Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

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1.

_____ are the anchors of the atrioventricular valves. _____ are thickened areas of the sarcolemma of myocardial cells that enable electrical impulses to travel in a continuous cell-to-cell fashion. A 1-month-old infant visits his physician for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals decreased cardiac output, hypotension, tachycardia, and a loud murmur suggestive of aortic stenosis. Which of the following would be expected with this diagnosis? A 1-month-old infant was diagnosed with truncus arteriosus with a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following would also be expected? A 3-year-old Japanese male is diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. Which of the following is the most likely cause? A 5-year-old female is found to have hypertension during three separate visits to her physician. Lab tests reveal that the hypertension is secondary to: A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nose bleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. The most likely cause of this disease is A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nose bleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. This disease is usually characterized by: A 13-year-old female took a weight loss drug that activated the sympathetic nervous system. Which of the following would be expected? A 15-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock and develops:

Chordae tendineae cordis Intercalated disks

11.

2.

A 20-year-old male underwent an echocardiogram to assess chest pain. Results revealed a congenital defect in papillary muscles. Which of the following would occur? A 22-year-old pregnant female presents for a fetal echocardiogram. Tests reveal small left atrium and mitral valve and an absent left ventricle and aortic valve. This defect is: A 22-year-old pregnant woman presents to her OB/GYN for a prenatal checkup. The heartbeat sounds irregular, and a fetal echocardiogram reveals an atrioventricular canal defect. This defect is characterized by: A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurologic unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is: A 30-year-old Caucasian female was recently diagnosed with primary hypertension. She reports that she eats fairly well, usually having red meat and potatoes daily. She also reports that her father has hypertension as well. Which of the following risk factors is most likely associated with this diagnosis? A 30-year-old female presents to her physician with fever, cardiac murmur, and petechial skin lesions. She is diagnosed with infective endocarditis. The most likely cause of her disease is: A 40-year-old pregnant woman is concerned about the health of her unborn child. She has phenylketonuria (PKU) and recently had a viral infection. If the child is born with a congential heart defect, which of the following is the most likely based on the mother's history? A 42-year-old female is diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis. She would also have a decreased cardiac output because of: A 50-year-old female presents with a low heart rate and low blood pressure. She is given an IV infusion of fluids. The increase in atrial distension results in:

Backward expulsion of the atrioventricular valves an indication for neonatal heart transplant. blood flow between all four heart chambers.

12.

3.

Ventricular hypertrophy
13.

4.

Blood from both ventricles mixing in a common vessel

14.

5.

Systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology

15.

vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation.

Genes

6.

renal disease.

7.

group A -hemolytic streptococcus infections.

16.

bacteria.

8.

antigens that bind to the valvular lining, triggering an autoimmune response. Increased cardiac cycle speed

17.

Patent ductus arteriosus

9.

18.

10.

bronchoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension.

fibrosis and calcification of the pericardial layers. increased heart rate.

19.

20.

A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no PR interval and a variable rate QRS with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with bronchogenic cancer. He developed edema and venous distention in the upper extremities and face. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A 50-year-old obese male with hypertension and coronary artery disease visits a nutritionist for food counseling. He is told that _____ fats raise LDL levels and lower HDL levels and should be avoided. A 51-year-old male is at his health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed a substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting 2 to 3 minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. He is most likely experiencing: A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. She would be expected to suffer from myocardial: A 52-year-old male is diagnosed with primary hypertension. He could be treated with a drug that acts by which of the following mechanisms? A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins of the lower extremities and edema. The most likely manifestation of this disorder is: A 53-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. The pain he experiences occurs when: A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with left bundle branch block. Which of the following structures would not receive an electrical impulse?

Atrial fibrillation

29.

21.

Superior vena cava syndrome

A 55-year-old female has undiagnosed hypertension. She presents to her physician complaining of impaired vision and chronic edema. Lab tests reveal that she also has renal insufficiency. The most likely cause for these findings is: A 55-year-old male died of myocardial infarction. Autopsy would most likely reveal:

end organ damage.

30.

platelet aggregation within the atherosclerotic coronary artery. Cigarette smoking

22.

trans-fat

31.

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would most likely influence development of this disease? A 56-year-old male presents to his physician for a checkup. Physical exam reveals edema, hepatomegaly, and muffled heart sounds. Which of the following is a concern? A 59-year-old female is diagnosed with left ventricular failure. The decrease in kidney perfusion would ultimately cause: A 60-year-old female had a myocardial infarction. She was brought to the hospital 30 minutes later. She survived but now has impaired ventricular function because: A 60-year-old female was diagnosed with mitral stenosis. As a result, she has incomplete emptying of the: A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with cerebral aneurysm. The most likely area for it to occur is the: A 60-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of chest pain. He is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by: A 62-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of chest pain at rest and with exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina?

32.

Tamponade

23.

stable angina.

33.

increased systemic vascular resistance. the resulting ischemia leads to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death. left atrium.

34.

24.

ischemia.

25.

Diuretic

35.

26.

skin depigmentation.

36.

circle of Willis. abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls. Prinzmetal

37.

27.

the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand. The left ventricles

38.

28.

39.

A 65-year-old female presents to the ER complaining of difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the: A 65-year-old male develops blockage in the pulmonary artery. As a result, blood would first back up into the: A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An electrocardiogram reveals a prolonged QRS interval. This result indicates: A 68-year-old female is experiencing left heart failure. Physical exam reveals elevated blood pressure most likely caused by: A 68-year-old male presents to the ER complaining of chest pain. He has a history of stable angina that now appears to be unstable. He most likely has: A 72-year-old female has a history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. Which of the following symptoms are specifically related to her right heart failure? A 75-year-old female has been critically ill with MODS for longer than a week and has developed a severe oxygen supply and demand imbalance. The statement that best describes this imbalance is: A 75-year-old male has severe chest pain and dials 911. Lab tests at the hospital reveal elevated levels of creatinine phosphate and lactic dehydrogenase. These elevated levels indicate: A 75-year-old obese female presents to her physician complaining of edema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Which of the following is a possible cause? A detached blood clot is called a(n):

aorta.

49.

A function of the pericardium is to:

provide a barrier against extracardial infections. altering the threshold potential. The aorta leaves the right ventricle atresia.

40.

right ventricle

50.

A new drug is released to aid in weight loss. It stimulates the sympathetic system to increase heart rate by: A newborn baby is severely cyanotic. An echocardiogram reveals transposition of the great arteries. Which of the following occurs with this defect? A newborn child has a murmur and cyanosis. An echocardiogram reveals that the tricuspid valve failed to develop and no blood flows between the right atrium and ventricle. This condition is referred to as tricuspid: A newborn child is diagnosed with Trisomy 18. Which of the following congenital heart defects will she most likely have? A newborn develops a murmur and cyanosis shortly after birth. She is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis after an echocardiogram revealed narrowing of the: A newborn is diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis. Which of the following intrauterine factors could have caused this defect? Acute orthostatic hypotension can be caused by: An 8-week-old infant presents to her physician for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals a murmur, and an echocardiogram shows a large ventricular septal defect. Left untreated, this defect will result in: An 8-week-old infant presents to his pediatrician for a well-baby checkup. Physical exam reveals a murmur and an echocardiogram confirms a ventricular septal defect. Which of the following genetic factors would most likely accompany this diagnosis? An 82-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with confusion and severe hypotension. Her body's compensatory mechanisms are increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and movement of large volumes of interstitial fluid to the vascular compartment. What kind of shock do you suspect?

51.

41.

increased isovolumetric contraction time.

52.

42.

sympathetic nervous system compensation for decreased cardiac output. impending myocardial infarction.

53.

43.

Ventricular septal defect

54.

pulmonary valve orifice.

44.

Significant edema to both lower legs and feet

55.

Infection

45.

The reserve has been exhausted, and the amount of oxygen consumed depends on the amount the circulation is able to deliver. myocardial infarction.

56.

drug action. pulmonary hypertension.

57.

46.

58.

Down syndrome

47.

Long periods of standing

59.

Hypovolemic

48.

thromboembolus.

60.

An infant undergoes an echocardiogram for a suspected heart defect. Tests reveal an opening in the middle of the atrial septum. This defect is referred to as: Baroreceptors are located in the: Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions for _____ before irreversible cell injury occurs. Depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell occurs as the result of:

ostium secundum atrial septal defect.

76.

One of the most important mechanisms for maintaining venous return to the right atrium is: Orthostatic hypotension refers to a drop in blood pressure with: Poiseuille formula states that resistance to blood flow is inversely related to: Pressure in the left ventricle must exceed pressure in the _____ before the left ventricle can eject blood. Pulmonary symptoms, such as dyspnea and cough, common to left heart failure are a result of: Right ventricular afterload is determine by: The _____ artery travels down the interventricular septum and delivers blood to portions of the left and right ventricle. The _____ conducts action potentials down the atrioventricular septum. The _____ represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarization. The chamber of the heart that generates the highest pressure is the: The hypotensive state seen in septic shock can cause:

skeletal muscle contraction.

77.

standing up. blood vessel diameter. aorta

61. 62.

carotid sinus. 20 minutes

78.

63.

the rapid movement of ions across the cell membrane. impaired. Bacteria must enter the bloodstream. anemia. onset of atrial activation to onset of ventricular activity. endothelial injury and inflammation. lungs.

79.

64.

During shock states, glucose uptake is usually: For an infection to progress to septic shock, which of the following must occur? High output failure occurs with: In a normal electrocardiogram, the P-R interval represents:

80.

pulmonary vascular congestion. pulmonary vascular resistance. left anterior descending

65.

81.

66. 67.

82.

83.

bundle of His

68.

In general, atherosclerosis is caused by: In the renin-angiotensionaldosterone system, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II happens in the: Individuals with Raynaud disease have severe symptoms under which of the following conditions? Multiplying heart rate by stroke volume determines: Neurogenic shock can be caused by any factor that inhibits the: Normal blood pressure for adults age 18 or older is:

84.

QRS complex

69.

85.

left ventricle.

70.

Cold exposure
86.

71.

cardiac output. sympathetic nervous system. systolic pressure less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg. decreased ATP production cardiac muscle cells are arranged in branching networks.

gut lining disruption and the translocation of bacteria into the bloodstream. Endothelium

72.

87.

73.

The internal lining of the cardiovascular system is formed by what tissue? The most common cardiac valve disease in the United States, which tends to be most prevalent in young women, is: The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is: The most common type of congenital heart defect is: The onset of anaphylactic shock is usually:

88.

mitral valve prolapse.

74.

One consequence of switching from aerobic to anaerobic cellular metabolism during shock states is: One difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle is that:

89.

atherosclerosis ventricular septal defect. immediate and life threatening.

90.

75.

91.

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The patent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in a fetus is called the: The primary cardiovascular control center is located in the: The rapid onset of malignant hypertension results in: The thoracic lymphatic duct drains into the: When a person is in shock, impairment in cellular metabolism is caused by: Which of the following occurs during muscle contraction? Which of the following statements best describes total anomalous pulmonary venous connection? Which valve disorder is manifested by a widened pulse pressure and throbbing peripheral pulses? Within a normal physiologic range, an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume leads to:

ductus arteriosus. medulla. encephalopathy left subclavian vein. inadequate tissue perfusion. Decreased distance between Z lines Pulmonary venous return is to the right atrium. Aortic regurgitation an increased force of contraction.

99.

100.