TH 9808

EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON SEED QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF CEREAL CROPS
Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science (Agriculture) In SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
By MANUNATHA N.
DEPARTMENT OF SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DHARWAD UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES DHARWAD 580 005 NOVEMBER, 2008
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
DHARWAD NOVEMBER, 2008
(A. S. CHANNAVEERSWAMI) CHAIRMAN Approved by : Chairman :

(A. S. CHANNAVEERSWAMI)
Members :
1.
(M. N. MERWADE)
2.
(RUDRA NAIK V.)
3.
(DODDAMANI M. B.)
CONTENTS
Sl. No. CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF APPENDICES 1. 2. INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Paper factory effluents 2.2 Dairy effluents 2.3 Distillery effluents 2.4 Sewage and sludge effluents 2.5 Textile effluents 2.6 Pharmaceutical effluents 2.7 Treated effluents 2.8 Fertilizer factory effluents 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 General description 3.2 Experimental details 3.3 Recording of observations 3.4 Statistical analysis Chapter particulars
Sl. No. 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Chapter particulars
4.1 Experiment-I: Influence of industrial effluent concentrations on seed quality of cereal crops 4.2 Experiment II Varietal response to industrial effluents on seed quality 5. DISCUSSION 5.1 Influence of industrial effluent concentrations on seed quality of cereal crops 5.2 Varietal response to industrial effluents on seed quality 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 6.1 Experiment-I: Influence of industrial effluent concentrations on seed quality of cereal crops 6.2 Experiment-II: Varietal response to industrial effluents on seed quality REFERENCES APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. 3.01 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19. 4.20. Title Physical and chemical properties of industrial effluents Influence of different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent on seed quality of Maize Influence of different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent on seed quality of Sorghum Influence of different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent on seed quality of Paddy Influence of different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent on seed quality of Wheat Influence of different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent on seed quality of Bajra Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent on seed quality of Maize Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent on seed quality of Sorghum Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent on seed quality of Paddy Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent on seed quality of Wheat Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent on seed quality of Bajra Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka milk federation- Dharwad effluent on seed quality of Maize Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent on seed quality of Sorghum Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent on seed quality of Paddy Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent on seed quality of Wheat Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka milk federation- Dharwad effluent on seed quality of Bajra Influence of different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent on seed quality of Maize Influence of different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent on seed quality of Sorghum Influence of different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent on seed quality of Paddy Influence of different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent on seed quality of Wheat Influence of different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent on seed quality of Bajra
Table No. 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40
Title Influence of different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent on seed quality of Maize Influence of different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent on seed quality of Sorghum Influence of different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent on seed quality of Paddy Influence of different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent on seed quality of Wheat Influence of different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent on seed quality of Bajra Maize varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage, root length (cm) and shoot length (cm) Maize varietal response to different industrial effluents for seedling length (cm), seedling vigour index and seedling dry weight (g/10seedlings) Maize varietal response to different industrial effluents for speed of germination, Bartletts germination rate index and first count of germination (%) Sorghum varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage, root length (cm) and shoot length (cm) Sorghum varietal response to different industrial effluents for seedling length (cm), seedling vigour index and seedling dry weight (g/10seedlings) Sorghum varietal response to different industrial effluents for speed of germination, Bartletts germination rate index and first count of germination (%) Paddy varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage, root length (cm) and shoot length (cm) Paddy varietal response to different industrial effluents for seedling length (cm), seedling vigour index and seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) Paddy varietal response to different industrial effluents for speed of germination, Bartletts germination rate index and first count of germination (%) Wheat varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination, root length (cm) and shoot length(cm) Wheat varietal response to different industrial effluents for seedling length (cm), Seedling vigour index and seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) Wheat varietal response to different industrial effluents for speed of germination, Bartletts germination rate index and first count of germination (%) Bajra varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination (%), root length (cm) and shoot length (cm) Bajra varietal response to different industrial effluents for seedling length (cm), seedling vigour index and seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) Bajra varietal response to different industrial effluents for speed of germiantion, Bartletts germination rate index and first count of germination (%)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. 5.01
Title
Influence of industrial factory effluent of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli on germination percentage of cereal crop seeds Influence of industrial factory effluent of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag on germination percentage of cereal crop seeds Influence of industrial factory effluent of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad on germination percentage of cereal crop seeds Influence of industrial factory effluent of Pumpsagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary on germination percentage of cereal crop seeds Influence of industrial factory effluent of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag on germination percentage of cereal crop seeds Influence of different industrial effluents on germination percentage of maize varieties Influence of different industrial effluents on germination percentage of sorghum varieties Influence of different industrial effluents on germination percentage of paddy varieties Influence of different industrial effluents on germination percentage of wheat varieties Influence of different industrial effluents on germination percentage of bajra varieties
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08
5.09
5.10
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix No. 1 Title
ISI standards for discharge of industrial effluents (all the values except pH, temperature are in mg/l)
1. INTRODUCTION
Water is at first place in the priority list of basic necessities of life on our planet earth. The available fresh water to man is hardly 0.3 to 0.5 per cent of the total water (2.4 %) supply on earth and therefore, its judicious use is important. Growth of population, massive urbanization, rapid rate of industrialization and introduction of modern technology in agriculture and animal husbandry lead to water pollution which subsequently results in gradual deterioration of quality of water. The wastes or effluents from urban areas and industries are largely disposed of in rivers, streams and lakes, which are otherwise chief sources of water for agriculture, industries, aquiline life apart from for the domestic purposes. Efficient utilization of water and land resources is crucial to crop production for meeting the challenge of feeding the ever increasing human population. Besides meeting the food requirement, the modern agriculture is also responsible for development of large number of industries especially the agro-based industries. Although industrialization is believed to be an index of modernization, it has its unavoidable effects on pollution of air, water and soil depending upon the type of industries, nature of raw material used and manufacturing processes involved. Since the industrialization and pollution are complementary to each other, necessary steps are to be taken for disposal of the pollutants. Green revolution in India has brought a phenomenal rise in fertilizer consumption from 0.75 million tonnes to 18 million tonnes during 2000 (Anon., 2000). Yet nutrient supply is the major constraint in the development of Indian agriculture and the cost of organic fertilizers are also increasing due to excess mining of the nutrients as well. It is well known fact that in the present day there is a limited availability of organic manure in agriculture due to population explosion, intensive agriculture, reduction in livestock population etc. Therefore, the judicious application of nutrients is essential to keep the soil fertile and to make the agriculture sustainable. Other fact is that the plant takes up 17 elements of which C, H, O are available freely in nature, but remaining 14 elements have to be provided through soil only. But what is in practice is application of NPK and that too not in balance. The rest of 10 elements which are normally supplemented through organic sources are not being adopted due to non-availability, labour expensive, etc. This calls for use of alternate sources of nutrients in agriculture. Effluents from industries are normally considered as the main industrial pollutants containing organic and inorganic compounds, acids, alkalies, suspended solids and other materials. When untreated effluents are discharged in to the environment, they disrupt the ecological niches of living organisms. Among such industries, pulp and paper industries consume large quantity of good quality water. In India, there are about 371 paper and paper board factories with an installed capacity of 93.7 million tonnes per annum (Gupta, 1995). The production of one tonne of paper requires 250 tonnes of water. These effluents contain lignin and other phenolic compounds resistant to decomposition, have high biological oxygen demand, possess large amount of sodium and other salts and are alkaline in nature. Therefore, direct disposal of effluents into the water bodies and land possess some harmful effects to the eco-system. On the other hand, disposal of treated effluents, posses some beneficial effects to the ecosystem. It is a well known fact that with the increase in concentration of soluble salts, the electrical conductivity of the soil treated with undiluted effluents would be maximum. It is also obvious that soil pH could increase when alkaline effluent is irrigated to the soil. A larger amount of suspended and dissolved solids increases the BOD and COD of the soil. Direct use of effluent water to the crops results in significantly poor germination, lesser seedling growth and vigour index. This might be due to the presence of greater amounts of Ca, Mg and other solid materials in the effluents. The alkaline pulp and paper mill effluents have been recommended for amendment of acidic soils, but their long-term effect happens to be injurious for soil fertility and this aspect has been not studied in detail. In certain cases, the diluted effluents enhanced the growth of the plants which might be due to the presence of phenolic compounds rendering the beneficial effect on the plant growth. Among many industries, distillery units producing alcohol is one of the major revenue earning enterprise for government. Alcohol is produced from sugarcane molasses. During
recent years, India has emerged as the largest sugar producer of the world. Looking to the present scenario as well as future, demand for alcohol will increase in the country and so also the number of distilleries producing alcohol. Presently, there are 285 distilleries in India (AIDA, 1995) and the annual alcohol production in India has reached 2.7 billion tonnes. The distillery effluent being a sugarcane plant extract, it hardly contains any heavy metals and other toxic substances (Eyini et al., 1993) and it is also known to contain many plant nutrients (Manonmani et al., 1980), making it as a potential substance for irrigation and nutrition but it is characterized by high biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. The distillery sludge is reported to have high qualities of both macro and micro nutrients (Miller, 1973). It is reported that distillery effluent irrigation decreases the rate of infiltration and bulk density of soil which are favourable traits for sandy soils. Distillery effluent can be used for -1 irrigating maize crop with five times dilution (1000 mg BOD level) which has positive effect on crop growth and productivity. The direct use of distillery effluent has deleterious effect on germination and performance of crops due to its excess amounts of cations and anions. Another agro based industry is dairy industry physico-chemical characteristics and fertilizing efficiency of dairy effluent is highly alkaline in nature and contains large amounts of suspended and dissolved solids resulting in high BOD (3892 mg/l) and COD (9682 mg/l) (Goutam and Bishnoi, 1990a). All the agro-based and non-agro-based industries like paper, distillery, plastics, diary, surgical, pharmaceutical, textile, dyeing, tannery, cardbodary industries, etc. have deleterious effects on agriculture and ecosystem when they are directly disposed off. But their beneficial effects can be achieved by disposal of treated effluents. The quality of irrigation water is important in judging its suitability for irrigation. According to specification prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS : 2490-1974), the Industrial effluents discharged into in land surface waters should not have biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) more than 30 mg/l, pH 5.5 to 9.0, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids not more than 250 mg/l and 100 mg /l respectively. The prescribed limits for those discharges on land for irrigation are 500 mg/l for BOD, 5.5 to 9.0 for pH, 600 mg/l and 60 per cent for chloride, sulphate and sodium respectively (IS : 3307-1977) (Appendix I). Seed germination and growth are vital for continuation of life of seeds and seedlings are extremely vulnerable to environmental stresses due to presence of polluting agents in the environment especially during seed hydration period which is very important for irrigation and triggering the intricate sequences of metabolism essential for germination and growth of seedlings. The effect of industrial effluents on growth and yield parameters of agricultural crops and soil properties has been extensively studied. But only few studies are made to find out the effect of industrial effluents on germination. Hence considering all the beneficial and harmful effects of industrial effluents on crop plants, the seed technological studies were conducted by using industrial effluents obtained from five different industries of Northern Karnataka as a source of water to find out the seed quality attributes of five different cereal crops with a following four objectives: 1. To find out the optimum dilution level for different industrial effluents to use them as low cost fertilizers for different cereal crops. 2. To find out the tolerance levels of seeds of different cereal crops to different industrial effluents. 3. To find out the suitable industrial effluents for commercial growing of cereal seeds. 4. To find out the varietal response to different industrial effluents for seed quality parameters.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The literature pertaining to the nature and characterization of industrial effluents and their influence on crop performance has been reviewed and presented in this chapter. The research studies carried out on the effect of industrial effluents on seed quality of cereal crops have also been reviewed and presented in this chapter.
2.1 Paper factory effluents

Paper factory is one of the industries which release large quantities of effluents which not only contain nutrients but also toxic compounds. In India, there are about 371 paper and paper board factories with an installed capacity of 3.7 million tonnes per annum (Gupta, 1995). The waste water generation is in the range 214-350 m3+7 of paper produced. Paper mill effluent contain bark and saw dust residues from the black ash in pulp mills using soda lime sludge principally from the soda and sulphate pump mills, wash water from the paper machine containing wood sugars, cellulose fibre, lignin, pigments and clay and wash water from the reclaimed paper stock containing fibre, clay and carbon removed from ink. Pulp and paper mill effluents are usually blackish red and they are categorized as waste water with high BOD with a significant toxicity. Bhosale (2006) reported that paper effluent has an alkaline pH (7.9) and contains 4100.0 mg/l of dissolved solids, 5900.0 mg/l of soluble solids, 3.0 m mhos/cm of EC with temperature of 30C and the irrigation of paper mill effluent has both beneficial as well as harmful effects on soil fertility. The increase in pH can be attributed to increased level of sodium in the soil. Further, the high values of EC, sulphates and chlorides analyzed from the soil indicate that the paper mill waste irrigation can cause detrimental effect on the soil. Thus, it can be concluded that continuous irrigation of paper mill water affects soil fertility and hence an efficient treatment strategy for paper industry waste water needs to be strengthened before recycling.
2.1.1 Influence of paper factory effluents on crop performance

Ben et al. (1965) studied the effect of pulp mill effluents on different crop rotations and found that corn in rotation with oats, cowpea and vetch was greatly benefited by use of waste water from paper mill as a supplemental irrigation. Irrigation with waste water yielded 92 bushels per acre and the one with well water yielded 94 bushels per acre during eight year period. Further they found that irrigation with waste water from paper mill could be carried out on rice without any harmful effects. The rice irrigated with waste water yielded 63 bushels per acre, while that irrigated with good water from wells produced 62 bushels per acre. Malleshappa (1979) observed a slight reduction in the dry matter production in soybean due to irrigation with paper mill effluent as such or diluted (50 %), when compared to that obtained from irrigation with river water or and paper mill effluent, alternatively. Further, he reported that the important yield contributing characters of soybean such as seed weight per plant, number of seeds per plant, and hundred seed weight did not differ significantly due to irrigation with paper mill effluents as compared to those observed due to irrigation with river water. Ramanand and Oblisami (1979) studied the effect of paper factory effluents on germination and seedling growth in rice, black gram and tomato crops. The effluents samples from paper factories were alkaline and contained considerable amount of nitrate, nitrogen (313 to 368 mg/l). They observed that the undiluted paper factory effluent had detrimental effect on the germination of all the three crop seeds. However, diluted effluents showed increasing germination percentage with increasing dilution level. The vigour index of all the seedlings of all the three crop seeds was significantly poor in undiluted effluent compared to water control and it increased with the decrease in the concentration of the effluents. The presence of excess amounts of soluble salts like Ca and Mg in irrigation water caused injuries to the plant system. The reduction in growth of seedling was attributed to the greater amounts of Ca, Mg and solid materials in the effluents. In certain cases, diluted effluents enhanced the growth of plant and this was reasoned out to the decrease in the concentration of various chemicals in the effluents and presence of root promoting phenolic compounds which might have played a role in influencing the beneficial effect on the plant growth.
Somashekar et al. (1984) studied the effect of paper industry effluent on jowar, bajra and paddy. The effluents were diluted up to 50 per cent and 25 per cent concentration. The germination percentage of control seeds except paddy was above 90 per cent. Effluents of paper factory almost completely inhibited germination of paddy seeds and even at 25 per cent concentration, the germination percentage was significantly less. The inhibition of germination of jowar, bajra, and paddy seeds in treatment with 100 per cent of effluents were 31, 38 and 82 per cent, respectively. The values come down 27, 26 and 75 per cent in case of 25 per cent effluents. Hence it is clear that the per cent inhibition is directly proportional to the concentration of the effluents and germination being highest at 25 per cent concentration. The vigour index of all the three crop plants was significantly poor in undiluted effluents and it increased with a decrease in their concentration. Dhevagi et al. (2000) studied the effect of paper mill effluent on spermosphere microflore of maize, sunflower, greengram, blackgram, soybean and groundnut with different dilution levels. Among these crops studied, groundnut recorded the maximum microbial population (104.1 x 106-1g of soil), followed by soybean (50.7 x 106-1g of soil). In case of blackgram, greengram, and soybean up to 100 per cent effluent concentration, the total microbial population was higher than the control. As the effluent concentration increases in case of maize, blackgram, greengram, soybean and sunflower, the population load as well as the germination percentage of the seeds also increased till 50 to 75 per cent effluent concentration. The reason for more number of microbes at lower concentrations was pointed to the reduced level of toxic metabolites due to dilution factor. Dhevagi and Oblisami (2000) noticed that paper factory raw effluent (as such) affected the germination percentage to the level of 19, 5.4, 13 and 9.9 per cent for the maize, groundnut, soybean and blackgram respectively. It is because the effluent analysis showed the presence of lower concentration of major organic nutrients and higher EC which has negative correlation with seed germination. Elarajan et al. (2006) recorded germination of rice, maize, sunflower, groundnut, balckgram and greengram with different dilution levels of paper factory effluents. a) Rice (CO 47): Raw effluent diluted with water in 1:3 ratio recorded 78.5 per cent germination, while it was reduced to 61.2 per cent in case of undiluted effluent. Root length of 7.1 cm was observed in raw effluent with water in 1:3 ratio. Lowest root length of 5.5 cm was observed in undiluted raw effluent. There was no significant difference in shoot length in raw effluent with water 1:3 ratio and 1:1 ratio. Control (0% effluent or water) recorded significantly highest germination percentage, root length, shoot length and vigour index followed by effluent treated with water in 1:3 ratio than raw effluent. b) Maize (CO-1): In undiluted effluent, the seeds showed only 64.6 per cent germination, and 7.8 cm and 6.2cm of root and shoot lengths respectively with decreased vigour index. In the treated effluent of 1:3 ratio, 85.5 per cent germination was observed with 9.5 cm root length, 8.3 cm shoot length and highest vigour index than the raw effluent. c) Sunflower (K-1): Sunflower performed better in treated effluent than raw effluent. Raw effluent diluted with water in 1:3 ratio recorded 65.1 per cent germination, while treated effluent with the same treatment recorded 83.2 per cent germination. Treated effluent diluted with 1:3 ratio recorded the highest shoot length of 3.5 cm, shoot length of 5.4 cm which wais on par with 1:1 ratio and control. d) Groundnut (VRI-2): The lowest germination percentage was observed in undiluted raw effluent (80.30 %) followed by the undiluted treated effluent (83.80 %). Treated effluent with water in 1:1 ratio recorded root length of 10.6 cm, which significantly differed from the rest of the treatments. The undiluted raw effluent drastically affected the root length (7.8 cm), whereas the highest root length (10.6 cm) was observed in raw effluent diluted with water to 1:3 ratio. The highest shoot length (10.3 cm) was observed in raw effluent diluted with water in 1:3 followed by effluent with water with 1:1 ratio (9.1 cm) and the least (6.9 cm) was in raw effluent. The highest and lowest values of shoot length in treated effluent being 10.1 cm and 8.6 cm in 1:1 and control, respectively. Very low vigour index of 1180 was observed in undiluted raw effluent whereas raw effluent with water in 1:3 ratio recorded the highest.
e) Blackgram (T-9): In case of blackgram, raw effluent diluted with water in 1:1 ratio recorded 81.2 per cent germination, while the germination of undiluted raw effluent was 74.5 per cent followed by the raw effluent with 3:1 ratio. The lowest root length of 3.7 cm was recorded in control. Treated effluent diluted with water in 1:1 ratio recorded the highest shoot length of 15.8 cm and the lowest (13.0 cm) was in control. f) Greengram (Vamban-2): Greengram performed better in treated effluent with water in 3:1 ratio. In raw effluent treated with water at 1:3 ratio, recorded 65.8 per cent germination. While undiluted raw effluent recorded the lowest (59.2 %) germination. Treated effluent diluted with water in 1:3 ratio recorded 65.5 per cent germination, which was on par with control. Higher root length of 4.2 cm was recorded in treated effluent diluted with water at 1:3 ratio followed by control. In case of raw effluent control performed better than rest of the treatments. Raw effluents with water at 1:3 ratio recorded 7.2 cm of shoot length, while the shoot length was drastically reduced to 6.2 cm in undiluted raw effluent. Effluent with water in 3:1 ration recorded 10.8 cm shoot length followed by 1:1 ratio (10.7 cm) and were on par with each other.
2.2 Dairy effluents

A dairy effluent is the waste material discharged from the milk and milk products like processed milk, butter milk, butter, ghee, sterilized flavoured milk, shrikand, casein, etc. The dairy effluents are mainly composed of suspended solids (665 mg/l), dissolved solids (3, 972 mg/l), volatile solids (4,038 mg/l), BOD (1,344 mg/l) and oil and grease (2.90 mg/l). This high oil and grease content of the dairy effluent indicates its nonbiodegradable nature. The oil and grease content can be removed by biological treatment in the diary effluent treatment plant. After the treatment, the oil and grease (18 mg/l) in treated effluent can be brought below the permissible limit (10 mg/l) by introduction of aerated oil and grease trap immediately after the existing oil and grease trap. There is no evidence with regard to the use of dairy effluents for agricultural lands, but these dairy effluents are used in fisiculture. Lower concentration of dairy effluents do not impose any critical physiological constraints in Cyprinus carpio, considering the fact that dairy effluents are amenable for traditional treatments, the partially treated effluents can be utilized for culturing the fish.
2.2.1 Influence of dairy effluents on crop performance

Gautam and Bishnoi (1990b) have studied the effects of urmul dairy effluent on growth of crops and observed that the initial rate of seed germination was slow in pure effluent as compared to that of diluted one and control. The germination duration was spread over a period of 9, 7 and 4 days in pure, diluted effluent and water respectively. The average per cent germination was same in pure and diluted effluent. Goutam et al. (1992) reported that the germination per cent was maximum at 25 per cent concentration of dairy effluent where as germination was at on par with that of control in all test crop plants inn 50 per cent concentration. The inhibitory effect was observed when watered with 75 and 100 per cent dilution. Amudha and Mahalingam (1999) studied the fish which were reared in 2.5 and 5.0 per cent concentrations of the dairy effluents for 30 days. Various biochemical constituents (protein, carbohydrate and lipid) in the fish were estimated. These concentrations were found to decrease depending on the dose of the effluent. The fish showed varied changes in the behavior when exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations of dairy effluent. In the present study, the protein reserve in the fish remains more or less uniform, even when reared in polluted medium. The carbohydrates decreased with increasing concentrations of effluent. This decrease indicates that the principal and immediate precursor of fish (Cyprinns caprio), when exposed to stress condition is carbohydrate. Lipid contents of fish also reduced with increasing concentrations of effluent. This might be due to the utilization of lipids for energy demand under the stress conditions.
2.3 Distillery effluents

The waste materials which are discarded by the sugar industries are called distillery effluents. In general, the waste water (spent wash) has a high organic load (50, 000 mg/l BOD and 95,000 mg/l COD) with high electrical conductivity (15 dS/m) and acidic pH (4.5).
The spent wash contains 1000, 40, 11000 and 500 mg /l of N, P, K, respectively. However, most of the distilleries have installed bio-methanation digester which reduces the BOD by 90 per cent. The total effluent of 40 billion litres generated annually in India, after methanation, can provide 2, 40,000, 13,000 and 800 tonnes of K, N, and P respectively (Joshi et al., 1996). The composition of distillery effluents depends upon the method of collection and treatment procedure adopted before they are released from the factory premises. The distillery effluent is acidic (pH 4.0 to 5.4) and has very high BOD value ranging from 3.5 x 104 to 4.5 x 104 mg reported a high organic load (50,000 mg/l BOD and 95,000 mg/l COD) in spent wash whereas post methanation effluents had considerably lower organic load (5,000 mg/l BOD and 25,000 mg/l COD) (Jadhav and Savant, 1975). The distillery effluent irrigation helps to build up the soil fertility by increasing organic carbon and available phosphorus and potassium status (Singh and Bahadur 1997), Zalawadia et al. (1996) stated that the improvement in the soil fertility could be credited to the inadvertent addition of total N, P and K to the tune of 204, 153 and 1139 mg/kg soil respectively, through distillery water. The effluents are also good sources of micronutrients as the available micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) increased with distillery effluent application and availability being the highest in 1:10 dilution (Kayauizh, et al., 2001).
2.3.1 Influence of distillery effluent on crop performance

Sahai et al. (1983) studied the preference of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds kept for germination in petridishes containing equal amount of soil treated with different concentrations of distillery effluent (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %). At higher concentrations, both speed of germination and seedling growth were retarded. Root growth was more adversely affected than the shoot growth. At 5 per cent concentration the over all growth was better than in control. The chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b content decreased with increasing concentration of effluents. However, chlorophyll-b contents were higher in 5 per cent concentration than that in control. The carotenoid content continued to increase up to 50 per cent effluent concentration. Thus, the study revealed that the distillery effluents contain excess of various forms of cations and anions which are injurious to plant growth. The concentrations of these constituents should be reduced to beneficial level by diluting the effluent to 5 per cent which can be used for irrigation purposes as a substitute for chemical fertilizers. Rajaram and Janardhanan (1988) conducted germination studies and early seedling growth of soybean, cowpea, rice and sorghum. These were surface sterilized with 0.1 per cent mercuric chloride and soaked in pertridishes containing equal volume of different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 %) of distillery effluent and control was kept by soaking seeds in distilled water. The germination percentage and early seedling growth of soybean was markedly suppressed as the concentration of effluent increased. The early seedling growth of cowpea was promoted by the distillery effluent up to 10 per cent concentration. The effluent concentration of more than of 10 per cent suppressed the seedling growth. However, in case of rice and jowar the lower concentration of the effluent did not affect the seed germination significantly whereas, the higher concentrations decreased the seed germination. The root length and shoot length were maximum with 2.5 per cent distillery effluent content. Thus they stated that high TDS (total dissolved solids) value would retard seed germination by enriching the salinity and conducity of the solutes which were being absorbed by the seeds prior to germination. The promotional influence on seedling growth by the lower concentration of the effluent might be due to presence of optimum levels of the plant nutrients in the effluent. The results of this study indicate that the distillery effluent applied as such or at higher concentrations elicited deleterious effects on the overall growth of the crop plants studied. Therefore, it is suggested that the distillery effluent could be used as a liquid fertilizer only for certain crops after proper dilution with water. Pandey and Soni, (1994) evaluated the irrigation response of different concentrations of distillery effluent (10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %) on germination behaviour of two multi useful tree species viz. Acacia catechu and Morus alba. The effluent with lowest concentration (10 %) enhanced vigour and mean daily germination compared to control. Higher effluent concentration (>10 %) however inhibited the vigour, mean daily germination and mean length incubation time in order of 0>10<20<40<60<80<100 per cent concentrations. No germination was observed in 100 per cent concentrations. The increase in
effluent concentration increased the acidity and toxicity which might have retarded the germination and seedling growth. Zalawadia and Raman (1994) studied the effect of distillery waste water with graded fertilizer levels on sorghum yield and soil properties. They recorded on par sorghum yield with 75 per cent of the recommended fertilizer application along with the distillery waste water irrigation compared to100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer application with normal water. The per cent utilization of N, P and K applied through chemical fertilizer were more in distillery waste water irrigation with 100 per cent fertilization dose. The organic carbon contents were significantly more in the distillery waste water irrigated soils. Further the soils applied with 75 and 100 per cent fertilizer dose with distillery waste water irrigation recorded maximum organic carbon. The available N was highest in the treatment irrigated with distillery waste water and fertilizer with 100 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizer. Singh and Bahadur (1997) recorded the growth of maize plant as height, leaf area per plant and leaf area index. All the indices increased with increasing amount of ten times diluted effluent applied as irrigation water. Single application of effluent at 45 DAS had no significant effect on maize yield, but two such irrigations of effluent at 45 and 60 DAS increased yield by 37 per cent. Regular irrigations with ten and fine times diluted effluent increased yield by 59 and 78 per cent, respectively. The results of the study revealed that distillery effluents can be used for irrigating maize crop after its dilution to five times which has positive effect on crop growth and productivity. The effluent irrigation helps building soil fertility by increasing the organic carbon and available phosphorus and potassium status. On a long run basis effluent irrigation can improve the overall productivity of light textured soils inherently poor in plant nutrient reserves. Sukanya and Meli (2003a) conducted a study to find out the effect of distillery effluents as a source of nitrogen on growth, yield and quality of wheat during winter seasons of 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. Out of the 10 nitrogen substitution levels, the level S5 (50 % N substitution through solid distillery effluent + 50 % N substitution through inorganic source) recorded higher grain (53.14 q/ha) and straw yield (68.3 q/ha) compared to other nitrogen substitution levels but was found on par with nitrogen substitution levels of S7 (25 % N through solid effluent + 75 % N through inorganic source) and S10 (100 % N through inorganic source).In the study S5 showed higher yield with better expression of growth of parameters like total dry matter production, number of productive tillers per metre row length, ear length, ear weight and test weight. This superiority of S5 was attributed by them to the higher availability of nitrogen and other nutrients with the external application of solid effluent to substitute nitrogen. This indicated the availability of increased native nitrogen status in the soil at right times. Other nitrogen substitution levels which substitute 100 per cent nitrogen through solid and liquid effluents either in combination or individually could not meet the nitrogen demand timely and adequately which was clearly reflected on straw yield. Sukanya and Meli (2003b) studied the effect of distillery effluent irrigation on growth, yield and quality of maize. Treatments involved four dilution levels viz., 1:5, 1:10, 1:25, 1:50 (liquid effluent and good water), and only undiluted effluent and only good water irrigation. Totally maize received two irrigations during the effective crop growth period. Results indicated that a lower dilution level of 1:5 recorded significantly higher seed yield (76.82 g/ha) than other dilution levels. The 1:5 dilution level recorded significantly higher growth parameters. Again, the protein and reducing sugar content of seeds showed improvement with 1:5 dilution levels. It is well established fact that good water irrigation meets the only water requirement of crop but effluent irrigations meets out both water and nutrient requirement. Yield and yield parameters were significantly better in case of irrigation with 1:5 concentrations due as the availability of nutrients was more. The reduction in yield in other cases might be due to toxic effects of excessive quantities of soluble solids and solid materials which might have affected soil porosity due to reduced uptake of nutrients and ultimately affected growth and yield. Soudarrajan et al. (2007) studied the impact of distillery spent wash on seed germination, seedling growth and yield of bhendi. The effluent was diluted to 25, 50, 75 and 100 times. The results revealed that application of spent wash diluted at higher level (50 T) recorded increased germination percentage (74 %), growth (47 cm) and fruit yield -1 (264g pot ) over control. From this study, they stated that the direct use of distillery spent wash caused a significant effect on seed germination, growth and yield of bhendi crop.
2.4 Sewage and sludge effluents

In India, along with urbanization (26.4 %) and industrial growth (5.5 %) sewage monitoring, treatment and disposal have become matter of great public health significance for Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi. Approximately 80 per cent of water supplied for domestic use passes out as waste water or sewage. Sewage includes domestic, hospital and small scale industrial waste operating under municipal area. A typical sewage consists of approximately 99.9 per cent water and 0.02 0.3 per cent suspended solids and other soluble organic and inorganic substances. The chemical constituents, present in low concentrations, never the less are extremely important and are subjected to variations between communities as well as within community. The most hazardous effect of sewage pollution is bacterial and viral contaminations which can cause severe epidemic in urban as well as rural areas.
Sludge
Sludge is formed from the biological growths that accrue in aerobic organic containing liquids. These grow upon continued feeding and develop in to flocculent suspensions that settle rapidly. It is estimated that over 27 million tonnes of solid wastes are generated per annum. Sludge is usually disposed off on land as manure to soil or as a soil conditioner or barged in to sea. The most common method is to utilize it as a landfill. In some cases wet sludge, raw or digested, as well as supernatant from digester can be lagooned as a temporary measure but such practice may create problems like odour nuisance, ground water pollution and other public health hazards. Channakeshava et al. (2007) reported that sludge contains about 8.5 per cent of P2O5 mostly in the forms of dicalcium phosphate dehydrate which is citrate soluble and in slowly available form. The sludge contains appreciable amounts of floride (10 %) which may pose problem in the soil and plants.
2.4.1 Influence of sewage and sludge effluents on crop performance

Day et al. (1982) obtained more wheat seed yield when irrigated with pump water and waste mixture than pump water alone despite showing more lodging due to taller plants. Barley, wheat and oat produced high protein seeds in sewage irrigated fields but digestible nutrient content in seeds were not affected. Nagaraja and Krishnamurthy (1987) obtained rice yield of 3.95 t ha by irrigation with sewage effluent alone as compared to 3.91 and 4.01 t ha-1 when irrigated with well water + NPK fertilizer and sewage irrigation + NPK fertilizer, respectively. Rukmangada et al. (2007) studied the suitability of FYM, sewage sludge and urban compost to the sorghum crop. Application of urban compost at 11 t ha-1 was significantly -1 -1 superior in seed yield (36.52 q ha ) and stover yield (13.03 t ha ). Besides, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index and total dry matter were also significantly more. The increase in seed and straw yields was attributed to higher intake and recovery of nutrients from the combined application of urban compost, sewage sludge and FYM. The highest net returns (Rs. 14, 412 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.85) was obtained with the application sewage -1 sludge alone at 5.3 t ha . They further opined that, the application of urban compost and its conjunctive use with the sewage sludge and FYM recorded higher uptake and recovery of nutrients. FYM, sewage sludge and urban compost act as a store house of several macro and micro nutrients, which increases the availability of both native and applied nutrients in the soil and their uptake by sweet sorghum.
-1
2.5 Textile effluents

Textile industry is one of the oldest industries in India, manufacturing the different types of cloths and fabrics. There are about 850 textile mills centered around big cities in India, manufacturing approximately 11000 million metres of cloth. The textile industry is not a single unit and it includes many units with different operations and processes such as slashing, desizing, kiering, mercerizing, dyeing, printing and finishing. Water is used in textile mills for various operations such as steam generation, cooling, demineralization, etc. On an average the waste water discharge from the textile industry is to the tune of 58 to 81 per cent of the total water consumed as reported by Bal, (1999).
Textile effluent composition varies from unit to unit. In case of sizing operation the effluent has 4.1 pH, 440-8350 mg/l total dissolved solids, 50-3100 mg/l suspended solids and BOD varies from 65-2220 mg/l.
2.5.1 Influence of textile effluents on crop performance

Kumar et al. (2006) investigated the impact of various concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % v/w) of the effluent of textile mill on seed germination, seedling growth and pigment content of the Arachis hypogea. The effluent caused toxicity to the seedlings at higher concentrations. Undiluted effluents had an inhibitory effect (28.9 %), whereas 25 per cent effluent had a growth promoting effect (4.7 %) which was significantly better than control.. Thus effluent of textile mill can be used for irrigation purpose at 25 per cent dilution for beneficial cultivation.
2.6 Pharmaceutical effluents

The effluent or waste materials discharged by the pharmaceutical factory is called as pharmaceutical effluent. Usually pharmaceutical effluent has a light green colour and pH value is 7.61. It contains 128 mg/l total suspended solids, 912 mg/l total dissolved solids and ammonical nitrogen is 7 mg/l.
2.6.1 Influence of pharmaceutical effluents on crop performance

Arumagam (2007) studied the impact of pharmaceutical factory effluent on the germination and growth of five varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). Pharmaceutical factory effluent was found effective at 25 per cent dilution by promoting the seed germination, seedling growth and dry matter production in all the five varieties of groundnut, but at higher concentrations, an inhibitory effect was observed. Among the five varieties studied, VRI-3 variety performed better and was tolerant to pharmaceutical factory effluent while VRI-4 variety was proved to be susceptible for effluent treatments. The order of tolerance was VRI-3> TML-1 >VRI-5> JL-24> VRI-4.
2.7 Treated effluents

The effluents which are treated by bacterial system, fungal system, chemical method and combination of chemo + biological methods in order to bring down the lethal or harmful effect to the eco system is termed as the treated effluents. Textile and dying industry is one of the important industries in our country, which consumes substantial volumes of water and chemicals for wet processing. There are more than 10,000 chemicals associated with the dying process. Barring a few, most of the industries do not have adequate provision for treating the effluents and hence it flows in to river as raw effluent and renders the river water useless and also pollutes the river and soil.
2.7.1 Influence of treated effluent on crop performance

Jothimani and Elayarajan (2003) conducted a study to know the effect of effluent treated by different methods on germinability and growth of blackgram (CO-4) and greengram (CO-3). Results suggested that in both the crops, the higher germination percentage, root length, shoot length and vigour index were observed in the effluent treated with bio system and chemo + biological combined system, while chemically treated effluent inhibited the germinability and seedling growth. This was attributed to the presence of higher amounts of salts in the chemically treated effluent which might have restricted root growth by increasing soil osmotic pressure. The reason attributed for higher germinability under chemo + biological treatment may be due to more nutrients availability in the effluent. These results concluded that treated effluent can be effectively utilized for irrigating agricultural crops, if proper combinations of treatment techniques are being judiciously employed to ensure effectiveness and environmental safety.
2.8 Fertilizer factory effluents

The effluents of fertilizer factory are dark brown in colour with an ammonical odour and alkaline in nature with pH of 9.0. These effluents contain large amounts of suspended (3580.mg/l) and dissolved (104.5 mg/l) solids. They also contain considerable amounts of nitrogen, sodium, chlorides, bicarbonate, sulphates, calcium etc apart from other elements also. The variation in the nature of effluents is based on the type of industry, the nature of raw materials used and manufacturing processes involved in the factory.
2.8.1 Influence of fertilizer factory effluents on crop performance

Sundaramoorthy et al. (2001) studied the effect of different concentration (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) of fertilizer factory effluent on seed germination and seedling growth of four varieties of groundnut varieties namely CO-2, ICGFDRI, TMV-2 and VRI-2. The percentage of germination and the seedling growth increased from one to ten per cent concentration of the effluent where as higher concentrations decreased the germination percentage and seedling growth in all the varieties studied. The seedlings of control treatment showed higher fresh and dry weight than the effluent treated plants in all the varieties tested. Among the varieties studied, the variety VRI-2 was found to be more tolerant than other varieties studied. Similarly, 5 per cent concentration favored for the better development of seedlings compared to other concentrations of effluent.
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The laboratory experiments were conducted in the laboratory of Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to find out the Effect of Industrial Effluents on Seed Quality attributes of Cereal crops. The details of materials used and methods followed during the course of these investigations are described in this chapter:
3.1 General description

3.1.1 Experimental site
The laboratory experiments were conducted in laboratory of Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
3.1.2 Location
Geographically, Dharwad is situated in the transitional tract (Zone-8) of Karnataka at 18 North latitude and 75 07 East longitude on an altitude of 678 metres above mean sea level.
3.1.3 Seed material

Freshly harvested five cereal crop seeds namely maize, soybean, paddy, wheat and bajra were collected from Seed Testing Laboratory at Karnataka State Seed Certification Agency, Dharwad.
3.1.4 Effluents source

Five industrial effluents namely: 1. West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli 2. Shreyus Plastics, Gadag 3. Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad 4. Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary 5. Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag All the above industrial effluents were collected from Karnataka Pollution Control Board, Dharwad and the physical and chemical properties of industrial effluents of respective factories are furnished in table 3.01.
3.2 Experimental details

The study includes two experiments the details of each of the experiments are described below:
3.2.1 ExperimentI: Influence of industrial effluent concentrations on seed quality of cereal crops
Treatment details: Concentration of industrial effluents T1 0 % effluent concentration T2 2.5 % effluent concentration T3 5.0 % effluent concentration T4 10.0 % effluent concentration T5 25.0 % effluent concentration T6 50.0 % effluent concentration T7 75.0 % effluent concentration T8 100 % effluent concentration With the above concentration levels the following industrial effluents namely: West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli Shreyus Plastics, Gadag Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag.
Were used as water source for finding out the response on germination and other related studies in the following cereal crops: Maize Paddy Wheat Bajra Sorghum Treatments Design - C.R.D Replication -4 -8
3.2.2 Experiment-II: Varietal response to industrial effluents on seed quality

As per crop response various concentrations of industrial effluents of different factories, the best concentration obtained in the first set of experiment for each industrial effluent for each crop was selected in this experiment to find out varietal response of each cereal crops to the effluents.
Treatment details For Maize: Factor-I : Industrial Effluents (E)

E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (10 % effluent concentration)) E2- Shreyus Plastics, Gadag (5 % effluent concentration) E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (5 % effluent concentration) E4- Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary (10 % effluent concentration) E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag (10 % effluent concentration)
Factor-II: Varieties (V)

V1- Vijay-711 V2- KH-517 V3- DK-984 V4- Godavari-989 V5- C-55
For Sorghum: Factor-I: Industrial Effluents (E)

E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (5 % effluent concentration) E2- Shreyus Plastics, Gadag (5 % effluent concentration) E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (10 % effluent concentration) E4- Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary (10 % effluent concentration) E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag (10 % effluent concentration)

V1- DSV-2 V2- 570 V3- CSV-216 V4- SPV-489 V5- CSH-14
For Paddy: Factor-I: Industrial Effluents (E)

E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (10 % effluent concentration) E2- Shreyus Plastics, Gadag (10 % effluent concentration) E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (5 % effluent concentration) E4- Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary (5 % effluent concentration) E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag (5 % effluent concentration)

V1- Rasi V2- BPT-520 V3- Uma V4- MTU-101 V5- Jaya
For Wheat: Factor-I: Industrial Effluents (E)

E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (5 % effluent concentration) E2- Shreyus Plastics, Gadag (5 % effluent concentration) E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (5 % effluent concentration) E4- Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary (2.5 % effluent concentration) E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag (5 % effluent concentration)

V1- B-Yellow V2- Mohan Wonder V3- Pradhan-7070 V4- DWR-1006 V5- DWR-2006
For Bajra: Factor-I: Industrial Effluents (E)

E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (5 % effluent concentration) E2- Shreyus Plastics, Gadag (2.5 % effluent concentration) E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (2.5 % effluent concentration) E4- Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary (5 % effluent concentration) E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag (5 % effluent concentration)

V1- CO-1 V2- CO-3 V3- Sangam V4- Nandi-35 V5- HC-4
Treatment combinations for each crop: 5 Industrial effluents x 5 varieties = 25

Replication 4 Design CRD with factorial concept 3.3 Recording of observations For the above two experiments, following observations were recorded.
3.3.1 Seed quality assessment 3.3.1.1 Germination test (%)

The germination test was conducted using the paper towel method as prescribed in ISTA rules (Anon., 1999), by providing the optimum conditions for each test cereal crop. The daily germination counts were made on normal seedlings and total germination was calculated and expressed in percentage.
3.3.1.2 Shoot length (cm)

On the day of final count of the germination test, ten normal seedlings were selected from each treatment and in each replication. The shoot length was measured from the base of primary leaf to base of hypocotyle and mean shoot length was expressed in centimetres.
3.3.1.3 Root length (cm)

Ten normal seedlings used for shoot length measurement were also used for the measurement of root length. It was measured from the tip of primary root to base of hypocotyle and mean root length was expressed in centimetres.
3.3.1.4 Seedling length (cm)

By adding the shoot and root lengths of already selected ten normal seedlings the seedling length was calculated and expressed as mean seedling length in centimetre.
3.3.1.5 Seedling vigour index

Vigour index was computed by adopting the following formula as suggested by Abdual Baki and Anderson (1973) and expressed in number. SVI=Germination (%) X Seedling length (cm)
3.3.1.6 Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings)

The same 10 normal seedlings used for shoot and root length measurement were put in butter paper pockets and kept in an oven maintained at 100 2C for 24 hrs. After drying, the seedlings were kept in a desiccator for cooling. The weight of dried seedlings was recorded and mean dry weight was expressed in milligrams (Evans and Bhatt, 1977).
3.3.1.7 Speed of germination

Speed of germination was determined by taking the daily germination counts from first day of germination initiation up to final count for each cereal crop seeds. Speed of germination is the summation of the number of seeds germinated on each day divided by respective day on which seedlings were counted and removed (Magaire, 1962).
3.3.1.8 Bartletts germination rate index

The germination rate index was calculated by using the following formula (Bartlett, 1973). G1 T1 G2 T2 G3 T3 G4 T4 GRI = --- + ---- + ---- + ---Where, G1, G2, G3 G4 are germination percentage at 1, 2, 3 th and 4 day of germination respectively.
3.3.1.9 First count of germination

The number of normal seedlings emerged on the day of first count of germination as per ISTA Rules (Anon., 1993) were recorded and expressed as first count of germination in percentage.
3.4 Statistical analysis

The mean data were statistically analyzed and subjected to the analysis of variance by adopting the appropriate methods as outlined by Panse and Sukhtame (1978) and Sundararaj et al. (1972). The critical differences were calculated at one per cent level of probability wherever F test was significant. The percentage data were transformed in to arcsine root transformation before analysis.
Table 3.01. Physical and chemical properties of industrial effluents
Physical
West Cost Paper Mill Dandeli
Shreyas Plastics, Gadag
KMF, Dharwad
Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd. Bellary
Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd. Garag
Colour Total solids (mg/l) Suspendedsolids (mg/l) Dissolved solids (mg/l) Hardness (mg/l) Physico-chemical pH EC (mhos/cm) Chemical Calcium (mg/l) Magnesium (mg/l) Sodium (mg/l) Potassium (mg/l) Alkaline (mg/l) Carbonates (mg/l) Residual sodium (mg/l) Carbonates (mg/l) Chlorides (mg/l) % sodium (mg/l) Oil and grease (mg/l) Ammonium (mg/l) Free ammonium (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) COD(mg/l) Sulphates (mg/l) ND 12.40 0.99% 27 174 342 1952 208 38 4.0 270 5171 280 380 780 Nil 268 250 150 Nil ND ND 250 31 44.8 4.4 180 6 460 6.6 70 1350 4 4500 8.0 1800 260 880 510 380 4100 4500 7.9 1101 212 718 212 1236 752 9.8 1765 32 988 130 8.5 1210 8.8 7600 8.6 20,800 220 4996 1450 800 13480 4300
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The results obtained from the laboratory experiments conducted at Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to find out the influence of industrial effluents on seed quality parameters of cereal crops are presented in this chapter.
4.1 Experiment-I: Influence of industrial effluent oncentrations on seed quality of cereal crops
4.1.1 West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli 4.1.1.1 Seed quality of Maize
The data pertaining to seed quality parameters of maize as influenced by different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli are presented in the Table 4.01 It is observed that with increase in concentration level of effluent from 0 (T1) to 10 per cent (T4) gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were recorded. Further increase in effluent concentration level beyond 10 per cent recorded significant reduction in seed quality of maize. The treatment 10 per cent effluent concentration level (T4) recorded 94.50 per cent germination as compared to T1 (95.75 %) and were on par with each other. Looking to the other various seed quality parameters it is noticed that T4 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level for maize seed by recording 11.48, 11.50 and 22.98 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2171 seedling vigour index, 0.325 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 44.36 speed of germination, 0.518 Bartletts germination rate index and 26.50 per cent first count of germination. The 100 per cent effluent concentration (T8) recorded significantly least values for all the above seed quality parameters studied.
4.1.1.2 Seed quality of Sorghum

The data pertaining to the seed quality of sorghum as influenced by different concentrations of West-Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli are presented in the Table 4.02. It is observed that with increase in concentration level of effluent from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent (T3), gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were recorded. Further increase in effluent concentrations level noticed significant reduction in seed quality of sorghum. Though T1 (control) recorded highest (98.50 %) germination the 5 per cent effluent concentration level (T3) recorded 96.25 per cent germination and was on par with T1. Looking to the various seed quality parameters it is found that T3 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level for sorghum seeds by recording 22.15, 8.96 and 31.11 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, as well as 2993 seedling vigour index, 0.334 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 41.25 speed of germination, 0.243 Bartletts germination rate index and 27 per cent first count of germination as against 100 per cent effluent concentration treatment (T8) which recorded significantly least values.
4.1.1.3 Seed quality of Paddy

The data related to seed quality of paddy as influenced by different concentrations of West-Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli are presented in the Table 4.03 It is observed that there is a significant reduction in all the seed quality parameters from 25 per cent (T5) to (T8) 100 per cent whereas with increase in concentration level of effluent from 0 (T1) to 10 (T4) a gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were recorded. The 10 per cent effluent concentration level (T4) treatment by recorded 94.50 per cent germination was on par with T1 (98.25%). For other seed quality parameter it is noticed that 10 per cent (T4) is the optimum effluent concentration for paddy seeds by recording 18.96, 10.25 and 29.21 cm root length shoot length and seedling length respectively, with 2760 seedling vigour index, 0.185 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 13.72 speed of germination, 0.344 Bartletts germination rate index and 20.25 per cent first count of
Table 4.01. Influence of different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent on seed quality of Maize Germination (%) 95.75 (78.20) 95.5 (77.81) 95.25 (77.74) 94.50 (786.54) 92.50 (74.26) 80.00 (63.47) 72.25 (58.25) 61.25 (51.54) 85.88 (69.73) 1.02 4.04 Root length (cm) 10.90 10.30 11.28 11.48 11.58 8.18 7.30 6.18 9.65 Shoot length (cm) 9.16 9.71 10.16 11.50 10.61 7.58 6.68 5.30 8.84 Seedling length (cm) 20.06 19.89 21.50 22.98 22.19 15.75 13.98 11.48 18.48 Seedling vigour index 1921 1911 2041 2171 2051 1260 1010 702 1633 Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) 0.250 0.284 0.293 0.325 0.361 0.221 0.215 0.211 0.270 Speed of germination 46.23 46.27 45.56 44.36 41.36 39.19 31.34 28.19 40.31 Bartletts germination rate index 0.523 0.514 0.512 0.518 0.493 0.433 0.422 0.326 0.467 First count of germination (%) 27.75 27.25 27.00 26.50 23.50 23.00 20.50 18.00 24.19
Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Mean
S Em CD at 1%
0.29 1.16
0.32 1.25
For comparing means of 0.43 42 1.71 166
0.003 0.010
0.10 0.39
0.004 0.020
0.82 3.25
T1 0 % effluent concentration T2 2.5 % effluent concentration T3 5 % effluent concentration T4 10 % effluent concentration
T5 25 % effluent concentration T6 50 % effluent concentration T7 75 % effluent concentration T8 100 % effluent concentration
Table 4.02. Influence of different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent on seed quality of Sorghum
Treatments
Germination (%) 98.50 (84.08) 97.50 (81.20) 96.25 (79.09) 80.50 (63.84) 74.50 (59.71) 69.50 (56.51) 68.50 (55.89) 62.50 (52.27) 80.97 (66.57) 1.22 4.82
Root length (cm) 21.47 21.56 22.15 21.13 18.71 17.56 16.96 15.27 19.35
Shoot length (cm) 8.34 8.82 8.96 8.04 7.70 7.51 7.43 7.25 8.00
Seedling length (cm) 29.80 30.37 31.11 29.16 26.40 25.07 24.39 22.52 27.35
Seedling vigour index 2935 2961 2993 2347 1966 1742 1672 1407 2253
Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) 0.324 0.330 0.334 0.312 0.309 0.291 0.275 0.273 0.306
Speed of germination
Bartletts germination rate index 0.293 0.250 0.243 0.242 0.231 0.225 0.212 0.210 0.238
First count of germination (%) 29.25 27.50 27.00 23.25 21.50 19.50 18.75 17.25 23.00
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Mean
43.50 41.50 41.25 39.50 38.50 31.50 29.50 28.25 36.69
S Em CD at 1%
0.32 1.28
0.07 0.26
0.005 0.020
0.66 2.62
0.002 0.008
0.80 3.16
germination. 100 per cent effluent concentration (T8) noticed the lowest values for all the seed quality parameters.
4.1.1.4 Seed quality of Wheat

The data on seed quality of wheat as influenced by different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli are presented in Table 4.04. The steady increase in concentration level of effluent from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent (T3) recorded progressive increase in various seed quality parameters. Further increase in effluent concentration level noticed significantly sharp reduction in all the seed quality attributes. T3 level emerged as the optimum concentration for wheat seeds by recording 87.75 per cent germination, 9.99, 5.25 and 15.23 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 1337 seedling vigour index, 0.276 (g/10 seedlings), seedling dry weight, 33.75 speed of germination, 0.673 Bartletts germination rate index and 25.25 per cent first count of germination whereas all the above parameters were lower with 100 per cent effluent concentration (T8).
4.1.1.5 Seed quality of Bajra

The data pertaining to the seed quality of bajra as influenced by different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli are presented in the Table 4.05. It is observed that the gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were recorded with increase in concentration level of effluent from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent (T3). Beyond the 10 per cent (T4) increase in effluent concentration, significant reduction in seed quality of bajra was observed. Looking to all the seed quality parameters T3 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level for bajra seeds by recording 87.50 per cent germination 17.51, 9.53 and 27.04 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2366 seedling vigour index, 0.345 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 32.85 speed of germination, 0.353 Bartletts germination rate index and 25.50 per cent first count of germination.
4.1.2 Shreyas Plastics, Gadag 4.1.2.1 Seed quality of Maize

The data pertaining to seed quality of maize as influenced by different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent are presented in the Table 4.06. It clearly noticed that rise in concentration level of effluent from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent (T3) the gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters was noticed. With the further increase in effluent concentration level, there is a significant reduction in seed quality. Though T1 recorded highest (93.75%) germination the 5 per cent effluent concentration level (T3) recorded 89.75 per cent germination and was on par with T1. Among other seed quality parameters, it is found that T3 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent for maize seeds by recording 11.28, 9.66 and 20.95 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, with 1930 seedling vigour index, 0.261 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 41.73 speed of germination, 0.515 Bartletts germination rate index and 23.25 per cent first count of germination. Finally 100 per cent effluent concentration (T8) recorded significantly least values for all the above seed quality parameters.

The data on influence of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent concentrations on seed quality of sorghum are presented in the Table 4.07. It is observed that with increase in concentration beyond from 10 (T4) to 100 per cent (T8) there is a significant reduction in all seed quality parameters. But, up to 5 per cent level gradual but steady increase in all seed quality parameters were noticed. Though T1 (control) recorded the highest (98.00%) germination the 5 per cent effluent concentration level (T3) treatment recorded 96.25 per cent germination and was on par with T1. Looking to other various seed quality parameters, it is noticed that T3 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level for sorghum seeds by recording 21.13, 9.25 and 30.37 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2941 seedling vigour index,
Table 4.03. Influence of different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent on seed quality of Paddy
Treatments T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Mean S Em CD at 1%
Germination (%) 98.25 (82.65) 96.50 (79.40) 96.25 (78.94) 94.50 (76.54) 85.50 (67.67) 73.25 (58.89) 67.00 (54.97) 60.50 (61.09) 83.97 (68.77) 0.88 3.49
Root length (cm) 17.77 17.95 18.82 18.96 15.13 14.25 12.24 11.70 15.85 0.10 0.38
Shoot length (cm) 9.14 9.55 9.63 10.25 7.64 6.31 5.46 5.29 7.91 0.07 0.29
Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) 0.173 0.176 0.182 0.185 0.163 0.154 0.144 0.134 0.164 0.001 0.004
Speed of germination 16.49 15.67 14.28 13.72 12.16 10.25 8.52 7.23 12.29 0.08 0.32
Bartletts germination rate index 0.395 0.385 0.375 0.344 0.325 0.314 0.296 0.273 0.338 0.002 0.006
First count of germination (%) 24.50 22.25 21.75 20.25 19.25 17.25 14.50 11.00 18.84 0.62 2.46
Table 4.04. Influence of different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent on seed quality of Wheat
Germination (%) 90.50 (72.11) 89.50 (71.15) 87.75 (69.56) 81.50 (64.57) 70.50 (57.14) 63.50 (52.86) 56.50 (48.76) 41.50 (40.13) 72.66 (59.53) 0.54 2.15
Root length (cm) 9.17 9.56 9.99 9.26 6.59 6.35 3.24 2.52 7.08 0.13 0.51
Shoot length (cm) 4.48 4.76 5.25 3.35 3.22 2.15 1.15 0.00 3.04 0.09 0.36
For comparing means of 0.17 15 0.005 0.66 61 0.021
Table 4.05. Influence of different concentrations of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent on seed quality of Bajra
Germination (%) 94.50 (76.54) 93.50 (75.32) 87.50 (69.35) 80.50 (63.84) 76.50 (61.04) 71.25 (57.61) 65.50 (54.06) 60.25 (50.94) 78.69 (63.59) 0.64 2.55
Root length (cm) 16.25 16.95 17.51 15.22 14.16 13.23 12.80 12.16 14.78 0.11 0.43
Shoot length (cm) 8.56 9.27 9.53 8.23 8.13 7.75 6.23 5.24 7.87 0.04 0.17
Table 4.06. Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent on seed quality of Maize
Germination (%) 93.75 (75.77) 92.25 (73.91) 89.75 (71.41) 80.25 (63.67) 78.50 (62.41) 71.50 (57.77) 61.25 (51.53) 59.75 (50.65) 78.38 (63.39) 0.95 3.75
Root length (cm) 11.26 11.84 11.28 9.23 8.28 6.13 6.00 5.58 8.70 0.80 0.70
Shoot length (cm) 9.15 8.25 9.66 8.64 8.53 7.54 5.15 4.16 7.64 0.07 0.27
0.363 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 40.50 speed of germination, 0.244 Bartletts germination rate index and 23.25 per cent first count of germination.

The data related to seed quality of paddy as influenced by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent concentrations are presented in the Table 4.08. The 100 per cent effluent concentration recorded significantly the lowest values for all seed quality parameters. Though T1 recorded highest (97.50%) germination, the 10 per cent effluent concentration level (T4) treatment recorded 94.50 per cent germination and was on par with T1. Looking to the other seed quality parameters, it is found that T4 is the optimum effluent concentration level for paddy which recorded 18.16, 9.13 and 21.82 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2117 seedling vigour index 0.216 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 14.58 speed of germination, 0.367 Bartletts germination rate index and 21.50 per cent first count of germination.

The data pertaining to seed quality of wheat as influenced by different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent are presented in the Table 4.09. It is noticed that there is significant reduction in values for all the seed quality attributes from 10 (T4) to 100 per cent (T8). However with increase in concentration level of effluent from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent (T3), the gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were recorded. Looking to the various seed quality parameters it is noticed that 5 per cent effluent concentration level treatment (T3) emerged as the optimum effluent concentration for wheat by recording 87.75 per cent germination, 8.35, 4.15 and 12.49 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 1205 seedling vigour index, 0.254 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 30.29 speed of germination 0.645 Bartletts germination rate index and 22.50 per cent first count of germination. The 100 per cent effluent concentration treatment recorded significantly least values for all the seed quality parameters.

The data related to seed quality of bajra as influenced by different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent are presented in Table 4.10. It is recorded that 2.5 per cent (T2) emerged as the optimum effluent concentration for bajra seeds recording by 94.25 per cent germination, 16.87, 8.38 and 25.25 cm root, shoot and seedling length respectively, 2321 seedling vigour index 0.335 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight 33.27 speed of germination, 0.386 Bartletts germination rate index and 27.50 per cent first count of germination.
4.1.3 Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad 4.1.3.1 Seed quality of maize

The data on influence of Karnataka Milk Federation Dharwad effluent concentrations on seed quality of maize are presented in Table 4.11. It is observed that with increase in concentration level of effluent from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent concentration level (T3) the gradual but steady increased values for various seed quality parameters were recorded. Further increase in effluent concentration level recorded significant reduction in seed quality of maize. Though T1 (control) recorded the highest (94.50%) germination the 5 per cent effluent concentration T3 recorded 91.25 per cent germination and was on par with T1. Among various seed quality parameters it is observed that T3 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level for the maize seeds by recording 12.18, 8.16 and 20.34 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 1856 seedling vigour index, 0.254 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 41.73 speed of germination, 0.537 Bartletts germination rate index and 26.25 per cent first count of germination. The 100 per cent effluent concentration treatment (T8) recorded significantly lowest values for the above seed quality attributes.
Table 4.07. Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent on seed quality of Sorghum
Treatments
Germination (%) 98.00 (82.05) 97.50 (81.20) 96.25 (79.01) 89.50 (71.15) 81.25 (64.38) 70.25 (56.98) 62.50 (52.27) 59.50 (50.50) 81.85 (67.19) 0.85 3.39
Root length (cm) 21.26 21.32 21.13 22.25 20.14 18.25 17.26 16.24 19.73
Shoot length (cm) 8.15 8.81 9.25 9.53 7.57 6.53 6.24 5.23 7.66
Bartletts germination rate index 0.258 0.251 0.244 0.237 0.225 0.217 0.215 0.213 0.232
First count of germination (%) 26.25 25.50 23.25 20.00 17.25 17.00 16.25 14.50 20.00
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Mean
42.25 41.00 40.50 41.00 34.00 30.75 29.75 25.25 35.56
For comparing means of S Em CD at 1% 0.03 0.13 0.06 0.26 0.07 0.30 21 83 0.001 0.005 1.05 4.17 0.002 0.009 1.17 4.64
Table 4.08. Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent on seed quality of Paddy
Germination (%) 97.50 (81.20) 96.25 (78.94) 95.75 (78.35) 94.50 (76.54) 88.50 (70.23) 81.50 (64.58) 75.25 (60.21) 68.50 (55.89) 87.22 (70.74) 0.98 3.87
Root length (cm) 16.14 16.24 17.26 18.16 14.18 13.26 12.12 9.32 14.59 0.06 0.23
Shoot length (cm) 8.27 8.74 8.88 9.13 7.24 7.18 6.64 6.15 7.78 0.11 0.45
For comparing means of 6.98 23 0.002 27.62 90 0.006 T5 25 % effluent concentration T6 50 % effluent concentration T7 75 % effluent concentration
T1 0 % effluent concentration T2 2.5 % effluent concentration T3 5 % effluent concentration
T4 10 % effluent concentration
Table 4.09. Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent on seed quality of Wheat Germination (%) 90.50 (72.11) 89.25 (70.94) 87.75 (69.56) 81.50 (64.57) 70.50 (57.14) 66.50 (54.66) 54.50 (47.61) 40.50 (39.54) 72.63 (59.52) 0.58 2.29 Root length (cm) 9.26 9.59 8.35 7.69 6.52 5.25 4.30 3.29 6.78 0.08 0.33 Shoot length (cm) 4.48 4.26 4.15 3.28 2.15 1.24 1.13 0.00 2.59 0.07 0.27 Seedling length (cm) 13.75 13.85 12.49 10.97 8.67 6.48 5.43 3.29 9.36 Seedling vigour index 1244 1207 1205 948 693 516 348 174 792 Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) 0.265 0.271 0.254 0.242 0.233 0.225 0.213 0.210 0.239 Speed of germination 37.45 35.54 30.29 28.24 23.70 18.14 15.24 9.85 24.80 0.13 0.53 Bartletts germination rate index 0.675 0.652 0.645 0.635 0.624 0.617 0.613 0.584 0.630 0.002 0.010 First count of germination (%) 26.50 25.75 22.50 19.50 17.25 14.50 13.50 11.25 18.84 0.72 2.85
Table 4.10. Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent on seed quality of Bajra
Germination (%) 95.50 (77.89) 94.25 (76.27) 81.50 (64.57) 78.25 (62.25) 76.50 (61.04) 65.25 (53.91) 60.75 (51.24) 55.50 (48.18) 75.94 (61.92) 0.74 2.94
Root length (cm) 16.25 16.87 15.30 14.79 13.46 12.24 12.17 9.74 13.85 0.12 0.49
Shoot length (cm) 8.27 8.38 7.24 6.26 5.25 5.19 4.18 3.29 6.01 0.05 0.21
Table 4.11. Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka milk federation- Dharwad effluent on seed quality of Maize
Germination (%) 94.50 (76.54) 93.50 (75.32) 91.25 (72.86) 89.75 (71.41) 81.50 (64.57) 72.25 (58.25) 60.50 (51.09) 50.50 (45.31) 79.22 (64.42) 0.72 2.87
Root length (cm) 10.93 11.26 12.18 9.25 7.26 6.15 5.55 4.26 8.35 0.07 0.29
Shoot length (cm) 8.27 8.53 8.16 7.14 5.33 4.89 3.25 3.15 6.09 0.16 0.64
4.1.3.2 Seed quality of sorghum

The data pertaining to seed quality of sorghum as influenced by different effluent concentrations of Karnataka Milk Federation Dharwad are presented in Table 4.12. With increase in concentration level from 0 (T1) to 10 per cent (T4) gradual but steady increase in various seed quality characteristics were noticed. Beyond 10 per cent effluent concentration level there is a significant reduction in seed quality of sorghum. By observing the values of all the seed quality parameters T4 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad for sorghum seeds by recording 22.47, 9.95 and 31.74 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2881 seedling vigour index, 0.363 (g/10 seedling) seedling dry weight, 38.53 speed of germination 0.236 Bartletts germination rate index, 23.25 per cent first count of germination and 93.50 per cent germination and this treatment level was on par with 5 per cent level (T3).
4.1.3.3 Seed quality of paddy

The data pertaining to seed quality of paddy as influenced by different concentrations of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent are presented in Table 4.13. It is found that with increase in concentration level from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent (T3) gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were recorded, Beyond 5 per cent effluent concentration level recorded significant reduction in seed quality of paddy. Though T1 recorded the highest (94.25%) germination the 5 per cent concentration level (T3) treatment recorded 92.00 per cent germination and was on par with T1. Looking to the other seed quality parameters T3 is found to be optimum effluent concentration level for paddy by recording 19.21, 9.85 and 29.06 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2582 seedling vigour index, 0.205 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 16.30 speed of germination, 0.343 Bartletts germination rate index and 24.75 per cent first count of germination.
4.1.3.4 Seed quality of wheat

The data on seed quality of wheat as influenced by different concentrations of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent are presented in Table 4.14. It is observed that with increase in concentration level of effluent from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent (T3) the gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters was recorded. Further increase in effluent concentration level recorded significant reduction in seed quality of wheat. By observing the other seed quality attributes, it is found that T3 emerged as optimum effluent concentration level for wheat seeds by recording 87.25 per cent germination, 8.26, 3.27 and 11.53 cm of root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 1206 seedling vigour index, 0.273 (g/10 seedlings) seedlings dry weight, 28.26 speed of germination, 0.659 Bartletts germination rate index and 27.75 per cent first count of germination.
4.1.3.5 Seed quality of bajra

The data related to seed quality of bajra as influenced by different concentrations of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent are presented in Table 4.15. With increase in concentration level effluent from 0 (T1) to 2.5 per cent (T2) the gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were recorded. Beyond 2.5 per cent concentration level significant reduction seed quality of bajra were recorded. Though (T1) recorded highest (94.50%) germination, the 2.5 per cent effluent concentration level (T2) recorded 92.25 per cent germination and was on par with (T1). Looking to other seed quality attributes it is found that T2 emerged as optimum effluent concentration level for bajra seeds by recording 17.81, 8.72 and 26.53 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2349 seedling vigour index, 0.345 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 32.26 speed of germination, 0.364 Bartletts germination rate index and 26.00 per cent first count of germination. Ultimately 100 per cent concentration treatment (T8) recorded significantly least values for all the above seed quality parameters.
Table 4.12. Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent on seed quality of Sorghum
Germination (%) 96.00 (78.59) 95.25 (77.54) 94.00 (75.98) 93.50 (75.32) 80.50 (63.84) 79.50 (63.12) 71.50 (57.77) 60.50 (51.09) 83.84 (67.91) 0.82 3.26
Root length (cm) 20.21 21.16 21.56 22.47 19.32 18.50 17.60 16.15 19.62 0.10 0.40
Shoot length (cm) 8.55 9.24 9.56 9.95 7.35 7.24 6.15 6.15 8.02 0.02 0.06
Seedling length (cm) 29.17 30.41 30.71 31.74 28.08 25.76 23.86 22.48
Seedling vigour index 2799 2806 2848 2881 2513 2113 1769 1447
Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) 0.343 0.348 0.355 0.363 0.333 0.326 0.322 0.314
41.59 41.25 40.25 38.53 36.95 36.27 34.23 32.45 37.69 0.11 0.45
27.77 2397 0.338 For comparing means of 0.40 33 0.003 1.59 131 0.010 T5 25 % effluent concentration T6 50 % effluent concentration T7 75 % effluent concentration T8 100 % effluent concentration
Table 4.13. Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent on seed quality of Paddy
Germination (%) 94.25 (76.23) 93.50 (75.32) 92.00 (73.68) 82.50 (65.31) 76.50 (61.04) 71.50 (57.77) 65.75 (54.21) 58.50 (49.92) 79.31 (64.19) 0.73 2.87
Root length (cm) 18.25 18.22 19.21 20.17 14.26 11.15 10.26 9.94 15.18 0.06 0.23
Shoot length (cm) 8.97 9.73 9.85 6.45 6.12 5.25 4.88 4.43 6.96 0.07 0.30
For comparing means of 0.084 21 0.002 0.33 83 0.007 T5 25 % effluent concentration T6 50 % effluent concentration T7 75 % effluent concentration T8 100 % effluent concentration
Table 4.14. Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka milk federation- Dharwad effluent on seed quality of Wheat Germination (%) 94.50 (76.54) 93.75 (75.67) 87.25 (69.12) 81.50 (64.57) 77.25 (61.56) 66.50 (54.66) 55.50 (48.18) 45.50 (42.44) 75.22 (61.59) 0.75 2.98 Root length (cm) 9.28 10.55 8.26 7.14 6.26 5.39 5.13 4.33 7.04 0.06 0.26 Shoot length (cm) 4.31 4.78 3.27 3.22 2.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.23 0.07 0.29 Seedling length (cm) 13.58 15.33 11.53 10.36 8.54 5.39 5.13 4.33 9.27 Seedling vigour index 1284 1317 1206 936 728 416 299 234 802 Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) 0.283 0.276 0.273 0.264 0.135 0.115 0.948 0.635 0.366 Speed of germination 36.47 35.54 28.26 25.36 17.26 16.25 14.34 10.65 23.01 0.05 0.19 Bartletts germination rate index 0.674 0.667 0.659 0.646 0.613 0.584 0.554 0.534 0.616 0.002 0.010 First count of germination (%) 29.75 28.50 27.75 21.50 19.75 15.50 14.50 12.75 21.25 0.77 3.06
Table 4.15. Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka milk federation- Dharwad effluent on seed quality of Bajra
Germination (%) 94.50 (76.54) 92.25 (73.94) 83.50 (66.08) 75.25 (60.21) 71.50 (57.77) 66.50 (54.66) 63.50 (52.86) 52.25 (46.31) 74.91 (61.05) 0.70 2.77
Root length (cm) 16.75 17.81 15.23 14.90 12.25 11.12 10.26 9.23 13.44 0.03 0.11
Shoot length (cm) 8.28 8.72 7.16 6.28 5.12 4.59 4.33 3.13 5.95 0.03 0.12
4.1.4 Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary 4.1.4.1 Seed quality of Maize

The data related to seed quality of maize as influenced by different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent are presented in the Table 4.16. It is noticed that with increase in concentration level from 25 (T5) to 100 per cent (T8) there is significantly drastic reduction in seed quality of maize. Whereas up to 10 per cent concentration level of effluent, gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were observed. Though T1 (control) recorded the highest (96.25%) germination, the 5 per cent effluent concentration level T3 treatment recorded 94.50 per cent germination and was on par with T1. The 10 per cent effluent level (T4) recorded 93.50 per cent germination and was on par with T3. By observing to the other seed quality characteristics it is noticed that T4 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level for maize seeds by recording 13.19, 10.50 and 23.68 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2073 seedling vigour index, 0.214 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 42.27 speed of germination, 0.512 Bartletts germination rate index and 24.50 per cent first count of germination.

The data related to influence of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd, Bellary effluent concentrations on seed quality of sorghum are furnished in Table 4.17. With increasing concentration level from 0 (T1) to 10 per cent (T4) gradual but steady increase was seen for the various seed quality parameters. Beyond 10 per cent there is a significantly adverse effect on seed quality of sorghum. Though T1 recorded highest (98.00%) germination but the 10 per cent effluent recorded 96.25 per cent germination and was on par with T1. Among the various seed quality attributes it is found that T4 is found to be optimum effluent concentration level for sorghum seeds which recorded 22.54, 11.51 and 34.04 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 3192 seedling vigour index, 0.356 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 36.16 speed of germination, 0.235 Bartletts germination rate index and 24.25 per cent first count of germination. 100 per cent concentration of effluent (T8) recorded significantly lowest values for the above seed quality parameters.

The data pertaining to the seed quality of paddy as influenced by different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary effluent are given in Table 4.18. With increase in concentration level from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent (T3) gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were noticed. Further increase in effluent concentration level recorded significantly sharp reduction in seed quality of paddy and ultimately 100 per cent effluent concentration recorded significantly lowest values for all the seed quality parameters. By observing the other seed quality parameters, T3 treatment is found to be the optimum effluent concentration for paddy which recorded 88.00 per cent germination, 18.43, 9.60 and 28.03 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2180 seedling vigour index, 0.155 (g/10 seedling) seedling dry weight, 16.24 speed of germination, 0.295 Bartletts germination rate index and 24.00 per cent first count of germination.

The data on seed quality of wheat as influenced by different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent are presented in Table 4.19. Control recorded highest (94.50%) germination while the 2.5 concentration (T2) treatment recorded 92.50 per cent and was on par with T1. Looking to other seed quality parameters, it is noticed that T2 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level for wheat by recording 9.74, 4.81 and 14.55 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 1232 seedling vigour index, 0.275 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 35.64 speed of germination, 0.666 Bartletts germination index and 26.74 per cent first count of germination.
Table 4.16. Influence of different concentrations of Pampasagar distilleries Ltd. - Bellary effluent on seed quality of Maize
Germination (%) 96.25 (79.09) 95.50 (77.89) 94.50 (76.54) 93.50 (75.32) 90.50 (72.11) 81.25 (64.39) 72.50 (58.41) 60.50 (51.09) 85.56 (69.35) 0.89 3.54
Root length (cm) 11.25 12.27 12.41 13.19 12.55 8.13 8.50 7.25 10.69 0.05 0.20
Shoot length (cm) 9.59 10.15 10.28 10.50 7.24 5.68 6.23 5.13 8.10 0.77 3.07
Table 4.17. Influence of different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent on seed quality of Sorghum
Germination (%) 98.00 (82.05) 97.50 (80.99) 97.00 (80.14) 96.25 (79.54) 94.50 (76.49 83.25 (65.91) 71.50 (57.77) 66.75 (54.82) 88.09 (72.19) 1.01 4.01
Root length (cm) 21.26 21.39 22.28 22.54 19.23 18.13 16.25 15.28 19.54 0.34 1.35
Shoot length (cm) 10.15 10.56 11.25 11.51 10.00 8.14 7.41 7.36 9.54 0.22 0.87

The data related on seed quality of bajra as influenced by different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent are furnished in the Table 4.20. With increase in concentrations level from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent (T3) a gradual but steady increase in various seed quality characteristics were recorded. Beyond 5 per cent effluent concentrations noticed significantly drastic reduction in seed quality of bajra. By observing the various seed quality attributes it is found that T3 emerged as optimum effluent concentration for bajra seed by recording 91.50 per cent germination, 17.28, 9.45 and 26.73 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2126 seedling vigour index, 0.364 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 34.55 speed of germination, 0.395 Bartletts germination rate index and 26.25 per cent first count of germination. 100 per cent effluent concentration treatment (T8) recorded significantly least values for all the above mentioned seed quality attributes.
4.1.5 Sri Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt., Ltd, Garag 4.1.5.1 Seed quality of maize
The data pertaining to the seed quality of maize as influenced by different concentrations of Sri Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt., Ltd., Garag effluent are given in Table 4.21. It is noticed that increase in effluent concentration from 0 (T1) to 10 per cent (T4) a gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were noticed and with further increase in effluent concentration level, there was significant reduction in seed quality of maize. Ultimately 100 per cent effluent concentration treatment (T8) recorded significantly least values for all the seed quality parameters. Though T1 recorded the highest (94.25%) germination but the 5 per cent effluent concentration level (T3) recorded 92.50 per cent germination and 10 per cent (T4) level by recording 90.25 per cent germination was on par with T1. Observing all the seed quality parameters it is found that T4 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level for Sri Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag for maize seeds by recording 13.53, 10.27 and 23.79 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2109 seedling vigour index, 0.261 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 37.23 speed of germination, 0.516 Bartletts germination rate index and 22.75 per cent first count of germination.
4.1.5.2 Seed quality of sorghum

The data pertaining to seed quality of sorghum as influenced by different concentrations of Sri. Likshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt., Ltd, Garag effluent are presented in the Table 4.22. It is noticed that with increase in concentration level from 0 (T1) to 10 per cent (T4) the gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were recorded. Beyond 10 per cent effluent concentration level, there was a significant reduction in seed quality. Observing all the seed quality parameters it is found that T4 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration level of Sri. Lakshmi Naranyana Distilleries Pvt., Ltd., Garag for sorghum by recording 95.50 per cent germination, 22.56, 9.27 and 31.83 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 3030 seedling vigour index, 0.348 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 35.86 speed of germination, 0.243 Bartletts germination rate index and 26.25 per cent first count of germination.

The data on influence of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent concentrations on seed quality of paddy are given in Table 4.23. It is seen that with increase in concentration level of effluent from 10 (T4) to 100 per cent (T8) there is significantly drastic reduction in seed quality but a study increase in seed quality parameters were observed with effluent concentration level ranging from 0 (T1) to 5 per cent (T3).
Table 4.18. Influence of different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent on seed quality of Paddy
Germination (%) 96.50 (79.40) 95.00 (77.15) 88.00 (69.78) 81.00 (64.19) 76.00 (60.71) 71.75 (57.93) 65.75 (54.21) 61.25 (52.46) 72.52 (59.71) 0.62 2.47
Root length (cm) 17.20 17.33 18.43 15.13 14.25 13.18 12.25 11.18 14.87 0.10 0.39
Shoot length (cm) 8.80 8.75 9.60 7.13 6.90 6.65 5.55 5.25 7.33 0.08 0.32
Table 4.19. Influence of different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent on seed quality of Wheat
Treatments
Germination (%)
Root length (cm)
Shoot length (cm)
Seedling length (cm)
Seedling vigour index
Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings)
Bartletts germination rate index
First count of germination (%)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Mean S Em CD at 1%
94.50 (76.54) 92.50 (74.19) 88.25 (70.02) 81.50 (64.57) 74.75 (59.87) 64.25 (53.31) 56.50 (48.76) 48.00 (43.88) 75.03 (61.39) 0.68 2.69
9.15 9.74 7.49 7.18 6.81 5.23 4.34 3.34 6.66 0.08 0.32
4.53 4.81 3.12 3.15 2.25 2.14 1.26 0.00 2.66 0.07 0.30
13.68 14.55 10.61 10.33 9.06 7.37 5.59 3.34 9.31
1268 1232 1048 795 606 495 311 208 745
0.286 0.275 0.273 0.265 0.135 0.116 0.948 0.635 0.366
36.53 35.64 28.24 25.35 17.24 16.25 14.35 10.54 23.02 0.04 0.17
0.674 0.666 0.656 0.584 0.554 0.545 0.536 0.433 0.581 0.002 0.010
27.25 26.74 25.26 24.25 21.46 19.75 16.26 15.27 22.03 0.10 0.43
For comparing means of 0.12 12.43 0.006 0.46 49.17 0.020 T5 25 % effluent concentration T6 50 % effluent concentration T7 75 % effluent concentration
Table 4.20. Influence of different concentrations of Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary effluent on seed quality of Bajra
Germination (%) 92.75 (74.44) 92.75 (74.50) 91.50 (73.14) 81.00 (64.20) 76.50 (61.04) 67.25 (55.12) 67.25 (55.12) 61.75 (51.83) 78.84 (63.67) 0.69 2.76
Root length (cm) 16.28 16.80 17.28 14.92 12.28 11.25 10.45 9.36 13.58 0.02 0.08
Shoot length (cm) 9.28 9.29 9.45 8.25 6.29 5.32 4.12 3.58 6.95 0.03 0.12
Table 4.21. Influence of different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent on seed quality of Maize
Germination (%) 94.25 (76.27) 93.50 (75.32) 92.50 (74.19) 90.25 (71.89) 87.75 (69.58) 71.50 (57.77) 62.50 (52.27) 59.75 (50.65) 81.50 (65.99) 0.81 3.21
Root length (cm) 11.26 12.14 12.54 13.53 9.31 8.14 7.36 6.59 10.11 0.09 0.38
Shoot length (cm) 9.17 9.59 10.16 10.27 8.19 7.26 6.49 5.25 8.29 0.05 0.18
Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) 0.233 0.250 0.253 0.261 0.212 0.208 0.193 0.183 0.224 0.003 0.013
Table 4.22. Influence of different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent on seed quality of Sorghum
Germination (%) 97.75 (81.59) 96.75 (80.00) 95.75 (78.35) 95.50 (78.06) 93.75 (75.63) 88.25 (70.02) 80.25 (63.65) 72.25 (58.26) 90.03 (73.19) 1.25 4.98
Root length (cm) 21.14 21.78 22.39 22.56 19.90 18.88 17.72 17.76 20.27 0.56 2.23
Shoot length (cm) 8.96 9.25 9.15 9.27 8.76 7.26 6.26 6.33 8.15 0.37 1.47
Table 4.23. Influence of different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent on seed quality of Paddy
Germination (%) 97.25 (80.85) 96.25 (78.94) 95.50 (77.89) 84.25 (66.67) 78.00 (62.07) 71.25 (57.61) 67.25 (55.12) 61.50 (51.68) 81.41 (66.35) 0.88 3.50
Root length (cm) 17.28 17.65 18.60 14.20 13.20 12.13 11.05 9.80 14.24 0.09 0.37
Shoot length (cm) 8.63 8.83 9.73 6.85 5.73 5.53 4.25 3.55 6.63 0.08 0.33
For comparing means of 0.15 21 0.001 0.58 83 0.006 T5 25 % effluent concentration T6 50 % effluent concentration T7 75 % effluent concentration
Though T1 recorded the highest (97.25%) germination the 5 per cent effluent concentration level (T3) treatment recorded 95.50 per cent germination and was on par with T1. Looking to other seed quality parameters it is noticed that T3 is the optimum level for the paddy which recorded 18.60, 9.73 and 28.33 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2582 seedling vigour index, 0.195 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 18.39 speed of germination, 0.195 Bartletts germination rate index and 24.25 per cent first count of germination.

The data on seed quality of wheat as influenced by different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent are presented in the Table 4.24. With increase in concentration from 0 to 5 per cent the gradual but steady increase in various seed quality parameters were noticed. Further increase in effluent concentration level noticed significant reduction in seed quality of wheat. By observing various seed quality attributes it is found that T3 emerged as the optimum effluent concentration for wheat seeds by recording 91.25 per cent germination, 10.25, 5.13 and 15.38 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 1354 seedling vigour index, 0.268 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 35.63 speed of germination, 0.674 Bartletts germination rate index and 24.75 per cent first count of germination.

The data on seed quality of Bajra as influenced by different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Naranyana Distilleries Pvt., Ltd., Garag effluent are presented in the Table 4.25. Looking to the various seed quality parameters it is found that T3 emerged as optimum effluent concentration level for bajra seeds by recording 91.25 per cent germination, 16.78, 10.28 and 27.06 cm root length, shoot length and seedling length respectively, 2443 seedling vigour index, 0.375 (g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, 35.76 speed of germination, 0.353 Bartletts germination rate index and 26.50 per cent first count of germination.
4.2 Experiment-II: Varietal response to industrial effluents on seed quality

4.2.1 Seed quality of maize 4.2.1.1 Germination percentage
The original and arcsine transformed data on germination percentage as influenced by industrial effluents on maize varieties are presented in Table 4.26. Irrespective of maize varieties, non-significant differences on germination were noticed among the Industrial effluents. Irrespective of industrial effluents germination percentage recorded non significant difference among the verities. Interaction between E x V was also not significant on germination percentage. However an average of 91.87 per cent germination was recorded.

The data on root length (cm) as influenced by industrial effluents on maize variation are presented in Table 4.26. Irrespective of maize varieties Sri. Laxmi Narayana Distilleries, Garag (E5) recorded significantly the highest root length (13.54 cm) while West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli recorded significantly least (10.90 cm) value. Irrespective of industrial effluents root length didnt recorded any significant difference among the varieties. Irrespective between E x V recorded significant difference on root length. The Sri. Laxmi Narayan Distilleries, Garag in all varieties recorded higher root length which was followed by Pumpsagar Distilleries, Bellary and both were on par with each other whereas West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli recorded least root length in all the varieties.
Table 4.24. Influence of different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent on seed quality of Wheat
Germination (%) 93.50 (75.32) 92.50 (74.19) 91.25 (72.85) 85.00 (67.25) 80.50 (63.84) 71.50 (57.77) 62.50 (52.27) 55.50 (48.18) 79.03 (63.96) 0.59 2.33
Root length (cm) 9.19 9.52 10.25 7.75 6.18 5.26 4.37 3.12 6.95 0.089 0.35
Shoot length (cm) 4.25 4.77 5.13 4.13 3.40 3.26 0.00 0.00 3.12 0.051 0.20
Table 4.25. Influence of different concentrations of Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent on seed quality of Bajra
Germination (%) 94.50 (76.54) 92.25 (73.89) 91.25 (72.86) 82.50 (65.31) 81.25 (64.38) 78.25 (62.24) 71.50 (57.77) 61.75 (51.82) 81.66 (65.60) 0.56 2.21
Root length (cm) 15.25 16.21 16.78 14.92 11.59 10.24 10.45 8.34 12.97 0.02 0.10
Shoot length (cm) 9.83 9.95 10.28 8.21 6.45 5.32 4.15 3.21 7.17 0.02 0.08
Table 4.26. Maize varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage, root length (cm) and shoot length (cm)
Effluents (E) V1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV 94.50 ( 76.49 89.75 (71.37) 90.75 (72.33) 93.50 (75.28) 90.75 (72.33) 91.85 (73.56) V2 95.50 (77.81) 88.50 (70.22) 92.50 (74.15) 93.75 (75.57) 91.25 (72.84) 92.30 (74.12) S Em 19.02 19.02 42.53
Germination (%) Varieties(V) V3 V4 94.75 (76.80) 88.75 (70.44) 92.75 (74.42) 93.50 (75.28) 88.75 (70.44) 91.70 (73.48) 95.25 (77.46) 87.75 (69.55) 91.75 (73.35) 92.75 (74.42) 91.50 (73.09) 91.80 (73.58) V5 94.25 (76.17) 87.75 (69.55) 92.75 (74.42) 92.25 (73.88) 91.50 (73.09) 91.70 (73.42) CD at 1 % NS NS NS Mean 94.85 (76.95) 88.50 (70.23) 92.10 (73.74) 93.15 (74.89) 90.75 (72.36) 91.87 (73.63) V1 10.92 11.28 12.18 13.18 13.53 12.22 V2 10.93 11.29 12.16 13.23 13.55 12.23 S Em 0.30 0.30 0.66
Root length (cm) Varieties(V) V3 V4 10.89 11.24 12.15 13.18 13.55 12.20 10.91 11.23 12.14 13.16 13.56 12.20 V5 10.86 11.25 12.13 13.18 13.52 12.19 CD at 1 % 1.11 NS 2.48 Mean 10.90 11.26 12.15 13.19 13.54 12.21 V1 11.51 9.66 8.16 10.54 10.27 10.03 V2 11.54 9.64 8.14 10.53 10.28 10.03
Shoot length (cm) Varieties(V) V3 V4 11.52 9.65 8.14 10.53 10.24 10.02 11.54 9.68 8.13 10.51 10.25 10.02 V5 11.52 9.69 8.15 10.56 10.27 10.04 CD at 1 % 0.80 NS 1.78 Mean 11.53 9.66 8.14 10.53 10.26 10.03
S Em 0.21 0.21 0.48
NS Non significant * Figures in the parentheses indicate arcsine transformed values Effluents (E) Varieties (V) E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli -5 per cent effluent concentration V1 DSV-2 E2- Shreyas Plastics, Gadag -5 per cent effluent concentration V2 570 E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad -10 per cent effluent concentration V3 CSV-216 E4- Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary 10 per cent effluent concentration V4 SPV-489 E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag -10 per cent effluent concentration V5 CSH-14

The data pertaining to shoot length as influenced by industrial effluents in maize varieties are presented in Table 4.26. Irrespective of maize varieties West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (E1) effluent recorded significantly the highest (11.53 cm) shoot length while the significantly least (8.14 cm) shoot length was recorded by Karnataka Milk Federation (E3). Irrespective of industrial effluents shoot length didnt recorded any significant difference among the varieties. Interaction between E X V recorded significant difference on shoot length. The West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent in all the varieties recorded higher values of shoot length whereas Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad recorded lesser values of shoot length in all the varieties.

The data on seedling length as influenced by industrial effluents on maize variation are presented in Table 4.27. Irrespective of maize varieties, Pampasagar Distillery, Bellary (E4) effluent recorded significantly highest (24.25 cm) seedling length while least length (20.30 cm) was recorded by Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (E3). Irrespective of the industrial effluents seedling length recorded non significant values among varieties. Interaction between E X V also exhibited non significant differences.

The data related to seedling vigour index as influenced by industrial effluents on maize varieties are presented in Table 4.27. Irrespective of maize varieties Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary recorded significantly highest (2259) seedling vigour index while significantly least (1852) seedling vigour index was noticed by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag (E2). Irrespective of industrial effluents, non significant differences on seedling vigour index was noticed among varieties. Interaction between E X V recorded non significant difference on seedling vigour index.

The data on seedling dry weight as influenced by industrial effluents on maize varieties are presented in Table 4.27. Irrespective of maize varieties West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (E1) effluent recorded significantly highest dry weight (0.325g) while significantly lowest (0.217g) was recorded by Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary (E4). Irrespective of industrial effluents among the varieties V2 and V3 both recorded significantly highest (0.266 g/10 seedlings) and significantly lowest (0.256g/10 seedlings) seedling dray weight was recorded by V5 variety. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on seedling dry weight. The West Coast Paper Mills Dandeli effluent in all the varieties recorded higher value of seedling dry weight where as Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary effluent recorded lesser values of seedling dry weight in all the varieties.

The data on speed of germination as influenced by industrial effluents in maize varieties are presented in Table 4.28. Irrespective by maize varieties West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli recorded significantly highest (44.36) speed of germination while significantly lowest (37.27) speed of germination was recorded by Sri Lakshmi Narayan Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag (E5). Non significant values on speed of germination were recorded among the varieties.
Table 4.27. Maize varietal response to different industrial effluents for Seedling length (cm), seedling vigour index and seedling dry weight (g/10seedlings)
Seedling length (cm) Effluents (E) V1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV 22.43 20.94 20.34 23.72 23.80 22.25 V2 22.48 20.93 20.30 23.76 23.83 22.26 S Em 0.24 0.24 0.53 Varieties(V) V3 22.41 20.90 20.29 26.34 23.79 22.74 V4 22.45 20.91 20.27 23.68 23.81 22.22 V5 22.38 20.94 20.29 23.73 23.79 22.23 CD at 1 % 0.88 NS NS Mean 22.43 20.92 20.30 24.25 23.80 22.80 V1 2120 1879 1846 2218 2160 2045 V2 2146 1852 1877 2227 2174 2055 S Em 22.61 22.61 50.55 Seedling vigour index Varieties(V) V3 2123 1854 1882 2464 2111 2087 V4 2138 1835 1860 2196 2178 2041 V5 2109 1838 1881 2189 2177 2039 CD at 1 % 84.50 NS NS Mean 2127 1852 1869 2259 2160 2053 V1 0.325 0.262 0.255 0.214 0.262 0.263 V2 0.326 0.265 0.257 0.219 0.262 0.266 S Em 0.001 0.001 0.002 Seedling dry weight (g/10seedlings) Varieties(V) V3 0.328 0.264 0.252 0.218 0.267 0.266 V4 0.321 0.264 0.253 0.219 0.262 0.264 V5 0.325 0.264 0.215 0.218 0.261 0.256 CD at 1 % 0.0007 0.0007 0.0016 Mean 0.325 0.264 0.246 0.217 0.263 0.263
NS Non significant Effluents (E) E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli -5 per cent effluent concentration E2- Shreyas Plastics, Gadag -5 per cent effluent concentration E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad -10 per cent effluent concentration E4- Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary 10 per cent effluent concentration E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag -10 per cent effluent concentration
Varieties (V) V1 DSV-2 V2 570 V3 CSV-216 V4 SPV-489 V5 CSH-14
The data on interaction between E x V recorded non significant differences on speed of germination.

The data related to Bartletts germination rate index as influenced by industrial effluents in maize varieties are presented in Table 4.28. Irrespective of maize varieties, Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (E3) effluent recorded highest (0.534) Bartletts germination rate index while the significantly least (0.514) was recorded by Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary (E4) Irrespective of industrial effluents Bartletts germination rate index were highest (0.522) and lowest (0.516)) respectively with V5 and V1varieties. Interaction between E x V was significant. Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (E3) in all the varieties recorded higher Bartletts germination rate index. Whereas the Shreyas Plastics, Gadag recorded lower values of Bartletts germination rate index in all the varieties.
4.2.1.9 First count of germination (%)

The data pertaining to first count of germination as influenced by industrial effluents on maize varieties are presented in Table 4.28. Irrespective of maize varieties West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (E1) effluent noticed significantly highest (27.10 %) first count of germination and least (22.25 %) by Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag (E5). Irrespective of industrial effluents first count of germination recorded significant differences among the varieties. It was maximum (25.15 %) and minimum (24.40 %) in V5 and V4 varieties respectively. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant difference on first count of germination. The West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli in all the varieties recorded higher values of first count of germination whereas Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag recorded less values of first count of germination in all the varieties.
4.2.2 Seed quality of sorghum 4.2.2.1 Germination percentage

The original and arcsine transformed data on germination percentage as influenced by industrial effluents on sorghum varieties are given in Table 4.29. Irrespective of sorghum varieties, Shreyas Plastics, Gadag (E2) effluent recorded significantly highest (96.60 %) germination while the significantly least (93.80 %) was recorded by Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (E3). Irrespective of industrial effluents germination percentage recorded the significant differences among the varieties. It was highest (96.15 %) with V3 and least (95.45 %) with V1 and V2 varieties respectively. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on germination. The Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent in all the varieties recorded higher germination percentage where as Karnataka Milk Federation., Dharwad recorded least germination in all the varieties.

The data on root length as influenced by industrial effluents on sorghum varieties are presented in the Table 4.29. Root length did not exhibit any significant variations among industrial effluents, verities and also between their interactions.

The data related to shoot length as influenced by industrial effluents in sorghum varieties are furnished in table 4.29. Irrespective of sorghum varieties Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary effluent noticed significantly highest (11.55 cm) shoot length and least (8.95 cm) shoot length was recorded by West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (E1).
Table 4.28. Maize varietal response to different industrial effluents for speed of germination, Bartletts germination rate index and First count of germination(%) Speed of germination Effluents (E) V1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV 44.36 41.73 41.73 42.27 37.24 41.47 V2 44.34 41.78 41.72 42.29 37.30 41.49 S Em 0.07 0.07 0.15 Varieties(V) V3 44.35 41.75 41.73 42.25 37.26 41.47 V4 44.39 41.74 41.78 42.26 37.28 41.49 V5 44.34 42.54 41.76 42.25 37.27 41.63 CD at 1 % 0.25 NS NS Mean 44.36 41.91 41.74 42.26 37.27 41.51 V1 0.518 0.515 0.518 0.512 0.515 0.516 V2 0.515 0.516 0.538 0.516 0.517 0.520 S Em 0.002 0.002 0.004 Bartletts germination rate index Varieties(V) V3 0.517 0.513 0.539 0.511 0.518 0.520 V4 0.519 0.517 0.538 0.516 0.514 0.521 V5 0.521 0.519 0.536 0.515 0.519 0.522 CD at 1 % 0.001 0.001 0.002 Mean 0.518 0.516 0.534 0.514 0.517 0.519 V1 27.00 23.25 26.25 24.50 22.75 24.75 V2 27.50 23.50 26.75 24.75 21.25 24.75 S Em 0.14 0.14 0.31 First count of germination (%) Varieties(V) V3 27.75 22.75 26.50 25.50 22.75 25.05 V4 26.75 23.50 26.00 24.50 21.25 24.40 V5 26.50 24.50 26.75 24.75 23.25 25.15 CD at 1 % 0.52 0.52 1.17 Mean 27.10 23.50 26.45 24.80 22.25 24.82
Table 4.29. Sorghum varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage, root length (cm) and shoot length (cm)
Germination (%) Effluents (E) V1 96.25 (78.89) 95.75 (78.16) 93.50 (75.30) 96.25 (78.89) 95.50 (77.81) 95.45 (77.81) V2 97.50 (80.99) 96.50 (79.28) 93.25 (74.99) 95.50 (77.81) 94.50 (76.49) 95.45 (77.91) S Em 0.18 0.18 0.40 Varieties(V) V3 96.25 (78.89) 97.75 (81.45) 94.25 (76.17) 96.75 (79.68) 95.75 (78.16) 96.15 (78.87) V4 95.75 (78.16) 96.25 (78.89) 93.50 (75.28) 97.75 (81.45) 96.75 (79.68) 96.00 (78.69) V5 96.75 (79.68) 96.75 (79.68) 94.50 (76.49) 95.75 (78.16) 96.50 (79.28) 96.05 (78.66) CD at 1 % 0.50 0.50 1.12 Mean 96.50 (79.32) 96.60 (79.49) 93.80 (75.64) 96.40 (79.20) 95.80 (78.28) 95.82 (78.39) V1 22.15 22.14 22.47 22.54 22.54 22.37 V2 22.18 22.15 22.48 22.57 22.53 22.38 S Em
Root length (cm) Varieties(V) V3 22.15 22.18 22.45 22.53 22.57 22.38 V4 22.14 21.16 22.44 22.57 22.55 22.17 V5 22.17 21.14 22.47 22.52 22.55 22.17 Mean 22.16 21.75 22.46 22.54 22.55 22.07 V1 8.96 8.25 9.96 11.52 9.27 9.59 V2 8.95 9.26 9.94 11.53 9.25 9.79
Shoot length (cm) Varieties(V) V3 8.94 9.22 9.97 11.55 9.25 9.79 V4 8.93 9.28 9.93 11.57 9.24 9.79 V5 8.96 9.24 9.97 11.58 9.23 9.80 CD at 1 % 0.007 0.007 0.015 Mean 8.95 9.05 9.95 11.55 9.25 9.75
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV
CD at 1 % NS NS NS
S Em 0.002 0.002 0.004
0.50 0.50 1.12
NS Non significant * Figures in the parentheses indicate arcsine transformed values Effluents (E) Varieties (V) E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli -5 per cent effluent concentration V1 DSV-2 E2- Shreyas Plastics, Gadag -5 per cent effluent concentration V2 570 E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad -10 per cent effluent concentration V3 CSV-216 E4- Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary 10 per cent effluent concentration V4 SPV-489 E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag -10 per cent effluent concentration V5 CSH-14
Irrespective of industrial effluents significantly shoot length was highest (9.80 cm) in V5 and least (9.59 cm) in V1, varieties respectively. Interaction effect between E x V recorded, significant difference on shoot length. The Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary effluent in all the varieties recorded higher shoot length (11.52, 11.53, 11.55, 11.57 and 11.58 cm) whereas Shreyas Plastics, Gadag recorded lesser shoot length (8.96, 8.95, 8.94, 8.93 and 8.96 cm) in V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5 varieties respectively.

The data pertaining to the seedling length as influenced by industrial effluents on sorghum varieties are given in Table 4.30. Irrespective of sorghum varieties, Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary noticed significantly higher (34.10 cm) seedling length while the least (30.81 cm) length was recorded by the Shreyas Plastics, Gadag (E2). Irrespective of industrial effluents significantly highest seedling length (32.17 cm) in were recorded V2 and V3 and lowest (31.96 cm) in V1 and V4 varieties. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on seedling length. The Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary in all the varieties recorded higher seedling length (34.06, 34.09, 34.12, 34.14 and 34.10 cm) where as Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad recorded least seedling length (30.39, 31.41, 31.40, 30.44 and 30.38 cm) in V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5 varieties respectively.

The data on seedling vigour index as influenced by industrial effluents on sorghum varieties are presented in Table 4.30. Irrespective of sorghum varieties, Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary effluent noticed significantly highest 3287 vigour index while significantly least (2976) value was recorded by Shryas Plastics Gadag (E2). Irrespective of industrial effluents vigour index recorded non significant differences among the varieties. Interaction between E X V exhibited non significant difference on seedling vigour index.

The data pertaining to seedling dry weight as influenced by industrial effluents on sorghum varieties are presented in Table 4.30. Irrespective of sorghum varieties, Shreyas Plastics, Gadag and Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad noticed significantly highest (0.364 g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight while the significantly least (0.335 g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight was recorded by West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (E1). Irrespective of industrial effluents significantly highest (0.355 g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight was recorded by V4 variety. Interaction between E X V recorded significant differences on seedling dry weight. The interaction treatment involving E2V4 recorded maximum seedling dry weight (0.369 g/10 seedlings) and least weight (0.333 g/10 seedlings) with E1V2 interaction treatment.

The data pertaining to speed of germination as influenced by industrial effluents on sorghum varieties are presented in Table 4.31. Irrespective of sorghum varieties, West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (E1) recorded significantly highest (41.26) speed of germination while least (35.87) was in Sri. Laxmi Narayan Distilleries, Garag (E5). Irrespective of industrial effluents non-significant differences on speed of germination among the varieties were noticed. Interaction between E X V recorded significance difference on speed of germination. The West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli in all the varieties recorded higher values of speed of
Table 4.30. Sorghum varietal response to different industrial effluents for Seedling length (cm), seedling vigour index and seedling dry weight (g/10seedlings) Seedling length (cm) Effluents (E) E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV V1 31.11 30.39 32.44 34.06 31.81 31.96 V2 31.13 31.41 32.42 34.09 31.78 32.17 S Em 0.004 0.004 0.01 Varieties(V) V3 31.09 31.40 32.42 34.12 31.82 32.17 V4 31.07 30.44 32.37 34.14 31.79 31.96 V5 31.13 30.38 32.44 34.10 31.78 31.97 Mean 31.11 30.81 32.42 34.10 31.80 32.05 V1 2994 2910 2842 3278 3038 3012 V2 3035 3031 3023 3256 3003 3070 S Em 17 17 38 Seedling vigour index Varieties(V) V3 2992 3070 3055 3301 3047 3093 V4 2975 2930 3027 3337 3076 3069 V5 3012 2939 3066 3265 3067 3070 Mean 3002 2976 3003 3287 3046 3062 V1 0.334 0.363 0.362 0.359 0.348 0.353 V2 0.333 0.363 0.368 0.352 0.349 0.353 S Em 0.0003 0.0003 0.001 Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) Varieties(V) V3 0.338 0.362 0.365 0.357 0.342 0.353 V4 0.335 0.369 0.365 0.358 0.346 0.355 V5 0.336 0.366 0.363 0.355 0.349 0.354 CD at 1 % 0.001 0.001 0.002 Mean 0.335 0.364 0.364 0.356 0.347 0.353
CD at 1 % 0.02 0.02 0.04
CD at 1 % 63 NS NS
Table 4.31.
Sorghum varietal response to different industrial effluents for speed of germination, Bartletts germination rate index and First count of germination (%) Speed of germination Bartletts germination rate index Varieties(V) V5 41.29 40.57 40.27 36.12 35.88 38.83 CD at 1 % 0.03 NS 0.06 Mean 41.26 40.54 40.27 36.14 35.87 38.82 V1 0.244 0.244 0.237 0.235 0.243 0.241 V2 0.245 0.247 0.237 0.232 0.242 0.241 S Em 0.0002 0.0002 0.001 V3 0.247 0.248 0.233 0.234 0.246 0.242 V4 0.244 0.246 0.235 0.237 0.246 0.242 V5 0.242 0.242 0.233 0.236 0.248 0.240 CD at 1 % 0.001 0.001 0.002 Mean 0.245 0.245 0.235 0.235 0.245 0.241 V1 27.75 23.75 23.50 24.25 27.75 25.40 V2 27.25 24.50 23.50 25.25 26.75 25.45 S Em 0.15 0.15 0.33 First count of germination (%) Varieties(V) V3 26.50 23.75 24.75 25.50 25.50 25.20 V4 26.50 23.50 24.50 24.25 25.75 24.90 V5 27.75 23.75 24.75 26.75 25.50 25.70 CD at 1 % 0.56 0.56 1.24 Mean 27.15 23.85 24.20 25.20 26.25 25.33
Effluents (E) V1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV 41.26 40.51 40.33 36.15 35.86 38.82 V2 41.26 40.53 40.24 36.18 35.89 38.82 S Em 0.01 0.01 0.02
Varieties(V) V3 41.23 40.57 40.21 36.14 35.87 38.81 V4 41.27 40.52 40.28 36.12 35.87 38.81
Table 4.32. Paddy varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage, root length (cm) and shoot length (cm)
Germination (%) Effluents (E) E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV V1 94.50 (76.49) 94.50 (76.49) 92.00 (73.64) 88.00 (69.78) 95.50 (77.81) 92.90 (74.84) V2 95.75 (78.16) 96.75 (79.68) 92.75 (74.42) 87.50 (69.33) 95.75 (78.16) 93.70 (75.95) S Em 0.16 0.16 0.36 Varieties(V) V3 95.50 (77.81) 95.25 (77.46) 93.50 (75.28) 87.75 (69.55) 96.75 (79.68) 93.75 (75.96) V4 95.75 (78.16) 96.50 (79.28) 92.50 (74.15) 88.25 (69.99) 95.75 (78.16) 93.75 (75.95) V5 94.75 (76.80) 95.50 (77.81) 94.50 (76.49) 87.75 (69.55) 96.25 (78.89) 93.75 (75.91) CD at 1 % 0.60 0.60 1.34 Mean 95.25 (77.48) 95.70 (78.14) 93.05 (74.80) 87.85 (69.64) 96.00 (78.54) 93.57 (75.72) V1 18.96 18.15 19.21 18.43 18.60 18.67 V2 18.98 18.14 19.23 18.43 18.64 18.68 S Em 0.002 0.002 0.004
Root length (cm) Varieties(V) V3 18.95 18.12 19.25 18.46 18.68 18.69 V4 18.95 18.16 19.28 18.43 18.62 18.69 V5 18.94 18.14 19.29 18.49 18.68 18.70 CD at 1 % 0.01 0.01 0.02 Mean 18.96 18.14 19.25 18.45 18.64 18.69 V1 10.26 9.13 9.85 9.62 9.75 9.72 V2 10.27 9.14 9.83 9.64 9.77 9.73
Shoot length (cm) Varieties(V) V3 10.29 9.16 9.86 9.63 9.72 9.73 V4 10.25 9.18 9.86 9.64 9.75 9.73 V5 10.24 9.15 9.85 9.67 9.78 9.74 CD at 1 % 0.01 0.01 0.02 Mean 10.26 9.15 9.85 9.64 9.75 9.73
S Em 0.002 0.002 0.005
* Figures in the parentheses indicate arcsine transformed values Effluents (E) E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli -5 per cent effluent concentration E2- Shreyas Plastics, Gadag -5 per cent effluent concentration E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad -10 per cent effluent concentration E4- Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary 10 per cent effluent concentration E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag -10 per cent effluent concentration
germination whereas lower speed of germination, in all the varieties were with Sri. Lasmi Narayana Distilleries, Garag.

The data related to Bartletts germination rate index as influenced by industrial effluents in sorghum varieties are presented in Table 4.31. Irrespective of sorghum varieties, West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli, Shreyas Plastics, Gadag and Sri Laxmi Narayana Distilleries,Pvt. Ltd., Garag recorded significantly highest (0.245) Bartletts germination rate index. While, the lowest (0.235) index was recorded, by Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (E3) and Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary (E4). Irrespective of industrial effluents significantly least (0.240) Bartletts germination rate index was recorded by V5 variety. Interaction between E X V recorded significant difference on Bartletts germination rate index, Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad and Pampasagar, Distilleries- Bellary effluents recorded less values of Bartletts germination rate index in all the varieties.

The data pertaining to first count of germination as influenced by different industrial effluents on sorghum varieties are presented in Table 4.31. Irrespective of sorghum varieties West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli recorded highest (27.15 %) first count of germination while the significantly least (23.85 %) was recorded by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag. Irrespective of industrial effluents V5 Variety recorded highest (25.70 %) first count of germination and lowest (24.90 %) by V5 variety. Interaction between E X V recorded significant differences on first count of germination. West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli in all the varieties recorded higher values of first count of germination, whereas Shreyas Plastic, Gadag noticed lesser values of first count of germination in all the varieties.
4.2.3 Seed quality of paddy 4.2.3.1 Germination percentage

The original and arcsine transformed data on germination percentage as influenced by industrial effluents on paddy varieties are presented in Table 4.32. Irrespective of paddy varieties Sri Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent recorded significantly the highest (96.00 %) germination and least (87.85 %) with Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary (E4). Irrespective of industrial effluents significantly least (92.90 %) germination was recorded by Rasi (V1) variety of paddy. Interaction effect noticed significant variation among the treatments. Pampasagar Distilleries Bellary recorded least germination values in all the varieties.

The data on root length as influenced by industrial effluents on paddy varieties are presented in Table 4.32. Irrespective of paddy varieties, Karnataka Milk Federation-Dharwad recorded significantly highest (19.25 cm) root length whiles significantly least length (18.14 cm) was recorded by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag (E2). Irrespective of industrial effluents, root length recorded significant differences among the varieties. It was highest (18.70 cm) and lowest (18.67 cm) in Jaya (V5) and Rasi (V1) varieties respectively. Interaction between E X V recorded significant differences in root length. The Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent noticed higher values of root length whereas Shreyas Plastics, Gadag noticed least values of root length in all the varieties.

The data pertaining to shoot length as influenced by industrial effluents on paddy varieties are presented in Table 4.32. Irrespective of paddy varieties, West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli recorded significantly highest (10.26 cm) shoot length while the significantly least (9.15cm) was recorded by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag (E2). Irrespective of industrial effluents, shoot length recorded significant differences among the varieties. It was highest (9.74 cm) in Jaya (V5) variety and least (9.72cm) in Rasi (V1) variety. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on root length. The West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli noticed highest values (10.26, 10.27, 10.29, 10.25 and 10.24 cm) where as Shreay Plastics, Gadag noticed least values (9.13, 9.14, 9.16, 9.18 and 9.15 cm) of root length in Rasi, BPT-520, Uma, MTU-101 and Jaya paddy varieties respectively.

The data on seedling length as influenced by industrial effluents on paddy varieties are presented in Table 4.33. Irrespective of paddy varieties West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli noticed significantly highest (29.22 cm) seedling length while the significantly lowest (27.29 cm) seedling length was noticed by Shreyas plastics Gadag (E2). Irrespective of industrial effluents seedling length recorded significant difference among the varieties. It was highest (28.44 cm) in V5 and lowest (28.39 cm) in V1 varieties respectively. Interaction between E X V recorded significant difference on seedling length. West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli noticed higher values of seedling length whereas Shreyas Plastic, Gadag noticed least values of seedling length in all the varieties.

The data related to seedling vigour index as influenced by industrial effluents on paddy varieties are presented in Table 4.33. Irrespective of paddy varieties, West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli recorded significantly highest (2783) seedling vigour index while significantly lowest (2467) seedling vigour index was recorded by Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary (E4). Irrespective of industrial effluents seedling vigour index was significantly maximum (2667) in Jaya (V5) variety while it was minimum (2638) in Rasi (V1) variety. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on seedling vigour index. West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli noticed higher values of seedling vigour indices whereas Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary noticed lower values of seedling vigour indices in all the varieties.

The data pertaining to seedling dry weight as influenced by industrial effluents in paddy varieties are presented in Table 4.33. Among the industrial effluents Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad noticed significantly the highest (0.205g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight while the lowest (0.155 g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight was noticed by Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary. Irrespective of industrial effluents much variation was not noticed in seedling dry weight among the varieties. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on seedling dry weight. The Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad noticed the highest seedling dry weight where as Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary, noticed significantly least values of total seedling dry weight in all the varieties.

The data related to speed of germination as influenced by industrial effluents on paddy varieties are presented in Table 4.34.
Table 4.33. Paddy varietal response to different industrial effluents for Seedling length (cm), seedling vigour index and seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) Seedling length (cm) Effluents (E) V1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV 29.22 27.28 29.06 28.05 28.35 28.39 V2 29.25 27.28 29.06 28.06 28.41 28.41 S Em 0.003 0.003 0.01 Varieties(V) V3 29.24 27.28 29.11 28.09 28.40 28.42 V4 29.20 27.34 29.14 28.07 28.37 28.42 V5 29.18 27.29 29.14 28.16 28.46 28.44 CD at 1 % 0.01 0.01 0.03 Mean 29.22 27.29 29.10 28.09 28.40 28.42 V1 2761 2578 2674 2468 2707 2638 V2 2801 2639 2695 2455 2720 2662 S Em 4 4 8 Seedling vigour index Varieties(V) V3 2793 2598 2721 2465 2748 2665 V4 2795 2638 2695 2477 2716 2664 V5 2764 2606 2753 2471 2739 2667 Mean 2783 2612 2708 2467 2726 2659 V1 0.185 0.185 0.205 0.156 0.195 0.185 V2 0.186 0.184 0.205 0.154 0.198 0.185 S Em 0.0002 0.0002 0.001 Varieties (V) V1 DSV-2 V2 570 V3 CSV-216 V4 SPV-489 V5 CSH-14 Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) Varieties(V) V3 0.188 0.185 0.202 0.158 0.195 0.186 V4 0.182 0.186 0.207 0.153 0.192 0.184 V5 0.183 0.187 0.206 0.156 0.196 0.185 CD at 1 % 0.001 0.001 0.002 Mean 0.185 0.185 0.205 0.155 0.195 0.185
CD at 1 % 14 14 31
Effluents (E) E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli -5 per cent effluent concentration E2- Shreyas Plastics, Gadag -5 per cent effluent concentration E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad -10 per cent effluent concentration E4- Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary 10 per cent effluent concentration E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag -10 per cent effluent concentration
Table 4.34. Paddy varietal response to different industrial effluents for speed of germination, Bartletts germination rate index and First count of germination (%) Speed of germination Effluents (E) V1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV 13.73 14.58 16.29 16.29 18.24 15.83 V2 13.78 14.55 16.50 16.28 18.28 15.88 S Em Varieties(V) V3 13.77 14.54 16.38 16.25 18.31 15.85 V4 13.75 14.53 16.38 16.22 18.23 15.82 V5 13.74 14.58 16.24 18.26 18.25 16.21 Mean 13.75 14.56 16.36 16.66 18.26 15.92 V1 0.345 0.367 0.343 0.295 0.186 0.307 V2 0.342 0.362 0.348 0.296 0.196 0.309 S Em Bartletts germination rate index Varieties(V) V3 0.348 0.369 0.346 0.291 0.197 0.310 V4 0.346 0.365 0.342 0.296 0.196 0.309 V5 0.347 0.368 0.348 0.292 0.194 0.310 Mean 0.345 0.366 0.345 0.294 0.194 0.309 V1 21.75 21.50 24.75 24.50 24.50 23.40 V2 21.25 21.75 24.50 24.75 24.75 23.40 S Em First count of germination (%) Varieties(V) V3 22.50 21.50 24.25 24.50 24.50 23.45 V4 20.25 21.25 24.50 25.75 24.50 23.25 V5 21.75 21.75 24.75 24.25 23.25 23.15 Mean 21.50 21.55 24.55 24.75 24.30 23.33
CD at 1 %
CD at 1 %
CD at 1 %
0.02 0.02 0.04
0.06 0.06 0.14
0.001 0.001 0.002
0.003 NS 0.01
0.12 0.12 0.27 Varieties (V) V1 DSV-2 V2 570 V3 CSV-216 V4 SPV-489 V5 CSH-14
0.44 NS 0.99
Irrespective of paddy varieties among the industrial effluents, Sri. Lakshmi Narayanar Distilleries, Bellary noticed significantly highest (18.26) speed of germination and the significantly lowest (13.75) speed of germination was recorded by West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli. Among the paddy varieties, significantly the highest (16.21) speed of germination was recorded by Jaya (V5) paddy variety and lowest (15.82) in MTU-101 variety. Interaction effect of E x V recorded, significant difference with regard to speed of germination. West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli noticed maximum values of speed of germination whereas Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary noticed minimum value of speed of germination in all the varieties.

The data pertaining Bartletts germination rate index as influenced by industrial effluents on paddy varieties are presented Table 4.34. Among the varieties, Shreyas Plastics, Gadag noticed significantly highest the (0.366) Bartletts germination rate index while significantly lowest (0.194) Bartletts germination rate index was noticed by Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd. (E5). Irrespective of the industrial effluents Bartletts germination rate index didnt recorded any significant difference among the varieties. Interaction effect between E x V noticed, significant differences on Bartletts germination rate index. Shreyas Plastics, Gadag noticed highest values of Bartletts germination rate index whereas Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag recorded least values of Bartletts germination rate index in all the varieties.

The data on first count of germination as influenced by industrial effluents on paddy varieties are presented in Table 4.34. Irrespective of paddy varieties Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary and West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli noticed significantly highest (24.75 %) and lowest (21.50 %) first count of germination respectively. Paddy varieties did not exhibit significant difference on speed of germination irrespective of industrial effluents. In the interaction between E x V the treatment combination, E4V4 recorded highest (25.75 %) speed of germination and lowest (20.25 %) was recorded by treatment E1V4.
4.2.3 Seed quality of wheat 4.2.3.1 Germination percentage

The original and arcsine transformed data on germination percentage as influenced by industrial effluents on wheat varieties are presented in Table 4.35. Irrespective of wheat varieties Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary recorded significantly highest (92.55 %) while least (86.60 %) was recorded by West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli. Among the varieties, germination was significantly the highest (90.30 %) in V5 variety and lowest (88.75 %) both in V4 and V2 varieties. Interaction effect between E x V recorded, significant differences on germination. The Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary recorded significantly highest values while least values were recorded by West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli in all the varieties.

The data related to root length as influenced by industrial effluents in wheat varieties are presented in Table 4.35. Irrespective of the wheat varieties Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag (E5) and Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (E3) recorded significantly the highest (10.26 cm) and lowest (8.26 cm) root length respectively. Irrespective of the industrial influents varieties didnt record any significant differences in root length.
Table 4.35. Wheat varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination, root length (cm) and shoot length(cm) Germination (%) Effluents (E) V1 87.50 (69.33) 87.75 (66.55) 87.50 (69.33) 92.75 (74.42) 91.25 (72.84) 89.35 (71.10) V2 87.75 (69.55) 85.75 (67.86) 86.25 (68.27) 92.50 (74.15) 91.50 (73.09) 88.75 (70.59) S Em 0.12 0.12 0.28 Varieties(V) V3 85.75 (67.86) 87.25 (69.12) 86.75 (68.69) 92.75 (74.42) 91.50 (73.09) 88.80 (70.64) V4 85.75 (67.86) 87.25 (69.12) 86.75 (68.69) 92.25 (73.88) 91.75 (73.35) 88.75 (70.58) V5 86.25 (68.27) 88.75 (70.44) 92.50 (74.15) 92.50 (74.15) 91.50 (73.09) 90.30 (72.02) CD at 1 % 0.46 0.46 1.03 Mean 86.60 (68.58) 87.35 (69.22) 87.95 (69.83) 92.55 (74.21) 91.50 (73.09) 89.19 (70.08) V1 9.99 8.35 8.26 9.75 10.26 9.32 V2 9.99 8.36 8.24 9.79 10.23 9.32 S Em 0.002 0.002 0.004 Root length (cm) Varieties(V) V3 9.96 8.38 8.28 9.76 10.27 9.33 V4 9.96 8.37 8.23 9.75 10.29 9.32 V5 9.97 8.39 8.28 9.75 10.27 9.33 CD at 1 % 0.01 NS 0.01 Mean 9.97 8.37 8.26 9.76 10.26 9.32 V1 4.48 4.15 3.28 4.82 5.13 4.37 Shoot length (cm) Varieties(V) V2 4.47 4.13 3.29 4.88 5.15 4.38 S Em 0.002 0.002 0.004 V3 4.42 4.15 3.25 4.87 5.12 4.36 V4 4.45 4.18 3.29 4.85 5.17 4.39 V5 4.49 4.12 3.25 4.87 5.13 4.37 Mean 4.46 4.15 3.27 4.86 5.14 4.38
CD at 1 % 0.01 0.01 0.02
NS Non significant * Figures in the parentheses indicate arcsine transformed values Effluents (E) Varieties (V) E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli -5 per cent effluent concentration V1 DSV-2 E2- Shreyas Plastics, Gadag -5 per cent effluent concentration V2 570 E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad -10 per cent effluent concentration V3 CSV-216 V4 SPV-489 E4- Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary 10 per cent effluent concentration E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag -10 per cent effluent concentration V5 CSH-14
Interaction between E X V recorded significant differences on root length. Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag recorded higher values of root length where as Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad recorded least values of root length in all the varieties.

The data related to shoot length as influenced by industrial effluents in wheat varieties are presented in Table 4.35. Irrespective of wheat varieties, Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag recorded significantly highest (5.14 cm) shoot length while Karnataka Milk Federation Dharwad recorded significantly lowest (3.27 cm) shoot length. Irrespective of industrial effluents shoot length was significantly highest (4.39 cm) in V4 wheat variety and lowest (4.36) in V3 variety. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant difference on shoot length. Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag recorded higher values of shoot length where as Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad recorded lower shoot length in all the varieties.

The data related to seedling length as influenced by industrial effluents in wheat varieties are presented in Table 4.36. Irrespective of the wheat varieties Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Gadag recorded significantly the highest (15.40 cm) seedling length while significantly lowest (11.53 cm) seedling length was recorded by Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (E3). Among the wheat varieties seedling length was significantly highest (13.71cm) in V4 variety and lowest (13.69 cm) in V1variety. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on seedling length. Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries, Gadag recorded the highest values of seedling length where as Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad recorded lowest seedling length in all the varieties.

The data on seedling vigour index as influenced by industrial effluents on wheat varieties are presented in Table 4.36. Irrespective of wheat varieties Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Gadag recorded significantly highest (1409) vigour index and lowest (1014) seedling vigour index was recorded by Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad. Among the varieties seedling vigour index was significantly maximum (1237) in V5 variety and minimum (1218) in V3 variety. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on seedling vigour index. Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Gadag recorded higher values of seedling vigour indices in all the varieties.

The data pertaining to seedling dry weight as influenced by industrial effluents on wheat varieties are furnished in Table 4.36. Irrespective of wheat varieties, West Cost Paper Mills, Dandeli, Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad and Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary all recorded significantly highest (0.276 g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight, while least (0.255 g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight was recorded by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag (E2). Irrespective of industrial effluents to seedling dry weight was significantly highest (0.272 g/10 seedlings) in V4 wheat variety and lower (0.268 g/10 seedlings) in V5variety. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on seedling dry weight. West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli, Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad and Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary have recorded significantly highest values of seedling dry weight in all the varieties whereas Shreyas Plastics, Gadag has recorded significantly the least values in all the varieties.
Table 4.36. Wheat varietal response to different industrial effluents for Seedling length (cm), Seedling vigour index and seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) Seedling length (cm) Effluents (E) V1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV 14.47 12.50 11.54 14.57 15.39 13.69 V2 14.46 12.49 11.53 14.66 15.38 13.70 S Em Varieties(V) V3 14.38 12.53 11.53 14.63 15.39 13.69 V4 14.41 12.55 11.52 14.60 15.46 13.71 V5 14.46 12.51 11.53 14.62 15.40 13.70 Mean 14.44 12.52 11.53 14.62 15.40 13.70 V1 1266 1097 1009 1351 1404 1225 V2 1269 1071 994 1356 1407 1219 S Em Seedling vigour index Varieties(V) V3 1233 1093 1000 1357 1408 1218 V4 1236 1095 999 1347 1418 1219 V5 1247 1110 1066 1352 1409 1237 Mean 1250 1093 1014 1353 1409 1223 V1 0.277 0.254 0.273 0.278 0.265 0.269 V2 0.278 0.253 0.278 0.275 0.264 0.269 S Em Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) Varieties(V) V3 0.275 0.254 0.276 0.271 0.265 0.268 V4 0.276 0.264 0.277 0.276 0.266 0.272 V5 0.274 0.251 0.275 0.278 0.261 0.268 Mean 0.276 0.255 0.276 0.276 0.264 0.269
CD at 1 %
CD at 1 %
CD at 1 %
0.002 0.002 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.02
1.70 1.70 3.81
6 6 14
0.003 0.003 0.01

The data pertaining to speed of germination as influenced by industrial effluents on wheat varieties are presented in Table 4.37. Irrespective of wheat varieties, Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary recorded significantly highest (35.96) speed of germination while significantly least (28.27) value was recorded by Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad. Irrespective of industrial effluents, the values on speed of germination recorded non significant differences among the varieties. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on speed of germination. Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary recorded significantly highest values whereas Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad recorded significantly least values in the all varieties.

The data related to Bartletts germination rate index as influenced by industrial effluents in wheat varieties are furnished in Table 4.37. Irrespective of wheat varieties, West Cost Paper Mills, Dandeli, recorded significantly highest (0.676) Bartletts germination rate index while least (0.645) Bartletts germination rate index was recorded by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag. Irrespective of industrial effluents Bartletts germination rate index was significantly highest (0.665) in V2 variety and lowest (0.633) was recorded by V3, V4 and V5 varieties. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on Bartletts germination rate index. Significantly least values on Bartletts germination rate index were recorded by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag in all the varieties.

The data pertaining to first count of germination as influenced by industrial effluents are presented in Table 4.37. Irrespective of wheat varieties, Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad recorded significantly the highest (26.35 %) first count of germination where as significantly least (22.65 %) first count of germination was recorded by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag. Irrespective of industrial effluents first count of germination exhibited non significant differences among the varieties. Interaction effect of E x V was significant on first count of germination. Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad recorded significantly highest values where as significantly least values were recorded by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag in all the varieties.
4.2.5 Seed quality of Bajra 4.2.5.1 Germination percentage

The data pertaining to germination percentage as influenced by industrial effluents in bajra varieties are presented in Table 4.38. Irrespective of bajra varieties Shreyas Plastics, Gadag (E2) and West Cost Paper Mills, Dandeli, (E1) recorded significantly highest (95.50 %) and lowest (86.95 %) germination respectively. Irrespective of the industrial effluents germination percentage was significantly highest (92.40 %) in V1 bajra variety and lowest (91.35 %) in V3variety. Interaction between E x V recorded, significant differences on germination percentage. Shreyas Plastics, Gadag and West Cost Paper Mills, Dandeli, recorded significantly higher and lower values of germination respectively in all the varieties.

In data related to root length as influenced by industrial effluents on bajra varieties are presented in Table 4.38.
Table 4.37. Wheat varietal response to different industrial effluents for speed of germination, Bartletts germination rate index and First count of germination (%) Speed of germination Effluents (E) V1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV 33.76 30.28 28.26 35.65 35.63 32.71 V2 33.78 30.25 28.28 37.18 35.68 33.04 S Em 0.08 0.08 0.18 Varieties(V) V3 33.76 30.32 28.24 35.68 35.64 32.73 V4 33.79 30.23 28.28 35.62 35.63 32.71 V5 33.74 30.26 28.29 35.68 35.93 32.78 Mean 33.77 30.27 28.27 35.96 35.70 32.79 V1 0.675 0.645 0.659 0.666 0.675 0.664 V2 0.679 0.648 0.658 0.664 0.674 0.665 S Em 0.0002 0.0002 0.0004 Bartletts germination rate index Varieties(V) V3 0.678 0.643 0.654 0.663 0.679 0.663 V4 0.672 0.642 0.659 0.669 0.674 0.663 V5 0.675 0.648 0.654 0.665 0.674 0.663 CD at 1 % 0.001 0.001 0.002 Mean 0.676 0.645 0.657 0.665 0.675 0.664 V1 25.25 22.50 27.25 26.75 24.75 25.30 V2 25.75 22.75 27.25 26.25 22.75 24.95 S Em 0.12 0.12 0.27 First count of germination (%) Varieties(V) V3 26.75 22.75 25.50 25.50 24.25 24.95 V4 25.75 22.75 26.25 25.75 25.00 25.10 V5 25.75 22.50 25.50 25.25 25.75 24.95 CD at 1 % 0.44 NS 0.99 Mean 25.85 22.65 26.35 25.90 24.50 25.05
CD at 1 % 0.30 NS 0.67
Table 4.38. Bajra varietal response to different industrial effluents for Germination (%), Root length (cm) and Shoot length (cm) Germination (%) Effluents (E) V1 87.50 (69.33) 94.25 (76.17) 92.50 (75.15) 91.50 (73.09) 91.25 (72.84) 91.40 (73.17) V2 86.75 (68.70) 94.75 (76.80) 93.50 (75.30) 91.75 (73.35) 91.75 (73.35) 91.70 (73.50) S Em 0.15 0.15 0.34 Varieties(V) V3 87.25 (69.12) 95.25 (77.46) 92.00 (73.62) 90.75 (72.33) 91.50 (73.09) 91.35 (73.13) V4 86.50 (68.48) 96.00 (78.55) 92.50 (74.15) 91.25 (72.84) 91.75 (73.35) 91.60 (73.43) V5 86.75 (68.69) 97.25 (80.53) 94.25 (76.17) 92.50 (74.15) 91.25 (72.84) 92.40 (74.48) CD at 1 % 0.56 0.56 1.26 Mean 86.95 (68.86) 95.50 (77.90) 92.95 (74.68) 91.55 (73.15) 91.50 (73.09) 93.82 (73.54) V1 17.52 16.88 17.82 17.28 17.78 17.46 V2 17.52 16.84 17.82 17.26 16.76 17.24 S Em 0.003 0.003 0.01 Root length (cm) Varieties(V) V3 17.58 16.83 17.88 17.25 16.76 17.26 V4 17.49 16.89 17.82 17.29 16.78 17.25 V5 17.56 16.84 17.86 17.25 16.76 17.26 CD at 1 % 0.01 0.01 0.02 Mean 17.53 16.86 17.84 17.27 16.97 17.29 V1 9.58 8.38 8.74 9.46 10.27 9.28 V2 9.53 8.37 8.75 9.45 10.26 9.27 S Em 0.23 3.58 2.25 Shoot length (cm) Varieties(V) V3 9.56 8.35 8.75 9.42 10.26 9.27 V4 9.57 8.39 8.76 9.48 10.28 9.29 V5 9.54 8.32 8.73 9.46 10.25 9.26 CD at 1 % 0.86 NS NS Mean 9.55 8.36 8.75 9.45 10.26 9.27
NS Non significant * Figures in the parentheses indicate arcsine transformed values Effluents (E) Varieties (V) E1- West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli -5 per cent effluent concentration V1 DSV-2 V2 570 E2- Shreyas Plastics, Gadag -5 per cent effluent concentration E3- Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad -10 per cent effluent concentration V3 CSV-216 E4- Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary 10 per cent effluent concentration V4 SPV-489 E5- Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag -10 per cent effluent concentration V5 CSH-14
Irrespective of bajra varieties, Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad recorded significantly the highest (17.84 cm) root length whereas lowest (16.86 cm) root length was recorded by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag. Irrespective of industrial effluents, shoot length was significantly maximum (17.46 cm) in (V1) bajra variety while it was minimum (17.24 cm) in V2. Interaction effect of E x V was significant on root length. Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent recorded highest root length where as Shreyas Plastics, Gadag recorded least root length in all the varieties.

The data pertaining to shoot length as influenced by industrial effluents in bajra varieties are presented in Table 4.38. Irrespective of bajra varieties Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd. Garag recorded significantly the highest (10.26 cm) shoot length and while significantly lowest (8.36 cm) shoot length was recorded by the Shreyas Plastic, Gadag (E2). Irrespective of industrial effluents varieties exhibited non significant difference on shoot length. Interaction between E x V recorded non significant differences on shoot length.

The data pertaining to seedling length as influenced by industrial effluents on bajra varieties are presented in Table 4.39. Irrespective of bajra varieties, Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag noticed significantly highest (27.23 cm) seedling length whereas significantly lowest (25.22 cm) seedling length was recorded by Shreyas Plastics, Garag. Irrespective of the industrial effluents, seedling length recorded significantly highest (26.74 cm) in V1 bajra variety and lowest (26.51 cm) in V2 variety. Interaction effect of E x V was significant on seedling length. Sri Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag recorded the highest seedling length where as Shreyas Plastic, Garag recorded least values of seedling length in all the varieties.

The data on seedling vigour index as influenced by industrial effluents on bajra varieties are presented in Table 4.39. Irrespective of bajra varieties, Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag recorded significantly highest (2492) seedling vigour index while lowest was (2355) recorded by West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (E1). Irrespective of industrial effluents, seedling vigour index was significantly highest (2448) in V5 bajra variety and lowest (2422) in V3. Interaction between E X V recorded, significant differences on seedling vigour index. Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag recorded highest values of seedling vigour indices where as West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli recorded significantly lowest values of seedling vigour indices in all the varieties.

The data pertaining to seedling dry weight as influenced by industrial effluents on bajra varieties are presented in Table 4.39. Irrespective of bajra varieties Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag noticed significantly highest (0.376 g/10 seedlings) seedling dry weight while significantly lowest (0.336 g/10 seedlings) weight was recorded by both West Coast Paper Mills- Dandeli (E1) and Shreyas Plastics, Gadag (E2). Irrespective of industrial effluents seedling dry weight was significantly highest (0.353 g/10 seedlings) in V2 variety and lowest (0.351 g/10 seedlings) in both V1 and V3 varieties. Interaction effect of E x V was significant on seedling dry weight. Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag recorded highest seedling dry weight where as West
Table 4.39. Bajra varietal response to different industrial effluents for seedling length(cm), seedling vigour index and seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) Seedling length (cm) Effluents (E) V1 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV 27.09 25.26 26.56 26.74 28.06 26.74 V2 27.05 25.22 26.58 26.70 27.01 26.51 S Em Varieties(V) V3 27.15 25.18 26.62 26.67 27.02 26.53 V4 27.05 25.28 26.58 26.76 27.06 26.55 V5 27.10 25.17 26.59 26.71 27.01 26.52 Mean 27.09 25.22 26.59 26.72 27.23 26.57 V1 2371 2381 2457 2447 2560 2443 V2 2347 2389 2485 2450 2478 2430 S Em Seedling vigour index Varieties(V) V3 2368 2398 2449 2420 2472 2422 V4 2340 2427 2458 2442 2483 2430 V5 2351 2447 2506 2471 2465 2448 Mean 2355 2408 2471 2446 2492 2434 V1 0.335 0.335 0.345 0.365 0.375 0.351 V2 0.338 0.338 0.348 0.363 0.378 0.353 S Em Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings) Varieties(V) V3 0.335 0.339 0.346 0.362 0.375 0.351 V4 0.334 0.334 0.342 0.369 0.379 0.352 V5 0.338 0.333 0.348 0.368 0.375 0.352 Mean 0.336 0.336 0.346 0.365 0.376 0.351
CD at 1 %
CD at 1 %
CD at 1 %
0.003 0.003 0.01
0.01 0.01 0.03
3.62 3.62 8.10
13.54 13.54 30.28
0.001 0.001 0.002
Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli and Shreyas Plastics, Gadag recorded least values in all the varieties.

The data pertaining to speed of germination as influenced by industrial effluents on bajra varieties are presented in Table 4.40. Irrespective of bajra varieties Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag noticed significantly highest (34.76) speed of germination while it was significantly lowest (32.26) in Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad (E3). Irrespective of industrial effluents speed of germination recorded non significant values among varieties. Interaction between E X V noticed significant differences on speed of germination. Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Garag noticed highest values whereas Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad recorded least values in all the varieties.

The data pertaining to Bartletts germination rate index as influenced by industrial effluences on bajra varieties are presented in Table 4.40. Irrespective of bajra varieties, Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary recorded significantly highest (0.395) while West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli (E1) recorded the lowest (0.355). Irrespective of industrial effluents, Bartletts germination rate index didnt recorded any significant differences among the varieties. In the interaction between E x V on Bartletts germination rate index, Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary recorded highest values whereas West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli recorded least values in all the varieties.
4.2.5.9 First count of germination

The data on first count of germination as influenced by different industrial effluents are presented in Table 4.40. Irrespective of bajra variation, Shreyas Plastic, Gadag noticed significantly highest (27.20) and significantly lowest (24.95) by West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli. Irrespective industrial effluents, speed of germination recorded significantly higher (26.25) in (CO1) and lower (24.15) by HC-4. Interaction effect of E x V recorded significant difference on first count of germination Shreyas Plastics, Gadag recorded the highest values and lowest values by West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli in all the varieties.
Table 4.40. Bajra varietal response to different industrial effluents for speed of germination, Bartletts germination rate index and First count of germination (%) Speed of Germination Effluents (E) E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 Mean For comparing means of E V ExV V1 32.85 33.27 32.25 34.56 34.76 33.54 V2 32.89 33.25 32.27 34.58 34.75 33.55 S. Em 0.003 0.003 0.01 Varieties(V) V3 32.84 33.28 32.24 34.57 34.78 33.54 V4 32.88 33.25 32.26 34.58 34.74 33.54 V5 32.85 33.22 32.28 34.55 34.78 33.54 CD at 1 % 0.01 NS 0.03 Mean 32.86 33.25 32.26 34.57 34.76 V1 0.353 0.386 0.368 0.396 0.375 0.375 V2 0.356 0.385 0.367 0.397 0.373 0.376 S. Em 0.0003 0.0003 0.001 Bartletts germination rate index Varieties(V) V3 0.351 0.387 0.368 0.394 0.378 0.376 V4 0.358 0.385 0.368 0.392 0.369 0.375 V5 0.358 0.384 0.368 0.397 0.374 0.376 CD at 1 % 0.001 NS 0.003 Mean 0.355 0.385 0.368 0.395 0.374 0.375 V1 25.00 27.50 26.00 26.25 26.50 26.25 First count of germination (%) Varieties(V) V2 25.50 27.50 27.25 25.50 25.50 26.25 S. Em 0.15 0.15 0.35 Varieties (V) V1 DSV-2 V2 570 V3 CSV-216 V4 SPV-489 V5 CSH-14 V3 25.25 27.75 26.75 25.50 25.25 26.10 V4 24.75 27.50 25.75 24.50 26.25 25.75 V5 24.25 25.75 25.50 24.50 25.75 25.15 CD at 1 % 0.58 0.58 1.29 Mean 24.95 27.20 26.25 25.25 25.85 25.90
5. DISCUSSION
The results of the laboratory experiments conducted to know the effect of industrial effect on seed quality of cereal crops are discussed in this chapter in line with findings of earlier researchers.
5.1 Influence of industrial effluent concentrations on seed quality of cereal crops

5.1.1 West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli
Paper effluents in addition to being well known air pollutant also create a greater amount of water pollution. The effluents contains compounds like wood sugars, cellular fisher, legumin, spent chemicals which impart high biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and other organic and inorganic fractions. The direct disposal of these effluents will cause harmful effect on the ecosystem. In the present study, with increase in concentration level of effluent from 0 to 10 per cent for maize and paddy and from 0 to 5 per cent for sorghum, wheat and Bajra gradual but steady increase in seed quality parameters were observed. There after further increase in effluent concentration causes deleterious effect on seed quality parameters in all the cereal crops and 100 per cent effluent concentration recorded least values for all the seed quality parameters (Fig. 5.01). Consequently, 5 per cent concentration of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli has emerged as optimum concentration of industrial effluents for sorghum (Table 4.02), wheat (Table 4.04) and Bajra (Table 4.05) whereas 10 per cent concentration emerged as optimum for maize (Table 4.01) and paddy (Table 4.03). This study clearly indicated that up to certain limit, there is positive correlation between seed quality and concentration of the effluents. Beyond that, there is a negative correlationship between effluents and seed quality parameters. This might be because the West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli is largely composed of total dissolved solids (716 mg/1), COD (174 mg/l), chloride (268 mg/l), EC (1101 mhos/cm) and other plant nutrients. When the effluents are diluted in different concentrations, the toxicity of the above composition goes on declining and at a optimum concentration, better utilization of nutrients takes place. Beyond that optimum concentration increase in toxicity causes reduction in seed quality parameters. The lesser amounts of suspended and dissolved solids resulted in lesser biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) which helps to increase the germination and its relative parameters. These results are in agreement with earlier reports of Rajanan and Oblisami (1979) in Rice, Black gram and Tomato. The similar results were also revealed by Elarajan et al., 2006 in rice seedlings.
5.1.2 Shreyas Plastics, Gadag

Plastic effluents are dark brown in colour and have ammonical odour, the effluents contain excess of BOD, COD, EC, dissolved solids and considerable amounts of plant nutrients. The direct disposal of the effluents in to agricultural land will cause the deleterious effect on crop plants. Therefore there is a need of dilution or treatment of effluents in order to protect the ecosystem and to avoid the water scarcity. In the present study, with increase in concentration level of effluent, from 0 to 5 per cent for maize, sorghum and wheat and from 0 to 10 per cent for paddy and from 0 to 2.5 per cent for bajra there is a gradual but steady increase in seed quality parameters. But further increase in effluent concentration causes tremendous decrease of seed quality parameters in all the 5 cereal crops and finally 100 per cent (raw) effluent recorded lowest values for all the seed quality parameters (Fig. 5.02). So, 5 per cent concentration for maize (Table 4.06), sorghum (Table 4.07) and wheat (Table (4.09), 10 per cent concentration for paddy (Table 4.08) and 2.5 per cent concentration for bajra (Table 4.10) has emerged as optimum concentrations for Shreyas Plastics, Gadag effluent . Shreyas Plastics, Garag effluents is composed of dissolved solids, has high biologically oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and EC which resulted in variation in seed quality parameters to different levels of effluent concentrations. This particular effluent has got highest (1765) EC. According to Dhevagi and Oblisami (2000) the presence of lower concentrations of major organic nutrients and higher EC has negative correlation with the
Maize 100 95 90 85 Germination (%) 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 T1 T2
Sorghum
Paddy
Wheat
Bajra
LEGEND T1 0% effluint concentration T2 2.5% effluint concentration T3 5% effluint concentration T4 10% effluint concentration T5 25% effluint concentration T6 50% effluint concentration T7 75% effluint concentration T8 100% effluint concentration
T3
T4 Treatments
T5
T6
T7
T8
Fig.5.01: Influence of west coast paper mills- Dandeli effluent concentration on seed quality of cereal crop seeds
seed germination in maize, groundnut, soybean and blackgram. In the present study also similar results were recorded in line of the above stated reasons.
5.1.3 Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad

A dairy effluent is the waste material discharged from the milk and milk products factories. The dairy effluents are mainly composed of suspended solids, dissolved solids, volatile solids and oil and grease. This oil and grease content of dairy effluents indicates its non bio-degradable nature. This particular dairy effluent is mainly composed of excess dissolved solids, carbonates, magnesium chlorides and high electrical conductivity. In the present investigation, with increase in concentration level of effluents from 0 to 5 per cent in maize (Table 4.11), paddy (Table 4.13) and wheat (Table 4.14), from 0 to 10 per cent for sorghum (Table 4.12) and from 0 to 2.5 per cent for bajra (Table 4.15) gradual but steady increase in all the seed quality parameters were recorded. Whereas, further increase in effluent concentration, leads to negative effect in seed quality parameters for all the 5 cereal crops (Fig. 5.03). Therefore 5 per cent concentration of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad effluent emerged as optimum level of concentration for maize, paddy and wheat, whereas 10 per cent and 2.5 per cent concentration is proved optimum level for sorghum and bajra respectively. This might be due to the Karnataka Milk Federation Dharwad effluents are rich sources of dissolved solids (988 m/l), carbonates (448 mg/l), hardness (130 mg/l) and EC (1210 mhos/cm) and other plant nutrients. The direct use of the effluent (raw effluent) resulted reduced values whereas diluted concentrations noticed higher seed quality parameters because of lesser toxicity and better utilization of plant nutrients by the seedlings.
5.1.4 Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary

In recent years, use of industrial effluents for irrigation after treatment is an advanced approach, because effluents contain certain nutrients which are beneficial for crop growth. So distillery effluents are extensively used to escape from the water scarcity. Distillery uses molasses as the raw material for the production of alcohol, thereby contributing heavy organic load on the receiving stream. In contrast to many others industries, 80 per cent of the raw material is reported to end up as waste. In the present study, with increase in concentration level of effluents from 0 to 10 per cent for maize (Table 4.16) and sorghum (Table 4.17), from 0 to 5 per cent for paddy (Table 4.18) and bajra (Table 4.20) and from 0 to 2.5 per cent for wheat (Table 4.19) steady increase in seed quality parameters were recorded. Beyond these above levels of effluent concentrations resulted in deleterious effect on seed quality of all the crops. Ultimately 100 per cent effluent concentration recorded least values for all the seed quality parameters (Fig. 5.04). Hence, it is conformed that 10 per cent concentration of Pampasagar Distillery effluent emerged as a optimum concentration for maize and sorghum, 5 per cent concentration for paddy and bajra and 2.5 per cent concentration for wheat. Beyond the 25 per cent concentration the toxicity of the above chemicals is more whereas from 0 to 10 per cent the toxicity level reduced, so the better utilization of plant nutrients like Na, Cl, N, P and K takes place. Similar results were obtained by Sahai et al. (1983) in rice crop wherein they noticed that at 5 per cent concentration over all growth was better than in control whereas higher concentrations (beyond 25%) both speed of germination and seedling growth were retarded. Root growth was more adversely affected compared shoot growth.
5.1.5 Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag

With establishment of more number of sugar factories in India, more and more factories producing alcohol are also being established. Distillery effluent is one of the waste products obtained from yeast fermented molasses after removal of rectified spirit. The distillery effluents are rich in organic carbon and plant nutrients and its addition to soil may improve its fertility. The scientists in the field of agriculture are therefore, deeply concerned about its use or its disposal in the agricultural land which is a limited commodity. In the present investigation, with increase in concentration level of effluent from 0 to 10 per cent for maize and sorghum and 0 to 5 per cent for paddy, wheat and bajra there
Maize 100 95 90 85
Germination (%)
Sorghum
Paddy
Wheat
Bajra
80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 T1 T2 T3 T4
Treatments
T5
T6
T7
T8
Fig. 5.02 : Influence of different concentrations of Shreyas plastics-Gadag effluent on seed quality of cereal crop seeds
Maize 100 95 90 85
Germination (%)
Sorghum
Paddy
Wheat
Bajra
80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 T1 T2 T3 T4
Treatments
T5
T6
T7
T8
Fig. 5.03 : Influence of different concentrations of Karnataka milk federation- Dharwad effluent on seed quality of cereal crop seeds
Maize 100 95 90 85
Germination (%)
Sorghum
Paddy
Wheat
Bajra
80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 T1 T2 T3 T4
Treatments
T5
T6
T7
T8
Fig. 5.04 : Influence of different concentrations of Pumpsagar distilleries Ltd. - Bellary effluent on seed quality of cereal crop seeds
Maize 100 95
Sorghum
Paddy
Wheat
Bajra
LEGEND
90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 T1 T2 T3 T4
Treatments T1 0% effluint concentration T2 2.5% effluint concentration T3 5% effluint concentration T4 10% effluint concentration T5 25% effluint concentration T6 50% effluint concentration T7 75% effluint concentration T8 100% effluint concentration
Germination (%)
T5
T6
T7
T8
Fig. 5.05 : Influence of different concentrations of Sri Lakshmi Narayana distilleries Pvt. Ltd. Garag effluent on seed quality of cereal crop seeds
is a gradual but steady increase in all the seed quality parameters. But beyond 10 per cent concentration causes adverse effect on seed quality parameters in all the five cereal crops. Subsequently 100 per cent i.e. raw effluent had negative effects for all the seed quality characteristics (Fig. 5.05). Hence, 10 per cent concentration of Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt., Ltd., Garag is emerged as best concentration for maize (Table 4.21) and sorghum (Table 4.22). Similarly, 5 per cent concentration is optimum for paddy (Table 4.23), wheat (Table 4.24) and bajra (Table 4.25). This might be due to Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt., Ltd., effluent consists of higher amounts of suspended solids (800 mg/l), dissolved solids (3480 mg/l), hardness (4300 mg/l), EC (20,800 m hs/cm), calcium (880 mg/l), potassium (4100 mg/l) and chlorides (4500 mg/l) and other micro and macro nutrients. Here, it is well established fact that beyond 25 per cent concentration of effluent, sharp reduction in seed quality parameters was observed. The germination percentage and early seedling growth of cereal crops were markedly suppressed as the concentration of the effluent increased. These findings are in accordance with the observations of Saxena et al. (1986) on the germination of mungbean, urdbean, chickpea and pea with tannery effluent. The high TDS (total dissolved solids) value of distillery effluents seems to be responsible for germination inhibition and subsequent seedling growth because they would disturb the prolific relation of seed with water and thus reduce the amount of water absorbed. On the other hand, the high TDS (total dissolved solids) value would retards seed germination by enriching the salinity and conductivity of the solutes being absorbed by the seeds prior to its germination. However, at its lower (below 10 %) concentration the effluent did not affect seed germination and its quality parameters, whereas higher (beyond 25 %) concentration decreased the seed quality parameters of cereal crops. Similar observations were recorded by Somashekar et al. (1984) in jowar, bajra and rice crops. The results of the present study indicate that industrial effluents when applied as such or at higher concentrations to agricultural land have elicited deleterious effects on the overall growth of the cereal seedlings studied. Therefore, it is suggested that the selected few industrial effluents may be used as liquid fertilizer for certain crops after proper dilution in order to avoid the irrigation water scarcity as well as fertilizer crisis across the country in the present status.
5.2 Varietal response to industrial effluents on seed quality

5.2.1 Seed quality of maize
For maize seed irrespective of varieties, West Cost Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent exhibited higher seed quality parameters namely shoot length (11.53 cm) (Table 4.26), seedling dry weight (0.325 g/10 seedlings) (Table 4.27) speed of germination (44.36) (Table 4.28) and first count of germination (27.10 %) (Table 4.28) followed by Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distrilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag. Whereas, the performance of Shreyas Plastics, Garag is poorer in all the seed quality parameters compared to the other industrial effluents. This may be due to as mentioned earlier the electrical conductivity has negative correlation with germination. In case of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli the EC is (1101 mmhos/cm) this is comparatively less to rest of the industrial effluents. In addition to the presence of root promoting phenolic compounds might have played a role in influencing the beneficial effect on seed germination and growth as suggested by Rajanan and Oblisami (1979). Maize varieties did not record much stastical difference themselves in seed quality parameters but still KH517 performed better compared to other maize varieties. This might be due to excellent genetic constitution or makeup and resistant to toxic chemicals of this genotype. Interaction effect between effluents and varieties (E x V) on seed quality of maize varieties recorded non-significant values (Fig. 5.06).
5.2.2 Seed quality of sorghum

Irrespective of the industrial effluents, Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary performed better in seed quality parameters like shoot length (11.55 cm) (Table 4.29), seedling length (34.10 cm) (Table 4.30), seedling vigour index (3287) (Table 4.30) and first count of germination (27.15 %) (Table 4.31) and this was followed by Shreyas plastics Gadag with germination of 96.60 per cent (Table 4.29) and seedling dry weight (0.364 g/10 seedlings) (Table 4.30).
E1
100
E2
E3
E4
E5
LEGEND Industrial effluents E1- West coast paper mills, Dandeli -10% effluent concentration E2- Shreyas plastics, Gadag -5% effluent concentration E3- Karnataka milk federation, Dharwad -5% effluent concentration E4- Pumpsagar distilleries, Bellary 10% effluent concentration E5- Sri Lakshmi Narayana distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag -10% effluent concentration Varieties V1 - Vijay 711 V2 KH 517 V3 DK 984 V4 Godavari 989 V5 C - 55
98
96 Germination (%)
94
92
90
88
86 V1 V2 V3 Varieties (V) V4 V5
Fig. 5.06 : Maize varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage
E1
100
E2
E3
E4
E5
99
98 Germination (%)
97
96
95
94
93 1 2 3 Varieties (V) 4 5
Fig. 5.07 : Sorghum varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage
In this study Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary ranks first this might be because the particular effluent is composed of optimum amounts of plant nutrients like sodium (260 mg/l), chlorine (1350 mg/l), sulphates (280) etc. The promotion of seed quality parameters by the lower concentrations of the effluent was due to the presence of optimum levels of plant nutrients in the effluents. In the higher concentrations of effluents chlorides, sulphates, sulphides and organic pollutants are present at higher levels. These nutrients and organic pollutants inhibited seedling growth by altering the osmotic relations. Among the varieties CSV-216 proved better in seed quality parameters by recording higher values for germination (96.15 %) (Table 4.29), root length (22.38 cm) (Table 4.29), seedling length (32.17 cm) (Table 4.30), seedling vigour index (3093) (Table 4.30) and Bartletts germination rate index (0.242) (Table 4.31). This might be due to its excellent genetic makeup and capacity to sustain the toxicity. In interaction effect, the CSV-216 variety performed well with the Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad for all quality parameters (Fig. 5.07).
5.2.3 Seed quality of paddy

Irrespective of the industrial effluents for paddy the West Cost Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent performed better in quality parameters namely shoot length (10.26 cm) (Table 4.32), seedling length (29.22 cm) (Table 4.33) and seedling vigour index (2783) (Table 4.33. This was followed by Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad which showed better performance by recording higher in root length (19.25 cm) (Table 4.32 and seedling dry weight (0.205 g/10 seedlings) (Table 4.33) whereas Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary performed poor in germination (87.85 %) (Table 4.32). In present research findings the performance of West Cost Paper Mills, Dandeli stands first whereas, the performance of Shreyas Plastics stands last. This might be due to that the EC (1101 m hos/cm) has played vital role in the maintenance of seed quality of paddy. Shreyas Plastics mainly composed of excess amounts of BOD (3.42 mg/l), dissolved solid (1236 g/l), COD (1236 mg/l) and electrical conductivity of these compounds which markedly inhibits growth and performance of the seedlings whereas incase of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli decrease in inhibitory compound in the effluent and optimum levels of essential nutrients present in the effluents favoured the growth of the seedlings. Among the varieties, Jaya variety performed better in seed quality parameters namely germination (93.75 %) (Table 4.32), root length (18.70 cm) (Table 4.32) and seedling length (28.44 cm) (Table 4.33) and this better germination performance of Jaya variety is due to its genetic back ground, resistance to toxic substances and capacity for better utilization of nutrients present in the effluents. Interaction between E x V superior quality parameters were recorded with the West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent and the Jaya variety combination (Fig. 5.08).
5.2.4 Seed quality of wheat

Irrespective of industrial effluents Sri Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent performed better in seed quality parameters namely root length (10.26 cm) (Table 4.35), shoot length (5.14 cm) (Table 4.35), seedling length (15.40 cm) (Table 4.36) and seedling dry weight (0.276 g/10 seedlings) (Table 4.36) and this was followed by Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary which performed better in germination (92.55 %) (Table 4.35) and also speed of the germination (35.96) (Table 4.37). But the performance of Karnataka Milk Federation on seed quality parameters was very poorest among all the effluents. Hence, in this study Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., performance stands first whereas last is Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad. As Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent is a rich source of excess amount of plant nutrients like potassium (4100 mg/l), calcium (880 mg/l), sulphates (380 mg/l), magnesium (510 mg/l) and sodium 380. Whereas Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad composed of poor source of plant nutrients like sodium (180 mg/l), potassium (t mg/l), calcium (44.8 mg/l) and magnesium (4.4 mg/l). The better seed quality parameters recorded with lower concentrations of Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd might be due to presence of optimum levels of plant nutrients in the effluent.
E1
100
E2
E3
E4
E5
98
96 Germination (%)
94
92
90
88
Fig. 5.08 : Paddy varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage
Irrespective of the wheat varieties, DWR 2006 performed better in germination (90.30 %) (Table 4.35) and root length (9.33 cm) (Table 4.35). This might be due to its genetic back ground and capacity to resist toxic substances. Interaction between E x V the wheat variety DWR-1006 performed better with Sri Laksmi Narayana Distilleries in seed quality parameters namely root length (10.29 cm) (Table 4.35), shoot length (5.17 cm) (Table 4.35), seedling length (15.46 cm) (Table 4.36), seedling vigour index (1418) (Table 4.36) and seedling dry weight of 0.272 (g/l 10 seedlings) (Table 4.36) (Fig. 5.09).
5.2.5 Seed quality of Bajra

Among the industrial effluents, the seed quality of bajra due to Sri. Laksmi Narayana Distilleries, Gadrag recorded higher seed quality parameters namely shoot length (10.26 cm) (Table 4.38), seedling length (27.23 cm) (Table 4.39), seedling vigour index (2492) (Table 4.39) and speed of germination (34.76) (Table 4.40). This was followed by the Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary and least performance was seen with Shreyas Plastics, Gadag. In this study also Sri Laksmi Narayana Distilleries Ltd., Gadag. Effluent has shown excellent performance due to earlier mentioned reasons. On the other hand Shreyas Plastics mainly composed of excess amounts of BOD, (342 mg/l).Dissolved solids (1236 mg/l), COD (1236 mg/l) and electrical conductivity of these compounds which might have markedly affected growth and performance of the seedlings. Among the bajra varieties HC-4 performed better in majority of the seed quality parameters due to its better genetic make up and resistance to toxic substances. Interaction between E x V recorded, non-significant values for majority of the seed quality parameters (Fig. 5.10).
Practical utility of the results

1. Five per cent concentration of effluent for sorghum, wheat and bajra, 10 per cent concentration of effluent for maize and paddy was found as the optimum concentration level for West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli. 2. Five per cent concentration of effluent for maize, sorghum and wheat, 10 per cent concentration of effluent for paddy and 2.5 per cent concentration of effluent for bajra are considered as the optimum concentration level for Shreyas Plastics, Gadag. 3. Five per cent concentration of effluent for maize, paddy and wheat, 10 per cent concentration for sorghum and 2.5 per cent concentration of effluent for bajra are considered as the optimum concentration level for Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad. 4. Ten per cent concentration of effluent for maize and sorghum, 5 per cent concentration for paddy and bajra and 2.5 per cent concentration for wheat are considered as the optimum concentration level for the Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary. 5. Five per cent concentration of effluent for paddy wheat and bajra and 10 per cent effluent concentration for maize and sorghum are considered as the optimum concentration level for Sri Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt., Ltd., Garag. 6. For maize among the different industrial effluents used West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent out performed the other industrial effluents. 7. For sorghum among the different industrial effluents used Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary effluent out performed the other industrial effluents. 8. For paddy among the different industrial effluents used West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent out performed the other industrial effluents. 9. For wheat among the different industrial effluents used Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag effluent out performed the other industrial effluents. 10. For bajra among the different industrial effluents used West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent out performed the other industrial effluents. 11. Among the different maize varieties used KH-517 proved little bit resistance to different industrial effluents.
E1
100
E2
E3
E4
E5
98
96
Germination (%)
94
92
90
88
86
Fig. 5.09 : Wheat varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage
E1 98
E2
E3
E4
E5
96
94 Germination (%)
92
90
88
86
Fig. 5.10 : Bajra varietal response to different industrial effluents for germination percentage
12. Among the different sorghum varieties, CSV-216 proved little bit resistance to different industrial effluents. 13. Among the different paddy varieties Jaya proved little bit resistance to different industrial effluents. 14. Among the different wheat varieties DWR-2006 proved little bit resistance to different industrial effluents. 15. Among the different bajra varieties HC-4 proved little bit resistance to different industrial effluents.
Future line of work

1. Similar studies may be extended to other industrial effluents, sewage and urban waste water with various field crops to study the germination and crop performance. 2. Research on hazards caused by the heavy metals discharged from industrial effluents to the ecosystem and their control may be initiated. 3. Combined study to find out the effect of industrial effluents with organic and inorganic fertilizer in relation to seed quality may be initiated. 4. There is need to standardize the effective optimum level of different industrial effluents in field condition in relation to seed quality. 5. Standardization of nutrient status of the optimum effluent concentration has to be ascertained for germination performance.
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Investigation on influence of industrial effluents on seed quality of cereal crops were undertaken in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The results obtained from laboratory experiments are summarized in this chapter.
6.1 Experiment-I: Influence of industrial effluent concentrations on seed quality of cereal crops
For maize 10 per cent effluent concentration level of west coast paper mills, Dandeli, Pumpasagara Distilleries, Bellary and Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries, Garag, 5 per cent level of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag and Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad emerged as the optimum concentration level for different industrial effluents by recording higher values for various seed quality parameters. For sorghum 10 per cent effluent concentration level of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad, Pumpasagara Distilleries Ltd., Bellary and Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag, 5 per cent effluent concentration levels of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli and Shreyas Plastics, Gadag emerged as the optimum concentration level for different industrial effluents by recording higher values for various seed quality parameters. For paddy 5 per cent effluent concentration of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad, Pampasagar a Distilleries, Bellary and Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag, 10 per cent effluent concentration of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli and Shreyas Plastic, Gadag emerged as the optimum concentration level for different industrial effluents by recording higher values for various seed quality parameters. For wheat seeds 5 per cent effluent concentration of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli, Shreyas Plastics, Gadag, Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad and Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag and 2.5 per cent effluent concentration of Pampasagar Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Bellary emerged as the optimum level for different industrial effluents by recording higher values for various seed quality parameters. For Bajra 5 per cent effluent concentration of West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli, Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd., Bellary and Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag, 2.5 per cent effluent concentration of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag and Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad emerged as the optimum level for different industrial effluents by recording higher values for various seed quality parameters.
6.2 Experiment-II: Varietal response to industrial effluents on seed quality

West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli effluent exhibited higher seed quality parameters followed by Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt., Ltd., Garag whereas the seed quality performance of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag was poor. Irrespective of industrial effluents, maize varieties did not record much difference among themselves, even though KH-517 performed better when compared to rest of the 4 maize varieties. Interaction between maize varieties and industrial effluents (E x V) recorded non-significant values for most of the seed quality attributes. The performance of seed quality of sorghum with respective to industrial effluents, revealed that Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary recorded higher seed quality parameters which was followed by Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad and the performance of Shreyas Plastic, Gadag was poor compared to other industrial effluents. Among sorghum varieties CSV-216 recorded the highest seed quality parameters, over other varieties. The interaction effect between CSV-216 variety Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad was superior by recording higher values for various seed quality parameters. Among the industrial effluents for paddy the West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli performed better in quality parameters. This was followed by Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad and the performance of Shreyas Plastics, Gadag was poor. Among the varieties
Jaya performed better in seed quality parameters. The interaction between E x V the West Coast Paper Mill, Dandeli and the Jaya variety combination recorded higher values. Among the different industrial effluents, Sri.Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt., Ltd., Gadag effluent performed well by recording higher better in seed quality parameters for which was followed Pampasagar Distilleries but least values were recorded in case of Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad. Irrespective of the wheat varieties, DWR-2006 out performed other varieties. Interaction effect between DWR-1006 variety and Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries, Pvt., Ltd., Garag was superior. Among industrial effluents, Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries, Garag recorded higher seed quality parameters and this was followed by Pampasagar Distilleries, Bellary whereas poor performance was noticed by Shreyas Plastics, Gadag. Among the varieties of bajra, HC-4 performed better in majority of the seed quality parameters. Interaction between E x V for bajra recorded non-significant values for all the seed quality parameters.
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Appendix-I: ISI standards for discharge of industrial effluents (all the values except pH, temperature are in mg/l) Tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged Into land surface waters On land for irrigation (IS 2490-1974) (IS 3307-1977) BOD, 5 days 20C COD pH Suspended solids Total dissolved solids Temperature (C) Oils and greece Phenolic compounds Cyanide Sulphide Fluoride Total residual chloride Cadmium Chromium (Hexavalent) Copper Lead Mercury Nickel Selenium Zinc Chloride Bolan Sulphate Percent sodium Ammonium nitrogen 30 250 5.5-9.0 100 40 10 1.0 0.2 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 0.1 3.0 0.1 0.01 3.00 0.05 5.00 50 500 5.5-9.0 2100 30 600 2 1000 60 -
APPENDIX
EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON SEED QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF CEREAL CROPS

MANJUNATHA N. 2008 A. S. CHANNAVEERSWAMI CHAIRMAN
ABSTRACT
The study entitled effect of industrial effluents on seed quality attributes of cereal crops was carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Results of the first experiment revealed that, 5% concentration of effluent for maize, sorghum and wheat, 10% concentration of effluent for paddy and maize was fond as the optimum concentration level for west coast paper mills, Dandeli, 5% concentration of effluent for maize, sorghum and wheat, 5% concentration of effluent for paddy and 2.5% concentration of effluent for bajra for Shreyas Plastics, Gadag, 5% concentration of effluent for maize, paddy and wheat, 10% concentration for sorghum and 2.5% concentration of effluent for bajra for Karnataka Milk Federation, Dharwad, 10% concentration of effluent for maize and sorghum, 5% concentration for paddy and bajra and 2.5% concentration for wheat are considered as the optimum concentration level for the Pumpasagar Distilleries, Bellary. Second experiment study results revealed that among the different tested for maize, paddy, bajra. The different industrial effluents used West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli out performed the other industrial effluents. Whereas, for sorghum and wheat Pumpasagar Distilleries, Bellary and Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Garag out performed the other industrial effluents respectively. Among the different maize varieties tested KH-517 proved little bit resistance to different industrial effluents. Similarly for sorghum, CSV-216 variety, for paddy Jaya variety, for wheat DWR-2006 variety and for bajra HC-4 variety proved little bit resistance to different industrial effluents. Therefore, the study revealed both positive and negative impact on its beneficial and harmful effects. Hence, there is a need to standardize the effective optimum level of different industrial effluents in field condition in relation to seed quality.

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EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON SEED QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF CEREAL CROPS

Master of Science (Agriculture) In SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(A. S. CHANNAVEERSWAMI) CHAIRMAN Approved by : Chairman :

Sl. No. 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Figure No. 5.01

2.1 Paper factory effluents

2.1.1 Influence of paper factory effluents on crop performance

2.2 Dairy effluents

2.2.1 Influence of dairy effluents on crop performance

2.3 Distillery effluents

2.3.1 Influence of distillery effluent on crop performance

2.4 Sewage and sludge effluents

2.4.1 Influence of sewage and sludge effluents on crop performance

2.5 Textile effluents

2.5.1 Influence of textile effluents on crop performance

2.6 Pharmaceutical effluents

2.6.1 Influence of pharmaceutical effluents on crop performance

2.7 Treated effluents

2.7.1 Influence of treated effluent on crop performance

2.8 Fertilizer factory effluents

2.8.1 Influence of fertilizer factory effluents on crop performance

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 General description

3.1.3 Seed material

3.1.4 Effluents source

3.2 Experimental details

3.2.2 Experiment-II: Varietal response to industrial effluents on seed quality

Treatment details For Maize: Factor-I : Industrial Effluents (E)

Factor-II: Varieties (V)

For Sorghum: Factor-I: Industrial Effluents (E)

Factor-II: Varieties (V)

For Paddy: Factor-I: Industrial Effluents (E)

Factor-II: Varieties (V)

For Wheat: Factor-I: Industrial Effluents (E)

Factor-II: Varieties (V)

For Bajra: Factor-I: Industrial Effluents (E)

Factor-II: Varieties (V)

Treatment combinations for each crop: 5 Industrial effluents x 5 varieties = 25

3.3.1 Seed quality assessment 3.3.1.1 Germination test (%)

3.3.1.2 Shoot length (cm)

3.3.1.3 Root length (cm)

3.3.1.4 Seedling length (cm)

3.3.1.5 Seedling vigour index

3.3.1.6 Seedling dry weight (g/10 seedlings)

3.3.1.7 Speed of germination

3.3.1.8 Bartletts germination rate index

3.3.1.9 First count of germination

3.4 Statistical analysis

Table 3.01. Physical and chemical properties of industrial effluents

West Cost Paper Mill Dandeli

Shreyas Plastics, Gadag

Pampasagar Distilleries Ltd. Bellary

Sri. Lakshmi Narayana Distilleries Pvt. Ltd. Garag

4.1.1.2 Seed quality of Sorghum

4.1.1.3 Seed quality of Paddy

For comparing means of 0.43 42 1.71 166

T1 0 % effluent concentration T2 2.5 % effluent concentration T3 5 % effluent concentration T4 10 % effluent concentration

T5 25 % effluent concentration T6 50 % effluent concentration T7 75 % effluent concentration T8 100 % effluent concentration

43.50 41.50 41.25 39.50 38.50 31.50 29.50 28.25 36.69

For comparing means of 0.33 36 1.31 143

T1 0 % effluent concentration T2 2.5 % effluent concentration T3 5 % effluent concentration T4 10 % effluent concentration

T5 25 % effluent concentration T6 50 % effluent concentration T7 75 % effluent concentration T8 100 % effluent concentration