied stress and strain rate in one location depends on the strain rate in
(a) (b)
5s
10 s
Nichol et al. PRL 2010 (c)
1 mm glass beads
probe
z H
suggests that mechanical noise (stress fluctuations) RC RS induced by flow may trigger flow at long distance...
u(r)/V0
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
5 10
r
h
r/d
15 20 25 30 35
10-6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10-4
10-2
100
- glass beads d=0.5 mm - inner cylinder radius R=30 mm - rod diameter D=1 mm
F < Fc = 0
F/Fc = 0.75 r = 24 d
Vcreep V0 0.01
0.001 0.0001 0.3
0.1
r = 18 d
20 25 30 35
r = 24 d
r = 34 d
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
r = 42 d
0.8 0.9 1
F/Fc
rapid decay of the creep velocity with distance
Vcreep
0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1
G (r/d) 0.08
0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
G (r/d) (r/d)1.55
r/d
long range interactions: non locality
-Dry granular flows -Wet granular flows -Link with suspensions rheology... -beyond the bulk rheology : two phase flow equations
A naive idea : fluid only plays a role by changing the time scale of rearrangements
Changing time scales by putting the granular material in water (Cassar et al, Phys. Fluids 06)
DV recorder
P.C
!P
0.62
-3
Flow rate
Velocity profile
-Dry granular flows -Wet granular flows -Link with the suspension rheology... -beyond the bulk rheology : two phase flow equations
An effective viscosity :
" = f1 (#)$%
# = P (I)
" = "(I)
Or Similar to the rheology of dense suspensions. ! (Morris and Boulay 99) Role of contacts close to
" = f1 (#)$%
??
ps: also non local effect in dense suspensions !! Bonnoit et al (poster) goyon et al nature 2007
controlled pressure
=
M. Pailha 2009 C. Bonnoit et al 2009
-Dry granular flows -Wet granular flows -Link with suspensions rheology... -beyond the bulk rheology : two phase flow equations
consolidation
fluid phase
granular phase
particle stress
inter-phase force
fluid phase
particle stress Constitutive equations for origin of the different terms ?? and ??
(Nott, Brady 1995 Morris and Boulay 1999) see poster F. Boyer
Maxime Nicolas
How to explain the variety of landslides observed in nature ? Iverson et al , (2000) Science
Dense preparation
Loose preparation
Loose case
Dense case
'! ( Fluid expelled ( Pfluid ! ( Pgrain " ( Friction " ( Less friction between grains
'" ( Fluid sucked ( Pfluid " ( Pgrain ! ( Friction ! ( higher friction between grains
Dense sample
Loose sample
Experimental setup
(Pailha et al 08) Glass beads : 160m Liquid: mixture of water and Ucon oil: )=9.8 10-3 kg/m.s )=96 10-3 kg/m.s
20cm
7cm
1m
0.6
2 3
Dilatancy model of relaxation with the dilatancy angle
with
Velocity
0.7 0.6
Predictions :
4
Pressure
0.5
u (mm.s-1)
0.7 0.6
4
Pore pressure (Pa)
0 100 200 t (s) 300 400
u (mm.s-1)
t (s)
1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.580 0.585 0.590 0.595 0.600 0.605
loose
conclusions Frictional visco-plastic approach: a zero order description of granular flows pressure controlled " volume fraction controlled two phase flow framework open questions: transition between regimes? plasticity and non local effects ?(link with jamming transition) role of contacts in dense suspensions ? more complex material (shape, cohesion, polydispersity...)
Merci Mickael Pailha Pierre Jop Cyril Cassar Anky Reddy Katha Franois Boyer Loic Rondon Yol Forterre Maxime Nicolas Pascale Aussillous
Prabhu Nott Jeff Morris Neil Balmforth G.D.R Midi Francois Chevoir Bruno Andreotti Laurent Lacaze Rich Kerswell